On the Nest Structure in Two Species of the Genus Leptochilus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae)
Two nests of the wasps Leptochilus alpestris (de Saussure, 1855) and Leptochilus regulus (de Saussure, 1855) collected in the Crimea were described. The nest of L. alpestris was found in the empty snail shell of Monacha fruticola under a stone; it contained one cell sealed with plug made of glued gr...
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Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України
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irk-123456789-1098422016-12-18T03:02:44Z On the Nest Structure in Two Species of the Genus Leptochilus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) Fateryga, A.V. Краткие сообщения Two nests of the wasps Leptochilus alpestris (de Saussure, 1855) and Leptochilus regulus (de Saussure, 1855) collected in the Crimea were described. The nest of L. alpestris was found in the empty snail shell of Monacha fruticola under a stone; it contained one cell sealed with plug made of glued gravel bits. The nest of L. regulus was found in 3 mm hole of a reed stem from trap-nest; it contained 9 cells separated with partitions made of gravel and mud. The unusual larval habit was discovered in L. regulus — they moved mud from the plug of the cell to its bottom before cocoon spinning. Distinctions of the studied nests from ones of the other species of the genus Leptochilus de Saussure, 1853 were discussed. Описано два гнезда ос Leptochilus alpestris (de Saussure, 1855) и Leptochilus regulus (de Saussure, 1855), собранных в Крыму. Гнездо L. alpestris обнаружено в пустой раковине улитки Monacha fruticola под камнем; оно содержало одну ячейку, запечатанную пробкой, изготовленной из склеенных мелких камешков. Гнездо L. regulus выявлено в трехмиллиметровом канале стебля тростника в искусственной гнездовой конструкции; оно содержало 9 ячеек, разделённых перегородками, изготовленными из мелких камешков и земли. У личинок L. regulus было обнаружено необычное поведение — перед плетением кокона они перемещали землю, содержащуюся в пробке ячейки, к её дну. Обсуждаются отличия изученных гнёзд от гнёзд других видов рода Leptochilus de Saussure, 1853. 2013 Article On the Nest Structure in Two Species of the Genus Leptochilus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) / A.V. Fateryga // Вестник зоологии. — 2013. — Т. 47, № 5. — С. 469–473. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ. 0084-5604 DOI 10.2478/vzoo-2013-0045 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/109842 595.798:591.563(477.75) en Вестник зоологии Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України |
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Краткие сообщения Краткие сообщения Fateryga, A.V. On the Nest Structure in Two Species of the Genus Leptochilus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) Вестник зоологии |
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Two nests of the wasps Leptochilus alpestris (de Saussure, 1855) and Leptochilus regulus (de Saussure, 1855) collected in the Crimea were described. The nest of L. alpestris was found in the empty snail shell of Monacha fruticola under a stone; it contained one cell sealed with plug made of glued gravel bits. The nest of L. regulus was found in 3 mm hole of a reed stem from trap-nest; it contained 9 cells separated with partitions made of gravel and mud. The unusual larval habit was discovered in L. regulus — they moved mud from the plug of the cell to its bottom before cocoon spinning. Distinctions of the studied nests from ones of the other species of the genus Leptochilus de Saussure, 1853 were discussed. |
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| author |
Fateryga, A.V. |
| author_facet |
Fateryga, A.V. |
| author_sort |
Fateryga, A.V. |
| title |
On the Nest Structure in Two Species of the Genus Leptochilus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) |
| title_short |
On the Nest Structure in Two Species of the Genus Leptochilus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) |
| title_full |
On the Nest Structure in Two Species of the Genus Leptochilus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) |
| title_fullStr |
On the Nest Structure in Two Species of the Genus Leptochilus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) |
| title_full_unstemmed |
On the Nest Structure in Two Species of the Genus Leptochilus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) |
| title_sort |
on the nest structure in two species of the genus leptochilus (hymenoptera, vespidae, eumeninae) |
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Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України |
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2013 |
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Краткие сообщения |
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http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/109842 |
| citation_txt |
On the Nest Structure in Two Species of the Genus Leptochilus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) / A.V. Fateryga // Вестник зоологии. — 2013. — Т. 47, № 5. — С. 469–473. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Вестник зоологии |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT faterygaav ontheneststructureintwospeciesofthegenusleptochilushymenopteravespidaeeumeninae |
| first_indexed |
2025-07-07T23:43:45Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-07-07T23:43:45Z |
| _version_ |
1837033667133702144 |
| fulltext |
UDC 595.798:591.563(477.75)
ON THE NEST STRUCTURE IN TWO SPECIES OF THE GENUS
LEPTOCHILUS (HYMENOPTERA, VESPIDAE, EUMENINAE)
A. V. Fateryga
Karadag Nature Reserve of the NAS of Ukraine,
Nauki str., 24, Kurortnoye vill., Feodosiya, 98188 Ukraine
Vernadskiy Taurida National University,
Academician Vernadskiy ave., 4, Simferopol, 95007 Ukraine
E-mail: fater_84@list.ru
On the Nest Structure in Two Species of the Genus Leptochilus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae).
Fateryga A. V. — Two nests of the wasps Leptochilus alpestris (de Saussure, 1855) and Leptochilus regulus
(de Saussure, 1855) collected in the Crimea were described. The nest of L. alpestris was found in the
empty snail shell of Monacha fruticola under a stone; it contained one cell sealed with plug made of glued
gravel bits. The nest of L. regulus was found in 3 mm hole of a reed stem from trap-nest; it contained
9 cells separated with partitions made of gravel and mud. The unusual larval habit was discovered in
L. regulus — they moved mud from the plug of the cell to its bottom before cocoon spinning. Distinc-
tions of the studied nests from ones of the other species of the genus Leptochilus de Saussure, 1853 were
discussed.
Key wo rd s: Leptochilus alpestris, Leptochilus regulus, nest structure.
Ñòðîåíèå ãí¸çä äâóõ âèäîâ ðîäà Leptochilus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Ôàòåðûãà À. Â. —
Îïèñàíî äâà ãíåçäà îñ Leptochilus alpestris (de Saussure, 1855) è Leptochilus regulus (de Saussure,
1855), ñîáðàííûõ â Êðûìó. Ãíåçäî L. alpestris îáíàðóæåíî â ïóñòîé ðàêîâèíå óëèòêè Monacha
fruticola ïîä êàìíåì; îíî ñîäåðæàëî îäíó ÿ÷åéêó, çàïå÷àòàííóþ ïðîáêîé, èçãîòîâëåííîé èç
ñêëååííûõ ìåëêèõ êàìåøêîâ. Ãíåçäî L. regulus âûÿâëåíî â òðåõìèëëèìåòðîâîì êàíàëå ñòåáëÿ
òðîñòíèêà â èñêóññòâåííîé ãíåçäîâîé êîíñòðóêöèè; îíî ñîäåðæàëî 9 ÿ÷ååê, ðàçäåë¸ííûõ ïåðå-
ãîðîäêàìè, èçãîòîâëåííûìè èç ìåëêèõ êàìåøêîâ è çåìëè. Ó ëè÷èíîê L. regulus áûëî îáíàðó-
æåíî íåîáû÷íîå ïîâåäåíèå — ïåðåä ïëåòåíèåì êîêîíà îíè ïåðåìåùàëè çåìëþ, ñîäåðæàùóþñÿ
â ïðîáêå ÿ÷åéêè, ê å¸ äíó. Îáñóæäàþòñÿ îòëè÷èÿ èçó÷åííûõ ãí¸çä îò ãí¸çä äðóãèõ âèäîâ ðîäà
Leptochilus de Saussure, 1853.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: Leptochilus alpestris, Leptochilus regulus, ñòðîåíèå ãí¸çä.
Introduction
Leptochilus de Saussure, 1853 is the large widespread genus of small-size solitary wasps distributed in
the Palearctic, Nearctic, Oriental and Neotropic Regions. The genus is the richest in Palearctic fauna, with
more than 135 species belonging to 5 subgenera: Euleptochilus Blüthgen, 1943, Leptochilus s. str., Lionotulus
Blüthgen, 1938, Neoleptochilus Blüthgen, 1961, and Sarochilus Gusenleitner, 1970 (Amolin, 2009). However,
according to Kurzenko (1981), taxonomic rank of Neoleptochilus is unclear and the species of this subgenus
can be considered within the subgenus Lionotulus. Despite this opinion, subgenus Neoleptochilus has been kept
in more recent taxonomic publications (Gusenleitner, 1993).
Biological habits of Leptochilus are known only in relatively small number of species. Parker (1966)
summarized the data on the nesting of 16 Nearctic species. These wasps are commonly nesting in preexisting
holes such as hollow stems, old nest burrows of other wasp species in twigs of beetle burrows in wood. Nearctic
species make cell partitions of sand or gravel and several ones use macerated pith in addition to mineral
material. Seven species have larval habits, which are very unusual to wasps of the subfamily Eumeninae. They
move plug material around the cell during the cocoon spinning and include sand into its outer layer.
On the contrary to Nearctic fauna, the nesting habits of only two Palearctic species have been observed
and these observations are scanty. Both species nest in empty shells of terrestrial snails (Mollusca, Pulmonata).
The nesting of Leptochilus (s. str.) mauritanicus Lepeletir, 1841 has been observed by Ferton (1901) in shells
of Sphincterochila candidissima (Draparnaud, 1801), and the nesting of Leptochilus (Lionotulus) alpestris (de
Saussure, 1855) has been observed by Fabre (1993) in shells of Cepaea nemoralis (Linnaeus, 1758), Candidula
unifasciata (Poiret, 1801) and Zebrina detrita (Müller, 1774), and by Amolin (1995) in shells of Xeropicta
Vestnil zoologii, 47(5): e-62–e-66, 2013
DOI 10.2478/vzoo-2013-0045
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63 A. V. Fateryga
derbentina (Krynicki, 1936). The material of cell and nest plug in L. mauritanicus was shell bits confirmed with
mud (Ferton, 1901). According to Fabre (1993), L. alpertris made nest plug and partitions between the cells
from resin encrusted with sand.
This paper deals with description of two nest records of two species of the genus Leptochilus collected
in the Crimea (Southern Ukraine): L. alpestris been fragmentary described by the previous authors, and
Leptochilus (Neoleptochilus) regulus (de Saussure, 1855), described in this paper for the firs time.
Material and methods
The nests were collected in 2010–2011 in the South Coast of the Crimean Peninsula. The nest of
L. alpestris was found in July 2, 2011 in Lisya bay in the vicinities of Feodosiya (= Theodosia) (44°54′02′′ N,
35°0930′ E). The nesting site was situated on the rocky steppe slope with predomination of Elytrigia caespitosa
subsp. nodosa (Nevski) Tzvelev, Atraphaxis replicata Lam. and Teucrium chamaedrys L. (fig. 1, 1). The nest
was found in the empty shell of Monacha fruticola (Krynicky, 1833) (Mollusca, Pulmonata, Hygromiidae) lain
under a small stone (fig. 1, 3). This shell was taken to the laboratory and dissected.
The nest of L. regulus was found on Karaul-Oba Mountain in the vicinities of Novy Svet village
(44°49′31′′ N, 34°54′08′′ E). The nesting site was situated on the mountain slope covered with juniper open
woodland (Juniperus excalsa M. Bieb.) (fig. 1, 2). The nest was found in the winter 2010–2011 in a reed stem
(Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.) from the trap-nest placed here in spring 2010. The trap-nest was
situated in a natural conglomeration of stones (fig. 1, 4). The inner diameter of the reed stem was 3 mm. The
nest was dissected in the winter when the wasps were at the prepupal stage.
Results
Nes t s t r u c t u r e i n Lep t o ch i l u s a l p e s t r i s . The nest of this species contained
one cell disposed in the first volution of the shell (fig. 2). The cell was sealed with the plug
which had been made of strongly glued gravel bits. The origin of the glue was uncertain
because it was present in a very little amount. The gravel bits were simply attached to
each other without any visible cementation (i. e., resin or clay mastic). The thickness of
this plug was about 2 mm and it seemed to be uncompleted due to death of the mother
wasp. The inner surface of the plug and cell walls were covered with cocoon, which had
a compound multilayered structure. Its outer layer entirely covered the inner surface of
the cell (i. e., the walls of the shell) except the places where prey feces had been stored.
This layer was thin and had a white coloration. Prepupa was disposed inside an additional
inner cocoon layer, which had a structure similar to the outer one. In addition, the inner
surface of the plug was covered with much thick multilayered part of the cocoon with
yellowish-white coloration. The feces of prey were stored outside of the cocoon in two
places: near the bottom of the cell across the volution of the shell and on the one of its
lateral walls above the inner cocoon layer. A meconium was inside the inner layer of the
cocoon near the bottom of the cell. Adult wasp had been not reared from the prepupa in
this nest.
N e s t s t r u c t u r e i n L e p t o c h i l u s r e g u l u s . The nest of this species
contained 9 cells separated with partitions and one additional empty cell between 8th
and 9th ones (fig. 1, 5). It had no separate nest plug and was finished by the plug of
the last cell. As well as in L. alpestris, the walls of the cells were not covered with any
building material. Each partition except the plugs of the 8th and 9th cells had the similar
structure (fig. 3). It consisted of several bits of gravel laid in the hole of reed stem
without any gluing or joined only with the cocoon from the previous nest cell. Then
there was a disc of prey feces gradually substituted by mud. The plugs of the 8th and
9th cells did not contain prey feces, but the mud had been discovered within them as
a cementing material between gravel bits. Such structure of partitions (i. e., prey feces
within them) apparently was not a result of the building behavior of the mother wasp.
Most probably the larva stored prey feces in the bottom of the cell before spinning a
cocoon and then moved the mud from the plug of the cell to its bottom. Only after these
actions it began cocooning. Thus the partitions made by L. regulus female had consisted
of gravel bits slightly cementing with mud and this mud was moved from the plugs of the
cells to their bottoms by larvae.
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64On the Nest Structure in Two Species of the Genus Leptochilus…
The cocoon of L. regulus as well as in L. alpestris had several layers, but not a thick
multilayered part. The outer layer densely covered the whole inner surface of the cell
and sometimes was subdivided near the plug of the cell in two additional layers. The
inner layer was inside the outer one. Its volume was some larger than in L. alpestris
in relation to the size of the prepupa. A meconium was inside the inner layer of the
cocoon on the bottom of the cell. The 1st–4th cells contained females and other ones
contained males. Males emerged in June 23–25 and females emerged in July 10, 2011.
Discussion
The nest of L. alpestris described above has some distinctions from the nests of
this species described by Fabre (1993). First of all, the nest plug was not mad e of resin
incrusted with sand but entirely consisted of gravel bits glued with indistinct material.
Though it could be resin too but it was present in a very little amount as compared to
Fabre’s description. However, it could also be a salivary secretion recorded as the gluing
material of the nest partitions in the other species of the genus, Nearctic Leptochilus
perialis Parker, 1966 (Parker, 1966). Secondly, the nests described by Fabre contained
several cells: 3–4 in the shells of C. nemoralis and C. unifasciata, and 2–3 in the shells
of Z. detrita. The nest in the shell of M. fruticola described above had one cell obviously
due to small size of this snail.
Fig. 1. Nesting of Leptochilus alpestris and L. regulus: 1 — nesting site of L. alpestris in Lisya Bay; 2 — nesting
site of L. regulus in Karaul-Oba Mountain; 3 — shell of Monacha fruticola with the nest of L. alpestris under a
stone; 4 — trap-nest with the nest of L. regulus; 5 — dissected reed stem with the nest of L. regulus.
Ðèñ. 1. Ãíåçäîâàíèå Leptochilus alpestris è L. regulus: 1 — ñòàöèÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ L. alpestris â Ëèñüåé áóõòå;
2 — ñòàöèÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ L. regulus íà ãîðå Êàðàóë-Îáà; 3 — ðàêîâèíà Monacha fruticola ñ ãíåçäîì L.
alpestris ïîä êàìíåì; 4 — èñêóññòâåííàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ êîíñòðóêöèÿ ñ ãíåçäîì L. regulus; 5 — âñêðûòûé
ñòåáåëü òðîñòíèêà ñ ãíåçäîì L. regulus.
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65 A. V. Fateryga
The nest of L. regulus had some characters, which were not typical to other European
species of the genus. First of all, its nest was found in a hollow stem in contrasted
to other species nested in snail shells. Secondly, the larvae of L. regulus moved plug
material before cocooning. This behavior character is typical to several Nearctic species
of Leptochilus. For example, larvae of L. perialis and Leptochilus erubescens (Bohart,
1940) move the sand from the plug around the cell and include it to the material of
outer layers of their cocoons. Larvae of other species such as Leptochilus republicanus
(Dalla Torre, 1889) Leptochilus rufinodus (Cresson, 1868) and Leptochilus washo Parker,
1966 in addition make a transversal partition of sand from cell plug fastened with silk
before cocooning (Krombein, 1959; Parker, 1966). Such cocooning behavior was not
observed among other genera of the subfamily Eumeninae except two Nearctic species
of the genus Odynerus Latreille, 1802 (Parker, 1984). However, the larvae of L. regulus
Fig. 2. Structure of the nest of Leptochilus alpestris in the shell of Monacha fruticola: a — gravel; b — multilayered
part of the cocoon; c — outer layer of the cocoon; d — inner layer of the cocoon; e — prey feces; f — prepupa;
g — meconium. Scale bar 1 mm.
Ðèñ. 2. Ñòðîåíèå ãíåçäà Leptochilus alpestris â ðàêîâèíå Monacha fruticola: a — êàìåøêè; b — ìíîãîñëîé-
íàÿ ÷àñòü êîêîíà; c — âíåøíèé ñëîé êîêîíà; d — âíóòðåííèé ñëîé êîêîíà; e — ýêñêðåìåíòû æåðòâ;
f — ïðåäêóêîëêà; g — ìåêîíèé. Ìàñøòàáíàÿ ëèíåéêà 1 ìì.
Fig. 3. Structure of the last nest cell and the nest plug of Leptochilus regulus in a reed stem: a — gravel;
b — mud; c — outer layers of the cocoon; d — inner layer of the cocoon; e — prey feces; f — prepupa; g —
meconium. Scale bar 1 mm.
Ðèñ. 3. Ñòðîåíèå ïîñëåäíåé ÿ÷åéêè è ïðîáêè ãíåçäà Leptochilus regulus â ñòåáëå òðîñòíèêà: a — êà-
ìåøêè; b — çåìëÿ; c — âíåøíèå ñëîè êîêîíà; d — âíóòðåííèé ñëîé êîêîíà; e — ýêñêðåìåíòû æåðòâ;
f — ïðåäêóêîëêà; g — ìåêîíèé. Ìàñøòàáíàÿ ëèíåéêà 1 ìì.
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66On the Nest Structure in Two Species of the Genus Leptochilus…
did not include plug material into their cocoons but simply moved mud from plug to the
bottoms of the cells.
The Palaeactic species of the genus Leptochulis with known nesting habits —
L. mauritanicus (Ferton, 1901), L. alpestris (Fabre, 1993; Amolin, 2005; this paper) and L.
regulus (this paper) belong to three different subgenera: Leptochilus s. str., Lionotulus and
Neoleptochilus, respectively. Distinctions in their biology can be regarded as the subgeneric
characters. But of course it can not be concluded without doubts until the other species of
each subgenus will be studied in respect of their nest structure and larval habits.
Only a few genera of the solitary wasps of the subfamily Eumeninae use gravel as
the building material for their nests. According to F. D. Parker (1966) this character
is present also in Microdynerus Thomson, 1874, Maricopodynerus Viereck, 1808, and
Hypalastoroides de Saussure, 1856. Similar habits can be also found in Katamenes Meade-
Waldo, 1910 which use pebbles fastened with clay mortar (Fateryga, Ivanov, 2009).
However, the species of the genus Leptochilus seem to be the wasps which generally
do not use plastic mineral material for their nests. Neacrtic species use mainly packed
sand and gravel as well as macerated pith and L. alpestris use glued gravel, according to
present observation. Only L. mauritanicus and L. regulus can probably make mud mastic
but their building methods are still unclear and require further investigations.
Author is indebted to V. Yu. Zhidkov (National Nature Park “Charivna Gavan”, Chernomorskoye, the
Crimea, Ukraine) for giving the nest of L. regulus, to S. V. Leonov (Vernadskiy Taurida National University,
Simferopol, the Crimea, Ukraine) for identification of the snail shell, and to M. Yu. Proshchalykin (Institute
of Biology and Soil Science of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok,
Russian Federation) for providing certain references.
References
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Received 29 December 2012
Accepted 1 October 2013
Unauthenticated
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