The Current Status of Kuhl’s Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus kuhlii (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine
Based on our own fieldwork the faunistic status of the Kuhl’s pipistrelle for the studied region was established. The expansion of Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817) in the central part of the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine was confirmed. The paper represents data on the findings of this species and it...
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Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України
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| Цитувати: | The Current Status of Kuhl’s Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus kuhlii (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine / A.A. Bilushenko // Вестник зоологии. — 2013. — Т. 47, № 4. — С. 343–349. — Бібліогр.: 27 назв. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-1097962016-12-15T03:02:46Z The Current Status of Kuhl’s Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus kuhlii (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine Bilushenko, A.A. Экология Based on our own fieldwork the faunistic status of the Kuhl’s pipistrelle for the studied region was established. The expansion of Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817) in the central part of the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine was confirmed. The paper represents data on the findings of this species and its prevalence, occurrence, describes biology and flight activity throughout the year in the studied territory. На основе собственных полевых исследований установлено современное состояние нетопыря средиземноморского для исследуемого региона. Подтверждена экспансия Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817) на территории центральной части лесостепной зоны Украины. В работе изложены данные о находках данного вида и его распространении, встречаемости. Описаны биология и лётная активность в течение года в условиях исследуемого региона. 2013 Article The Current Status of Kuhl’s Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus kuhlii (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine / A.A. Bilushenko // Вестник зоологии. — 2013. — Т. 47, № 4. — С. 343–349. — Бібліогр.: 27 назв. — англ. 0084-5604 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/109796 en Вестник зоологии Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України |
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Экология Экология |
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Экология Экология Bilushenko, A.A. The Current Status of Kuhl’s Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus kuhlii (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine Вестник зоологии |
| description |
Based on our own fieldwork the faunistic status of the Kuhl’s pipistrelle for the studied region was established. The expansion of Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817) in the central part of the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine was confirmed. The paper represents data on the findings of this species and its prevalence, occurrence, describes biology and flight activity throughout the year in the studied territory. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Bilushenko, A.A. |
| author_facet |
Bilushenko, A.A. |
| author_sort |
Bilushenko, A.A. |
| title |
The Current Status of Kuhl’s Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus kuhlii (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine |
| title_short |
The Current Status of Kuhl’s Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus kuhlii (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine |
| title_full |
The Current Status of Kuhl’s Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus kuhlii (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine |
| title_fullStr |
The Current Status of Kuhl’s Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus kuhlii (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The Current Status of Kuhl’s Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus kuhlii (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine |
| title_sort |
current status of kuhl’s pipistrelle, pipistrellus kuhlii (chiroptera, vespertilionidae), in the central forest-steppe of ukraine |
| publisher |
Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України |
| publishDate |
2013 |
| topic_facet |
Экология |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/109796 |
| citation_txt |
The Current Status of Kuhl’s Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus kuhlii (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine / A.A. Bilushenko // Вестник зоологии. — 2013. — Т. 47, № 4. — С. 343–349. — Бібліогр.: 27 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Вестник зоологии |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT bilushenkoaa thecurrentstatusofkuhlspipistrellepipistrelluskuhliichiropteravespertilionidaeinthecentralforeststeppeofukraine AT bilushenkoaa currentstatusofkuhlspipistrellepipistrelluskuhliichiropteravespertilionidaeinthecentralforeststeppeofukraine |
| first_indexed |
2025-07-07T23:40:15Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-07-07T23:40:15Z |
| _version_ |
1837033446340296704 |
| fulltext |
UDC 599.426(292.485:477)
THE CURRENT STATUS OF KUHL’S PIPISTRELLE
PIPISTRELLUS KUHLII (CHIROPTERA, VESPERTILIONIDAE)
IN THE CENTRAL FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE
A. A. Bilushenko
Cherkassy Experiment Station on Bio Resources of the Institute
of Genetics and Breeding of NAS of Ukraine,
Pasterovskaya str., 76, Cherkassy, 18015 Ukraine
E-mail: Bat_Cherkassy@ukr.net
The Current Status of Kuhl’s Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus kuhlii (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), in the Central
Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Bilushenko A. A. – Based on our own fieldwork the faunistic status of the
Kuhl’s pipistrelle for the studied region was established. The expansion of Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl,
1817) in the central part of the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine was confirmed. The paper represents data
on the findings of this species and its prevalence, occurrence, describes biology and flight activity
throughout the year in the studied territory.
Ke y wo r d s: Pipistrellus kuhlii, distribution, the central forest-steppe, Ukraine.
Î ñîâðåìåííîì ñîñòîÿíèè íåòîïûðÿ ñðåäèçåìíîìîðñêîãî, Pipistrellus kuhlii (Chiroptera, Vesper tili -
oni dae), â Öåíòðàëüíîé Ëåñîñòåïè Óêðàèíû. Áèëóøåíêî À. À. – Íà îñíîâå ñîáñòâåííûõ ïîëåâûõ
èññëåäîâàíèé óñòàíîâëåíî ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå íåòîïûðÿ ñðåäèçåìíîìîðñêîãî äëÿ èññëå-
äóåìîãî ðåãèîíà. Ïîäòâåðæäåíà ýêñïàíñèÿ Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817) íà òåððèòîðèè öåíò-
ðàëüíîé ÷àñòè ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû Óêðàèíû.  ðàáîòå èçëîæåíû äàííûå î íàõîäêàõ äàííîãî âèäà
è åãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè, âñòðå÷àåìîñòè. Îïèñàíû áèîëîãèÿ è ëёòíàÿ àêòèâíîñòü â òå÷åíèå ãîäà
â óñëîâèÿõ èññëåäóåìîãî ðåãèîíà.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñ ëîâ à: Pipistrellus kuhlii, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, Öåíòðàëüíàÿ Ëåñîñòåïü, Óêðàèíà.
Introduction
Distribution area of Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817) is limited to the arid regions of northern Africa,
southern Europe and the Near East (Zagorodniuk, 2006). In Ukraine during the XIX – early XX centuries,
this species was found relatively rare in a limited area. All well known by that time findings were limited to
the South Crimea (Nikolsky, 1891; Brauner, 1912), where this species was considered indigenous.
In the second half of the twentieth and early twenty-first century P. kuhlii demonstrates active expan-
sion on the territory of Ukraine. We are aware of the findings of the species in the Crimea (Beskaravayny,
1985), in the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve (Tkach, Fedorchenko, 1998), Sea of Azov (Volokh, 2001) in the
Zaporozhye (Cheremisov, 1987), Chernigov (Kedrov, Sheshurak, 1999; Gavris, Kotserzhinskaya, 2002),
Luhansk (Kondratenko, 1999), Kyiv (Kiev) (Godlevsky, Tyshenko, 2000), Kharkiv (Vlaschenko, 2007),
Sumy (Merzlikin, Lebed, 2001), Dnipropetrovsk (Strigunov, Kotsyuruba, 2001), Odesa (Formanyuk,
Panchenko, 2003), Ivano-Frankivsk regions (Sahanowich et al., 2006).
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the faunal and biological status of the Kuhl’s pipistrelle in the
studied region.
Material and methods
Investigations were carried out on the territory of Cherkassy and Kirovograd regions – the central for-
est-steppe zone of Ukraine (fig. 1) (Marinich, Shyshchenko, 2005; Lanko et al. 1969). The counts were held
in 15 locations where observations were carried out at least 1—40 times per the field season in the period of
the second half of April to the second half of October each year during 2007—2010. Transect survey was estab-
lished in points 2, 4, 6, 9, 13, 15, the average length of transect is 240 km. The total walking route of the
studied territory is 650 km (2005—2012).
We used portable traps (Borisenko, 1999) and nylon mist nets (6 and 12 meters long) for catching.
Mistnets were set between the buildings, the trees of green urban areas in the ways of daily migrations at
about two hours before astronomical sunset. Mistnets were folded after sunrise.
Vestnik zoologii, 47(4): 343—349, 2013
DOI 10.2478/vzoo-2013-0036
Unauthenticated
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The echolocation calls of bats were monitored (the percentage of registered ultrasonic signals of Kuhl’s
pipistrelle related to the total number of recorded signals of all species and superspecies during this period
was calculated) by the ultrasonic detector Pettersson D200 (the echolocation signals frequency for the P. kuh-
lii ranges from 37 to 41 kHz). Flight activity was estimated as the percentage of registered ultrasonic signals
of Kuhl’s pipistrelle related to the total number of recorded signals of all species. To identify the ultrasonic
signals we compare field observations with the known descriptions and recordings (Barataud, 1996). The
detector counts were reinforced by the visual observations; sometimes detector counts were compared with
the mist net catches.
The counts were held mostly during good weather conditions. In addition, the registration of the ani-
mals was performed during an evening departure from their shelters.
The occurrence frequency index, which is the percentage ratio of places where P. kuhlii was found to
total number of the studied places, was used for quantitative analysis (Strelkov, Ilyin, 1990).
Results and discussion
The total number of trapped animals is 1067 of 11 species (2005—2012), 145 of
which are P. kuhlii. During the surveillance period on the studied territory
(2007—2010), 530 ultrasonic signals of 13 species were detected, 360 calls were identi-
fied as Kohl’s pipistrelle sounds.
Of the 21 studied sites P. kuhlii was registered in 15 points (mistnetting and detec-
tor registrations are combined with visual observations) (fig. 1). In seven of those points
(1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 13, 15) the animals were mist netted. In 10 points the animals were reg-
istered by the detector in conjunction with visual observations (4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13). In three of those points (4, 13, 15) the presence of the species was confirmed by
mistnetting.
344 A. A. Bilushenko
Fig. 1. Sites of catching and registrations of P. kuhlii: a – place of the observations; b – big cities – dis-
trict centers.
Ðèñ. 1. Ìåñòà îòëîâà è ðåãèñòðàöèè P. kuhli: a – ìåñòà íàáëþäåíèé; b – ðàéîííûå öåíòðû.
Unauthenticated
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The distribution of the Kuhl’s pipistrelle in the region is linked to the human set-
tlements of different status – from small towns to big cities (table 1). The occurrence
of this species in the region is high.
The bats use only human built facilities as shelters. At the area of studies, nine
shelters of the species were registered in panel buildings and 10 – in the brick built
structures of different types (table 2). Four breeding colonies were registered.
Despite the fact that single animals could be found under the peeled bark of trees
(Lindeman, Subbotin, 1983; Unkurova, 1988), P. kuhlii were never found in natural
shelters during our study. Usually, colonies of P. kuhlii occupy narrow gaps and cavi-
ties which are inaccessible for carnivores and humans.
Most often, the animals were watched in flight near the forest and forest-park
zones of settlements, and green areas near the buildings. According to the literature
(Strelkov, Ilyin, 1990) and the original data, we can make a conclusion, that the pres-
ence of the water reservoir is not a prerequisite for species habitat though it undoubt-
edly improves the living conditions of P. kuhlii.
P. kuhlii hunts along the roads of settlements. Feeding animals were repeatedly
registered near the Kanev Reservoir (06.10.2008 at 20:30; 10.08.2009 at 20:00) and over
Holodnyanske pond in Smela (about five registrations were made during 2008—2010).
Animals were flying 1—1.5 m above the water surface. On the 13th of August 2010 an
adult female of P. kuhlii was caught with the help of mist net installed in a shallow
water. Besides, we caught more than 15 specimens of Myotis daubentonii at the same
date and place. This fact suggests that Kuhl’s pipistrelle can use near-water sites as for-
aging habitats.
Kohl’s pipistrelle is a common species of bats in the surveyed human communi-
ties. In the colony these animals are quiet. P. P. Strelkov and V. J. Ilyin also report the
silence of colonies (Strelkov, Ilyin, 1990). The number of individuals in the breeding
colonies on the studied area ranges from 3 to 105. Reproductive colony consists of adult
females and offspring, while adult males are kept away. However, we managed to catch
adult males twice (04.08.2009 and 14.08.2010) during their departure from the shelter
where the breeding colony was. In both cases, the males were ready to mate, as the
increased testes, which reached 8 mm in length, indicated it. Mixed colonies were not
found. Though, rare cases of P. kuhlii living in a shelter with other bat species, and the
presence of both sexes in a breeding colony are mentioned in the literature (Strelkov,
Ilyin, 1990).
Mass mating is marked in the middle of July. Female pregnancy develops in May.
It is found that of 16 females caught in the last day of May 2008, 15 were pregnant.
The only female with no signs of pregnancy had genital lymph hardening. Independent
physically matured young animals were observed at the beginning of August
(04.08.2009).
According to the detector-visual surveys, P. kuhlii shows long flight activity during
the year, compared to other species of bats (fig. 2.). It lasts from the second half of
April to the second half of October. The animals in Smela and Cherkassy cities were
also observed during warm periods in late autumn (November) and winter when the air
temperature was above zero. They were flying 0.5—1 m above the ground: near man-
holes, in the deep pits of unfinished buildings, in areas with low relief (valleys, ravines,
near the water reservoirs). Obviously, at that time animals avoid places with wind blows.
P. kuhlii is a member of the Near Eastern faunal assemblage. It is common in the
southern part of the Western Palearctic in warm Mediterranean climate (Gazaryan,
2002). Mediterranean region is characterized by January temperature from +5 to
+10 °C, and thus hibernation of bats from this faunal assembage in their native climate
is short and intermittent (Kowalski et al., 1986). Perhaps this fact can explain the long
345The Current Status of Kuhl’s pipistrelle, Pipistrellus kuhlii (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)...
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346 A. A. Bilushenko
Ta b l e 1. The list of findings and registrations of P. kuhlii in central forest steppe of Ukraine
Ò à á ëèö à 1. Ñïèñîê íàõîäîê è ðåãèñòðàöèè P. kuhlii â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíû Óêðàèíû
Place of catching /
records
Date of
catching /
records
Animals data Place of research
Methods of catching /
record
Order on
the map
Smeliansky district,
Kovaliha village,
Cherkassy region
2007—2010 41—105 ani-
mals
Shed above the main
entrance to the
school building
Recorded during the
flight out of shelters
1
31.05.2008 14 } ad, 2 {
ad
Caught by a net during
the flight
07.06.2008 4 } ad
04.08.2009 38 } ad, } juv,
8 { ad
Caught by arachnoid net
during the flight
14.08.2009 34 } ad, 3 }
juv, { juv
Caught by arachnoid net
during the flight
Smela town 2008—2010 Recorded with the help
of the ultrasound detec-
tor + visually
2
Boghdan
Khmelnitsky str.,
Smela, Cherkassy
region,
17.04.2009 } ad The area of apart-
ment buildings
(microdistrict)
Portative trap
(Borisenko, 1999)
Smela town 15.08.2009 16 } ad Workshop building
near the school num-
ber 10
Mist net
18.08.2009 6 } ad Outside the school
number 10 building
Mist net
13.08.2010 } ad Shallow water
“Holodnyanskiy
pond”
Mist net
Malaya Yablunovka
village, Smela
region
01.07.2008 5 } ad ? Near the boiler house
building (in the
school yard)
Portative trap
(Borisenko, 1999)
3
Gorodischenskiy
district, Tsvetkovo
village, Cherkassy
region
19.07.2008 2 } ad On the school yard Mist net (evening time) 4
19—
20.07.2008
2 { ad Shelter belts (over
300 m from the
school)
Mist net ( second part of
night)
Gorodische town 30.08.2008 One animal
registered
Near the administra-
tive buildings of the
local park
Recorded with the help
of the ultrasound detec-
tor + visually
5
Korsun-Shevchenko
district, Vigrev
town, Cherkassy
region
11.08.2010 Registered 8
animals simul-
taneously
The neighborhood of
the village
Recorded with the help
of the ultrasound detec-
tor + visually
6
Zvenigorodka,
Cherkassy region
27.08.2008 2 animals Roadside Visually 7
Chigirinskij district,
Melniki vilmlage,
Cherkassy region
19.08.2009 3 { ad Near the forest build-
ings
Mist net 8
Uman –
“Sofievka”
15.06.2010 Close to 30
registries
Near the administra-
tive and commercial
buildings
Recorded with the help
of the ultrasound detec-
tor + visually
9
Kanev city (Kanev
Reserve)
16.10.2008 7 animals
(hunting was
registered)
Under a street lamp
near the curb
Recorded with the help
of the ultrasound detec-
tor + visually
10
Kanev district,
Prokhorovka vil-
lage, Cherkassy
region
27.06.2010 59 registries At the 7.5 km route
through the village
Recorded with the help
of the ultrasound detec-
tor + visually
11
Zolotonisky district,
Dmytrivka village,
Cherkassy region
26.06.2010 32 registries On the route ~ 5 km
around the village
Recorded with the help
of the ultrasound detec-
tor + visually
12
Unauthenticated
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flight activity of P. kuhlii throughout the year, as well as its periodic registrations dur-
ing warm periods in the winter.
In a conclusion on the current faunistic status of P. kuhlii we can underline that
it is the most common bat species near the human settlements, and could be referred
to the real synanthropes. This conclusion is also confirmed by the literature (Strelkov
et al., 1990; Smirnov et al., 2011).
347The Current Status of Kuhl’s pipistrelle, Pipistrellus kuhlii (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)...
Table 1.
Îêîí÷àíèå òàáë. 1.
Cherkassy 2008—2011 Recorded with the help
of the ultrasound detec-
tor + visually
13
11.09.2008 3 { ad Near the building of
the local boiler house
(south district)
Mist net
13.01.2011 } juv The building of
“Ukrtelecom” (fourth
floor)
The animal was given by
the coworker
Irdyn village,
Cherkassy district
31.08.2010 32 registries At the 3.5 km route
through the village
Recorded with the help
of the ultrasound detec-
tor + visually
14
Nerubayka village,
Arkhangelsk dis-
trict, Kirovograd
region
29.08.2008 2 { ad Near the building of
the kindergarten
Recorded with the help
of the ultrasound detec-
tor + Mist net
15
Place of catching /
records
Date of
catching /
records
Animals data Place of research
Methods of catching /
record
Order on
the map
Ta b l e 2. Distribution of P. kuhlii colonies by shelters
Ò à á ëèö à 2. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå P. kuhlii â ìåñòàõ îáèòàíèÿ
Colony location
Number of colonies
Height of roost, m
Breeding Other
Households 0 2 3—10
Educational institutions 3 7 2.5—6
Farm buildings 0 5 2.5—4
Abandoned buildings 1 1 2
Fig. 2. Flight activity of P. kuhlii from April to October: IV – April (n = 25); V – May (n = 75); VI –
June (n = 50); VII – July (n = 125); VIII – August (n = 138); IX – September (n = 90); X – October
(n = 27).
Ðèñ. 2. ˸òíàÿ àêòèâíîñòü P. kuhlii ñ àïðåëÿ ïî îêòÿáðü: IV – àïðåëü (n = 25); V – ìàé (n = 75);
VI – èþíü (n = 50); VII – èþëü (n = 125); VIII – àâãóñò (n = 138); IX – ñåíòÿáðü (n = 90); X –
îêòÿáðü (n = 27).
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348 A. A. Bilushenko
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ïðèàçîâñêîé ÷àñòè ñðåäèçåìíîìîðñêîãî íåòîïûðÿ Pipistrellus kuhlii.
Received 6 March 2013
Accepted 20 May 2013
349The Current Status of Kuhl’s pipistrelle, Pipistrellus kuhlii (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)...
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