Multi-charged ions source
The multi-charged ion source (MCIS) with high voltage Penning discharge and end extraction was developed. The bench tests of ion source were made, the operation parameters and initial characteristics of extracted beam were determined. It was shown that MCIS operation parameters and ion beam characte...
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irk-123456789-1112462017-01-10T03:02:18Z Multi-charged ions source Glazunov, L.S. Zats, A.V. Karpus, S.G. Kuz'menko, V.V. Pistryak, V.M. Теория и техника ускорения частиц The multi-charged ion source (MCIS) with high voltage Penning discharge and end extraction was developed. The bench tests of ion source were made, the operation parameters and initial characteristics of extracted beam were determined. It was shown that MCIS operation parameters and ion beam characteristics are satisfied to exploitation conditions on the "SOKOL" accelerator. Розроблено джерело багатозарядних іонів (ДБІ) з високовольтним розрядом Пеннінгу та аксіальним витягуванням іонів. Проведені стендові випробування джерела, визначені робочі параметри та первинні характеристики витягнутого пучка. Показано, що робочі параметри ДБІ та характеристики витягнутого пучка задовольняють вимогам експлуатації на прискорювачі "СОКОЛ". Разработан источник многозарядных ионов (ИМИ) с высоковольтным разрядом Пеннинга и продольным извлечением ионов. Проведены стендовые испытания источника, определены рабочие параметры и первичные характеристики извлекаемого пучка. Показано, что рабочие параметры ИМИ и характеристики извлекаемого пучка удовлетворяют требованиям эксплуатации на ускорителе "СОКОЛ" 2011 Article Multi-charged ions source / L.S. Glazunov, A.V. Zats, S.G. Karpus, V.V. Kuz'menko, V.M. Pistryak // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2011. — № 3. — С. 68-74. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 07.77.Ka http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/111246 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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Теория и техника ускорения частиц Теория и техника ускорения частиц Glazunov, L.S. Zats, A.V. Karpus, S.G. Kuz'menko, V.V. Pistryak, V.M. Multi-charged ions source Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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The multi-charged ion source (MCIS) with high voltage Penning discharge and end extraction was developed. The bench tests of ion source were made, the operation parameters and initial characteristics of extracted beam were determined. It was shown that MCIS operation parameters and ion beam characteristics are satisfied to exploitation conditions on the "SOKOL" accelerator. |
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Glazunov, L.S. Zats, A.V. Karpus, S.G. Kuz'menko, V.V. Pistryak, V.M. |
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Glazunov, L.S. Zats, A.V. Karpus, S.G. Kuz'menko, V.V. Pistryak, V.M. |
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Glazunov, L.S. |
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Multi-charged ions source |
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Multi-charged ions source |
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Multi-charged ions source |
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Multi-charged ions source |
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Multi-charged ions source |
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multi-charged ions source |
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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Теория и техника ускорения частиц |
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Multi-charged ions source / L.S. Glazunov, A.V. Zats, S.G. Karpus, V.V. Kuz'menko, V.M. Pistryak // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2011. — № 3. — С. 68-74. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. |
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Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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AT glazunovls multichargedionssource AT zatsav multichargedionssource AT karpussg multichargedionssource AT kuzmenkovv multichargedionssource AT pistryakvm multichargedionssource |
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MULTI-CHARGED IONS SOURCE
L.S. Glazunov, A.V. Zats, S.G. Karpus∗, V.V. Kuz′menko, V.M. Pistryak
National Science Center ”Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”, 61108, Kharkov, Ukraine
(Received April 12, 2011)
The multi-charged ion source (MCIS) with high voltage Penning discharge and end extraction was developed. The
bench tests of ion source were made, the operation parameters and initial characteristics of extracted beam were
determined. It was shown that MCIS operation parameters and ion beam characteristics are satisfied to exploitation
conditions on the ”SOKOL” accelerator.
PACS: 07.77.Ka
INTRODUCTION
The multi-charged ion acceleration on the ”SOKOl”
accelerator gives possibility to extend the analyti-
cal properties and increase ion energy range of the
”SOKOL” facility[1]. E.g. the using doubly charged
ions of helium can provides:
− elastic recoil detection method in the solid state
targets for the hydrogen concentration, obtain-
ing the concentration profile of a hydrogen by
depth;
− studding oxide layers by RBS-method using
ions of He++ with energy 3.6 MeV using reso-
nance elastic backscattering at 3.047 MeV ; re-
search of isotope content thin films of magne-
sium and silicon targets; multi-layer structure.
The multi-charged ion sources (MCIS) are widely us-
ing at the charge particles accelerators of different
types (electrostatic accelerators, cyclotrons, linear ac-
celerators), which have scientific and industrial appli-
cation. Currently many MCIS′s were developed[2]:
− gas plasma discharge MCIS;
− EBIS (ion source with electron beam);
− ECR (resonance microwave discharge);
− LIS (laser ion sources).
Developing of MCIS the main attention was paid
for raising charge state producible ions and corre-
sponding to all requirements which connected with
specific accelerator exploitation. The main process
to get multi-charged ions is electron impact ioniza-
tion. The cross-sections of ion-atom collisions is less
than cross-section of electron-atom collisions and can
be neglected. The production of multi-charged ions
runs through two phases: single-step ionization and
multi-step one. The single-step ionization of multi-
charged ion production is the result of single collision
of electron with the atom. The multi-step ionization
of multi-charged ion production arises if electron has
several collisions with the atom. The magnitudes of
electron impact ionizations depend on electrons en-
ergy [3]. Along with processes of multi-charged ion
production the loss charge processes take place. The
processes are electron-ion collisions, atom-ion colli-
sions and the collision of ion-ion. The main process
which causes reducing of charge state is the ion-
atom collision. Reasoning from the analysis of multi-
charged ion production and their charge loss, we can
formulate the main requirements for MCIS, which it
must to satisfy:
− the presence of high energy electrons which can
ionize the atoms to the high charge states and
high density of high energy electrons;
− the maximum possible multiplication value of
electron density and time the plasma holds ions;
− the low density of the neutral atoms to decreas-
ing charge states losses by multi-charged ions in
the ion-atom collisions.
MCIS CONSTRUCTION
Besides the list of requirements for MSIC which was
mentioned in previous part of paper we have special
requirements which connected with its accelerator ex-
ploitation. The ion source for ”SOKOL” accelerator
must meet the following requirements:
− the low operation gas flow (Q < 10−4 m3 Pa/s)
provides high vacuum in the accelerating tube;
− the power consumption must be less than
150 W ;
− the ion source’s weight is about 4...5 kg, be-
cause the mechanical strength of accelerating
tube is limited and ion source dimensions must
be small for its free location in the high voltage
terminal;
∗Corresponding author E-mail address: karpus@kipt.kharkov.ua
68 PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 2011, N3.
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (55), p.68-74.
− the simplicity of operation;
− the ion source lifetime is more than 150 hours.
The reference analysis gave a possibility to make a
conclusion that Penning type ion source with high
voltage gaseous discharge with cold cathodes and
axial ion extraction satisfies the requirements [4,5].
Fig.1a. The scheme of the MCIS. 1 - the anode
flange, 2 - the insulator, 3 - the case cylinder
(12Cr18Ni10Ti steel), 4 - the cathode flanges (soft
magnetic steel), 5 - the permanent magnets, 6 - the
cylindrical anode, 7 - the cathodes. (All sizes are in
mm)
Hence the new ion source construction was devel-
oped, which is presented in the Fig.1 (1a. and 1b.).
The ion source case is consisted of the cathodes flange
(4) and case cylinder (3). The cathode flanges are
connected with each other by the nonmagnetic cap
flanges and is tightened with studs. The tantalum
cathodes (7) are mounted on the cathodes flanges.
The molybdenum anode (6) of the ion source con-
nected with the anode flange (1) with three studs.
Fig.1b. The appearance of the MCIS
The homogeneous magnetic field in the discharge
chamber is producing by permanent magnets (5) and
the cathode flanges (4). To choose optimal diameter
of soft magnetic flanges for maximum production of
magnetic induction the modeling of magnetic system
was realized and distribution of magnetic induction
along the axis symmetry of ion source and its value
for different diameters of flange was measured.
THE MCIS BENCH TESTS
To detect the optimal parameters of MCIS and study
initial characteristics of ion beam that need for de-
veloping the injection system the bench tests were
made. Operation gases for MCIS bench tests were
neon, argon and helium. The Fig.2 shows the func-
tions of discharge current (Id) and extracted total ion
beam (It) depending on difference of potentials be-
tween ”anode-cathode” when gas flow was constant.
Fig.2. The discharge current Id and total ion cur-
rent It versus discharge voltage Ud, the extraction
voltage was Uextr = 8 kV and neon flow was
Q = 3.9 · 10−5 m3Pa/s
As was shown in the Fig.2 the curves have two peaks:
the first for discharge voltage Ud ≈ 2.8 kV and the
second for Ud ≈ 4.2 kV . The same functions was ob-
served by authors [4,5]. This effect can be explained
by the presence of optimal parameters for glow dis-
charge, which are determined as a ratio of discharge
voltage (Ud), pressure of operation gas (gas flow Q)
and magnetic induction B. In the Fig.3 (A,B) the
function of discharge current and extracted ion beam
currents with respect to gas flow is shown for the
constant anode potential, which is correspond to two
current maxima shown in the Fig.2. These functions
indicate that with operation gas flow increasing, ion
beam and discharge currents are increasing too when
anode potential keeps the same value. The main
MCIS characteristic is charge state distribution of
extracted beam. In the Fig.4 the multi-charged ion
currents of neon versus of discharge voltage (po-
tential between ”anode cathode”) from one of the
regimes is displayed. One can see these functions are
similar to functions of Id and It from discharge volt-
age (Ud) (see Fig.2). The identical research was
made when operation gas was argon (Figs.5, 6).
69
Fig.3. The discharge current Id and extracted ion
current It versus gas flow Q when extraction voltage
was Uextr = 11 kV
Fig.4. The ion currents of (Ne+, Ne2+, Ne3+,
Ne4+) versus discharge voltage Ud, when extraction
potential was Uextr = 8 kV and neon flow was
Q = 3.9 · 10−5 m3Pa/s
Fig.5. The discharge and total ion currents
versus of discharge voltage Ud when extracted
potential was Uextr = 8 kV and argon flow was
Q = 1.67 · 10−5 m3Pa/s
Fig.6. The ion currents of (Ar+, Ar2+, Ar3+,
Ar4+, Ar5+) versus discharge voltage Ud, when
extraction potential was Uextr = 8 kV and argon
flow was Q = 1.67 · 10−5m3Pa/s
As it was mentioned above the multi-charged ion
production has two phases: single-step and multi-
step. The Fig.7 and Fig.8 show experimentally
obtained relative outputs of multi-charged ions
for given ion source and cross-sections of single
step ionization at electron impact for argon ver-
sus of the charge state of ion [6]. These functions
show that the main production process of multi-
charged ions is the single electron-atom collision.
70
Fig.7. The comparison of neon multi-charged
ion output ratio and neon ionization cross-section
ratio of single step ionization for electrons energy
Ee = 3 keV
Fig.8. The comparison of argon multi-charged
ion output ratio and argon ionization cross-section
ratio of single step ionization for electrons energy
Ee = 1.8 keV
The neon, argon and helium ions output ratios which
found during bench test and results of other authors,
which had used with the same ion sources type are
presented in the Table 1.
Table 1. Relative output of extracted multi-charged
ions
Gas Neon Argon Helium Ref.
0.43·10−1 1.15·10−1 4.3·10−3 *
A2+/A+ 0.7·10−1 1·10−1 5.5·10−3 [4]
1.2·10−1 1.38·10−1 4.3·10−3 [5]
2.7·10−3 0.7·10−2 - *
A3+/A+ 4·10−3 1.2·10−2 - [4]
6.45·10−3 1.3·10−2 - [5]
2.4·10−4 1.8·10−3 - *
A4+/A+ 1.4·10−4 2.3·10−3 - [4]
- - - [5]
- 3.45·10−4 - *
A5+/A+ - 2.1·10−4 - [4]
- - - [5]
∗ - present work.
The existing differences of multi-charged ion outputs
can be explained by different operation regimes of multi-
charged ion sources (discharge voltage, gas flow, and mag-
netic induction) and ion source geometries. Hence, the
results of bench tests show that technical characteristics
of given multi-charged ion source (like ion beam current,
multiply charged ion output, gas flow value, power con-
sumption, dimensions and weight) are in general agree-
ment of exploitation conditions on the ”SOKOL” electro-
static accelerator.
THE INITIAL ION BEAM
CHARACTERISTICS RESEARCH
One of the main characteristics of MCIS ion beam are di-
vergence angle and ion energy spread. Such data are nec-
essary for developing of ion beam characteristics agree-
ment system with ion optic properties of accelerating
tube. The following points were researched in this work:
• the dependence of diameter (inside given distance
from emission hole) and divergence angle of ion
beam on extraction potential for optimal operation
regimes of ion source;
• the dependence of ion beam energy spectra on such
operation parameters of the ion source:
– discharge voltage,
– value of gas flow,
– type of gas.
To detect the diameter and divergence angle of ion
beam the measurements of ion beam density profiles
in two planes at different distances from emission hole
were realized. The ion beam density profiles were
measured with a mobile Faraday cup with input aper-
ture of 1 mm. The principal scheme of measuring
of ion beam density profile is presented in the Fig.9.
Fig.9. The principal scheme of measuring of ion beam
density profile. 1 - the cathode flange of MCIS, 2 -
extraction electrode, 3 - diaphragm with aperture 10 mm,
4 - the Faraday cup, 5 - the rod, 6a and 6b - measuring
planes of ion beam density profile
The diaphragm 3 (see Fig.3) was cut a part of ion beam
which had large divergence angles. At the same time
the total current was decreased about 18%. The ion
beam density profile versus ion beam radius when the
difference of ”cathode-extractor” potentials was equal to
11 kV is shown in the Fig.10, these profiles was measured
for two distances (125 and 274 mm) from emission hole.
Integrating these functions one can receive the functions
of ion current versus ion beam radius (see Fig.11). Af-
ter plotting of these dependence in the relative units
one can determine the ion beam radius for given part of
ion current and maximum divergence angle of ion beam.
71
Fig.10. The ion beam density profiles
Fig.11. The ion beam current versus radius
Fig.12. The half divergence angle versus ion beam ra-
dius, 1 - theoretical curve, 2 - experimental data
The dependence of half angle divergence of ion beam
versus ion beam radius is shown in the Fig.12. The curve
2 is experimental data. The radius value was taken on
the distance of 90 mm from emission hole. The curve 1 is
the analysis result of theoretical calculation of ion beam
trajectory for given system of ion beam formation. Small
discrepancy between these two functions can be explained
by:
• experimental data are averaged because aperture of
Faraday cup is 1 mm;
• trajectory calculation are carried out when a step
changing of start ion coordinate was set to 0.1 mm;
angle between initial trajectory and beam axis has
a step changing of 0.5◦; energy spread was not tak-
ing into account.
The similar measurements were made with extraction
voltages equal to: 8, 5 and 2 kV .
The important characteristic of ion beam is energy
spread. The energy spectra of ions extracted from the
ion source was measured by method of potential inhibi-
tion.
The ion energy spread spectra for neon and helium
were measured.
For neon ions the energy spectra were studied at con-
stant discharge voltage of 4.3 kV and various operation
gas flows: (2.5 . . . 8.9) · 10−5 m3Pa/s. The results of ex-
periment are shown in the Fig.13 (A and B). For helium
ions the energy spectra were studied when constant dis-
charge voltage was 4.3 kV and value of operation gas flow
varies from 2.2 · 10−5 m3Pa/s up to 8.9 · 10−5 m3Pa/s
and when operation gas flow was constant too but vari-
ous discharge voltages. The results of these experiments
are shown in the Fig.14 (A,B) and the Fig.15 (A,B).
Fig.13. A - The Faraday cup’s current versus potential
inhibition for various operation regimes of MCIS for
neon ions. Ud = 4.3 kV . The operation gas flow: 1 -
8.9 · 10−5 m3Pa/s, Id = 1.6 mA; 2 - 7.24 · 10−5 m3Pa/s,
Id = 1.2 mA; 3 - 5 · 10−5 m3Pa/s, Id = 0.6 mA; 4 -
2.5 · 10−5 m3Pa/s, Id = 0, 3 mA. B - Corresponding ion
energy spread spectra
72
Fig.14. A - The Faraday cup’s current versus potential
inhibition for various operation regimes of MCIS for
helium ions. Ud = 4.3 kV . The operation gas flow: 1 -
8.9 · 10−5 m3Pa/s, Id = 2.8 mA; 2 - 7.24 · 10−5 m3Pa/s,
Id = 2.2 mA; 3 - 5 · 10−5 m3Pa/s, Id = 1.2mA; 4 -
2.2 · 10−5 m3Pa/s, Id = 0.6 mA. B - Corresponding ion
energy spread spectra
The main characteristics of ion energy distribution
namely: E0- the value of maximum ion energy, Emax
- the value of ion energy in maximum distribution, ∆E
- the ion energy spread (FWHM), are presented in the
Table 2 and Table 3.
Table 2.
Neon, Ud=4300 V
Q·10−5m3Pa/s 8.9 7.24 5 2.5
Id, mA 1.6 1.2 0.6 0.3
E0, V 4300 4292 4269 4169
Emax, eV 4217 4181 4151 4103
E0/Ua, 1 0.998 0.99 0.97
Emax/Ud, 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95
∆E, eV 160 182 188 144
∆E/Emax,% 3.8 4.3 4.4 3.5
Helium, Ud=4300 V
Q·10−5m3Pa/s 8.9 7.24 5 2.2
Id, mA 2.8 2.2 1.2 0.6
E0, V 3896 3818 3755 3582
Emax, eV 3694 3662 3599 3495
E0/Ua 0.92 0.88 0.87 0.83
Emax/Ud 0.86 0.85 0.83 0.81
∆E, eV 250 185 163 99
∆E/Emax,% 6.75 5 4.5 2.8
Fig.15. A - The Faraday cup’s current versus potential
inhibition for various operation regimes of MCIS for op-
eration gas flow Q = 8.9 · 10−5 m3Pa/s: 1 -Ud = 4.3 kV ,
Id = 1.6 mA; 2 - Ud = 3.5 kV , Id = 2.2 mA; 3 -
Ud = 2.8 kV , Id = 2.1 mA. B - Corresponding ion energy
spread spectra
Table 3.
Ud, kV 4.3 3.5 2.8
Helium, Q=8.9·10−5m3Pa/s
Id, mA 2.8 2.2 2.1
E0, V 3896 2586 1943
Emax, eV 3694 2312 1686
E0/Ua 0.92 0.74 0.69
Emax/Ud 0.86 0.66 0.6
∆E, eV 250 278 241
∆E/Emax,% 6.75 12 14.3
CONCLUSIONS
1. The multi-charge ion source (MCIS) for ”SOKOL” ac-
celerator facility was developed.
2. The bench tests of MCIS were made:
2.1. The operation parameters have been determined:
− the range of discharge voltage is (0 . . . 5) kV ;
− the range of operation gas flow:
(1.4 . . . 8.9) · 10−5 m3Pa/s which depends on oper-
ation gas sort and value of extraction ion currents;
− the discharge current: 0 . . . 5 mA;
2.2. The total ion current and multi-charged ion currents
as functions of MCIS operation parameters were studied
73
(discharge voltage, value of operation gas flow).
2.3. It is shown that MCIS operation parameters and ion
beam characteristics are satisfied to exploitation condi-
tions on the ”SOKOL” accelerator.
2.4. Main processes of multiply charged ion production
are single electron-ion collisions.
3. The initial beam characteristics of ion beam, like
maximum divergence angle and ion energy spread, were
studied. It is shown that ion energy spread is de-
pends on discharge voltage, sort of operation gas, dis-
charge current. Next regularities were determined:
− with increasing of gas pressure in the ion source
and the discharge current too the maximum value
of ion energy(E0) is increasing, and maximum of
energy distribution (Emax) is tending to the dis-
charge voltage value;
− if the source works with helium in the same field
of flow range as for neon then a ratio of maximum
ion energy (E0) and energy (Emax) in distribution
peak to discharge voltage (Ud) (i.e. E0/Ud and
Emax/Ud) are less than for neon but value of dis-
charge current is greater;
− the FWHM of ion energy distribution (∆E) and
ratio ∆E/Emax for helium ions increase with in-
creasing of operation gas flow, but for neon ions
the negligible change these values are observed. It
can be coupled with present operation parameters
of ion source for neon flow when Emax is close to
Ud;
− for helium ions when helium gas flow is constant
and the discharge voltage is changing the values
E0/Ud and Emax/Ud increase with increasing of
Ud, but the value ∆E/Emax decreases.
References
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A.P. Omel’nik, V.M. Pistryak, V.I. Sukhostavetz,
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plex ”Sokol” // The transactions of XVI Interna-
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2. Ian G. Brown. The Physics and Technology of Ion
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p.
3. Atomic & Molecular Numerical Databases of Na-
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https://dbshino.nifs.ac.jp/
4. H. Baumann, K. Bethge. PIG ion source with end
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№122, p.517-525.
5. V.V. Kuz’menko, V.M. Pistrak, A.V. Symonenko,
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ИСТОЧНИК МНОГОЗАРЯДНЫХ ИОНОВ
Л.С. Глазунов, А.В. Зац, С.Г. Карпусь, В.В. Кузьменко, В.М. Пистряк
Разработан источник многозарядных ионов (ИМИ) с высоковольтным разрядом Пеннинга и продоль-
ным извлечением ионов. Проведены стендовые испытания источника, определены рабочие параметры
и первичные характеристики извлекаемого пучка. Показано, что рабочие параметры ИМИ и характе-
ристики извлекаемого пучка удовлетворяют требованиям эксплуатации на ускорителе ”СОКОЛ”.
ДЖЕРЕЛО БАГАТОЗАРЯДНИХ IОНIВ
Л.С. Глазунов, А.В. Зац, С.Г. Карпусь, В.В. Кузьменко, В.М. Пiстряк
Розроблено джерело багатозарядних iонiв (ДБI) з високовольтним розрядом Пеннiнгу та аксiальним
витягуванням iонiв. Проведенi стендовi випробування джерела, визначенi робочi параметри та первиннi
характеристики витягнутого пучка. Показано, що робочi параметри ДБI та характеристики витягну-
того пучка задовольняють вимогам експлуатацiї на прискорювачi ”СОКОЛ”.
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