Сurrent state and prospects for application of a high power electron beam technology to produce metallic and nonmetalic components for electric contacts and electrodes
In the paper current state and prospects of applicability of a high power electron beam technology for manufacturing both metallic and nonmetallic composite materials mostly for electric contacts and electrodes are presented and discussed.
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Інститут проблем матеріалознавства ім. І.М. Францевича НАН України
2014
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| Назва видання: | Электрические контакты и электроды |
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| Цитувати: | Сurrent state and prospects for application of a high power electron beam technology to produce metallic and nonmetalic components for electric contacts and electrodes / N.I. Grechanyuk, R.V. Minakova, I.N. Grechanyuk, B. Miedzinski, L.J. Xu // Электрические контакты и электроды. — К.: ИПМ НАН України, 2014. — С. 233-245. — Бібліогр.: 26 назв. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-1040092016-06-29T03:02:10Z Сurrent state and prospects for application of a high power electron beam technology to produce metallic and nonmetalic components for electric contacts and electrodes Grechanyuk, N.I. Minakova, R.V. Grechanyuk, I.N. Miedzinsk, i B. Xu, L.J. In the paper current state and prospects of applicability of a high power electron beam technology for manufacturing both metallic and nonmetallic composite materials mostly for electric contacts and electrodes are presented and discussed. Представлены и обсуждаются текущее состояние и перспективы применимости электронно-лучевой технологии высокой мощности для изготовления как металлических, так и неметаллических композиционных материалов, главным образом для контактов и электродов. Представлено і обговорюються поточний стан та перспективи застосовнсті електронно-променевої технології високої потужності для виготовлення як металевих, так і неметалевих композиційних матеріалів, головним чином для контактів і електродів. 2014 Article Сurrent state and prospects for application of a high power electron beam technology to produce metallic and nonmetalic components for electric contacts and electrodes / N.I. Grechanyuk, R.V. Minakova, I.N. Grechanyuk, B. Miedzinski, L.J. Xu // Электрические контакты и электроды. — К.: ИПМ НАН України, 2014. — С. 233-245. — Бібліогр.: 26 назв. — англ. 2311-0627 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/104009 621 en Электрические контакты и электроды Інститут проблем матеріалознавства ім. І.М. Францевича НАН України |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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English |
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In the paper current state and prospects of applicability of a high power electron beam technology for manufacturing both metallic and nonmetallic composite materials mostly for electric contacts and electrodes are presented and discussed. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Grechanyuk, N.I. Minakova, R.V. Grechanyuk, I.N. Miedzinsk, i B. Xu, L.J. |
| spellingShingle |
Grechanyuk, N.I. Minakova, R.V. Grechanyuk, I.N. Miedzinsk, i B. Xu, L.J. Сurrent state and prospects for application of a high power electron beam technology to produce metallic and nonmetalic components for electric contacts and electrodes Электрические контакты и электроды |
| author_facet |
Grechanyuk, N.I. Minakova, R.V. Grechanyuk, I.N. Miedzinsk, i B. Xu, L.J. |
| author_sort |
Grechanyuk, N.I. |
| title |
Сurrent state and prospects for application of a high power electron beam technology to produce metallic and nonmetalic components for electric contacts and electrodes |
| title_short |
Сurrent state and prospects for application of a high power electron beam technology to produce metallic and nonmetalic components for electric contacts and electrodes |
| title_full |
Сurrent state and prospects for application of a high power electron beam technology to produce metallic and nonmetalic components for electric contacts and electrodes |
| title_fullStr |
Сurrent state and prospects for application of a high power electron beam technology to produce metallic and nonmetalic components for electric contacts and electrodes |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Сurrent state and prospects for application of a high power electron beam technology to produce metallic and nonmetalic components for electric contacts and electrodes |
| title_sort |
сurrent state and prospects for application of a high power electron beam technology to produce metallic and nonmetalic components for electric contacts and electrodes |
| publisher |
Інститут проблем матеріалознавства ім. І.М. Францевича НАН України |
| publishDate |
2014 |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/104009 |
| citation_txt |
Сurrent state and prospects for application of a high power electron beam technology to produce metallic and nonmetalic components for electric contacts and electrodes / N.I. Grechanyuk, R.V. Minakova, I.N. Grechanyuk, B. Miedzinski, L.J. Xu // Электрические контакты и электроды. — К.: ИПМ НАН України, 2014. — С. 233-245. — Бібліогр.: 26 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Электрические контакты и электроды |
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| fulltext |
233
UDC 621.
Сurrent state and prospects for application of a high power
electron beam technology to produce metallic and
nonmetalic components for electric contacts and electrodes
N. I. Grechanyuk, R. V. Minakova*, I. N. Grechanyuk,
B. Miedzinski**, L. J. Xu***
Scientific and Producing Company "ELECHMASH", Vinnitsa, Ukraine
*Institute of Material Science UAN, Kiev, Ukraine
**Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
***Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China
In the paper current state and prospects of applicability of a high power electron beam
technology for manufacturing both metallic and nonmetallic composite materials
mostly for electric contacts and electrodes are presented and discussed.
Keywords: composite materials, technology, power electron beam, installation,
height annual rate, electrical contacts and electrodes.
Introduction
Evaporation and following condensation of materials in vacuum comprises
relatively young, alternative trend in material technology [1]. It uses physical-
technological properties of the electron beam resulting in the highest efficiency
of material treatment with compare to another technologies that employ
concentrated energy fluxes (i.e. laser, plasma). The electron beam is
distinguished by considerable high concentration of energy (its effective power
value can be over 1MW). Therefore, the required temperature value (melting,
evaporation etc) of a heated material is attained at optionally selected very short
time. The high speed of material evaporation with following condensation in
vacuum constitutes specific quality of the technological process used on a large
scale for deposition of both thin films (<5 u. m) in radio engineering, micro-
electronics etc [2] and thick (>5 u. m) layers employed for anticorrosion and
other environmental protection technique [3, 4].
Expectations if about metal-composition technology indicates increased
contribution of vapor deposition technique in fabrication of new materials [5].
Therefore, development and manufacturing of different multicomponent
coatings for electrical contacts to increase their resistance to electric corrosion
seems to be promising. Recent scientific achievements confirmed by
investigated results in industry for the developed coatings are presented the
most exhaustively in monograph [6]. Particular attention was there paid on
copper based alloys with tin, chromium, aluminum, nickel and titanium
elements as additions respectively. High mechanical resistance of layers made
of Cu (0,5%) AI2O3 what suggest their use for electrical contact protection
is mentioned in [7]. It should be noted that the coating deposited in
vacuum indicates superior properties if about temperature stability as well as
© N. I. Grechanyuk, R. V. Minakova, I. N. Grechanyuk, B. Miedzinski,
L. J. Xu, 2014
234
mechanical wear level with compare to the electroplated. However, not
necessarily it can be economically justified since, effective coefficient of
utilization of the vapor volume usually does not exceed 20%. One has to face
also another specific problems,(under evaporation), when essential material
e.g. copper or silver must be dopped with the high melting component like
tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, zirconium etc of any composition. It is due to
difference in vapor bulk elasticity of the particular alloy forming elements. It is
a well known fact that at present powder metallurgy is commonly used for
fabrication of materials for electric contacts. Physical properties of fine powder
sinters, their operating characteristics and areas of application are presented and
discussed in details, among others, in [8—11]. However, when pass detailed as
technical as well as technological difficulties over the problem of achievement
of a right material for electrical contacts still is topical. It results both from
contradictory operational requirements concerning electrical contacts properties,
type of switch and load as well as variation of the contact properties under its
life. Nowadays, market price of raw materials forces producers to exploration
new materials and to develop the new switch structures as well. In general one
can say that only particularly selected metal compositions of a "proper"
structure and demonstrating combination of suitable properties both electrical,
chemical, mechanical etc can be recommended as the contact materials. It was
found that the material structure "wields" selective influence on the operating
characteristics of the electrical contact. For example, increase of resistance to
electric corrosion in powder-metal contacts of both Ag-metal and Ag-metal
oxide compositions results in the decrease of plasma vapor intensity under
electrical discharge (if increase the material dispersion) [12].
Evaporation and following condensation in vacuum enable control of the
material structure already at the atomic-molecular level. Therefore, use of the
high power electron beam technology to produce compositions, among others,
for electric contacts is both technically and economically justified. It is also
interested with scientific point of view. However, first samples of micro layers
and dispersion hardening structure materials of about l—2 mm of thickness
were already developed in 70-es of the last century in numerous research labs
(among others in Institute of Material Science in Kiev [13] and in Royal
Aviation institute of British Ministry of Defense [14]), but, so far the problem of
mass production remains unsolved. Before to set about working on application
of the power electron beam technology to obtain composite materials for
electrical contacts one has to consider all problems both with practical as well
as scientific point of view. One of them is economy, Therefore, price of new
materials for electrical contacts and electrodes should be competitive to these
made by means of so far used powder-metal technology. It can be reduced
significantly if decrease amount of expensive noble metallic components.
However, the most important is that these new products were able to meet all
requirements for successful application in switching equipment. Therefore, one
had to face various problems like selection of proper composition and structure
of the material, proper investigation of its electrical and mechanical properties
and to develop the high power electron beam technology to mass production.
Very useful was here experience on performance of the powder-metal (P-
M) compositions without or with the reduced amount of noble materials (e.g.
silver) when use in switchgear under NTP conditions. They are usually
composed of (20—80)% in mass of a high melting metal, (0,5—12)% of alloy
additions (like: nickel, cobalt, silver) and the rest of so called "functional"
component-mainly copper. The (P-M) composite materials of about 50% and/or
70% content of tungsten or molybdenum are widely used in industry [15].
When use the W—Cu composition the main oxidation products on the contact
surface arc found to be tungsten oxide (WO3} and cupric (Cu2O) oxide [16].
Their specific resistance can be changed in wide range {102—1014) Ohm/m for
WO3 and (105—1012) Ohm/m for Cu2O respectively. For Mo—Cu
compositions, when switching the electrical arc in air, the oxidation process is
similar. However, both Mo and Cu are limited — soluble [17] and as well as
their oxides interacts and produce stable compounds (СuМоО4, Сu3Мо2О3 еtс)
[18, 19] that in temperature over 700 °C form a fusible eutectic (in MoO3—
Cu2О system). It reduces, as a result, electromechanical corrosion under
operational temperature over 800 °C. Besides, the oxide film being constituted
as pseudo eutectic as well as eutectic, in MoО3—Cu2O bounding, easily spreads
over the contact surface and fills up its roughness [18, 19]. It is next (after
crystallization) exfoliated from the surface due to weak adhesion force and
produces so called "self-cleaning" effect. This effect is revealed as the decrease
in the contact resistance value [15]. Metals and powder-metal compositions
assigned to operation in corroded medium are usually protected against
oxidation by deposited films or by use selected improvers. We have found that
for products on the copper base and for the molybdenum and copper
compositions the operational characteristics of the electrical contacts are
improved when use zirconium or yttrium elements as additives. As a result,
when use the electron beam technology various contact materials were able to
be developed like Cu—Zr—V—Mo for breaking and sliding contacts, Cu—
Zr—Y—Cr, Cu—Zr—Y—W for arcing contacts and Cu—Zr—Y—Al2O3 for
electrodes of electric — arc welding.
Developed equipment for high power beam technology
To make full use of the electron beam technology to obtain both metallic
and/or nonmetallic components in commercial scale of production a suitable
fabrication facility has been developed in Scientific and Production Company
"ELTECHMASH" in Vinnitsa, Ukraine. Its general view is presented in fig. l,
while the schematic diagram can be seen in fig. 2.
The installation presents pretty complex equipment composed of working
chamber, chamber of electron guns, power supply system and other necessary
equipment for mechanical, electronic and vacuum level control. At the bottom
of the working chamber arc located the adjustment mechanisms for maneuver of
four water-cooled crucibles made of
235
copper. Two of them are of l m in
diameter and another two of 0,7 m
Fig. 1. General view of the production
facility (L-5) using high power
electron beam technology for manu-
facturing of materials and components.
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the L-5
equipment: 1 — working chamber; 2 —
electron gun chamber; 3 — product (base);
4 — electron guns; 5 — melting crucible
block; 6 — curtain; 7 — lifting and rotation
mechanism of the product; 8 — feeder of
ingots; 9 — vacuum system; 10 — cooling
system; 11 — visual inspection windows;
12 — control desk; 13 — control box;
14 — shielding; 15 — high voltage input;
16 — manipulator; 17 — plane of routine
maintenance.
236
237
respectively. The ect to the others and crucibles can change location with resp
their sequence of asic technical data of operation is also controlled optionally. B
the industrial installation (1—5 type) are set up in table 1.
Dimensions enable location of of mandrels of the bottom mechanisms
heavy bars of ov materials inside the erall length up to about 8m of selected
crucibles. The fo bottom of the guns ur electron guns situated at the top and
chamber (fig. 2) h sublimation. eat directly the wear being subjected to vacuum
While, the rema the selected output ining four accomplished the evaporation of
materials. To be al first the base (3 in gin work on fabrication of a new materi
fig. 2) in disk fo ocated in lifting and rm of about lm in diameter, must be l
rotation mechani roduct (7 in fig. 2).The base surface, which is sm of the p
subjected to sublimation, must be appropriately prepared according to 9—
10 class of purity. Next, to provide easy separation of the condensed material
from the base, this last one has to be covered with tiny dividing layer (10—
15u.m) made of calcium fluoride (CaF). To obtain composite materials by
evaporation and following condensation in vacuum the following output
materials (in form of ingots) were used: copper of 0,985 m in diameter and 5 m
in length, molybdenum and tungsten of 0,685 m and 5 m and chromium of
0,685 and 3 m respectively. (Chromium was properly prepared by respective
melting-in fractional crystallizer-of electrolytic material in purifying argon
environment). Yttrium was selected of ITM1 and/or ITM2 class of quality.
Zirconium was prepared according to TU 5-20-069-85 technical standard.
While, the ingots of aluminum oxide of 0,685 m in diameter and 0,5 m in length
were manufactured from a high quality powder (chemically pure) by cold
molding and following sintering in air at 1500 °C. It is necessary to stress that
purity of all applied materials was not below 99,9% (mass) [20].
T a b l e l. Data of the (L-5 type) high power electron beam installation
Parameter Value/Unit
Installed rated power 480 kW
Rated voltage of 3-phase system, 50 Hz 380 V
Accelerating voltage of electron guns 20 kV
Number and rated power of electron guns 8x60 kW
Diameter of a ware being sublimated in vacuum ≤ 1 m
Thickness of a condensate (0,1—5)·10-3 m
Condensation rate: for metals up to 50 µm/min
for ceramics up to 5 µm/min
Number of crucibles of 0,1 m in diameter 2
of 0, eter 07 m in diam 2
Length of evaporating ingots 0,5 m
Speed of ingot feeding (0,28 — m/min 280)·10-3
Maximum two weight to hold the good in position and
to rotate it by mechanism
100 kg
Level of technical vacuum 6·(1 Pa 0-3—10-2)
Pressure of cooling water (3— Pa 4)·105
Consumption of cooling water 12 m3/h
Total weight ~20 t
Usable equipment area 80 m2
238
Selected compositions and their properties
The most interested for industrial applications turned out the compositions
prepared on copper-molybdenum base. They are particular convenient for
breaking as well as sliding electrical contacts operating in environmental
conditions. To make such the multilayer composite material two crucibles must
be loaded with ingots made of copper based alloy with Zr—Y alloy additions
up to 0,2% (mass). While, the two others — with metal selected depending on
application. Therefore, it is molybdenum ingot to obtain com u—positions of C
Zr—Y—Mo type for breaking and sliding contacts; tungsten (C —W) u—Zr—Y
or chromium (Cu—Zr—Y—Cr) for contacts with electric arc or ceramic ingot
made of aluminum oxide Cu—Zr—Y—AI O for electrode lectrical 2 3 s of e
welding equipme ation and when nt respectively. After actuation of the install
the vacuum level reaches around (1,3—4)·10-2 Pa the electron guns are set in
motion to heat the base (subjected to deposition) up to about 700 ± 20 °C.
Simultaneously there is heated also surface of ingots of the out-put evaporated
materials up to melting and evaporating points. Duration of the technological
process to obtain a semi-finished product (perform) in form of sheet of lm in
diameter and (2—4)·10'3 m lasts about 3—5 hours depending on requirements.
The composite sheet is next separated from the base and is ready for further
processing (forming of contact samples and their following oven soldering to
contact bases). The composite materials of Cu—Zr—Y—Mo structure have
been certified and are produced according to Ukrainian technical requirements.
Their technology as well as preparation procedure are protected by Ukrainian
patents [21, 22]. Basic physical-mechanical properties of the condensation
compositions Cu—Zr—Y—Mo type are listed in table 2. As one can see from
table 2 the developed composite materials are characterized by pretty high
hardness, high strength and resistivity and sufficient plasticity. To explain the
T a b l e 2. Physical-mechanical properties of compositions Cu—Zr—
Y—Mo
Type Chemical composition
% (mass)
Density,
kg/m3
Resistivity,
µΩm
Microhardness
HV, MPa
MDK-1 Cu—Zr—Y;
3—5% Mo
8980—9000 0,021—0,022 1000—1500
MDK-2 Cu—Zr—Y;
5,1—8% Mo
9000—9050 0,022—0,024 1500—1650
MDK-3 Cu—Zr—Y;
8,1—12% Mo
9050—9100 0,024—0,028 1650—1800
Mechanical properties
Before tempering A ngfter temperi 1 h, 300 оC
Type
σ0,2, MPa σw, MPa σ, % σ0,2, MPa σw, MPa σ, %
MDK-1 210— 30 10,3—7, 370 300—4 3 200—360 295—420 17,6—9,5
MDK-2 380— 0 7 6 530 440—63 ,25—3,4 365—510 425— 00 9,45—4,9
MDK-3 550— 5 7 750 635—78 3,25—1,8 520—695 605— 30 4,85—3,9
influence of p es of the composite material on its switching hysical properti
performance the respective investigations of the material structure variation
under operation were carried out. ructure of the contact Therefore, the microst
surface as well as the sample vo was investigated both lume was inspected. It
a parallel a direction long nd perpendicular of the vapor stream flow
re vel u sur ug inf s specti y. It was fo nd that the face ro hness of a substrate luence
significantly the co as mposite surface morphol as well as properties of its ogy
structure a n clong the cross sectio . For the opper-molybdenum condensates
typical is mbanded-structure of micro- and acro hierarchy with submicro
layers and u f t/or numero s layers o different s ructure. However, for the layers
enriched w i ith copper an isotrop c structure made of depredated multi polar
grains (fig. 3, a) or of modular molecules situated inside copper based matrix
(fig. 3, b) is dominated. While, for the molybdenum enriched layers an
anisotropic (columnar) structure is typical (fig. 3, c). Chemical microetching
along the cross section of the condensate (perpendicular to the surface) revealed,
that for smaller amount of molybdenum (material MDK-1, see table 2) the high
melting metal occurs in form of both separate grains of a medium diameter less
than lµm and of their mixture inside the copper based matrix. As a matter of fact
the change of the structure and chemical compositions results in respective
variation of physical properties of the material as one can see from table 2.
Therefore, the increase of the molybdenum content (in mass) related to
increase of the columnar like structure results in the increase of strength and
hardness of the material however decreases its plasticity. The investigations of
the switching performance have indicated that for such the gradient type
condensates the variation of chemical composition of the layers can
successfully restrict a thermal zone of the electrical discharge. As a result the
a b c
Fig. 3. Typical structure of the composite Cu—Zr—Y—Mo condensate material.
а
b
Fig. 4. Ty cal structure of external r of the composite m rial pi laye ate
(MDK-3 type) after switching test.
239
volume of a secondary structure decreases (fig. 4) what is equivalent to
the increase of electrical durability with compare to the contacts made by means
of powder-metal technology [23].
On the basis of the investigated results one can conclude that the
condensate compositions on the copper-molybdenum basis (Cu—Zr—Y—Mo)
are characterized by following advantages:
they are fabricated during only one technological cycle therefore, they are
cheaper by about 1,5—1,7 times compare with equivalent material made by
means of the powder-metal processing and by about 4 time hen apply lver s, w si
as the basic component;
electrical durability of the contacts made of the (Cu—Zr—Y—Mo)
condensation compositions is not lower than for these made of silver base. Their
maximum switching current value was checked up to about 1200 A;
the copper -molybdenum based components produced by means of the
high power electron beam technology are found to be easy for mechanical
processing (cutting, pressing, grinding and turning). They do not create any
problem under soldering when use both brazing and silver content solders.
Area of application of the composite materials made by means of the high
power electron beam technology is gradually increased and includes currently
among others:
municipal transport (electric contact in underground railway, trams,
trolley-busses, etc.);
elevator equipment (e.g. passenger- and cargo lifts);
cargo and towing winches;
all types electrical vehicles, mining equipment;
industrial and household electric appliances;
long-distance electrical transportation etc.
The Scientific and Producing Company "ELTECHMASH" has already
produced over 15tons of the condensation composite material of the Cu—Zr—
Y—Mo type. As a result more than 1,5 mln pieces of electric contacts of
various (around 376 types) dimensions have been fabricated and involved in
practice successfully. Some of them are presented as an example in fig. 5, 6.
Since, fine powder sinters on the copper-tungsten base are widely used as
the contact materials in circuit interrupters (both in oil-poor, SF6 and recently in
vac positions have been uum circuit breakers) therefore, the condensation com
con ged from 5 sidered as a choice. First, the influence of the tungsten content (ran
to 6 inspected. The structure 0% (mass)) on the composition structure was
240
Fig. 5. General view of the sliding contact made of composition Cu—Zr—Y—Mo.
Fig. 6. Appearance of selected contact elements made from the condensate composite
material Cu—Zr—Y—Mo.
displays gradient, laminar character of
layers. For the respectively high am
column type of structure is dominated.
different hierarchical levels but, also
composite material as it can be seen fro
The columns, of the diameter le
composites however, with the tungsten grai
condensed compositions on the copper-tungs
gradient, laminar structure with visibl
a different hierarchy and variety of the
ount of tungsten (40—60% (mass)) the
It is common frequently not only for
passes through total cross section of the
m fig. 7.
ss then 100 um, are also metal-matrix
ns below 1 p.m. Therefore, the vapor
ten basis are characterized by the
e effect of the dispersion hardening
ons
.
Variation of the tensile stress and plasticity of the copper-tungsten compositi
before and after tempering is presented in fig. 8.
As one can see the best mechanical properties are obtained for tungsten
concentration ranged from 40 to 60% (mass). However, annealing processing
results in some decrease of the tensile strength value but, increase plasticity, in
turn. For the electrical contacts the copper-chromium compositions (35—50%
of Cr) are found interest also. The condensation composites made by means of
the high power electron beam technology of a similar content of chromium
display the laminar structure as well however, with respective dimensions
hierarchy of the particular layers. One can see here both macro-, micro- and
submicrolayers.
These last two levels are interconnected by anisotropy of a normal size what,
favor creation of pillars within area of a few layers of the condensate (fig. 9).
Fig. 7. Typical structure of the condensate component of Cu—Zr—Y—W type with
the increased content of tungsten (from 40 up to 60% (mass)).
241
a b
Fig. 8. Influence of tungsten content on tensile strength (a) a
HV, МПа
+ - НV
■, □ ‐ ψ
•, ○ ‐ δ
▲, Δ ‐ δр
•, ○ ‐ σв
■, □ ‐ σ0,2
nd plasticity (b) of the
composition Cu—W (investigated in room temperature) (solid lines and dark dots-
initial state, dashed lines and light dots-after tempering in 900 °C and in 1 hour).
а b
Fig. 9. Typical structure of the condensation composition Cu—Zr—Y—Cr for
chromium content of 35—50% (mass): layering (a), structure of layer (b).
a b
Fig. 10. Different appearance of the Cu—Zr—Y—Cr composite structure with different
242
content of chromium 35—50% (mass), granular, polygonal-initial structure (a) and
decomposition of supersaturated solid solution (b).
Widely concentrated area of the pillar structure indicates uniform character of
a mass transfer and highly unbalanced feature of the material. It is confirmed
by creating under evaporation-condensation the granular, polygonal structure
(fig. 10, a) in cross section perpendicular to the pillar-indicating and by
structure features under formina of decomposition of the supersaturated solid
solution (fig. 10, b).
Vickers hardness measurements revealed it nonlinearity with the chromium
content ranged from 0 up to 70% in mass (e.g. for 35—50% of Cr the hardness
is within 2069—2503 MP ased and indicatea). The tensile strength is also incre s
its maximum (abou ver, at this content t 550 MPa) for 40% of chromium. Howe
the plasticity is decreased in turn. Under the tensile strength test the structural
damage was controlled. The intercrystalline failure was found to be dominated.
It is increased with the amount of chromium and depends on another, as
external as well as inherent sources of weakness (like cracks at the sample
surface, defects at interface due to impurities etc). The both Cu—Zr—Y—W
and Cu—Zr—Y—Cr condensation composites are being also tested as contact
materials in vacuum chambers of low and medium voltage contactors and
interrupters. The results of preliminary investigations carried out independently
in “ELTECHMASH” Company in Kyiv, Ukraine and Wroclaw University of
Technology, Wroclaw, Poland are found to be interesting and promising [24].
General view of selected contacts for chambers of vacuum contactors are
Fig. 11. General view of electrical contacts for vacuum chambers of LV (1200 V)
contactors.
Fig. 12. Perspective view of electrodes made by means of the high power electron
beam technology.
presented for example in fig. 11 [25]. The good results were also obtained for
electrodes made of the composition Cu—Zr—Y—Al2O3 used in electric
welding equipments. Their view can be seen from fig. 12 [26].
Conclusions
Presented investigated results con m firm that the high power electron bea
technology can be successfully used as an alternative method to the powder-metal
one for manufacturing, among others, es of electric contacts as well as electrod
material. No doubt that this technology e is much more cheaper compare to th
powder-metal. The finished product is u-obtained already during only one man
facturing cycle and all the alloy-forming components are cheaper. Of course the
efficiency can be tremendously increased when replace all expensive (particularly
no s and apply the preforms of a technical purity. The high power ble) metal
el th ectron beam technology is save and environmental friendly. None harmful bo
or anic matter is emitted to surroundings under manufacturing. ganic and nonorg
Besides, all products are recyclable. The developed modern high power electron
beam installation is characterized by high annual rate of production up to about 15
tons of the condensation composite preforms. It makes manufacturing of about
800 000 pieces of various electrical contacts and electrodes possible in practice.
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245
Современное состояние и перспективы применения электронно-
лучевой технологии высокой мощности для производства
металлических и неметаллических компонентов
для электрических контактов и электродов
Н. И. Гречанюк, Р. В. Минакова, И. Н. Гречанюк, В. Медзинский,
Л. Дж. Хи
Представлены и обсуждаются текущее состояние и перспективы
применимости электронно-лучевой технологии высокой мощности для
изготовления как металлических, так и неметаллических композиционных
материалов, главным образом для контактов и электродов.
Ключевые слова: композиционные м ериалы, технология, мощный элек-ат
тронный луч, оборудование, высокая производительность, электрические
контакты и электроды.
Сучасний стан та перспективи застосування електронно-
пром тва ене ницвої технології високої потужності для вироб
метал чних евих і неметалевих компонентів для електри
контактів і електродів
М. І. Гречанюк, Р. В. Мінакова, , В. Медзинській, Л. Дж. Хі І. М. Гречанюк
Представлено і бговорюються пото ний стан та ерспективи застосовн сті о ч п о
електронно-променевої технології високої потужності для виготовлення як
металевих, так і неметалевих композиційних матеріалів, головним чином для
контактів електродів. і
Ключові лова: композиційні матеріали, технологія, потужни електронний с й
промінь, обладнання, висока продукт вність, електричні ти та и контак
електроди.
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