Analysis of data arrays on cyclotron production of medical radioisotopes
The paper analyzes the state of cyclotron production of radionuclides (RN) for nuclear medicine. Consideration is given to the production of ultra-short-lived (USL) and short-lived (SL) RN. The information of the IAEA Database "International Nuclear Information Systems" (INIS) for a period...
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| Zitieren: | Analysis of data arrays on cyclotron production of medical radioisotopes / Yu.T. Petrusenko, A.G. Lymar', L.I. Nikolaichuk, A.I. Tutubalin, A.G. Shepelev, T.A. Ponomarenko, O.V. Nemashkalo // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2009. — № 3. — С. 82-88. — Бібліогр.: 16 назв. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-1112632017-01-10T03:02:44Z Analysis of data arrays on cyclotron production of medical radioisotopes Petrusenko, Yu.T. Lymar, A.G. Nikolaichuk, L.I. Tutubalin, A.I. Shepelev, A.G. Ponomarenko, T.A. Nemashkalo, O.V. Ядернo-физические методы и обработка данных The paper analyzes the state of cyclotron production of radionuclides (RN) for nuclear medicine. Consideration is given to the production of ultra-short-lived (USL) and short-lived (SL) RN. The information of the IAEA Database "International Nuclear Information Systems" (INIS) for a period from 1970 to 2007 has been used for the analysis. The paper reports the data on the dynamics of works published about the cyclotron production of USL and SL RN, kinds of the works, and also, on the relative contribution of different countries to the total number of published works. Conclusions are drawn about the trends in the research of the problems considered. Наведено аналіз стану виробництва на циклотронах радіонуклідів (РН) для ядерної медицини. Розглядається проблема отримання ультрокороткоживучих (УКЖ) та короткоживучих (КЖ) РН. При аналізі використовувалася інформація, що міститься у Міжнародній Базі Даних МАГАТЕ "International Nuclear Information System" (INIS) за період з 1970 по 2007 р. Приведено результати відносно динаміки публікацій з виробництва циклотронних УКЖ і КЖ РН, відносно вигляду публікацій, а також відносно вкладу різних країн в загальне число публікацій. Зроблено висновки відносно тенденції розвитку досліджень з розглянутих питань. Дан анализ состояния производства на циклотронах радионуклидов (РН) для ядерной медицины. Рассматривается проблема получения ультрокороткоживущих (УКЖ) и короткоживущих (КЖ) РН. При анализе использовалась информация, содержащаяся в Международной Базе Данных МАГАТЭ "International Nuclear Information System" (INIS) за период с 1970 по 2007 г. Приводятся сведения о динамике публикаций по производству циклотронных УКЖ и КЖ РН, о виде публикаций, а также об относительном вкладе различных стран в общее число публикаций. Сделаны заключения о тенденции развития исследований по рассмотренным вопросам. 2009 Article Analysis of data arrays on cyclotron production of medical radioisotopes / Yu.T. Petrusenko, A.G. Lymar', L.I. Nikolaichuk, A.I. Tutubalin, A.G. Shepelev, T.A. Ponomarenko, O.V. Nemashkalo // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2009. — № 3. — С. 82-88. — Бібліогр.: 16 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 87.57.U http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/111263 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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Ядернo-физические методы и обработка данных Ядернo-физические методы и обработка данных |
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Ядернo-физические методы и обработка данных Ядернo-физические методы и обработка данных Petrusenko, Yu.T. Lymar, A.G. Nikolaichuk, L.I. Tutubalin, A.I. Shepelev, A.G. Ponomarenko, T.A. Nemashkalo, O.V. Analysis of data arrays on cyclotron production of medical radioisotopes Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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The paper analyzes the state of cyclotron production of radionuclides (RN) for nuclear medicine. Consideration is given to the production of ultra-short-lived (USL) and short-lived (SL) RN. The information of the IAEA Database "International Nuclear Information Systems" (INIS) for a period from 1970 to 2007 has been used for the analysis. The paper reports the data on the dynamics of works published about the cyclotron production of USL and SL RN, kinds of the works, and also, on the relative contribution of different countries to the total number of published works. Conclusions are drawn about the trends in the research of the problems considered. |
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Article |
| author |
Petrusenko, Yu.T. Lymar, A.G. Nikolaichuk, L.I. Tutubalin, A.I. Shepelev, A.G. Ponomarenko, T.A. Nemashkalo, O.V. |
| author_facet |
Petrusenko, Yu.T. Lymar, A.G. Nikolaichuk, L.I. Tutubalin, A.I. Shepelev, A.G. Ponomarenko, T.A. Nemashkalo, O.V. |
| author_sort |
Petrusenko, Yu.T. |
| title |
Analysis of data arrays on cyclotron production of medical radioisotopes |
| title_short |
Analysis of data arrays on cyclotron production of medical radioisotopes |
| title_full |
Analysis of data arrays on cyclotron production of medical radioisotopes |
| title_fullStr |
Analysis of data arrays on cyclotron production of medical radioisotopes |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Analysis of data arrays on cyclotron production of medical radioisotopes |
| title_sort |
analysis of data arrays on cyclotron production of medical radioisotopes |
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| publishDate |
2009 |
| topic_facet |
Ядернo-физические методы и обработка данных |
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http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/111263 |
| citation_txt |
Analysis of data arrays on cyclotron production of medical radioisotopes / Yu.T. Petrusenko, A.G. Lymar', L.I. Nikolaichuk, A.I. Tutubalin, A.G. Shepelev, T.A. Ponomarenko, O.V. Nemashkalo // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2009. — № 3. — С. 82-88. — Бібліогр.: 16 назв. — англ. |
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Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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2025-07-08T01:52:38Z |
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| fulltext |
ANALYSIS OF DATA ARRAYS ON CYCLOTRON
PRODUCTION OF MEDICAL RADIOISOTOPES
Yu.T. Petrusenko, A.G. Lymar’, L.I. Nikolaichuk ∗, A.I. Tutubalin,
A.G. Shepelev, T.A. Ponomarenko, O.V. Nemashkalo
National Science Center ”Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”, 61108, Kharkov, Ukraine
(Received October 10, 2008)
The paper analyzes the state of cyclotron production of radionuclides (RN) for nuclear medicine. Consideration
is given to the production of ultra-short-lived (USL) and short-lived (SL) RN. The information of the IAEA Database
”International Nuclear Information Systems” (INIS) for a period from 1970 to 2007 has been used for the analysis.
The paper reports the data on the dynamics of works published about the cyclotron production of USL and SL RN,
kinds of the works, and also, on the relative contribution of different countries to the total number of published works.
Conclusions are drawn about the trends in the research of the problems considered.
PACS: 87.57.U
1. INTRODUCTION
Radioisotopes are widely used in different spheres
of human activities, among which nuclear medicine
appears to be the area of mass use of radioisotopes.
Over 50% of the world annual production of radioiso-
topes are spent to meet the medical demands. In re-
cent years, considerable attention has been focussed
on radionuclide diagnostics of man’s diseases through
introduction of radioisotopes into the human body.
Extensive application of isotopes in current medicine
has created the market situation, in which the de-
mand for the products appears much higher than
their supply.
Today, medicine makes use of over 70% of world-
produced stable isotopes and more than 50% of ra-
dioactive isotopes. As predicted by specialists, these
figures may only escalate in the coming years. The
animated interest of medical men in the isotopes is
explained by a high efficiency of their application in
diagnostics. It is just for diagnostic purposes that
about 98% of isotopes coming to the medical sector
are nowadays used. The uniqueness of isotope di-
agnostics consists in its accuracy, reliability, possible
frequent use, and above all, in the capability to diag-
nose the disease even at an early stage.
As it is known, apart from 5 major elements (oxy-
gen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and calcium), the
living body comprises 67 elements of Mendeleev’s pe-
riodic table more. Therefore, it is now difficult to
imagine a clinic (at home and abroad), that does
not use various radioactive preparations and tracer-
labelled compounds when diagnosing the case. Ra-
dioisotopes are used in nuclear medicine mainly in
the form of radiopharmaceutical preparations (RPP)
for early diagnostics of various human organ diseases
and for therapy purposes.
The huge part of the world volume of radioisotope
production is obtained at charged particle accelera-
tors, which are for the most part the cyclotrons of
various types.
It has been shown in the review article [1] that
by 2000, among the main radionuclide-producing fa-
cilities in the world, the first place belongs to accel-
erators (188 machines). Of them, 178 installations
are the cyclotrons, which produce radionuclides for
nuclear medicine.
To elucidate the trends in the production of USL
and SL radionuclides recommended by the IAEA [2]
as most widely used in nuclear medicine, we have
analyzed the data on the publications about the cy-
clotron production of USL and SL RN and their ap-
plication for medical diagnostics.
The undertaken analysis of publications intro-
duced by the IAEA countries into the automated
database INIS, created in 1971, enabled us to trace
the trends in the development of cyclotron production
of USL and SL RN and their use in nuclear medicine
for the last 35 years.
2. ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION ON
CYCLOTRON PRODUCTION OF USL
RADIONUCLIDES FOR NUCLEAR
MEDICINE
The required amounts of USL RN are generally
produced at small cyclotrons [3]. A regular use of cy-
clotrons for the production of medical radionuclides
has begun since 1950. Small cyclotrons of medical use
only, the so-called ”baby cyclotrons” (E ≤ 20 MeV ),
are convenient for their location directly at the med-
ical centers, where they serve for generating the USL
RN and for PET studies with them.
∗Corresponding author E-mail address: nikolaichuk@kipt.kharkov.ua
82 PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 2009, N3.
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (51), p.82-88.
The current nuclear medicine makes use of more
than 50 cyclotron radionuclides for scientific-research,
diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Their half-life
is ranging from a few minutes to several years. In
actual practice, to obtain RN in nuclear reactions,
charged beams of protons, deuterons, 3He, 4He are
used, protons being of most widespread use [3].
a
b
c
d
Fig.1. Cumulative expansion in the number of publications on cyclotron production of USL radionuclides
for nuclear medicine and published work distribution in the countries: a) fluorine-18, b) carbon-11, c)
nitrogen 13, d) oxygen-15
83
Below, we give the comparative data on the num-
ber of publications about the cyclotron production of
ultra-short-lived carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15,
fluorine-18 radionuclides [4].
Figure 1 (a-d) shows the general growth of works
on the problems of cyclotron production of the above-
mentioned USL radionuclides, which were published
by all IAEA member countries for a period of 1970
to 2007 (e.g., [5]-[9]) and were introduced into the
INIS Database. Of certain interest is the information
about the relative contribution of different countries
to the total number of published works and about the
type of publications on the problem under discussion,
and also the particulars on the languages, in which
the information was published.
From the data shown in Fig.1 (a, b, c, d) it fol-
lows that the number of publications on cyclotron
production of nitrogen (13N) and oxygen (15O) for
1971 to 2006 has increased practically by a factor of
140, on the production of 11C - by a factor of ap-
proximately 200, and on the production of 18F - by a
factor of more than 300. This fact points to consider-
ably increased-in-recent-years demands for medical-
purpose isotopes, particularly, 18F for radionuclide
diagnostics with the use of positron-emission tomo-
graphs (PET). The data presented in Fig.1 (a, b, c,
d) illustrate the contribution of different countries to
the number of publications about the production of
USL RN for nuclear medicine. Here, Japan (20.4%),
USA (14.7%) and Germany (8.9%) occupy a promi-
nent place in carbon-11 production. The production
of fluorine is characterized by the following distri-
bution in different countries: Japan (19.9%), USA
(11.8%), England (9.9%).
The main types of publications on the production
of USL radioisotopes for nuclear medicine are the ar-
ticles (≈ 40%), proceedings of conferences (≈ 30%),
reports (15%) and books (15%). Naturally, the over-
all picture of USL RN production is also character-
ized by the increased number of publications in the
mentioned countries.
English is the prevailing language of the works
published on all the USL RN produced.
3. ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION ON
CYCLOTRON PRODUCTION OF
SHORT-LIVED RADIONUCLIDES FOR
NUCLEAR MEDICINE
According to IAEA recommendations [2], a num-
ber of SL radionuclides also hold promise for nuclear
medicine.
We have analyzed the data about publications
concerned with the problems of SL RN production
and medical diagnostic application, which were in-
troduced by the IAEA member countries into the au-
tomated INIS Database.
Figures 2 to 4 show the dynamics of the total
number of publications of all IAEA member coun-
tries on the above-mentioned problems over a period
from 1970 to 2007.
The information is given on the relative con-
tribution of different countries to the total num-
ber of publications, on the type of these publica-
tions, and also on the languages, in which the pub-
lications were published. The data are presented
for palladium-103, iodine-124, iodine-123, strontium-
89, copper-64, copper-67, ytterbium-169 [[10]-[15]].
Fig.2. Cumulative expansion of the number of
publications on cyclotron production of 103Pd
radionuclide for nuclear medicine (1970-2007)
From the data shown in Fig.2 it can be seen that
the number of publications on cyclotron production
of palladium for medical diagnostics during 1997 to
2005 has increased. This is explained by the use of
palladium for brachytherapy and for ever-growing ap-
plication of PET diagnostics.
In production of palladium, Iran (≈ 36%), Bel-
gium (≈ 19%) and Roumania (16%) are among the
leaders. Most publications (92%) are written in Eng-
lish.
Figures 3 and 4 illustrate the increase in the to-
tal number of publications by all IAEA member-
countries on the problems of cyclotron production of
SL radionuclides (iodine-123, iodine-124, copper-64,
copper-67, ytterbium-169, strontium-89) for nuclear
medicine over a period from 1972 to 2007. Much as
in the analysis of publications on USL radionuclides,
Figs.3 and 4 give the data on the relative contribution
of different countries to the total number of publica-
tions and the type of these publications on the above-
mentioned problem. The data on the languages, in
which the information was published, are also pre-
sented.
It can be seen from the data presented in the fig-
ures that the number of publications on iodine-123
and iodine-124 has increased for the mentioned pe-
riod by factors of 200 and 30, respectively. The lead-
84
ing position in the number of publications on iodine-
123 belongs to Belgium (13.7%) and USA (10.9%),
while Germany (23.3%) and the USA (13.3%) are
the leaders in the number of publications on iodine-
124. The main kinds of publications on the above-
mentioned RN are the articles (31%) and the pro-
ceedings of conferences (≈ 37%). English is the pre-
dominant language of publications: 70% for iodine-
123 and 90% for iodine-124.
a
b
c
d
Fig.3. Cumulative growth in the number of publications on cyclotron production of SL radionuclides for
nuclear medicine (1970-2007): a) iodine-123, b) iodine-124, c) copper-64, d) copper-67
85
The analysis of Fig.3 (c, d) shows that the
number of publications on copper-64 and copper-67
has increased for the 1970-2007 period by factors of
30 and 15, respectively. The leading position in the
number of publications belongs in both cases to the
USA. The language of publications is mainly English
(≈ 95%).
a
b
Fig.4. Cumulative growth in the number of publications on cyclotron production of SL radionuclides for
nuclear medicine (1970-2007): a) ytterbium-169, b) strontium-89
The data on ytterbium are presented in Fig.4(a).
The number of publications on production of
ytterbium-169 has substantially increased for the
above-mentioned period. Among the countries lead-
ing in the number of publications we mention the for-
mer Soviet Union (15%), Hungary (15%), Germany
(15%), Poland (≈ 23%). The main kinds of publi-
cations are as follows: articles (30%), reports (30%),
and proceedings of conferences (30%). The language
of publications is mainly English (42%).
The foregoing data demonstrate that the investi-
gations concerned with the application of cyclotrons
to production of radionuclides for nuclear medicine
are steadily advancing. A particularly noticeable
growth (200- to 300-fold increase) can be observed
in the case of cyclotron production of ultrashort-
lived isotopes of carbon-11, nitrogen-14, oxygen-15
and fluorine-18, this being due to the use of USL RN
in PET diagnostics. As it is known, by 2005, only in
the USA there were 2000 PET centers, 5 PET centers
in Russia and none in Ukraine.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The analysis of publications on cyclotron produc-
tion of USL and SL radionuclides for nuclear medi-
cine, taken from the INIS Database, testifies to a con-
tinuous growth of their number in different countries,
and hence, to the urgency of the problematics.
The main cyclotron radionuclides are intended for
medicine, industry and scientific purposes. Medicine
is the area, where the cyclotron radionuclides are in
most common use for diagnostic and therapeutic pur-
poses.
It is known that radionuclide diagnostics methods
are widely used in current world clinical practice. Of
particular importance has been the recent appearance
of medical techniques and apparatus, which enable
the use of USL radionuclides, most optimum from the
viewpoint of diagnostics and radiation safety. Due
to the fact that most of them present the isotopes
of chemical elements, which actively participate in
the body life activity, the arsenal of current practical
medicine has acquired, owing to PET, a unique pos-
sibility of patient examination at the functional level,
at the level of metabolic activity and vital actions oc-
curring in the living body. This provides a complete
and, what is of importance, early diagnostics of many
main diseases of the man (oncological, cardiovascular
diseases, etc.), and also, their individual characteris-
tics and special features.
In developed countries, radionuclide examinations
of people are carried out every 3-5 years. In the USA,
86
for example, in 1990 there were ten million diagnostic
procedures performed with radionuclides.
The potential requirements for nuclear medicine
technologies are enormous in Ukraine. The nuclear
medicine is at a new level of development in the whole
world. This concerns, first of all, the PET and ra-
dionuclide therapy. Ukraine must not be an excep-
tion in this respect. The cyclotron CV-28 to be com-
missioned at the NSC KIPT [16] can indeed become
the manufacturer of cyclotron products for nuclear
medicine in Ukraine and adjacent regions of Russia,
Byelorussia and Moldova.
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АНАЛИЗ МАССИВА ПУБЛИКАЦИЙ ПО ПРОИЗВОДСТВУ МЕДИЦИНСКИХ
РАДИОИЗОТОПОВ НА ЦИКЛОТРОНАХ
Ю.Т. Петрусенко, А.Г. Лымарь, Л.И. Николайчук, А.И. Тутубалин, А.Г. Шепелев,
Т.А. Пономаренко, О.В. Немашкало
Дан анализ состояния производства на циклотронах радионуклидов (РН) для ядерной медицины.
Рассматривается проблема получения ультрокороткоживущих (УКЖ) и короткоживущих (КЖ) РН.
При анализе использовалась информация, содержащаяся в Международной Базе Данных МАГАТЭ
"International Nuclear Information System"(INIS) за период с 1970 по 2007 г. Приводятся сведения о
динамике публикаций по производству циклотронных УКЖ и КЖ РН, о виде публикаций, а также об
относительном вкладе различных стран в общее число публикаций. Сделаны заключения о тенденции
развития исследований по рассмотренным вопросам.
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АНАЛIЗ МАСИВУ ПУБЛIКАЦIЙ ПО ВИРОБНИЦТВУ МЕДИЧНИХ
РАДIОIЗОТОПIВ НА ЦИКЛОТРОНАХ
Ю.Т. Петрусенко, А.Г. Лимарь, Л.I. Нiколайчук, А.I. Тутубалiн, А.Г. Шепелєв,
Т.О. Понамаренко, О.В. Немашкало
Наведено аналiз стану виробництва на циклотронах радiонуклiдiв (РН) для ядерної медицини. Роз-
глядається проблема отримання ультрокороткоживучих (УКЖ) та короткоживучих (КЖ) РН. При
аналiзi використовувалася iнформацiя, що мiститься у Мiжнароднiй Базi Даних МАГАТЕ "International
Nuclear Information System"(INIS) за перiод з 1970 по 2007 р. Приведено результати вiдносно динамiки
публiкацiй з виробництва циклотронних УКЖ i КЖ РН, вiдносно вигляду публiкацiй, а також вiд-
носно вкладу рiзних країн в загальне число публiкацiй. Зроблено висновки вiдносно тенденцiї розвитку
дослiджень з розглянутих питань.
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