Synanthropy of Bloodsucking Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) under Conditions of Kyiv
The 35 anthropophilic species are analyzed. The main tendancies of adaptations tending the transition of bloodsucking mosquito to synanthropic existence are considered. It is shown, that certain part of bloodsucking mosquitoes species inhabiting natural biocoenoses have been already adapted before t...
Gespeichert in:
| Datum: | 2012 |
|---|---|
| 1. Verfasser: | |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України
2012
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Вестник зоологии |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online Zugang: | http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/109465 |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Zitieren: | Synanthropy of Bloodsucking Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) under Conditions of Kyiv / N.P. Kilochytska // Вестник зоологии. — 2012. — Т. 46, № 5. — С. 439–444. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. |
Institution
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| id |
irk-123456789-109465 |
|---|---|
| record_format |
dspace |
| spelling |
irk-123456789-1094652016-11-30T03:02:20Z Synanthropy of Bloodsucking Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) under Conditions of Kyiv Kilochytska, N.P. Экология The 35 anthropophilic species are analyzed. The main tendancies of adaptations tending the transition of bloodsucking mosquito to synanthropic existence are considered. It is shown, that certain part of bloodsucking mosquitoes species inhabiting natural biocoenoses have been already adapted before the assimilation into the anthropogenic landscapes. Проанализировано 35 антропофильных видов комаров. Рассмотрены основные направления адаптаций, способствующих переходу кровососущих комаров к синантропному существованию. Показано, что опредёленная часть видов комаров, населяющих природные ценозы, уже преадаптирована к освоению антропогенных ландшафтов. 2012 Article Synanthropy of Bloodsucking Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) under Conditions of Kyiv / N.P. Kilochytska // Вестник зоологии. — 2012. — Т. 46, № 5. — С. 439–444. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. 0084-5604 DOI 10.2478/v10058-012-0035-8 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/109465 576.895.771 en Вестник зоологии Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| language |
English |
| topic |
Экология Экология |
| spellingShingle |
Экология Экология Kilochytska, N.P. Synanthropy of Bloodsucking Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) under Conditions of Kyiv Вестник зоологии |
| description |
The 35 anthropophilic species are analyzed. The main tendancies of adaptations tending the transition of bloodsucking mosquito to synanthropic existence are considered. It is shown, that certain part of bloodsucking mosquitoes species inhabiting natural biocoenoses have been already adapted before the assimilation into the anthropogenic landscapes. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Kilochytska, N.P. |
| author_facet |
Kilochytska, N.P. |
| author_sort |
Kilochytska, N.P. |
| title |
Synanthropy of Bloodsucking Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) under Conditions of Kyiv |
| title_short |
Synanthropy of Bloodsucking Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) under Conditions of Kyiv |
| title_full |
Synanthropy of Bloodsucking Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) under Conditions of Kyiv |
| title_fullStr |
Synanthropy of Bloodsucking Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) under Conditions of Kyiv |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Synanthropy of Bloodsucking Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) under Conditions of Kyiv |
| title_sort |
synanthropy of bloodsucking mosquitoes (diptera, culicidae) under conditions of kyiv |
| publisher |
Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| topic_facet |
Экология |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/109465 |
| citation_txt |
Synanthropy of Bloodsucking Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) under Conditions of Kyiv / N.P. Kilochytska // Вестник зоологии. — 2012. — Т. 46, № 5. — С. 439–444. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Вестник зоологии |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT kilochytskanp synanthropyofbloodsuckingmosquitoesdipteraculicidaeunderconditionsofkyiv |
| first_indexed |
2025-07-07T23:08:45Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-07-07T23:08:45Z |
| _version_ |
1837031466483056640 |
| fulltext |
UDC 576.895.771
SYNANTHROPY OF BLOODSUCKING MOSQUITOES
(DIPTERA, CULICIDAE) UNDER CONDITIONS OF KYIV
N. P. Kilochytska
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
Volodymyrska str., 64, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
E-mail: kilochytska@ukr.net
Received 5 March 2012
Accepted 14 September 2012
Synanthropy of Bloodsucking Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) under Conditions of Kyiv. Kilochitskaya N. P. –
The 35 anthropophilic species are analyzed. The main tendancies of adaptations tending the transition
of bloodsucking mosquito to synanthropic existence are considered. It is shown, that certain part of blood-
sucking mosquitoes species inhabiting natural biocoenoses have been already adapted before the assim-
ilation into the anthropogenic landscapes.
Ke y wo r d s: bloodsucking mosquitoes, Culicidae, synanthropy, Kyiv.
Ñèíàíòðîïèÿ êðîâîñîñóùèõ êîìàðîâ (Diptera, Culicidae) â óñëîâèÿõ Êèåâà. Êèëî÷èöêàÿ Í. Ï. –
Ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíî 35 àíòðîïîôèëüíûõ âèäîâ êîìàðîâ. Ðàññìîòðåíû îñíîâíûå íàïðàâëåíèÿ
àäàïòàöèé, ñïîñîáñòâóþùèõ ïåðåõîäó êðîâîñîñóùèõ êîìàðîâ ê ñèíàíòðîïíîìó ñóùåñòâîâàíèþ.
Ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî îïðåä¸ëåííàÿ ÷àñòü âèäîâ êîìàðîâ, íàñåëÿþùèõ ïðèðîäíûå öåíîçû, óæå ïðåàäàï-
òèðîâàíà ê îñâîåíèþ àíòðîïîãåííûõ ëàíäøàôòîâ.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñ ëîâ à: êðîâîñîñóùèå êîìàðû, Culicidae, ñèíàíòðîïèÿ, Êèåâ.
Introduction
The global warming accompanied by radical changes in temperature and humidity could lead to signif-
icant implications for species composition and increase the quantity and rate of reproduction of bloodsucking
mosquitoes, the carrier agents of vector-borne diseases and, as a consequence, to rise the circulation intensi-
ty of such causative agents. At that, the expansion of tropical disease distribution to more moderate latitudes
accompanied by change of their distribution features is probable.
Under conditions of urbanization of landscapes, the tendency to replacement of bloodsucking mosquitoes
coherent evolution by phases of incoherent evolution associated with deep disturbance of cenotical structure
is observed. One of the responses to the increase of the urbanization rate is a transition of some part of “wild”
species to the facultative or obligatory existence in agrocoenoses. The problem of the distinct factors hierar-
chy is especially topical during the evaluation of mosquitoes adaptation in anthropogenous landscapes where
a significant rise of part of endophilic and polycyclic species is observed. In this situation, the most significant
target is to identify the main tendencies of species diversity changes and mosquitoes ecology in urbanized land-
scapes.
Kyiv is located in the flood plains of numerous rivers and creeks. The majority of them (Hlybochytsya,
Lybid’, Yurkovitsya, Kiyanka, Setoml’, Syrets’, Nyvka, Pochayna, Syrets’ Creek) are currently either complete-
ly or partly embedded in sewage system pipes. The floods of Dnieper and Lybid’ rivers only are 17.6% of the
city territory. At the same time by 2001 the Kyiv built-up area (landscape and architecture systems) was approx-
imately 30% (Stetsyuk et al., 2001).
Abundance of waterways along with the hilly terrain is adequate for the formation of different kinds of
circulating and inflowing water reservoirs (bays of Dnieper and Desenka rivers, reclamation canals, lakes, ponds,
departmental water reservoirs). Only the scheduled bonification by the City Sanitary and Epidemiological Services
within the city area exceeds 176 water reservoirs which total water table area is equal to 1735 ha (from 0.9 to
175 ha). It is easy to estimate the hatching of malarial mosquitous larvae if their density in different water reser-
voirs varies from 0.8 to 3.0 agents/m2 (according to City Sanitary and Epidemiological Services data).
According to monitoring studies 35 anthropophilous species and subspecies of bloodsucking mosquitoes
were recorded in Kyiv (Kilochytska, 2008; Kilochytska, Kilochytskiy, 2009). The certain changes in species
Vestnik zoologii, 46(5): e-15—e-20, 2012
DOI 10.2478/v10058-012-0035-8
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 11/28/16 9:40 PM
composition and quantity of mosquitoes over 30 years have been recorded, since the latest consolidated report
on mosquitoes (inhabiting Kyiv area) was published (Sheremet, 1978).
This paper is based on the results of analysis of bloodsucking mosquito collection for 2003—2010, col-
lection materials of the Laboratory of ecology and toxicology of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
and collection of adult female mosquitoes during the same period of time submitted for analysis by City Sanitary
and Epidemiological Services (by the “ñollecting from oneself” method).
The terms used in this work (coherent evolution, incoherent evolution, anthropophilous species, acom-
municative species, communicative species, eurygamy, stenogamy, eusynanthropic, hemisynanthropic, asynan-
thropic, endophilic, exophilic, communicative, non-communicative, polyphagous, polystationality) are adopt-
ed from Artamonov (2003).
Results
Synanthropic species are trophically and topically associated with the human and
the human biological environment and are the components of anthropocoenosis. ²n order
to evaluate potential possibilities of bloodsucking mosquitoes transition to synanthropic
existence in city we first of all paid attention to requirements for the habitat necessary
for imago and preimaginal phases of development (egg, larva, pupa) of different
mosquitoes species.
One of the limiting factors is the absence of water reservoirs suitable for develop-
ment of mosquito preimaginal phases in the city. Female mosquitos of the genera Culex,
Culiseta and Coquillettidia oviposit boat-like clutches of eggs glued together on the water
surface. Anopheles females oviposit separately eggs supplied by floats on the water sur-
face as well. Females of Aedes and Ochlerotatus oviposit eggs in moist soil separately. Their
eggs, in the state of diapause, can survive from several months to several years in moist
soil. Consequently, the essential condition for mosquito development from the first four
genera is the presence of long-term permanent or semi-permanent water reservoirs, where-
as representatives of the two other genera can occur in temporary water reservoirs. In urban
areas, the lack of natural water reservoirs (overgrown with higher water plants coastal zone
of the lakes, ponds, tanks, ditches and underfloodings) is compensated by artificial ones
(pools devoid of vegetation, fire water ponds, barrels, containers, etc.).
Larvae of most mosquito genera (with the exception of Coquillettidia) develop in dif-
ferent kinds of water reservoirs and quite often they are the significant part of the
neuston fauna. The main factors limiting larval lifetime are the duration of water reser-
voirs existence and the presence of predators. The limiting factor for the Coquillettidia
genus larvae which belong to periphyton is the absence of the higher vascular plants in
the permanent water reservoirs.
Comparing the participation degree of different stages in the Diptera adaptive evo-
lution, we agree with opinion of most dipterists that mosquito adults are more conser-
vative than larvae and thus the “driven” phase. The role of imago stipulates the expan-
sion and reproduction (nectarophagous, hematophagous, search for substrate and water
reservoir, its evaluation and oviposition).
Biological markers, which directly or indirectly lead to the success in adapting to
an urbanocoenosis, and are found in different species of mosquitoes separately are as fol-
lows: the ability to autogenous oviposition; the imago’s need for carbohydrates nutrition
(nectarophagous); anthropophyly; the presence of diapause (larval – in representatives
of the genera Anopheles, Orthopodomyia, Coquillettidia, and Culiseta, and imaginal – in
Anopheles, Culex, and Culiseta); swarming and copulation in a large space – eurygamy,
and inability for swarming and copulation in a small space – stenogamy.
Based on the assessment of the representation degree of different species in the col-
lection (based on Sauhword, 1978) among 35 mosquitoes species attacking human, one
super-dominant (An. maculipennis); two dominants (Cx. pipiens and Ae. vexans) and 6 rece-
dent species with index of dominance less than 5 % but higher than 1 % were detected
(see the table 1).
e-16 N. P. Kilochytska
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 11/28/16 9:40 PM
For the classification, of the synanthropic representation degree we apply the sys-
tem suggested by Gregor, Povolony (1958) applicable to the higher dipterans, as modi-
fied by Mihalyi (1967). According to this system, three groups of synanthropic species
are recognized: a) eusynanthropic: endophilic (attributed to residential and utility buil -
ding) and exophilic (living outside); b) hemisynanthropic: communicative (directly con-
tacting with human), non-communicative (incontacting) and c) asynanthropic. Since the
authors applied as a fundamental criterion, an ability of some species of dipterans to infect
food and human skin and animals fell without taking into account the changes in species
variety of such dipterans under conditions of anthropogenic influence on ecosystems we
found useful to amend in the systems following Artamonov’s suggestions (2003).
The mosquitoes which lose connection with natural coenosis and are characterized
by strong ecological relations with human as a source of food for imago and for larvae
indirectly should be referred to the first group (eusynanthropus). Among 35 anthropophilic
species only Culex pipiens Linnaeus (f. molestus), which populations distinctly timed to
urbanocoenosis could be referred to eusynanthropus with some approximations. This species
is characterized by the following: the ability to autogenous oviposition, the absence of
diapauses and the need for nectarophagy, stenogamia and (especially in the cold season) is
the distinctly expressed endophily. Such biological features allow Cx. pipiens f. molestus
to develop year-round in the flooded basement and to attack a human for the bloodsuck-
ing, inside the premises.
Formation of Cx. pipiens f. molestus synanthropy was originally recorded in 1775 in
Cairo and Alexandria (Egypt). The original description of this taxon indicated that it was
characterized by the high aggression to human and reached particularly high numbers in
urban areas. For the first time Cx. pipiens f. molestus was observed in Europe in 1921
(London) and then it spread throughout Western Europe by 1950. In Ukraine, the mosquito
was recorded in 1926 (Dnipropetrovsk), and by 1990 it became ubiquitous in more than
300 cities of the former USSR in all landscape and climatic zones (Vinogradova, 2004).
During this period changes of biotopes inhabited by the immature stages of Cx. pip-
iens f. molestus occurred. In temperate climatic regions, the breeding sites of its larvae
in urban areas were the coastal shallows, pits, ditches, bogs, fire barrels. Then they were
almost entirely replaced by the filtration fields. However, in 1940—50s Cx. pipiens f. moles-
tus hatching in the basements of Leningrad and Moscow was reported for the first time,
followed by accelerated growth of its population and the range expansion (Bogdanova et
al., 1992).
In 1964 the WHO International Workshop established that the biological progress
and the spreading of Cx. pipiens f. molestus were closely linked with the urbanization pro-
cesses (in particular, with the construction of buildings with district heat supply), which
is a general trend in the world (Seminar..., 1965). Currently, the process of progressive
urbanization of the other anthropofilous species such as Culiseta longiareolata Macquart,
e-17Synanthropy of Bloodsucking Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) under Conditions of Kyiv
Ta b l e 1. Species of mosquito, which dominate in attacking on human in Kyiv
Ò à á ëèö à 1. Âèäû êîìàðîâ, äîìèíèðóþùèå ïðè íàïàäåíèè íà ÷åëîâåêà â ã. Êèåâ
Species
Index of dominance, %
range values, 1992—2008 average
Anopheles maculipennis Meigen (complex) 2.3—66.0 35.6
Culex pipiens Linnaeus (complex) 2.5—50.9 18.8
Aedes vexans (Meigen) (complex) 1.8—41.6 14.6
Ochlerotatus sticticus Meigen 1.8—21.6 9.0
Aedes cinereus Meigen 1.4—6.4 3.6
Culiseta annulata (Schrank) 0.7—5.9 2.7
Ochlerotatus cataphylla Dyar 0.1—6.9 2.7
Coquillettidia richiardii (Ficalbi) 0.1—4.6 2.4
Anopheles ñlaviger (Meigen) 0.1—2.8 1.3
Ochlerotatus caspius (Pallas) (complex) 0.1—3.8 1.1
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 11/28/16 9:40 PM
overwintering as the egg stage, the larvae and fertilized females are also observed. This
species occurred initially in a spring lake and then in artificial ponds, barrels of water,
pools, etc.; they were recorded by E.the flooded basements in Javan (Tajikistan).
The second group (hemisynanthropes) consists of mosquitoes of greater ecological
flexibility: their population is equally capable of occupying both urbanized and natural
habitats. By food specialization along with Cx. pipiens f. molestus “pure” anthropophilic
mosquito is Coq. richiardii. In Kyiv environment its larvae live in a few reservoirs over-
grown with higher vascular vegetation, where they overwinter as a diapausing larval stage.
A similar pattern have been recorded earlier in Moscow and Leningrad (Sheremet, 1978).
Coq. richiardii with good reason could be categorized as communication exophilic
hemisynanthrope, which forms a connection with human primary on the trophic basis
(hematophagous), and the status of their populations directly depends on the availabil-
ity of breeding sites for the larvae.
An. maculipennis is a casually anthropophilic bloodsucker, which prefers to attack
the cattle out of city (Gutsevich et al., 1970), while by the intensity of attacking humans
in Kyiv it takes the superdominant position. In the city, its larvae can develop in a var-
ious permanent ponds. The tendency of adults is to hide for the day and survive the win-
ter (imaginal diapause) in various outbuildings (unheated rooms, barns, cellars, basements,
tunnels and even subways) and lack of alternative feed source in urbanocoenoces con-
tributes to more aggressive attack the human. In fact, An. maculipennis is a typical com-
municative endophilic hemisynanthrope in Kyiv.
In natural coenoses, polycyclic Ae. vexans as well as An. maculipennis is an option-
al anthropophilious bloodsucker. Its larvae are produced in a variety of open preferably
floodplain ponds. Perhaps it is the clue for explaining the reasons of high numbers of this
species in Kyiv. Ae. vexans of Kyiv population should be attributed to the communica-
tive exophilic hemisynanthrope.
Long-term population dynamics (and the attack activity) of phenological summer
polyseasonal species (O. sticticus, O. caspius, Ae. cinereus, Cs. annulata and An. claviger)
correlates directly with the presence and seasonal heavy rains. Larvae produced by early
spring species O. cataphylla are among the first to appear in the melt water, mostly in
open temporary ponds, and thus they have time (as opposed to other spring species) to
complete preimaginal development before breeding sites dry up. Significant anthro-
pophyly of hematophagous adults and the ability of immature stages to develop in
urbanized landscape attribute O. sticticus, O. caspius, O. cataphylla, Ae. cinereus, Cs. annu-
lata and An. claviger to the category of communicative exophilic hemisynanthropes.
The last 25 species of mosquitoes which intensity of which to attack a human does
not exceed 1.0% in the whole complex of bloodsuckers were referred to a group of option-
al communicative exophilic hemisynanthropes. Optional anthropophily of these species
is explained by the fact that in the environment Ochlerotatus excrucians Walker and Aedes
cinereus Meigen mainly attack domestic animals; Cs. annulata, Cx. pipiens f. pipiens
Linnaeus and O. caspius are ornitofilous species; Culex territans Walker attacks more fre-
quently reptiles and amphibians (Gutsevich et al., 1970).
Synanthropic fauna is formed by means of the penetration and retention of a part
of populations occupying adjacent natural ecosystems in the anthropocoenosis. Direction
and speed of this process are poorly predictable especially when it is associated with
mosquitoes of high flight activity and rapid adaptation. ²nitially, 50—60 years ago the num-
ber of species, which inhabited urban habitats was less than the number of species liv-
ing in their neighborhoods. Currently, a clear tendency towards increasing the species diver-
sity of mosquitoes in urban areas is observed regardless of the climatic zone, the size and
age of the city. Thus, 32 species of mosquitoes were registered in the vicinity of Moscow
in 1962—1969, while 21 species were recorded within its boundaries. In 1983—1985 the
number of mosquitoes species reached 26 in the city. 30 species of mosquitoes were record-
e-18 N. P. Kilochytska
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 11/28/16 9:40 PM
ed in Leningrad and its environs in 1928—1958 while only five of them in the city.
Observations of 1983—1987 showed the presence of 22 mosquito species in Leningrad
(Bogdanova et al., 1992).
In the city of Kyiv considering the minor quantitative changes, one should note cer-
tain qualitative changes in mosquito species diversity in 1978—2008. Two species of
mosquitoes of the genus Culiseta (Cs. glaphyroptera Schiner and Cs. morsitans Theobald)
and four representatives of the genus Ochlerotatus were added to the list of species. The
elimination of Ochlerotatus pulchritarsis Rondani bred in hollows and six other species
of this genus (O. annulipes Meigen, O. behningi Martelli, O. intrudens Dyar, O. cataphyl-
la Dyar and O. leucomelas Meigen), whose larvae are propagated in grass-covered and
enriched with leaf litter temporary forest ponds and their edges under natural conditions
could be explained by the progressive urbanization (ordering/regulation) of the urban area
accompanied by the disappearance of corresponding types of reservoirs (Kilochytska,
Kilochytskiy, 2009). V. M. Beklemishev (1952) observed earlier this tendency, which is
the human development of the territory directly worsens the environment for the exis-
tence of mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Ochlerotatus deteriorate.
Observation of Ochlerotatus euedes Howard, Dyar et Knab, O. cyprius Ludlow, O. d³an-
taeus Howard, Dyar et Knab and O. pullatus Coquillett in Kyiv is obviously related to
the presence of such artificial ponds without vegetation such as pits, trenches, potholes
or ruts, etc. in the areas of capital construction during the spring season.
Understanding the process of synanthropic fauna formation is facilitated by the use
of the “preadaptation” concept (the process of rising the character in species, which orig-
inally does not have any adaptive value and becomes adaptive only after changing the
living conditions of animals and, if the need arises, it is used afterwards in future gener-
ations). In particular, E. Mayr (1974) considered the species were preadapted if it was
able to occupy a new habitat.
The analysis of larval habitats in Kyiv shows that most of the mosquito species domes-
ticate the ponds, which are not different in their characteristics from those natural con-
ditions. Eight species develop only in ponds and lakes (in the coastal heavily overgrown
area), the most numerous of them, An. maculipennis, Cx. pipiens f. pipiens and Ae. cinereus,
are propagated. Fourteen species are the most abundant in floodplains, flooding of rivers
and streams such as Ae. vexans, An. maculipennis, O. cantans, O. excrucians, O. caspius,
O. flavescens and O. behningi O. cataphylla, O. diantaeus and Cx. thailary are propagat-
ed in roadside ditches. Cx. pipiens f. pipiens and An. maculipennis predominate in pools,
tanks and barrels while Cx. pipiens f. molestus predominate in basements. Larvae of Anopheles
plumbeus Stephens, Aedes geniculatus Olivier and O. pulchritarsis are propagated in the
hollows.
A regular appearance of saline ponds (as a result of melting snow sprinkled with mix-
ture of sand and NaCl or KCl) in the city leads there to the primary development of a
number of such historically preadapted to the existence in water of different salinity such
species as An. maculipennis, An. claviger, O. caspius caspius, O. detritus, O. caspius dor-
salis, O. excrucians, O. leucomelas, Ae. vexans, Ae. cinereus and Cx. theileri. Perhaps the
mineral pollution of water results in preferential conditions for the development of some
acommunicative species of mosquitoes in the city.
Summarizing the results, it can be stated that the main complex of preadaptations
of bloodsucking mosquitoes enabling their inflow of species into the synanthropic fauna
from adjacent ecosystems includes the following factors.
– Polyphagous adults. Such species could most likely shift for feeding on humans
and commensal animals since there are no vitally important imaginal trophic differences
for these hematophagous.
– Polystationality. It is common for almost all representatives of all genera (except
Coquillettidia), which manifested in the absence of strict determinism in the choice of
habitats (reservoirs) for preimaginal development.
e-19Synanthropy of Bloodsucking Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) under Conditions of Kyiv
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 11/28/16 9:40 PM
– Tolerance to the fluctuations of climatic factors. Increasing the number of species,
which are trophically and topically related to the human, does not depend on the cli-
matic zone, the size and age of the city.
– There are neither predators or parasites of anthropogenic origin in ponds.
– Significant expansion of the distributional radius of adults. Such a benefit espe-
cially effectively appears in Kyiv during the migration of mosquitoes in the valleys of numer-
ous rivers (especially the Dnieper), along the railways and roads.
The author thanks O. M. Pogorelova (chief entomologist of Kyiv Sanitary Epidemiological Service) for
the granted materials.
Artamonov S. D. The formation of adaptation to synanthropic in the example dipterous families Sarcophagidae
and Calliphoridae (Insecta, Diptera). Kurentsova – 2003. – 14. – P. 14—20. – Russian : Àðòàìîíîâ
Ñ. Ä. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå àäàïòàöèé ê ñèíàíòðîïèçìó íà ïðèìåðå äâóêðûëûõ ñåìåéñòâ Sarcophagidae
è Calliphoridae (Insecta, Diptera).
Beklemishev V. N. The fight against midges. Problems of anti-malarial organization in the new stage // Med.
parasitil. i parasitarn. bol. – 1952. – 21, N 6. – P. 487—492. – Russian : Áîðüáà ñ ãíóñîì. Î çàäà-
÷àõ ïðîòèâîìàëÿðèéíîé îðãàíèçàöèè íà íîâîì ýòàïå.
Bogdanova E. N., Smyslova Ò. Î., Ostanin G. I. et al. Dynamics the development of urbanization coenosis
mosquitoes // Blood-sucking and zoophilous dipterans (Insecta, Diptera) : Materialy V Wsesouznogo
dipterologicheskoho symposiuma (14—17.08.1990, Novosibirsk). – Novosibirsk, 1992. – P. 22—25. –
Russian : Áîãäàíîâà Å. Í., Ñìûñëîâà Ò. Î., Îñòàíèí Ã. È. è äð. Äèíàìèêà îñâîåíèÿ êîìàðàìè óðáà-
íîöåíîçîâ.
Gutsevich À. V., Monchadskiy À. S., Stackelberg À. À. Mosquitoes (Family Culicidae) // Insecta Diptera. –
Leningrad : Nauka, 1970. – 384 p. – (Fauna of the USSR. New ser. 100; Vol. 3. Fasc. 4). – Russian :
Ãóöåâè÷ À. Â., Ìîí÷àäñêèé À. Ñ., Øòàêåëüáåðã À. À. Êîìàðû (Ñåìåéñòâî Culicidae).
Kilochytska N. P. Short key of blood-sucking mosquitoes fauna of Ukraine. – Êyiv : Geoprint, 2008. – 90 p. –
Ukrainian : ʳëî÷èöüêà Í. Ï. Êîðîòêèé âèçíà÷íèê êðîâîñèñíèõ êîìàð³â ôàóíè Óêðà¿íè.
Kilochytska N. P., Kilochytskiy P. Y. Changes of Kyiv fauna mosquitoes for the last 30 years // Vestnik zool-
ogy. – 2009. – Suppl. 23. – P. 58—62. – Ukrainian : ʳëî÷èöüêà Í. Ï., ʳëî÷èöüêèé Ï. ß. Çì³íè
êóë³öèäîôàóíè Êèºâà çà îñòàíí³ 30 ðîê³â.
Mair E. Populations, species and evolution. – Ìoscow : Ìir, 1974. – 457 p. – Russian : Ïîïóëÿöèè, âèäû
è ýâîëþöèÿ.
Stetsyuk V. V., Romanchuk S. P., Schur U. V. et al. Kyiv as the ecological system: nature – man – produc-
tion environment. – Êyiv : Centr ekologichnoj osvity ta informacii, 2001. – 350 p. – Ukrainian:
Ñòåöþê Â. Â., Ðîìàí÷óê Ñ. Ï., Ùóð Þ. Â. òà ³í. Êè¿â ÿê åêîëîã³÷íà ñèñòåìà: ïðèðîäà – ëþäè-
íà – âèðîáíèöòâî – åêîëîã³ÿ.
Sheremet V. P. Blood-sucking mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) of Kyiv // Vestnik zoology. – 1978. – N 1. –
P. 58—61. – Russian : Øåðåìåò Â. Ï. Êðîâîñîñóùèå êîìàðû (Diptera, Culicidae) ãîðîäà Êèåâà.
Gregor F., Povolny D. Versuch einer Klassifikation der synanthropen Fliegen (Diptera)Microbiol., Immunolog. –
1958. – 2. – P. 205—216.
Mihalyi F. Separating the rural and urban synanthropic fly faunas // A. Z. A. Sci. Hung. – 1967. –13, N 3—4. –
P. 379—383.
Sauthwood T. R. E. Ecological methods. – London : Chapman and Hall, 1978. – 253 p.
Seminar on the ecology and control of the Culex pipiens complex // WHO, Vector Control. – 1965. – 125. –
217 p.
Vinogradova Å. B. The city mosquitoes or “Children of the underground”. – Ì. ; S-Ptb. : ZIN RAS, 2004. –
95 p. – Russian : Âèíîãðàäîâà Å. Á. Ãîðîäñêèå êîìàðû èëè «Äåòè ïîäçåìåëüÿ».
e-20 N. P. Kilochytska
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 11/28/16 9:40 PM
|