Biodegradation ability and physiological responses of cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25 under naphthalene treatment
Cyanobacteria (Cyanoprokaryota) have gained a lot of attention in recent years because of their potential applications in biotechnology. In this study the cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25 was identified as tolerating and effectively degrading naphthalene as a toxic compound in the environment.
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irk-123456789-1099502016-12-25T03:02:30Z Biodegradation ability and physiological responses of cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25 under naphthalene treatment Panah, B.A. Najafi, F. Soltani, N. Nejad, R.A.Kh. Babaei, S. Физиология, биохимия, биофизика Cyanobacteria (Cyanoprokaryota) have gained a lot of attention in recent years because of their potential applications in biotechnology. In this study the cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25 was identified as tolerating and effectively degrading naphthalene as a toxic compound in the environment. Исследование посвящено изучению физиологических реакций цианобактерии Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25 при воздействии нафталина. Показано, что данный штамм устойчив к нафталину и способен эффективно разлагать его токсичные соединения в окружающей среде. 2015 Article Biodegradation ability and physiological responses of cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25 under naphthalene treatment / B.A. Panah, F. Najafi, N. Soltani, R.A.Kh. Nejad, S. Babaei // Альгология. — 2015. — Т. 25, № 2. — С. 125-134. — Бібліогр.: 27 назв. — англ. 0868-8540 DOI: http://doi.org/10.15407/alg25.02.125 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/109950 en Альгология Інститут ботаніки ім. М.Г. Холодного НАН України |
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Физиология, биохимия, биофизика Физиология, биохимия, биофизика |
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Физиология, биохимия, биофизика Физиология, биохимия, биофизика Panah, B.A. Najafi, F. Soltani, N. Nejad, R.A.Kh. Babaei, S. Biodegradation ability and physiological responses of cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25 under naphthalene treatment Альгология |
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Cyanobacteria (Cyanoprokaryota) have gained a lot of attention in recent years because of their potential applications in biotechnology. In this study the cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25 was identified as tolerating and effectively degrading naphthalene as a toxic compound in the environment. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Panah, B.A. Najafi, F. Soltani, N. Nejad, R.A.Kh. Babaei, S. |
| author_facet |
Panah, B.A. Najafi, F. Soltani, N. Nejad, R.A.Kh. Babaei, S. |
| author_sort |
Panah, B.A. |
| title |
Biodegradation ability and physiological responses of cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25 under naphthalene treatment |
| title_short |
Biodegradation ability and physiological responses of cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25 under naphthalene treatment |
| title_full |
Biodegradation ability and physiological responses of cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25 under naphthalene treatment |
| title_fullStr |
Biodegradation ability and physiological responses of cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25 under naphthalene treatment |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Biodegradation ability and physiological responses of cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25 under naphthalene treatment |
| title_sort |
biodegradation ability and physiological responses of cyanobacterium leptolyngbya sp. isc 25 under naphthalene treatment |
| publisher |
Інститут ботаніки ім. М.Г. Холодного НАН України |
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2015 |
| topic_facet |
Физиология, биохимия, биофизика |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/109950 |
| citation_txt |
Biodegradation ability and physiological responses of cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25 under naphthalene treatment / B.A. Panah, F. Najafi, N. Soltani, R.A.Kh. Nejad, S. Babaei // Альгология. — 2015. — Т. 25, № 2. — С. 125-134. — Бібліогр.: 27 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Альгология |
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| first_indexed |
2025-07-07T23:52:59Z |
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2025-07-07T23:52:59Z |
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1837034247707164672 |
| fulltext |
Biodegradation ability
125
ISSN 0868-8540. Аlgologia. 2015, 25(2): 125—134 http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/alg25.02.125
B.A. PANAH1,2, F. NAJAFI1, N. SOLTANI2, R.A. KH. NEJAD1, 3, S. BABAEI1,2
1Faculty of Biological Sci., Kharazmi Univ., Tehran, Iran
2Department of Petroleum Microbilogy, ACECR, Res. Inst. of Applied Sci., Tehran, Iran
3Department of Biology, Sci. and Res. Branch, Islamic Azad Univ., Tehran, Iran
samarehbabaei@yahoo.com
BIODEGRADATION ABILITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES
OF CYANOBACTERIUM LEPTOLYNGBYA SP. ISC 25 UNDER
NAPHTHALENE TREATMENT
Cyanobacteria (Cyanoprokaryota) have gained a lot of attention in recent years because of
their potential applications in biotechnology. In this study the cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya
sp. ISC 25 was identified as tolerating and effectively degrading naphthalene as a toxic
compound in the environment. The cyanobacterium was treated with different concentra-
tions of naphthalene. Physiological responses such as survival, Chlorophyll a content,
photosynthesis rate and ammonium excretion were investigated in logarithmic phase of
growth curve. The biodegradation ability of the cyanobacterium was measured by GC and
GC/MS analysis. Results indicated that chlorophyll a concentration decreased with
naphthalene increasing and was approximately zero in the presence of 1 % naphthalene,
Phycobiliproteins content enhanced up to 0.2 % of naphthalene, but at higher concentra-
tions decreased significantly. Photosynthesis rate and ammonium excretion decreased in all
treatments. Results of GC analysis confirmed the degradation of naphthalene by
Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25 in comparison with control (without the cyanobacterium). The
results of GC/MS analysis identified the products of naphthalene degradation by
Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25. Totally lower concentrations of naphthalene is not lethal for
cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. and this strain can biodegrade naphthalene to 2(4H)-
benzofuranone-tetrahydro-trimethyl mainly.
K e y w o r d s : ammonium excretion, biodegradation, chlorophyll a, Leptolyngbya,
naphthalene, photosynthesis.
Introduction
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of compounds that are
made of two or more aromatic rings. PAHs are released into the environment
through contamination by crude oil or refinery products (Kumar et al., 2009).
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has identified 16 unsubstituted
PAHs as priority pollutants. Eight of these PAHs are considered to be possible
carcinogens, and because of their dispersion in the environment and possible
exposure to human, have been an important subject for investigations (Menzie
et al., 1992). Carcinogenic PAH compounds are released into the environ-
ment by natural and anthropogenic sources and are usually present in food, air,
water and soil (Menzie et al., 1992). Naphthalene is a major PAH component
in the water soluble fraction of crude and certain fuel oils.
© B.A. Panah, F. Najafi, N. Soltani, R.A. Kh. Nejad, S. Babaei, 2015
B.A. Panah et al.
126
A wide variety of cyanobacteria can oxidize aromatic hydrocarbons under
photoautotrophic growth conditions. In fact, microbial activity is known as
the most important and effective functions to remove PAHs (Agbozu and
Opuene, 2009; Atlas and Bragg, 2009; Cerniglia et al., 1980a; Nwuche and
Ugoji, 2008). The first investigation about the ability of cyanobacterium in
oxidation of PAHs was accomplished by Ellis (1977). But the knowledge
about the potential ability of cyanobacteria to degrade oil residues is still very
limited. Cultures of Microcoleus chthonoplastes Fl. Dan. and Phormidium
corium (Agardh) Gomont were able to degrade n-alkanes (Hasan et al., 1994).
Oscillatoria sp. and Agmenellum quadruplicatum oxidized naphthalene to
1-naphthol (Cerniglia et al., 1980b). Phormidium tenue (Menegh.) Gomont
could be used for bioremediation of naphthalene and anthracene on polluted
seashores (Kumar et al., 2009).
Besides, these toxic compounds affect the physiological activities of
cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria are essential constituents of aquatic ecosystem
since they are the first trophic level in the food chains and they are the major
organisms providing oxygen and organic substances to other life forms (Kong
et al., 2011). So, these microorganisms and their physiological activities in
presence of pollutions are very important to researchers. The effect of
naphthalene on the growth and photosynthetic activity of cyanobacteria were
investigated in some studies (Gaur and Singh, 1990; Kabli, 1998). Kumar et
al. (2009) investigated the toxic effect of naphthalene on Ph. tenue in polluted
seashore.
The present study was undertaken (i) to evaluate the biodegradation
ability of the cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25, and (ii) to elucidate
the physiological responses of this species under the naphthalene stress.
Materials and Methods
Isolation of Cyanobacterium
The cyanobacterial strain, Leptolyngbya sp., was isolated from soil in a
recent study (Soltani et al., 2012). DNA sequence analysis of phylogeny with
that in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database
further confirmed the species. Ribosomal RNA gene of the axenic strain was
sequenced and deposited in NCBI under the access ion no. of GU138681.
Culture condition
The cyanobacterium was subcultured on BG11 medium. Temperature was
maintained at 30±1 ºC. Cultures were bubbled with air (flow rate, 200 mL ·
min-1) under constant light intensity of 60 μmol photon m-2 s-1 supplied by
three fluorescent tubes. The organisms were transferred into carbonless BG11
medium in logarithmic phase of growth. Naphthalene was dissolved in
acetone (at 0.1 g · L-1) and added to these cultures at various concentrations
(0.05; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6 and 1 %) and the cultures were incubated as described
above.
Biodegradation ability and physiological responses
127
Analytical methods
The growth of cyanobacterium, was estimated as the increase in dry
weight (Leganés et al., 1987). Chlorophyll was extracted using 90 % aqueous
methanol and measured spectrophotometrically at 665 nm (Marker, 2006).
Phycobiliproteins were extracted after osmotic shock and analyzed spectro-
photometrically at 750, 652, 615 and 562 nm (Marker, 2006). Ammonium
release test was performed according to phenol method and analyzed spect-
rophotometrically at 630 nm, as described by APHA-AWWA-WPCF (1985).
Photosynthesis
O2 evolution was measured with a Clark-type O2 electrode in 5 min.
Two mL of suspension were placed in a temperature controlled cuvette
(25 ºC) and illuminated at desired condition (Dodds, 1989).
Degradation of naphthalene by cyanobacterium
Degradation of naphthalene representing aromatic compounds used at
0.05 % was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. A control (cyanobacterium in
medium without naphthalene) was maintained for every experiment.
GC and GC/MS
The GC analysis was accomplished by GC-15A system. A Rtx-5MS
Capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm) was used with H2 as carrier gas
(1 mL · min-1). The oven program was 50—26 ºC at 10 ºC min-1. For the
GC/MS analysis, a HP5-MS capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm) was used
with helium as carrier gas (1 mL · min-1). The oven program was 60—100 оС
at 10 ºC min-1 then 150—295 ºC at 4 ºC min-1. The injection port and detector
were at 100–290 ºC and 298 ºC respectively.
Statistical analysis
Data are means and standard deviation of at least 3 replicates. SPSS
Windows ver.15 software was used for examination of statistical significance of
the differences.
Results and Discussion
Growth rate was evaluated via measuring the dry weight of the cyanobacterial
biomass. Some results are presented according to the specific growth rate
(Table 1). They showed that the growth of cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp.
ISC 25 was affected by naphthalene. Biomass production was enhanced in the
presence of 0.05 and 0.2 % naphthalene, but the rate of growth was slower
than that in control. In fact, the cyanobacterium can tolerate naphthalene in
these concentrations especially in 0.05 %. Maybe the cyanobacterium utilizes
naphthalene as a carbon source for its growth. But with increase in
naphthalene concentration, the growth of the cyanobacterium decreased
significantly, until its death at 0.05 and 0.2 % concentration. The toxicity
effects of aromatic hydrocarbons such as naphthalene on the growth of
cyanobacteria have been studied in previous studies (Gaur and Singh, 1990).
B.A. Panah et al.
128
Chlorophyll a content decreased with increasing concentration of
naphthalene and in 1 % of naphthalene, it was approximately zero (Table 2)
which has been confirmed in previous studies (Amotz et al., 1982; Hasan et
al., 1994). This reduction can be attributed to the inhibition of chlorophyll
synthesis fallowed by obstruction of α-aminolevulinic acid and proto-
chlorophyllide reductase activity (Ouzounidou, 1995).
Table 1
The specific growth rate of Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25 in the presence
of different concentration of naphthalene
Treatment naphthalene (%) SGR (d-1)
control 0.183±0.0028a
0.05 0.024±0.0041b
0.2 0.021±0.0012b
0.4 0.0033±0.017-
0.6 -0.018±0.0041c
1 -0.020±0.0005c
N o t e . Here and in Table 2. The data are the values of three experiments ± SE.
SGR — specific growth rate.
Table 2
The effect of naphthalene treatment on pigment content in Leptolyngbya sp. ISP 25
APC Treatment
with
naphthalene
(%)
Chl. a PC
μg · mg dw-1
PBP PBP/Chl. a
Control 2.685±0.108a 35.72±0.329c 2.645±0.181a 37.72±0.382b 14.09±0.543c
0.05 1.593±0.057b 40.93±1.228b 2.712±0.263a 42.48±0.928a 26.78±1.584c
0.20 1.235±0.062c 44.12±1.798a 0.765±0.043b 42.93±2.096a 34.78±0.127c
0.40 0.495±0.101d 13.24±0.399d 0.393±0.007c 13.55±0.098c 32.36±6.663c
0.60 0.129±0.015e 8.533±0.434e 0.249±0.022bc 8.048±0.45d 63.34±8.567b
1 0.075±0.008e 7.942±0.056e 0.217±0.019c 7.905±0.139d 112.2±17.28a
D e s i g n a t i o n . APC — allophycocyanin; Chl. a — chlorophyll a; PBP — phycobiliproteins;
PC — phycocyanin.
Phycobiliproteins content after treatment with 0.05 and 0.2 % of
naphthalenes showed no significant difference from that of the control. In the
presence of naphthalene at more than 0.2 %, phycobiliprotein decreased
severely as the lowest amount was observed in 1 % of naphthalene. In
cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25, phycocyanin (PC) is the main
Biodegradation ability and physiological responses
129
component of phycobiliproteins, so in the cyanobacterium the changes on
total Phycobiliproteins (PBP) mostly reflect the changes on PC. The
allophycocyanin (APC) concentration decreased with increasing naphthalene
concentration. The PBP/Chl. a ratio is usually used to quantify the
relationship between photosystem ІІ (PSІІ) and photosystem І (PSІ)
(Yamanaka and Glazer, 1981). This ratio increased significantly with
increasing naphthalene concentration as the highest values was noted in the
presence of 1 % of naphthalene. Generally, there was an inverse correlation
between naphthalene and the content of photosynthetic pigment in
cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25.
In cyanobacteria, phycobiliproteins that are in stroma surface of thylakoid
membrane act as primary light harvesting antenna for PS ІІ. Transfer of
energy within these additional pigments follows the path from phycoerythrin
(when present) to phycocyanin, then to allophycocyanin (APC), and finally to
long-wavelength pigment (Mimuro et al., 1986). The structure and activity of
phycobiliproteins change under stress conditions (Sundaram and Soumya,
2011).
These results implied that phycobiliproteins were affected by naphthalene.
Phycoerythrin doesn’t exist in cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25 and
the principal part of phycobiliprotein’s structure is phycocyanin. Phycocyanin
content increased from control to 0.2 % of naphthalene. Probably, it is
because of rising in amount of phycobilisomes and phycobiliprotein’s content
in response to stress. However, with increasing naphthalene concentration up
to 0.2 %, the strain couldn’t tolerate the toxicity of naphthalene and
decreased significantly. As APC is a component of phycobilisome’s core, and
the core remains constant, a change in APC content reflects a change in
quantity of phycobilisomes. In the cyanobacterium, APC content decreased
gradually with increasing naphthalene concentration. The PBP/Chl. a ratio is
usually used to quantify the relationship between PS ІІ and PS І (Yamanaka
and Glazer, 1981). The PBP/Chl. a ratio significantly increased in higher
naphthalene concentration. These results confirmed the studies of Hasan et al.
(1994), wherein demonstrated that PBP content was affected more than
chlorophyll content, under stress condition.
The effect of naphthalene on photosynthetic activity of the cells was also
examined to analyze functional significance of altered pigment pattern. These
results showed that photosynthetic activity decreased with increasing
naphthalene concentrations, but not significantly in 0.05 and 0.2 % (Fig. 1)
and became 37.602 μg·mg dw-1 in the presence of 1 % naphthalene. Oxygen
release decreased with increasing naphthalene concentration. Although in this
cyanobacterium there was no significant difference between control, 0.05 and
0.2 % naphthalene, but generally the oxygen release decreased with increasing
of naphthalene. According to previous studies, photosynthetic activity
decreased slightly because of toxicity of naphthalene. Kabli (1998) showed the
oxygen evaluation of three algae was greatly inhibited by crude oil and
naphthalene. Also Soto et al. (1975) found that the addition of 100 %
B.A. Panah et al.
130
naphthalene to Chlamydomonas angulosa Dill cultures caused immediate and
almost complete loss of photosynthetic activity.
In general, the amount of ammonium excretion decreased with increasing
naphthalene concentration (Fig. 2). Although, it showed little increase in
0.4 % naphthalene. Ammonium release can be important in economic and
scientific aspects in investigation on growth and adaption in cyanobacteria
(Boussiba, 1988). The results showed that ammonium release generally
reduced with increasing naphthalene concentration. Accordingly, ammonium
release is due to active nitrogen assimilation and its accumulation inside of
cell, therefore a reduction in ammonium excretion with increasing
naphthalene concentration, was expected.
Fig. 1. The effect of naphthalene on photosynthetic activity of Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25
According to Fig. 2, the ammonium excretion was increased in 0.4 % of
naphthalene. Maybe it is because of existence of nitrogen component due to
entrance of cell into death phase (Borowitzka and Borowitzka, 1988).
Fig. 2. The effect of naphthalene on ammonium excretion of Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25
Degradation of naphthalene by the cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. ISC
25 was assayed also in 0.05 % naphthalene. Results of these analyses indicated
Biodegradation ability and physiological responses
131
significant reduction in amount of naphthalene within 10 days incubation
(Fig. 3) in comparison with control sample (Fig. 4).
GC/MS analysis was assayed after 10 days treatment of Leptolyngbya sp.
ISC 25 with 0.05 % naphthalene detected the degradation products (Table 3).
These results showed that naphthalene as a toxic component in the
environment, can affect physiological responses of cyanobacterium
Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25. Also we found that this cyanobacterium could
tolerate 0.05 and 0.2 % of naphthalene.
Fig. 3. Diagram of GC analysis after treatment with 0.05 % naphthalene during 1 (A) and
10 (B) day
Fig. 4. Diagram of GC analysis of control after 1 (A) and 10 (B) day
The more important part of this research was in relation of biode-
gradation ability of naphthalene by cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25.
GC analysis of naphthalene degradation indicated that it has been removed by
cyanobacterium after incubation for 10 days comparing with control
B.A. Panah et al.
132
(cyanobacterium free) and GC/MS analysis indicated the formation of
component that presumably arising by an inducible enzyme system. So, the
cyanobacterium could oxidize naphthalene under photoautotrophic condition.
According to Table 3, the most important component produced in oxidation
of naphthalene, is 2(4H)-benzofuranone, -tetrahydro-trimethyl. Other
component identified by GC/MS is intermediate of naphthalene oxidation
(Zhang et al., 2004).
Oxidation of aromatic ring carbon in an energy providing process often
leads to complete degradation of the substrate. These results confirmed
previous studies about photooxidation of naphthalene by cyanobacteria. The
first investigation on biodegradation ability of Oscillatoria sp. and Agmenellum
quadruplicatum was accomplished by Cerniglia et al. (1980a,b). They identified
cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene, 4-hydroxy-1-tetralone and 1-naph-
thol, as initial compounds from naphthalene oxidation. Narro et al. (1992)
showed that Oscillatoria sp. could oxidize naphthalene to naphthalene-1,2-
oxide. Kumar et al. (2009) demonstrated that Phormidium tenue had ability to
oxidize naphthalene to 1,2-naphthoquinone and naphthalene-1,2-diol.
Table 3
Identified components of GC/MS analysis
Component RT (min)
Naphthalene 15.95
Benzothiazole 17.266
Isoquinoline 18.39
Dimethylnaphthalene 22.08
Naphthalene, 1,4,6-trimethyl 23.54
2(4H)-benzofuranone, -tetrahydro-trimethyl 24.04
We would like to thank the Research Institute of Applied Science, ACECR to
support this research.
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Received 25.01.2014
Submitted by A.I. Bozhkov
ISSN 0868-8540. Аlgologia. 2015, 25(2): 125—134 http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/alg25.02.125
А. Панах1,2, Ф. Наджафи1, Н. Солтани2, Р.А.Х. Неджад1, 3, С. Бабаи1, 2
1Биологический факультет, Университет Харазми, Тегеран, Иран
2Отдел микробиологии нефти, ACECR, Исследовательский ин-т прикладных наук,
Тегеран, Иран
3Отдел биологии, Научно-исследовательское отделение, Исламский Университет
Азад, Тегеран, Иран
СПОСОБНОСТЬ К БИОДЕСТРУКЦИИ НАФТАЛИНА И ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЕ НА НЕГО
ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ РЕАКЦИЙ ЦИАНОБАКТЕРИИ LEPTOLYNGBYA SP. ISC 25
Исследование посвящено изучению физиологических реакций цианобактерии
Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25 при воздействии нафталина. Показано, что данный штамм
устойчив к нафталину и способен эффективно разлагать его токсичные соединения в
окружающей среде. Воздействие различных концентраций нафталина на способность
B.A. Panah et al.
134
цианобактерии к выживанию, содержание хлорофилла a, скорость фотосинтеза и
экскреции аммония были исследованы в логарифмической фазе роста культуры.
Способность цианобактерии к биодеградации нафталина измеряли методами газовой
хроматографии и масс-спектрометрии (ГХ/МС). Показано, что концентрация хл. a
снижалась с увеличением концентрации нафталина в среде, достигая нуля в
присутствии 1 % нафталина. Содержание фикобилипротеинов в присутствии
нафталина сперва уваличивалось (до 0,2 % нафталина), но при более высоких его
концентрациях существенно снижалось. Скорость фотосинтеза и экскреции аммония
снижалась в присутствии нафталина в любой концентрации. ГХ подтвердила
разложение нафталина в присутствии штамма Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25 по сравнению с
контролем (без цианобактерии). Продукты деградации нафталина культурой
Leptolyngbya sp. ISC 25 определены методами ГХ/МС. Установлено, что низкие
концентрации нафталина не являются смертельными для цианобактерии и этот
штамм способен к биодеструкции нафталина до 2(4H)-бензофуранозон-тетрагидро-
триметила.
К л ю ч е в ы е с л о в а : цианобактерия, Leptolyngbya sp., нафталин, хлорофилл a,
скорость фотосинтеза, экскреция аммония, логарифмическая фаза роста.
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