Switching discharge phenomena when use composite materials Сu—Сr under low voltage DC inductive load a small power
Paper presents and discusses investigated results of composite materials Cu—Cr used in electric contacts operating under DC low voltage loads of a small power. Formulates conclusions of possibility of the use of just such material to control the arc to glow transformation for practical use in electr...
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| Дата: | 2014 |
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Інститут проблем матеріалознавства ім. І.М. Францевича НАН України
2014
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| Назва видання: | Электрические контакты и электроды |
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| Цитувати: | Switching discharge phenomena when use composite materials Сu—Сr under low voltage DC inductive load a small power / G. Wisniewski, B. Miedzinski, P. Wojtas, A. Kozlowski, A. Grodzinski, N. Grechanyuk // Электрические контакты и электроды. — К.: ИПМ НАН України, 2014. — С. 251-256. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-1040112016-06-29T03:02:14Z Switching discharge phenomena when use composite materials Сu—Сr under low voltage DC inductive load a small power Wisniewski, G. Miedzinski, B. Wojtas, P. Kozlowski, A. Grodzinski, A. Grechanyuk, N. Paper presents and discusses investigated results of composite materials Cu—Cr used in electric contacts operating under DC low voltage loads of a small power. Formulates conclusions of possibility of the use of just such material to control the arc to glow transformation for practical use in electric auxiliary switching devices. Предложены результаты исследований композиционных материалов Cu—Cr, используемых в качестве электрических контактов при коммутации в цепях постоянного тока низкого напряжения малой мощности. Сделан вывод о возможности использования именно этого материала для контроля изменения свечения дуги при практическом использовании в электрических вспомогательных коммутационных устройствах. Представлено результати досліджень композиційних матеріалів Cu—Cr, що використовують в якості електричних контактів при комутації в ланцюгах постійного струму низької напруги малої потужності. Зроблено висновок про можливість використання саме цього матеріалу для контролю зміни світіння дуги при практичному використанні в електричних допоміжних комутаційних пристроях. 2014 Article Switching discharge phenomena when use composite materials Сu—Сr under low voltage DC inductive load a small power / G. Wisniewski, B. Miedzinski, P. Wojtas, A. Kozlowski, A. Grodzinski, N. Grechanyuk // Электрические контакты и электроды. — К.: ИПМ НАН України, 2014. — С. 251-256. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. 2311-0627 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/104011 621.3.04 uk Электрические контакты и электроды Інститут проблем матеріалознавства ім. І.М. Францевича НАН України |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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DSpace DC |
| language |
Ukrainian |
| description |
Paper presents and discusses investigated results of composite materials Cu—Cr used in electric contacts operating under DC low voltage loads of a small power. Formulates conclusions of possibility of the use of just such material to control the arc to glow transformation for practical use in electric auxiliary switching devices. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Wisniewski, G. Miedzinski, B. Wojtas, P. Kozlowski, A. Grodzinski, A. Grechanyuk, N. |
| spellingShingle |
Wisniewski, G. Miedzinski, B. Wojtas, P. Kozlowski, A. Grodzinski, A. Grechanyuk, N. Switching discharge phenomena when use composite materials Сu—Сr under low voltage DC inductive load a small power Электрические контакты и электроды |
| author_facet |
Wisniewski, G. Miedzinski, B. Wojtas, P. Kozlowski, A. Grodzinski, A. Grechanyuk, N. |
| author_sort |
Wisniewski, G. |
| title |
Switching discharge phenomena when use composite materials Сu—Сr under low voltage DC inductive load a small power |
| title_short |
Switching discharge phenomena when use composite materials Сu—Сr under low voltage DC inductive load a small power |
| title_full |
Switching discharge phenomena when use composite materials Сu—Сr under low voltage DC inductive load a small power |
| title_fullStr |
Switching discharge phenomena when use composite materials Сu—Сr under low voltage DC inductive load a small power |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Switching discharge phenomena when use composite materials Сu—Сr under low voltage DC inductive load a small power |
| title_sort |
switching discharge phenomena when use composite materials сu—сr under low voltage dc inductive load a small power |
| publisher |
Інститут проблем матеріалознавства ім. І.М. Францевича НАН України |
| publishDate |
2014 |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/104011 |
| citation_txt |
Switching discharge phenomena when use composite materials Сu—Сr under low voltage DC inductive load a small power / G. Wisniewski, B. Miedzinski, P. Wojtas, A. Kozlowski, A. Grodzinski, N. Grechanyuk // Электрические контакты и электроды. — К.: ИПМ НАН України, 2014. — С. 251-256. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Электрические контакты и электроды |
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2025-07-07T14:40:43Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-07-07T14:40:43Z |
| _version_ |
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| fulltext |
251
UDK 621.3.04
Switching discharge phenomena when use composite
materials Cu—Cr under low voltage dc inductive load
of a small power
G. Wisniewski, B. Miedziński*, P. Wojtas*, A. Kozłowski*,
A. Grodzinski**, N. Grechanyuk***
Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
* Institute of Innovative Technologies EMAG, Katowice, Poland,
** Tele and Radio Research Institute, Warszawa, Poland
*** Institute of Material Science, UAS, Kiev, Ukraine
Paper presents and discusses investigated results of composite materials Cu—Cr used
in electric contacts operating under DC low voltage loads of a small power. Formulates
conclusions of possibility of the use of just such material to control the arc to glow
transformation for practical use in electric auxiliary switching devices.
Keywords: composite material Cu—Cr, switching phenomenon, inductive load, low
voltage, small power.
Introduction
To increase reliability and life time of auxiliary switches operating under
heavy DC conditions the possibility of arc to glow discharge seems to be a key
factor. It depends on many technical factors among which selection of proper
contact material is of a great importance [1, 2]. To reduce contacts price by
replacing noble metals (like silver) and/or sophisticated and money consuming
technologies (like powder metallurgy) seeking another alternative
manufacturing is both economically and technically justified [3—5]. One of
these can be use of electron beam high-rate evaporation method with following
condensation in vacuum [6]. Therefore, possibility of application of multilayer
material Cu—Cr was investigated for operation under open air conditions.
Chromium content was varied from zero up to about 100%. The investigations
were carried out for DC inductive load (110 V, 0,5 A, ~30 ms) in air under
normal pressure. The arc to glow transition was analyzed by means of emission
spectroscopy consideration as well. On the basis of investigated results the
conclusions about possibility of use of multilayer composite materials Cu—Cr
to control the arc to glow transformation for practical use in low voltage, low
power electrical auxiliary switching devices are formulated.
Contact sample selection
Composite material for the study was prepared in the form of sheets of
varied content of Cr and Cu. The contact samples were made of a material part
selected for the various content of component materials as illustrated in fig. 1.
The chromium content according to the examinations was ranged from 0,6 to
about 80% (fig. 2). Surface structure of new contact samples Cu—Cr of
the minimum (~0,6%) and maximum (~76%) chromium content is shown for
© G. Wisniewski, B. Miedziński, P. Wojtas, A. Kozłowski, A. Grodzinski,
N. Grechanyuk, 2014
Fig. 1. The composition Cu—Cr for preparation contact samples
(1—4 — number of samples).
example in figs. 3, 4. The test contacts were made as flat of 5 mm in diameter
and thickness of about 2,5 mm.
a
Spectrum In stats. C Si Cr Cu Total
Spectrum 1 Yes 11.86 1.91 0.65 85.58 100.00
Spectrum 2 Yes 10.12 1.78 0.61 87.49 100.00
Spectrum 3 Yes 10.57 2.39 0.65 86.39 100.00
Mean 10.85 2.03 0.64 86.49 100.00
Std. deviation 0.90 0.32 0.02 0.96
Max. 11.86 2.39 0.65 87.49
Min. 10.12 1.78 0.61 85.58
All results in weight%
b
Spectrum In stats. C Si Cr Cu Total
Spectrum 1 Yes 9.35 0.69 7.80 82.15 100.00
Spectrum 2 Yes 7.71 1.35 7.51 83.42 100.00
Spectrum 3 Yes 12.45 0.60 7.16 79.80 100.00
Mean 9.84 0.88 7.49 81.79 100.00
Std. deviation 2.40 0.41 0.32 1.84
Max. 12.45 1.35 7.80 83.42
Min. 7.71 0.60 7.16 79.80
All results in weight%
c
Spectrum In stats. C Si Cr Cu Total
Spectrum 1 Yes 6.06 0.26 32.68 60.99 100.00
Spectrum 2 Yes 6.92 0.26 32.63 60.19 100.00
Spectrum 3 Yes 7.10 0.34 31.55 61.00 100.00
Mean 6.70 0.29 32.29 60.73 100.00
Std. deviation 0.56 0.05 0.64 0.46
Max. 7.10 0.34 32.68 61.00
Min. 6.06 0.26 31.55 60.19
All results in weight%
d
Spectrum In stats. C Si Cr Cu Total
Spectrum 1 Yes 7.63 0.24 71.06 21.08 100.00
Spectrum 2 Yes 8.47 0.53 76.86 14.14 100.00
Spectrum 3 Yes 6.90 0.44 81.25 11.41 100.00
Mean 7.67 0.40 76.39 15.54 100.00
Std. deviation 0.79 0.15 5.11 4.98
Max. 8.47 0.53 81.25 21.08
Min. 6.90 0.24 71.06 11.41
All results in weight%
Fig. 2. Composition of material Cu—Cr for selected contact samples:
a — No. 1; b — No. 2; b — No. 3; c — No. 4.
252
Fig. 3. Surface structure of new contact Cu—Cr sample (No. 1) with low content
of chromium (~0,6%).
253
immediately at the time of the contact opening (fig. 8). It should be noted that
in the case of glow discharge existence, duration of the switching (breaking)
Fig. 4. Surface structure of new contact Cu—Cr sample (No. 4) with highest
content of chromium (~76%).
Switching test and discussion of results
The tests were performed in air at room temperature and normal pressure
for DC load 110 V, 30 ms time constant and current to about 1,0 A. The average
value of the contact force, the speed of opening and length of the contact gap at
open state were 0,58 N, 0,2 m/s and 2,4 mm respectively. In order to reduce the
impact of electromagnetic field disturbances on the measurements of voltage —
current characteristic and emission spectrum variation under electric switching
discharges the special high — stop filters were used. Contact resistance during
operation was controlled for the test load current. All tests were performed in a
special lab stand with removable contact chamber [2]. Earlier studies conducted
by the authors have shown that transient of switching arcing into glowing under
interrupting DC inductive current is possible to achieve when use selected
contact materials such as pure nickel or molybdenum (fig. 5 and 6).
The study shows that regardless of the content of chromium in the contact
material the opening tends to initiate a glow discharge soon as you start to
open contact. It is manifested by sudden increase in the voltage value between
contacts (fig. 7, 8). It is related to the conditions prevailing in the real contact area
at the moment of interruption of current which is also reflected in the contact
resistance value. The contact resistance is typically highest for the first switching
and increases with increasing chromium content (from 0,3 to about 1,0 Ω).
Duration of the arc is the longest for the lowest chromium content. For the
highest however, chromium content is achieved not only the shortest arc time
but increases significantly probability of glow discharge existence even
Fig. 5. The unstable arc to glow transition when use the nickel contacts (250 V,
1
254
A, 40 ms, air ~ 100 kPa): (tt
Fig. 7. Voltage — current characteristics at
in air under normal pressure) for sample of small amount of chromium (<1%) at
10th and 80th switching cycle respectively.
. tarc, tG — total, arcing and glow discharge time
respectively; UG — glow voltage; IG — arc to glow transformation current value;
d — contact gap.
Fig. 6. Development of the electrical discharge when use contacts made of fine
molybdenum (250 V, 0,5 A, 40 ms, in air under 100 kPa).
contact opening (110 V, 0,5 A, 31 ms,
5 ms, d = 0,6 mm 13 ms, d = 1,6 mm 29 ms, d = 3,5 mm 30 ms, d = 3,6 mm 32 ms, d = 3,8 mm
s
ontact opening (110 V, 0,5 A, 31 ms,
s of highest amount of chromium (<76%)
Fig. 8. Voltage — current characteristics at c
in air under normal pressure) for sample
at 48th and 85th switching cycle.
Fig. 9. Emission spec um variation under switching.
process is much shorter what significantly reduces contact erosion thus increasing
its life time. Em ntacts made of
bout 80% of chromium can be compared for example from fig. 9.
ans of electron
eam high-rate evaporation method with following condensation in vacuum
seems to be suitable as contact w voltage, low power auxiliary
swi
further investigations copper should be modified by doping with
suc
of material processing to decrease
high
975. — P. 43— 51.
. Miedziński B. Possibility of control of transition of switching arc dc into glowing
/ [B. Miedziński, G. Wisniewski, S. N. Kharin et al.] // Proc. of the Pakistan
Academy of Sciences. — 2012. — 49 (30). — P. 173—180.
255
tr
ission spectrum variation under switching for co
a
Conclusions
The multilayer composite materials Cu—Cr made by me
b
material for lo
tches operating at DC inductive load in open-air conditions under normal
pressure.
The best results if about electrical arc to glow transition were obtained for
higher amount of chromium (around 80%).
Under
h elements like W, Mo or/and Ni to increase and/or control melting point
value of the composition. Increased stability
non-uniformity of applied metallic elements inside whole contact sample
volume is of great importance as well.
1. Allis W. P. Review of glow discharge instabilities, XII Int. Conf. on Phenomena In
Ionized Gases. Part 2, Eindhoven. — 1
2
256
pringer-Verlag, Berlin
edziński, M. Habrych, N. Grechaynuk, R. Minakova] // Proc. of
Пред Cr,
используемых ях
постоян вод о
возможности использова контроля изменения
свечения дуги при практическом использ ании в электрических вспомогательных
зі при використанні композиційних
Предс , що
викори
постій к про
можливість використа нтролю зміни світіння
дуги при практичному використанні в лектричних допоміжних комутаційних
3. Bul B . Osnowy teorii elektriczeskich apparatow, Wyższaja Szkoła. — M. : 1970.
4. Holm R. Electric Contacts. Theory and Applications. — S
Heidelberg, 2000.
5. Tarczyński W. Electrodynamics of electrical apparatus (in polish). Wydawnictwo
Politechniki Łódzkiej, Łódź, 2007.
6. Miedziński B. The actual state and prospects of a high Power elektron beam
technology for metallic and non-metallic compositions used in electric contacs and
electrodes / [B. Mi
ICAMMS 2012, Beijing, December 20—21, 2012. Trans Tech Publications 201.12.
Явления в электрической дуге при использовании
композиционных материалов Cu—Cr при коммутации
в цепях с низковольтной DC нагрузкой малой мощности
Ж. Вишневский, Б. Медзинский, П. Войтас, А. Козловский,
A. Гродницкий, Н. Гречанюк
ложены результаты исследований композиционных материалов Cu—
в качестве электрически контактов при коммутации в цепх
ного тока низкого напряжения малой мощности. Сделан вы
ния именно этого материала для
ов
коммутационных устройствах.
Ключевые слова: композиционный материал Cu—Cr, электрическая дуга,
индуктивная нагрузка, низкое напряжение, малая мощность.
Явища в електричній ду
матеріалів Cu—Cr при комутації в ланцюгах
з низьковольтної DC навантаженням малої потужності
Ж. Вишневський, Б. Медзінського, П. Войтас, А. Козловський,
А. Гродницький, Н. Гречанюк
тавлено результати досліджень композиційних матеріалів Cu—Cr
стовують в якосты електрични контактів при комутації в ланцюгах
ного струму низької напруги малої потужності. Зроблено висново
х
ння саме цього матеріалу для ко
е
пристроях.
Ключові слова: композиційний матеріал Cu—Cr, електрична дуга, індуктивне
навантаження, низька напруга, мала потужність.
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