Development and creation of the electromagnetic separator for isotope separation in the system of opposing axisymmetric magnetic fields with two field reverses
The paper reports the results of work on creation of a setup for isotope separation in the system of opposing axisymmetric magnetic fields with two field reverses. Consideration is given to a real possibility of improving the e±ciency of the electromagnetic separator and its resolving power in the d...
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2013
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| Цитувати: | Development and creation of the electromagnetic separator for isotope separation in the system of opposing axisymmetric magnetic fields with two field reverses / A.M. Yegorov, A.G. Lymar’, L.I. Nikolaichuk, V.A. Popov, L.A. Bondarenko, A.I. Tutubalin , O.V. Nemashkalo, O.V. Krivchenko // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2013. — № 3. — С. 201-204. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-1118472017-01-16T03:02:28Z Development and creation of the electromagnetic separator for isotope separation in the system of opposing axisymmetric magnetic fields with two field reverses Yegorov, A.M. Lymar’, A.G. Nikolaichuk, L.I. Popov, V.A. Bondarenko, L.A. Tutubalin, A.I. Nemashkalo, O.V. Krivchenko, O.V. Ядернo-физические методы и обработка данных The paper reports the results of work on creation of a setup for isotope separation in the system of opposing axisymmetric magnetic fields with two field reverses. Consideration is given to a real possibility of improving the e±ciency of the electromagnetic separator and its resolving power in the double-reverse magnetic field system. It is demonstrated that the use of the opposing axisymmetric field system may substantially reduce the energy consumption during the process of isotope separation. The estimated magnetic field of the facility attests to a possibility of molybdenum isotope separation and isolation of high-purity ⁹⁸Mo and ¹⁰⁰Mo isotopes required for production of the ⁹⁹Mo/⁹⁹Tc generator, most widely used in modern medicine. Наводяться результати робiт по створенню установки для роздiлення iзотопiв у системi зустрiчних аксiально-симетричних магнiтних полiв з двома реверсами поля. Обговорюється реальна можливiсть пiдвищення продуктивностi електромагнiтного сепаратора i його роздiльної здатностi в системi магнiтного поля з подвiйним реверсом. Показано, що використання системи зустрiчних аксiально-симетричних полiв дасть можливiсть iстотно знизити енерговитрати в процесi роздiлення iзотопiв. Наведена оцiнка магнiтного поля на установцi свiдчить про можливiсть роздiлення iзотопiв молiбдену i видiлення iзотопiв ⁹⁸Mo i ¹⁰⁰Mo високої чистоти, необхiдних для отримання найбiльш вживаного в сучаснiй медицинi генератора ⁹⁹Mo/⁹⁹Tc. Приводятся результаты работ по созданию установки для разделения изотопов в системе встречных аксиально-симметричных магнитных полей с двумя реверсами поля. Обсуждается реальная возможность повышения производительности электромагнитного сепаратора и его разрешающей способности в системе магнитного поля с двойным реверсом. Показано,что использование системы встречных аксиально-симметричных полей даст возможность существенно снизить энергозатраты в процессе разделение изотопов. Приведенная оценка магнитного поля на установке свидетельствует о возможности разделения изотопов молибдена и выделения изотопов ⁹⁸Mo и ¹⁰⁰Mo высокой чистоты, необходимых для получения наиболее применяемого в современной медицине генератора ⁹⁹Mo/⁹⁹Tc. 2013 Article Development and creation of the electromagnetic separator for isotope separation in the system of opposing axisymmetric magnetic fields with two field reverses / A.M. Yegorov, A.G. Lymar’, L.I. Nikolaichuk, V.A. Popov, L.A. Bondarenko, A.I. Tutubalin , O.V. Nemashkalo, O.V. Krivchenko // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2013. — № 3. — С. 201-204. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 533.9.01 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/111847 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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DSpace DC |
| language |
English |
| topic |
Ядернo-физические методы и обработка данных Ядернo-физические методы и обработка данных |
| spellingShingle |
Ядернo-физические методы и обработка данных Ядернo-физические методы и обработка данных Yegorov, A.M. Lymar’, A.G. Nikolaichuk, L.I. Popov, V.A. Bondarenko, L.A. Tutubalin, A.I. Nemashkalo, O.V. Krivchenko, O.V. Development and creation of the electromagnetic separator for isotope separation in the system of opposing axisymmetric magnetic fields with two field reverses Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description |
The paper reports the results of work on creation of a setup for isotope separation in the system of opposing axisymmetric magnetic fields with two field reverses. Consideration is given to a real possibility of improving the e±ciency of the electromagnetic separator and its resolving power in the double-reverse magnetic field system. It is demonstrated that the use of the opposing axisymmetric field system may substantially reduce the energy consumption during the process of isotope separation. The estimated magnetic field of the facility attests to a possibility of molybdenum isotope separation and isolation of high-purity ⁹⁸Mo and ¹⁰⁰Mo isotopes required for production of the ⁹⁹Mo/⁹⁹Tc generator, most widely used in modern medicine. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Yegorov, A.M. Lymar’, A.G. Nikolaichuk, L.I. Popov, V.A. Bondarenko, L.A. Tutubalin, A.I. Nemashkalo, O.V. Krivchenko, O.V. |
| author_facet |
Yegorov, A.M. Lymar’, A.G. Nikolaichuk, L.I. Popov, V.A. Bondarenko, L.A. Tutubalin, A.I. Nemashkalo, O.V. Krivchenko, O.V. |
| author_sort |
Yegorov, A.M. |
| title |
Development and creation of the electromagnetic separator for isotope separation in the system of opposing axisymmetric magnetic fields with two field reverses |
| title_short |
Development and creation of the electromagnetic separator for isotope separation in the system of opposing axisymmetric magnetic fields with two field reverses |
| title_full |
Development and creation of the electromagnetic separator for isotope separation in the system of opposing axisymmetric magnetic fields with two field reverses |
| title_fullStr |
Development and creation of the electromagnetic separator for isotope separation in the system of opposing axisymmetric magnetic fields with two field reverses |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Development and creation of the electromagnetic separator for isotope separation in the system of opposing axisymmetric magnetic fields with two field reverses |
| title_sort |
development and creation of the electromagnetic separator for isotope separation in the system of opposing axisymmetric magnetic fields with two field reverses |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| publishDate |
2013 |
| topic_facet |
Ядернo-физические методы и обработка данных |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/111847 |
| citation_txt |
Development and creation of the electromagnetic separator for isotope separation in the system of opposing axisymmetric magnetic fields with two field reverses / A.M. Yegorov, A.G. Lymar’, L.I. Nikolaichuk, V.A. Popov, L.A. Bondarenko, A.I. Tutubalin , O.V. Nemashkalo, O.V. Krivchenko // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2013. — № 3. — С. 201-204. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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| fulltext |
DEVELOPMENT AND CREATION OF THE
ELECTROMAGNETIC SEPARATOR FOR ISOTOPE
SEPARATION IN THE SYSTEM OF OPPOSING
AXISYMMETRIC MAGNETIC FIELDS WITH TWO FIELD
REVERSES
A.M.Yegorov, A.G.Lymar’, L.I.Nikolaichuk ∗, V.A.Popov, L.A.Bondarenko,
A.I.Tutubalin , O.V.Nemashkalo, O.V.Krivchenko
National Science Center ”Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”, 61108, Kharkov, Ukraine
(Received April 5, 2013)
The paper reports the results of work on creation of a setup for isotope separation in the system of opposing
axisymmetric magnetic fields with two field reverses. Consideration is given to a real possibility of improving the
efficiency of the electromagnetic separator and its resolving power in the double-reverse magnetic field system. It is
demonstrated that the use of the opposing axisymmetric field system may substantially reduce the energy consumption
during the process of isotope separation. The estimated magnetic field of the facility attests to a possibility of
molybdenum isotope separation and isolation of high-purity 98Mo and 100Mo isotopes required for production of the
99Mo/99Tc generator, most widely used in modern medicine.
PACS: 533.9.01
The isotope separation is a vital issue, which is of
great scientific and practical importance. This impor-
tance is determined above all by the needs of nuclear
physics and technology. There exist a number of tech-
niques for isotope separation. All of them are based
on differences in the properties of isotopes and their
compounds attributed to difference in their atomic
masses. The isotope separation efficiency is charac-
terized by the separation factor. For most techniques
its value is only slightly greater than unity. And only
at electromagnetic separation the separation factor
varies between 10 and 1000 per separation cycle. The
electromagnetic method makes it possible to separate
any combination of isotopes.
Along with large electromagnetic separation
plants for isotope industry, laboratory separators
have found wide use, as their separation factors are
10 to 100 times higher. The main field of their ap-
plication is the production of small amounts of pure
isotopes for obtaining radioactive isotopes, which are
necessary for nuclear medicine, for studies of ion in-
teraction with solids (at ion implantation), etc.
One of the drawbacks of the electromagnetic
method is a low productivity, which is determined
by both the ion current value and the ion trapping
efficiency.
In order to attain a high spatial separation of iso-
topes, and also, to raise the electromagnetic separator
efficiency, we have developed a setup, which is sup-
posed to separate isotopes using the system of oppos-
ing axisymmetric magnetic fields with two reverses of
the direct-axis component of field.
A high efficiency of the isotope separation tech-
nique in the system of opposing axisymmetric mag-
netic fields, as well as the possibility of attaining a
higher spatial isotope separation with the system as
compared to other methods, were demonstrated in
refs. [1]-[2]. This magnetic system [3] provides an effi-
cient separation of isotopes that may have both small
and rather large (about 200) atomic masses. Besides,
the system makes it possible to separate quite a few
isotopes simultaneously, this being undoubtedly of
practical interest.
The electromagnetic separators with opposing ax-
isymmetric magnetic fields are simple and low-cost
facilities as compared with electromagnetic separa-
tors of ”Calutron” type [2],[3]. The major drawback
of opposing-field separators is their low productiv-
ity because of the use of a point isotope source that
has a small emitting surface. As is known [7], the
productivity and efficiency of the isotope separation
procedure are directly dependent on the ion current
generated in the process of isotope separation, and
the ion current losses due to a variety of reasons.
Our calculations have shown that if the ion source
is displaced by 90◦...180◦, we shall obtain similar
∗Corresponding author E-mail address: nikl@kipt.kharkov.ua
ISSN 1562-6016. PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 2013, N3(85).
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (60), p.201-204.
201
ion trajectories from different positions of the source.
This points to the fact that the ion current can be
significantly increased if a source of hollow ion beams
is used.
So, if the magnetic system with two magnetic field
reverses is used, then, as it follows from ref. [4], with
an increase of ion current in the proposed manner,
the electromagnetic separator efficiency can be ap-
preciably increased. Besides, it has been indicated in
[4] that after the ions undergo two reverses an addi-
tional increase in the isotopic-radius spatial separa-
tion is observed with the result that isotopes of differ-
ent masses become much better separated in space as
compared to the case of ion motion in a single-reverse
system.
In view of the above, with an aim to attain a high
spatial separation of isotopes and to increase the elec-
tromagnetic separator efficiency, we have developed
a setup, which is supposed to separate isotopes with
the use of the system of opposing axisymmetric mag-
netic fields with two reverses of the direct-axis com-
ponent of field. To this end, we have assembled a
magnetic system consisting of five water-cooled elec-
tromagnetic coils, equally spaced on a stainless steel
tube (1), which is about 1 m in length, 0.2 and 0.21 m
in inner and outer diameters, respectively. The coils
are grouped into three solenoids according to the fol-
lowing scheme: 1st solenoid - one coil (2); 2nd solenoid
- three coils (3); 3rd solenoid (4) - one coil. In the first
and third solenoids the electric current directions are
coincident, while the current in the second solenoid
has an opposite direction (Fig. 1). The schematic
diagram of the facility is presented in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of isotope separation facility
The magnetic field of the coil system was calcu-
lated with the use of the SuperFish program. The
computed distribution of magnetic field induction on
the axis is shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Magnetic field induction versus longitudinal coordinate Z
The coils had the following dimensions: 240 mm
and 400 mm for inner and outer diameters, respec-
tively; coil length 80 mm. The spacing between the
coils was chosen to be 40 mm. The coils were powered
from a stabilized dc source.
In the given case the coil current was equal to
80 A. It can be seen from the plot that the peak value
of the magnetic field induction reached > 0.12 T .
The increase in the electromagnetic separator ef-
ficiency and a search for possibilities to reduce the
costs (especially energy cost) of isotope separation
provide a way for electromagnetic separator upgrad-
ing. Considering that during separation of isotopes,
which have mass numbers of about 200, in the sepa-
rator with a nonuniform axisymmetric magnetic field
3/4 of power consumption go for magnetic field ex-
citation (see ref. [6]), the reduction in this part of
energy demands is most essential.
202
The use of opposing axisymmetric magnetic fields
in our case will enable us to reduce substantially the
weight of the magnetic system. Hence, the quantity
of copper, iron needed for the system will be low-
ered by factors of tens to hundreds. As a result, the
chamber volume will be also substantially reduced.
All these factors will appreciably contribute to cost
saving of the whole separator, and also, to the de-
crease in energy demands for the isotope separation.
The cost of isotope separation work will be in this
case an order of magnitude lower than that obtained
with other methods (see ref. [2]).
The analysis of isotope production with electro-
magnetic separators during the period of 1980 to
1990 has shown that separation of thallium, zinc,
nickel and calcium isotopes was done most frequently.
The first two among them are widely used in medi-
cine [7]. Our setup is intended to separate molyb-
denum isotopes to produce stable molybdenum-100
and molybdenum-98 isotopes. Among isotope gen-
erators it is the 99Mo/99mTc generator that is used
most extensively in nuclear medicine. Over 90% of
all diagnostic studies in medical settings are carried
out with the use of 99mTc radioisotope [8].
The 99Mo isotope is generally produced in re-
actors. In recent years, alternative methods of its
production have appeared. The 99Mo and 99mTc
isotopes can be produced in the nuclear reactions
98Mo(p, γ)99mTc and 100Mo(p, 2n)99mTc at the cy-
clotron [8]. The 99mTc isotope can be also pro-
duced by the photonuclear method using the reaction
100Mo(γ, n)99Mo→99mTc.
For nuclear medicine applications, of vital impor-
tance is the purity of the radioisotopes employed for
direct introduction into the human body. The cur-
rent technologies of molybdenum production through
its extraction from the fuel in nuclear reactors are un-
able to separate a certain molybdenum isotope in its
pure form without any other isotopic impurities. In
this connection, for isotope separation and produc-
tion of pure radioisotopes it appears currently cen-
tral to use electromagnetic separators that have op-
posing electromagnetic fields with two field reverses,
as proposed in this work. As is shown in ref. [4], the
magnetic system of the separator consists of three
solenoids (see Fig. 1). In the middle solenoid, the
current flows in the direction opposite to the current
directions in the other solenoids, and has the configu-
ration of the magnetic mirror-type, used in magnetic
traps for plasma confinement. Under certain condi-
tions, the charged particles moving in the trap reflect
from the ”mirrors” [10]. In the electromagnetic sep-
arator, by choosing appropriate ion injection energy
of the isotopes it is possible to create such a situa-
tion, at which the ions having a lower mass than the
lightest isotope has (from among the target isotopes)
will reflect from the ”mirror” and won’t be able to
settle on the collector. This provides a high purity of
the isolated isotopes in comparison with the purity
provided by other separation methods. The electro-
magnetic separator under development is supposed
to be used for separating molybdenum isotopes. The
trajectory calculation of these isotopes shows the pos-
sibility of simultaneous separation of molybdenum-98
and molybdenum-100 isotopes in their pure form, be-
cause the isotopes having a lighter mass will reflect
from the first ”magnetic mirror”.
It has been indicated in ref. [9] that the enriched
100Mo target, 2 cm in diameter and 2 cm in thickness,
will weigh about 60 g. The world market price of 1 g
100Mo amounts to 1000 dollars [9], the price of the
isotope produced in Russia is somewhat lower. This
fact is one of the main disadvantages of 99mTc isotope
production. The estimates of 100Mo production dur-
ing separation of molybdenum isotopes in our elec-
tromagnetic separator through the use of opposing
axisymmetric magnetic fields with two field reverses
encourage us to predict a lower price for 1 gramme
of molybdenum-100.
By our estimates, the magnetic field generated in
our system under creation may attain 0.12 T , this be-
ing sufficient for 100Mo production.
The use of enriched isotopes in various fields of
science and engineering demands a rather high eco-
nomical efficiency in each case. However, their appli-
cation will be substantially restricted by their high
cost [6].
CONCLUSIONS
The undertaken studies lead to the conclusion that
the proposed scheme of the electromagnetic separa-
tor using opposing axisymmetric magnetic fields with
two field reverses can provide a more efficient sepa-
ration of isotopes. The application of the proposed
ring-shaped ion source will substantially increase the
productivity of the electromagnetic separator.
The use of opposing axisymmetric magnetic fields
will make it possible to reduce considerably the mag-
netic system weight.
All the above will appreciably reduce the total
cost of the separator, and also, will reduce power con-
sumption for the isotope separation work, and con-
sequently, will decrease the cost of the isotope sepa-
ration labor. The reported data demonstrate a real
possibility of creating efficient laboratory separators,
which are necessary for production of high-purity iso-
topes in small amounts for nuclear spectroscopy, for
studies on interactions between ions and solids, and
also, for nuclear medicine.
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РАЗРАБОТКА И СОЗДАНИЕ ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНОГО СЕПАРАТОРА
ДЛЯ РАЗДЕЛЕНИЯ ИЗОТОПОВ В СИСТЕМЕ ВСТРЕЧНЫХ
АКСИАЛЬНО-СИММЕТРИЧНЫХ МАГНИТНЫХ ПОЛЕЙ С ДВУМЯ РЕВЕРСАМИ
ПОЛЯ
А.М.Егоров, А.Г.Лымарь, Л.И.Николайчук, В.А.Попов, Л.А.Бондаренко,
А.И.Тутубалин , О.В.Немашкало, О.В.Кривченко
Приводятся результаты работ по созданию установки для разделения изотопов в системе встречных
аксиально-симметричных магнитных полей с двумя реверсами поля. Обсуждается реальная возмож-
ность повышения производительности электромагнитного сепаратора и его разрешающей способно-
сти в системе магнитного поля с двойным реверсом. Показано, что использование системы встречных
аксиально-симметричных полей даст возможность существенно снизить энергозатраты в процессе раз-
деление изотопов. Приведенная оценка магнитного поля на установке свидетельствует о возможности
разделения изотопов молибдена и выделения изотопов 98Mo и 100Mo высокой чистоты, необходимых
для получения наиболее применяемого в современной медицине генератора 99Mo / 99Tc.
РОЗРОБКА I СТВОРЕННЯ ЕЛЕКТРОМАГНIТНОГО СЕПАРАТОРА
ДЛЯ РОЗДIЛЕННЯ IЗОТОПIВ У СИСТЕМI ЗУСТРIЧНИХ
АКСIАЛЬНО-СИМЕТРИЧНИХ МАГНIТНИХ ПОЛIВ З ДВОМА РЕВЕРСАМИ
ПОЛЯ
О.М.Єгоров, А.Г.Лимарь, Л.I.Нiколайчук, В.О.Попов, Л.А.Бондаренко,
А.I.Тутубалiн , О.В.Немашкало, О.В.Крiвченко
Наводяться результати робiт по створенню установки для роздiлення iзотопiв у системi зустрiчних
аксiально-симетричних магнiтних полiв з двома реверсами поля. Обговорюється реальна можливiсть
пiдвищення продуктивностi електромагнiтного сепаратора i його роздiльної здатностi в системi магнiт-
ного поля з подвiйним реверсом. Показано, що використання системи зустрiчних аксiально-симетричних
полiв дасть можливiсть iстотно знизити енерговитрати в процесi роздiлення iзотопiв. Наведена оцiнка
магнiтного поля на установцi свiдчить про можливiсть роздiлення iзотопiв молiбдену i видiлення iзото-
пiв 98Mo i 100Mo високої чистоти, необхiдних для отримання найбiльш вживаного в сучаснiй медицинi
генератора 99Mo/ 99Tc.
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