Phase Composition of Electrodeposited Fe—Zn Alloys
Presence of α-phase, Fe₇₅Zn₂₅, Fe₃Zn₁₀ and η-phase in electrodeposited Fe—Zn alloys is determined by the method of X-ray diffractometry. The phase proportion varies with the increase of zinc concentration in the sulphate electrolyte. Discovered formation of Fe₇₅Zn₂₅ phase during co-deposition of iro...
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Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України
2015
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irk-123456789-1117352017-01-15T03:02:22Z Phase Composition of Electrodeposited Fe—Zn Alloys Kolesnyk, Ie.V. Дефекты кристаллической решётки Presence of α-phase, Fe₇₅Zn₂₅, Fe₃Zn₁₀ and η-phase in electrodeposited Fe—Zn alloys is determined by the method of X-ray diffractometry. The phase proportion varies with the increase of zinc concentration in the sulphate electrolyte. Discovered formation of Fe₇₅Zn₂₅ phase during co-deposition of iron and zinc can be the cause of creation of previously revealed irregular surface relief with anomalously high roughness. Revision of Fe₇₅Zn₂₅ phase atomic composition is accomplished by the numerical method based on precise value of the crystal-lattice spacing and taking into account elastic strain caused by zinc atoms, which are dissolved in the α-Fe crystal lattice. Методою рентґенівської дифрактометрії визначено наявність в електроосаджених стопах Fe—Zn α-фази, Fe₇₅Zn₂₅, Fe₃Zn₁₀ та α-фази. Співвідношення фаз змінюється з ростом концентрації цинку в сульфатному електроліті. Виявлене вперше формування фази Fe₇₅Zn₂₅ при сумісному електроосадженні заліза та цинку може бути причиною утворення виявленого раніше нереґулярного рельєфу поверхні з аномально високою шерсткістю. Уточнення складу фази Fe₇₅Zn₂₅ здійснено чисельною методою, виходячи з прецизійного значення періоду ґратниці та з урахуванням пружньої деформації, яку зумовлено атомами Цинку, розчиненими в ґратниці α-Fe. Методом рентгеновской дифрактометрии установлено наличие в электроосаждённых сплавах Fe—Zn α-фазы, Fe₇₅Zn₂₅, Fe₃Zn₁₀ и η-фазы. Соотношение фаз изменяется с ростом концентрации цинка в сульфатном электролите. Обнаруженное впервые формирование фазы Fe₇₅Zn₂₅ при совместном электроосаждении железа и цинка может быть причиной образования выявленного ранее нерегулярного рельефа поверхности с аномально высокой шероховатостью. Уточнение состава фазы Fe₇₅Zn₂₅ выполнено численным методом, исходя из прецизионного значения периода решётки и с учётом упругой деформации, которая обусловлена атомами цинка, растворёнными в решётке α-Fe. 2015 Article Phase Composition of Electrodeposited Fe—Zn Alloys / Ie. V. Kolesnyk // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2015. — Т. 37, № 2. — С. 257-264. — Бібліогр.: 26 назв. — англ. 1024-1809 PACS: 61.05.cp, 61.66.Dk, 68.55.J-, 68.55.Nq, 81.05.Bx, 81.15.Pq, 82.45.Qr http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/111735 en Металлофизика и новейшие технологии Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України |
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Дефекты кристаллической решётки Дефекты кристаллической решётки |
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Дефекты кристаллической решётки Дефекты кристаллической решётки Kolesnyk, Ie.V. Phase Composition of Electrodeposited Fe—Zn Alloys Металлофизика и новейшие технологии |
| description |
Presence of α-phase, Fe₇₅Zn₂₅, Fe₃Zn₁₀ and η-phase in electrodeposited Fe—Zn alloys is determined by the method of X-ray diffractometry. The phase proportion varies with the increase of zinc concentration in the sulphate electrolyte. Discovered formation of Fe₇₅Zn₂₅ phase during co-deposition of iron and zinc can be the cause of creation of previously revealed irregular surface relief with anomalously high roughness. Revision of Fe₇₅Zn₂₅ phase atomic composition is accomplished by the numerical method based on precise value of the crystal-lattice spacing and taking into account elastic strain caused by zinc atoms, which are dissolved in the α-Fe crystal lattice. |
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Article |
| author |
Kolesnyk, Ie.V. |
| author_facet |
Kolesnyk, Ie.V. |
| author_sort |
Kolesnyk, Ie.V. |
| title |
Phase Composition of Electrodeposited Fe—Zn Alloys |
| title_short |
Phase Composition of Electrodeposited Fe—Zn Alloys |
| title_full |
Phase Composition of Electrodeposited Fe—Zn Alloys |
| title_fullStr |
Phase Composition of Electrodeposited Fe—Zn Alloys |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Phase Composition of Electrodeposited Fe—Zn Alloys |
| title_sort |
phase composition of electrodeposited fe—zn alloys |
| publisher |
Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України |
| publishDate |
2015 |
| topic_facet |
Дефекты кристаллической решётки |
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http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/111735 |
| citation_txt |
Phase Composition of Electrodeposited Fe—Zn Alloys / Ie. V. Kolesnyk // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2015. — Т. 37, № 2. — С. 257-264. — Бібліогр.: 26 назв. — англ. |
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Металлофизика и новейшие технологии |
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257
PACS numbers:61.05.cp, 61.66.Dk,68.55.J-,68.55.Nq,81.05.Bx,81.15.Pq, 82.45.Qr
Phase Composition of Electrodeposited Fe—Zn Alloys
Ie. V. Kolesnyk
SHEI ‘Ukrainian State University of Chemical Technology’,
8 Gagarin Avenue,
49005 Dnipropetrovs’k, Ukraine
Presence of -phase, Fe75Zn25, Fe3Zn10 and -phase in electrodeposited Fe—Zn
alloys is determined by the method of X-ray diffractometry. The phase pro-
portion varies with the increase of zinc concentration in the sulphate electro-
lyte. Discovered formation of Fe75Zn25 phase during co-deposition of iron and
zinc can be the cause of creation of previously revealed irregular surface re-
lief with anomalously high roughness. Revision of Fe75Zn25 phase atomic
composition is accomplished by the numerical method based on precise value
of the crystal-lattice spacing and taking into account elastic strain caused by
zinc atoms, which are dissolved in the -Fe crystal lattice.
Методою рентґенівської дифрактометрії визначено наявність в електроо-
саджених стопах Fe—Zn -фази, Fe75Zn25, Fe3Zn10 та -фази. Співвідношен-
ня фаз змінюється з ростом концентрації цинку в сульфатному електролі-
ті. Виявлене вперше формування фази Fe75Zn25 при сумісному електроо-
садженні заліза та цинку може бути причиною утворення виявленого ра-
ніше нереґулярного рельєфу поверхні з аномально високою шерсткістю.
Уточнення складу фази Fe75Zn25 здійснено чисельною методою, виходячи
з прецизійного значення періоду ґратниці та з урахуванням пружньої де-
формації, яку зумовлено атомами Цинку, розчиненими в ґратниці -Fe.
Методом рентгеновской дифрактометрии установлено наличие в электро-
осаждённых сплавах Fe—Zn -фазы, Fe75Zn25, Fe3Zn10 и -фазы. Соотноше-
ние фаз изменяется с ростом концентрации цинка в сульфатном электро-
лите. Обнаруженное впервые формирование фазы Fe75Zn25 при совместном
электроосаждении железа и цинка может быть причиной образования
выявленного ранее нерегулярного рельефа поверхности с аномально вы-
сокой шероховатостью. Уточнение состава фазы Fe75Zn25 выполнено чис-
ленным методом, исходя из прецизионного значения периода решётки и с
учётом упругой деформации, которая обусловлена атомами цинка, рас-
творёнными в решётке -Fe.
Key words: Fe—Zn alloys, phase composition, electrodeposited alloys, coat-
Металлофиз. новейшие технол. / Metallofiz. Noveishie Tekhnol.
2015, т. 37, № 2, сс. 257—264
Оттиски доступны непосредственно от издателя
Фотокопирование разрешено только
в соответствии с лицензией
2015 ИМФ (Институт металлофизики
им. Г. В. Курдюмова НАН Украины)
Напечатано в Украине.
258 Ie. V. KOLESNYK
ings.
(Received October 2, 2014; in final version, October 29, 2014)
1. INTRODUCTION
Electrodeposited alloys of Fe—Zn system can be employed as corrosion-
resistant coatings of steel sheet [1—3], for restoration of dimensions of
machinery components worn during operation [4], and as a preliminary
surface treatment of steel items before application of polymer, compo-
site and other types of coatings [5].
As known, the phase composition of metallic materials significantly
influences on their properties. In addition, it should be taken into ac-
count that phase composition of electrodeposited coatings frequently
differs from the equilibrium one and greatly depends on electrolyte
composition and deposition process parameters, namely, current den-
sity and temperature. In this respect, experimental investigations in
this field remain quite urgent. The difference of phase composition
from equilibrium phase diagram is noted for electrodeposited Fe—Zn
coatings, for example, in [3, 6—8]. Crystallography and thermodynam-
ics of phases of Fe—Zn system are described in [9] and [10] respectively.
However, the majority of works devoted to electrodeposited Fe—Zn al-
loys are directed rather to electrochemical issues of alloys deposition
than to investigations of their structure and phase composition.
Nevertheless, it should be noted that phase composition of alloys of
Fe—Zn system, both electrodeposited [11—13] and obtained by anneal-
ing of hot-dip zinc coating on steel substrates [14—16], is quite thor-
oughly investigated in the range of high zinc concentrations as these
alloys are employed as corrosion-resistant coatings. However, the oth-
er possible areas of application of electrodeposited Fe—Zn alloys men-
tioned above also require more thorough investigations of this system
in the range of high iron concentrations. Analysis of literature sources
shows that only several works address this issue, e.g., [7, 17, 18].
Besides, the diffraction patterns of electrodeposited Fe—Zn alloys
presented in [1, 11] indicate complexity of their phase composition,
which along with low thickness of the coatings make complete phase
identification difficult.
Therefore, the aim of this work is to determination phase composi-
tion of electrodeposited alloys of Fe—Zn system obtained at various ra-
tios of zinc to iron concentrations in the electrolyte.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Coatings of 15 m thickness are deposited at the temperature 55—57C
and the cathode current density 10 A/dm2
from sulphate iron-plating
PHASE COMPOSITION OF ELECTRODEPOSITED Fe—Zn ALLOYS 259
electrolyte containing: FeSO47Н2O–400 g/l, Al2(SO4)318Н2O–100
g/l, pH 2—3, in which zinc ions are additionally inserted in the range
of concentration ratios from 1:80 to 40:80 (mass) relative to iron. Steel
08kp sheet with the thickness of 0.5 mm is used as a substrate. During
deposition, a soluble iron anode is used.
Phase composition of the coatings is determined by the method of X-
ray diffractometry with modernized DRON-type diffractometer in
copper radiation without separation from the substrate due to suffi-
cient coatings thickness.
For evaluation of concentration of zinc solid solutions in iron, the
crystal lattice spacing is precisely calculated by the angular displace-
ment of diffraction maxima relative to the maxima of pure electrode-
posited iron. Based on the obtained values of the spacing, the concen-
tration of solid solutions is numerically calculated according to the
method suggested by Lubarda [19], which regards elastic deformation
of crystal lattice caused by solute atoms. According to this method, the
spacing of crystal lattice of a substitution solid solution can be deter-
mined by the formula
3 3 1/3
1 1 1 1
( 4 / ) ,a a R x Ck
where a1 is spacing of crystal lattice of the solvent, R1 is Seitz atomic
radius of the solvent, x is atomic concentration of the solute element, k
and 1 are coefficients, characterizing crystal lattice of solid solution
(for b.c.c. being 2 and 1, respectively), and C–constants determined
according to [20] with regard to the values of elastic moduli of the sol-
vent and the solute element.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the investigations of phase composition of electrodepos-
ited Fe—Zn alloys show that at low ratios of zinc to iron concentrations
in the electrolyte (1:80) only solid solution of zinc in -Fe (-phase) is
formed in the coatings (see Fig. 1, a), which is indicated by certain an-
gular displacement of the diffraction maxima relative to the samples
of pure electrodeposited iron without alloying, which had been previ-
ously investigated by the author in the work [21]. It should be noted
that axial crystal orientation of <211>, typical for pure electrodepos-
ited iron, is less pronounced in this case. Similar fact of decrease of
perfection of crystallographic texture due to insertion of zinc ions into
iron-plating electrolyte was revealed by the author during investiga-
tions of coatings deposited from chloride electrolyte in the work [22].
It was found that further increase of zinc concentration in the elec-
trolyte results in formation of additional phases. Thus, at zinc to iron
concentration ratio being 5:80, the following phases were discovered in
260 Ie. V. KOLESNYK
the composition of electrodeposited coatings after thorough analysis of
the obtained diffraction patterns (in descending order of diffraction
maxima intensities): unknown phase with -Fe crystal lattice; inter-
metallic Fe3Zn10 (-phase), solid solution of iron in zinc (-phase), and
-phase mentioned above (see Fig. 1, b).
Presence of - and -phases is typical for electrodeposited Fe—Zn al-
loys. Intermetallic Fe3Zn10 known in literature as -phase possesses
complex cubic lattice of Cu5Zn8 type [23] and had been found in elec-
trodeposited Fe—Zn coatings before [24].
Fig. 1. Diffraction patterns of Fe—Zn alloys electrodeposited from electrolytes
with Zn to Fe concentration ratio (mass): a–1:80, b–5:80, c–10:80.
PHASE COMPOSITION OF ELECTRODEPOSITED Fe—Zn ALLOYS 261
Angular position of the diffraction maxima of discovered unknown
phase made possible a conclusion about crystal lattice of -Fe, which is
clearly seen from comparison of their positions with the ones of the
maxima of identified -phase. However, significant displacement of
unknown phase maxima indicates the higher zinc concentration than
in the -phase. In addition, extremely strong axial crystal orientation
of <110> in the found phase should be mentioned.
Discovered phase with crystal lattice of -Fe is close by its composi-
tion to the phase Fe67Zn33 obtained by metallurgical method, described
in [25]. As there are no mentions of detection of such phase in electro-
deposited Fe—Zn alloys in literature sources, the author accomplished
precise determination of the crystal lattice spacing by the positions of
centroids of the diffraction maxima with consequent calculations of
solid solution concentration with regard to elastic deformation of crys-
tal lattice of -Fe caused by solute zinc atoms. In order to minimize in-
fluence of residual inner stresses typical for electrodeposited coatings,
on the calculations results, the angular positions of the maxima of
electrodeposited pure iron coatings obtained from sulphate electrolyte
at similar deposition conditions are used as reference data instead of
conventional powder diffraction data, which is known to be obtained
on samples without perceptible residual stresses. Accomplished calcu-
lations show that atomic composition of unknown phase is close to
Fe75Zn25.
Increase of zinc to iron concentration ratio in the electrolyte to
10:80 causes no qualitative changes in phase composition of the coat-
ings, but significantly alters phase proportion, which can be evaluated
by intensities of the diffraction maxima (see Fig. 1, c). Thus, with the
increase of zinc concentration, the amount of Fe75Zn25 phase decreases
drastically. It is accomplished by growth of fractions of Fe3Zn10 and -
phase. Change of phase proportion in the coatings with the increase of
zinc concentration in the electrolyte can be clearly seen in Fig. 2 imag-
ing fragments of the diffraction patterns shown in Fig. 1 in the angu-
lar range of 40—46, where the most intense maxima of the detected
phases are located.
The further increase of zinc concentration in the electrolyte results
in gradual decrease of the amounts of Fe75Zn25 and Fe3Zn10 phases in
the coatings up to their complete disappearance. Thus, at zinc to iron
concentration ratio being 40:80, phase composition of the coatings is
represented solely by -phase.
It should be mentioned that the coatings deposited from the electro-
lyte with the concentration ratio of 5:80 possess high surface rough-
ness (Ra 4.5 m), while for the 1:80 and 10:80 ratios the values of Ra
are 1.02 and 1.76 m, respectively, and for the steel substrate without
coating it is 0.93 m. Based on this fact, the author suggested usage of
the electrodeposited Fe—Zn alloy with high surface roughness as a sub-
262 Ie. V. KOLESNYK
layer before application of polymer, composite, or metallic coatings on
metal items. Such method for surface preparation before application of
coatings was protected by the patent [5] and confirmed its effective-
ness, in particular, for enhancement of adhesion of phenyl on coatings
to steel substrates [26].
Investigation results obtained in this work make possible to suppose
that such anomalously high surface roughness of electrodeposited Fe—
Zn alloys can be connected with formation of the found Fe75Zn25 phase,
the diffraction maxima of which are the most intensive at the same
zinc concentration (5:80). The further investigations will be directed
to confirmation of this conclusion by means of scanning electron mi-
croscopy and X-ray spectrometry microanalysis.
Evaluation of the role of discovered strong preferred crystal orien-
tation of <110> of Fe75Zn25 phase in formation of irregular surface re-
lief with high roughness in Fe—Zn alloys coatings also may be the in-
teresting direction of further investigations.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Presence of phases such as Fe75Zn25, Fe3Zn10, iron-based (-phase) and
zinc-based (-phase) solid solutions in electrodeposited Fe—Zn alloys is
determined by the method of X-ray diffractometry. The phase propor-
tion varies with the increase of zinc concentration in the sulphate elec-
trolyte.
Formation of Fe75Zn25 phase during co-deposition of iron and zinc is
discovered for the first time. Refinement of Fe75Zn25 phase atomic
Fig. 2. Diffraction patterns of Fe—Zn alloys electrodeposited from electrolytes
with Zn to Fe concentration ratio (mass): a–1:80, b–5:80.
PHASE COMPOSITION OF ELECTRODEPOSITED Fe—Zn ALLOYS 263
composition is accomplished by the numerical method with regard to
precise value of the crystal lattice spacing and to elastic deformation
caused by solute zinc atoms in crystal lattice of -Fe.
It is found that formation of Fe75Zn25 phase with pronounced pre-
ferred crystal orientation of <110> can be the cause of creation of pre-
viously found irregular surface relief with anomalously high rough-
ness.
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/HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke. Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
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/NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
>>
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(Common)
(1.0)
]
/OtherNamespaces [
<<
/AsReaderSpreads false
/CropImagesToFrames true
/ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
/FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
/IncludeGuidesGrids false
/IncludeNonPrinting false
/IncludeSlug false
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(InDesign)
(4.0)
]
/OmitPlacedBitmaps false
/OmitPlacedEPS false
/OmitPlacedPDF false
/SimulateOverprint /Legacy
>>
<<
/AddBleedMarks false
/AddColorBars false
/AddCropMarks false
/AddPageInfo false
/AddRegMarks false
/ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
/DestinationProfileName ()
/DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/Downsample16BitImages true
/FlattenerPreset <<
/PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>>
/FormElements false
/GenerateStructure false
/IncludeBookmarks false
/IncludeHyperlinks false
/IncludeInteractive false
/IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(CreativeSuite)
(2.0)
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice
|