Influence of Heat Treatment on Spatial Distribution of Chemical Elements in Welding Microalloyed Steels
The effect of isothermal holding of various duration at subcritical temperature on the spatial distribution of main chemical elements in the finally normalized X60, E36, and ASTM A516-65 steels is studied using SEM X-ray microanalysis. Based on results of statistical processing of the local concentr...
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Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України
2015
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irk-123456789-1118902017-01-16T03:03:25Z Influence of Heat Treatment on Spatial Distribution of Chemical Elements in Welding Microalloyed Steels Tkachenko, I.F. Uniyat, M.A. Дефекты кристаллической решётки The effect of isothermal holding of various duration at subcritical temperature on the spatial distribution of main chemical elements in the finally normalized X60, E36, and ASTM A516-65 steels is studied using SEM X-ray microanalysis. Based on results of statistical processing of the local concentrations’ measurements, a quantitative characteristic for inhomogeneity of distribution is proposed. As revealed, the most uniform distribution of the elements is achieved after holding at (710±5)°С during 1—2 hours for X60 and ASTM A516-55 steels, and 4 hours for E36 steel. The obtained results are in agreement with the change in steels microstructure caused by the mentioned heat treatment. Із застосуванням методи рентґеноспектральної аналізи в сканівному електронному мікроскопі вивчено вплив ізотермічної витримки різної тривалости за субкритичної температури на просторовий розподіл основних хемічних елементів у сталях X60, E36, ASTM A516-65 після остаточної нормалізації. На основі результатів статистичного оброблення одержаних даних рентґеноспектральної аналізи запропоновано кількісну характеристику неоднорідности просторового розподілу хемічних елементів. Встановлено, що найбільш однорідний розподіл хемічних елементів досягається після ізотермічної витримки при (710±5)°С тривалістю у 1—2 години для сталей X60, ASTM A516-65 і у 4 години для сталі E36. Одержані результати узгоджуються зі змінами мікроструктури досліджуваних сталей після аналогічних режимів термічного оброблення. С применением метода рентгеноспектрального анализа в сканирующем электронном микроскопе изучено влияние изотермической выдержки различной продолжительности при субкритической температуре на пространственное распределение основных химических элементов в сталях X60, E36, ASTM A516-65 после окончательной нормализации. На основе результатов статистической обработки полученных данных рентгеноспектрального анализа предложена количественная характеристика неоднородности пространственного распределения химических элементов. Было установлено, что наиболее однородное распределение химических элементов достигается после изотермической выдержки при (710±5)°С в течение 1—2 часов для сталей X60, ASTM A516-55 и 4 часов для стали E36. Полученные результаты согласуются с изменениями микроструктуры исследуемых сталей после аналогичных режимов термической обработки. 2015 Article Influence of Heat Treatment on Spatial Distribution of Chemical Elements in Welding Microalloyed Steels / I. F. Tkachenko, M. A. Uniyat // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2015. — Т. 37, № 4. — С. 531-537. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ. 1024-1809 PACS: 61.72.sd, 61.72.sh, 68.35.Dv, 81.20.Vj, 81.40.Ef, 81.70.Jb, 82.80.Ej http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/111890 en Металлофизика и новейшие технологии Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України |
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Дефекты кристаллической решётки Дефекты кристаллической решётки |
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Дефекты кристаллической решётки Дефекты кристаллической решётки Tkachenko, I.F. Uniyat, M.A. Influence of Heat Treatment on Spatial Distribution of Chemical Elements in Welding Microalloyed Steels Металлофизика и новейшие технологии |
| description |
The effect of isothermal holding of various duration at subcritical temperature on the spatial distribution of main chemical elements in the finally normalized X60, E36, and ASTM A516-65 steels is studied using SEM X-ray microanalysis. Based on results of statistical processing of the local concentrations’ measurements, a quantitative characteristic for inhomogeneity of distribution is proposed. As revealed, the most uniform distribution of the elements is achieved after holding at (710±5)°С during 1—2 hours for X60 and ASTM A516-55 steels, and 4 hours for E36 steel. The obtained results are in agreement with the change in steels microstructure caused by the mentioned heat treatment. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Tkachenko, I.F. Uniyat, M.A. |
| author_facet |
Tkachenko, I.F. Uniyat, M.A. |
| author_sort |
Tkachenko, I.F. |
| title |
Influence of Heat Treatment on Spatial Distribution of Chemical Elements in Welding Microalloyed Steels |
| title_short |
Influence of Heat Treatment on Spatial Distribution of Chemical Elements in Welding Microalloyed Steels |
| title_full |
Influence of Heat Treatment on Spatial Distribution of Chemical Elements in Welding Microalloyed Steels |
| title_fullStr |
Influence of Heat Treatment on Spatial Distribution of Chemical Elements in Welding Microalloyed Steels |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Influence of Heat Treatment on Spatial Distribution of Chemical Elements in Welding Microalloyed Steels |
| title_sort |
influence of heat treatment on spatial distribution of chemical elements in welding microalloyed steels |
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Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України |
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2015 |
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Дефекты кристаллической решётки |
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http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/111890 |
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Influence of Heat Treatment on Spatial Distribution of Chemical Elements in Welding Microalloyed Steels / I. F. Tkachenko, M. A. Uniyat // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2015. — Т. 37, № 4. — С. 531-537. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ. |
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Металлофизика и новейшие технологии |
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531
PACS numbers: 61.72.sd, 61.72.sh,68.35.Dv,81.20.Vj,81.40.Ef,81.70.Jb, 82.80.Ej
Influence of Heat Treatment on Spatial Distribution
of Chemical Elements in Welding Microalloyed Steels
I. F. Tkachenko and M. A. Uniyat
Pryazovskyi State Technical University,
Department of Materials Science,
Universytets’ka Str., 7,
87500 Mariupol, Ukraine
The effect of isothermal holding of various duration at subcritical tempera-
ture on the spatial distribution of main chemical elements in the finally nor-
malized X60, E36, and ASTM A516-65 steels is studied using SEM X-ray mi-
croanalysis. Based on results of statistical processing of the local concentra-
tions’ measurements, a quantitative characteristic for inhomogeneity of dis-
tribution is proposed. As revealed, the most uniform distribution of the ele-
ments is achieved after holding at (7105)С during 1—2 hours for X60 and
ASTM A516-55 steels, and 4 hours for E36 steel. The obtained results are in
agreement with the change in steels microstructure caused by the mentioned
heat treatment.
Із застосуванням методи рентґеноспектральної аналізи в сканівному еле-
ктронному мікроскопі вивчено вплив ізотермічної витримки різної три-
валости за субкритичної температури на просторовий розподіл основних
хемічних елементів у сталях X60, E36, ASTM A516-65 після остаточної
нормалізації. На основі результатів статистичного оброблення одержаних
даних рентґеноспектральної аналізи запропоновано кількісну характери-
стику неоднорідности просторового розподілу хемічних елементів. Вста-
новлено, що найбільш однорідний розподіл хемічних елементів досяга-
ється після ізотермічної витримки при (7105)С тривалістю у 1—2 години
для сталей X60, ASTM A516-65 і у 4 години для сталі E36. Одержані ре-
зультати узгоджуються зі змінами мікроструктури досліджуваних сталей
після аналогічних режимів термічного оброблення.
С применением метода рентгеноспектрального анализа в сканирующем
электронном микроскопе изучено влияние изотермической выдержки
различной продолжительности при субкритической температуре на про-
странственное распределение основных химических элементов в сталях
X60, E36, ASTM A516-65 после окончательной нормализации. На основе
результатов статистической обработки полученных данных рентгено-
Металлофиз. новейшие технол. / Metallofiz. Noveishie Tekhnol.
2015, т. 37, № 4, сс. 531—537
Оттиски доступны непосредственно от издателя
Фотокопирование разрешено только
в соответствии с лицензией
2015 ИМФ (Институт металлофизики
им. Г. В. Курдюмова НАН Украины)
Напечатано в Украине.
532 I. F. TKACHENKO and M. A. UNIAYT
спектрального анализа предложена количественная характеристика не-
однородности пространственного распределения химических элементов.
Было установлено, что наиболее однородное распределение химических
элементов достигается после изотермической выдержки при (7105)С в
течение 1—2 часов для сталей X60, ASTM A516-55 и 4 часов для стали E36.
Полученные результаты согласуются с изменениями микроструктуры
исследуемых сталей после аналогичных режимов термической обработки.
Key words: spatial distribution of chemical elements, microalloyed steel,
heat treatment, X-ray microanalysis.
(Received December 19, 2014; in final version, January 28, 2015)
1. INTRODUCTION
As of now, low-carbon microalloyed steels are the main type of materi-
als for production of sheet and profiled steels for different purposes
for application in civil engineering, shipbuilding, production of tubes
for oil and gas pipelines [1]. Modern steels of this type are character-
ized by a high potential of operation properties, however, there are
many problems, which arise during their production and cause corre-
sponding types of embrittlement.
One of the most extended types of such embrittlement is connected
with an inhomogeneous spatial distribution of structural components
such as perlite colonies and particles of strengthening phases [2]. Well-
known reason for formation of heterogeneities of microstructure is
dendrite liquation, which causes formation of ferrite-perlite streaki-
ness, which, in turn, induces anisotropy of mechanical properties, re-
duces strength level, decreases brittle fracture strength, causes prem-
ature localization of plastic flow, which results in decrease of the com-
plex of operation parameters in the weld zone [3].
There is a number of production processes for thermic and thermo-
mechanical treatments of steels, which make possible various types of
the structural inhomogeneity [4]. At the same time, these technolo-
gies, including diffusion annealing, do not provide homogeneous dis-
tribution of chemical elements, particularly, because of interaction of
their atoms with austenitic grain boundaries at high temperatures. In
addition, methods of reliable quantitative estimation of the degree of
homogeneity of the spatial distribution of chemical elements do not
exist by now.
Obviously, formation of homogeneous distribution of chemical ele-
ments, especially Mn, V, C, Ti, Al, S, P, will promote essential increase
and stabilization of rolled products quality due to homogeneous distri-
bution of disperse structural component (colonies of perlite-like com-
ponents) and particles of hardening phases (carbides, nitrides, and
carbon nitrides) [5—9].
INFLUENCE OF TREATMENT ON DISTRIBUTION OF ELEMENTS IN STEELS 533
The goal of this work is development of the method for reliable
quantitative characteristic of the degree of homogeneity of chemical
elements distribution in microalloyed steels and investigation of the
impact of thermal treatment on the developed parameter.
2. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE
Investigations are performed on the waste of specimens for mechanical
testing, chosen from sheet products of X60 steel after controlled roll-
ing, steels E36 and ASTM A516-65 in hot-rolled state. The specified
treatments for each steel, which was performed under industrial con-
ditions, are noted below as Treatment No. 1.
All investigation steels in the form of a card with dimensions of
20010018 mm3
were also subjected to the thermal treatment under
semi-industrial conditions and investigation conditions. Complex
thermic treatment, which includes isothermal holding at 710С during
one hour (Treatment No. 2), two hours (Treatment No. 3), and four
hours (Treatment No. 4) with further normalization at optimal tem-
perature of (7105)С for each investigated steel is used as such inves-
tigation conditions.
After thermic treatment under investigation conditions, specimens
were cut out from the feedworks, and standard testing of their me-
chanical properties was carried out with further investigation of the
degree of inhomogeneity of the chemical elements distribution. This
investigation was performed using JSM-6490LV (Japan) scanning
electron microscope with INCA Penta FETx3 (OXFORD Instruments)
energy-dispersion attachment.
Local concentrations of the main chemical elements (C, Mn, Si, V,
Gr, Ti, S, P, Mo, Ni, Al, Cu, Nb, Mg) in the investigated steels were de-
Fig. 1. Typical area of ASTM A516-55 steel microstructure in as-rolled condition
with the points for measurement of local chemical elements concentrations.
534 I. F. TKACHENKO and M. A. UNIAYT
termined in different points on the surface of a microslice (see Fig. 1).
Investigated points were located in the form of rectangular network
with a step between points, which exceeded typical dimension of the
structural components.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results of the measurements of local concentrations of the chemical
elements were treated according to the technique of two-factor disper-
sion analysis. Average dispersion by colons and lines were determined
within the limits of the specified network, which intercross under dif-
ferent angles in order to exclude possible impact of orientation of co-
lons and rows on the degree of inhomogeneity of concentrations distri-
bution. After that, Fisher’s criterion (F) for each chemical element was
calculated as ratio of average dispersions of its concentrations in co-
lons and rows. With consideration of corresponding degree of freedom,
Fcr was found by Fisher—Snedecor distribution and obtained values of F
and Fcr were compared under conditions of 95% confidence coefficient
[10]. According to principles of dispersion analysis, ratio of F/Fcr ≥ 1
attests to statistically significant difference of concentrations of
chemical elements under investigation in different directions in space.
It is proposed to use the value of H F/Fcr as quantitative parameter of
the degree of inhomogeneity of spatial distribution of the chemical el-
ements, which is statistically significant at Н 1 and Р 5%.
Data for investigated steels concerning chemical elements, inhomo-
geneity of which substantially changes under influence of thermic
treatment are shown in Figs. 2—4. For the rest of chemical elements
such changes are not detected, that testifies to conservation of initial
character of the spatial distribution under investigated conditions of
their thermal treatment.
The impact of conditions of the thermal treatment on the degree of
inhomogeneity of the chemical elements distribution in X60 steel is
shown in Fig. 2. To begin with, it should be noted that substantial
changes in character of spatial distributions of the following elements:
С, Mn, S, Al, Mo, V, Ni, Cu under investigated conditions of the ther-
mal treatment are observed. As we can see, in the initial state (Treat-
ment No. 1) X60 steel is characterized by exclusively inhomogeneous
distribution of all main chemical elements: Н 1. The distribution of
such elements as S, Mo, Mn, C: Н(S) 1.8, Н(Mo) 1.7, Н(Mn) 1.6,
Н(C) 1.5. Performance of the heat treatment under Treatment No. 2
resulted in substantial decrease of Н 1. The distribution of such ele-
ments as S, Mo, Mn, C: Н(S) 1.8, Н(Mo) 1.7, Н(Mn) 1.6, Н(C)
1.5. Fulfilment of the thermal treatment under Treatment No. 2 con-
dition resulted in substantial decrease of Н 1, in other words, in in-
crease of homogeneity of the most part of the investigated elements.
INFLUENCE OF TREATMENT ON DISTRIBUTION OF ELEMENTS IN STEELS 535
From now on, after the heat treatment under Treatment No. 3 condi-
tions, the substantial step-wise change of the inhomogeneity factor H
is observed. Vanadium has the utmost inhomogeneous spatial distribu-
tion under the given condition: H 3.4, and Al has the utmost homo-
geneous one: H 0.7.
During the investigation of the impact of the thermal treatment
condition on the character of the chemical elements concentration in
the E36 steel, the corresponding substantial changes for the following
elements were determined: С, Mn, S, Al, Ni, Cr (see Fig. 3).
As seen, in the initial hot-rolled state (Treatment No. 1), E36 steel
has persistently high values of H factor for all investigated chemical
elements, which points on their extremely inhomogeneous space dis-
tribution. Maximal H value is observed for C: H(C) 14.8, which cor-
responds to a high grade of ferrite-perlite stratification [6]. After the
fulfilment of the investigation heat treatment under Treatment No. 2,
Fig. 3. Influence of the thermal processing modes on the non-uniformity coef-
ficient H for the considered chemical elements in E36 steel.
Fig. 2. Influence of the preliminary thermal processing on the non-uniformity
coefficient H for the considered chemical elements in X60 steel.
536 I. F. TKACHENKO and M. A. UNIAYT
changes were observed in the distribution of Mn concentrations distri-
bution: value of H decreased from 7.4 to 1.2. The inhomogeneity factor
H for the rest of the chemical elements conserved on the almost initial
level. Results, obtained after the fulfilment of the heat treatment un-
der Treatment No. 3 are close for the majority of the elements: Н 1.
Based on the presented data, one can conclude that practically homo-
geneous concentration distribution of Al, S, and Ni after the heat
treatment under Treatment No. 3 in the E36 steel takes place. At the
same time, the completely homogeneous distribution is not achieved
for Mn and C. Alongside with that, taking into account the observed
tendency, one can expect the formation of the specified distribution at
more long-termed holding.
For the ASTM A516-65 steel under the investigation conditions,
changes in the character of the spatial distribution are observed for the
following elements: Cu, Mn, P, and Si. As seen from Fig. 4, in the ini-
tial state (Treatment No. 1), the ASTM A516-65 steel is characterized
by the inhomogeneous distribution of all investigated chemical ele-
ments: Н 1. The most inhomogeneous distribution takes place for C:
H(C) 1.6. Further increase of the holding duration to two hours does
not result practically in the change of the achieved homogeneous dis-
tribution of the chemical elements. Increase of the holding duration
until four hours (Treatment No. 4) leads to the dehomogenization of
the chemical elements distribution of Mn and P and its conservation
for C and Si. The data obtained verify the results of the metallographic
investigations [5].
4. CONCLUSIONS
1. The quantitative characteristic of the degree of inhomogeneity of
the space distribution of the chemical elements in steels, which is based
Fig. 4. Influence of the preliminary thermal processing on the non-uniformity
coefficient H for the considered chemical elements in ASTM A516-55 steel.
INFLUENCE OF TREATMENT ON DISTRIBUTION OF ELEMENTS IN STEELS 537
on the results of the statistical processing of the X-ray spectral meas-
urements of the local concentrations in different directions on the sur-
face of the microslice, is proposed.
2. The possibility of the formation of completely homogeneous distri-
bution of the chemical elements in microalloyed welding steels after
isothermal holding of various durations at subcritical temperatures is
established.
3. The preservation of the achieved homogeneous character of the dis-
tribution during the final normalization of the steel takes place.
4. Obtained results are in agreement with the changes in the character
of the microstructures of the investigated steels after heat treatment
under similar operation modes.
REFERENCES
1. S. N. Golovanenko and N. M. Fonshtein, Two-Phase Low Alloyed Steels
(Moscow: Metallurgiya: 1986) (in Russian).
2. E. Hornbogen, Statistical Strength and the Steels Fracture Mechanics
(Moscow: Metallurgiya: 1986), p. 165 (Russian translation).
3. I. F. Tkachenko and K. I. Tkachenko, Newsletter of the Priazov State Technical
University: Collection of Research Papers, Iss. 12: 90 (2002) (in Russian).
4. I. F. Tkachenko, Newsletter of the Priazov State Technical University:
Collection of Research Papers, Iss. 10: 100 (2000) (in Russian).
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University: Collection of Research Papers, Iss. 20: 105 (2010) (in Ukrainian).
6. I. F. Tkachenko and M. A. Uniyat, Newsletter of the Priazov State Technical
University: Collection of Research Papers, Iss. 24: 86 (2012) (in Ukrainian).
7. Method of the Heat Treatment of Metal Products from Structural Alloyed
Steels, Patent of Ukraine No. 65944 (МПК C 21 D 1/00) (in Ukrainian).
8. Method of the Complex Heat Treatment of Metal Products from Alloyed Steels,
Patent of Ukraine No. 75610 (МПК C 21 D 1/00) (in Ukrainian).
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Steels, Patent of Ukraine No. 83059 (МПК C 21 D 1/00) (in Ukrainian).
10. V. E. Gmurman, Theory of Probabilities and Mathematical Statistics: Tutorial
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/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
>>
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(Common)
(1.0)
]
/OtherNamespaces [
<<
/AsReaderSpreads false
/CropImagesToFrames true
/ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
/FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
/IncludeGuidesGrids false
/IncludeNonPrinting false
/IncludeSlug false
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(InDesign)
(4.0)
]
/OmitPlacedBitmaps false
/OmitPlacedEPS false
/OmitPlacedPDF false
/SimulateOverprint /Legacy
>>
<<
/AddBleedMarks false
/AddColorBars false
/AddCropMarks false
/AddPageInfo false
/AddRegMarks false
/ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
/DestinationProfileName ()
/DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/Downsample16BitImages true
/FlattenerPreset <<
/PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>>
/FormElements false
/GenerateStructure false
/IncludeBookmarks false
/IncludeHyperlinks false
/IncludeInteractive false
/IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(CreativeSuite)
(2.0)
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice
|