Structural Modification of AD-1 Aluminium Alloy by the Method of Cold Rolling with Shift
The method of rolling with shift in comb-shaped calibres for a bar is developed in order to create the conditions of severe deformation in the processed AD-1 aluminium alloy. The method provides formation of a structural state with the controlled fraction of nanostructure. As shown, the rolling with...
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| Cite this: | Structural Modification of AD-1 Aluminium Alloy by the Method of Cold Rolling with Shift / V. M. Varyukhin, O. G. Pashinska, V. M. Tkachenko, V. V. Burkhovetskii, A. V. Zavdoveev // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2015. — Т. 37, № 4. — С. 571-579. — Бібліогр.: 21 назв. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-1119102017-01-16T03:03:40Z Structural Modification of AD-1 Aluminium Alloy by the Method of Cold Rolling with Shift Varyukhin, V.M. Pashinska, O.G. Tkachenko, V.M. Burkhovetskii, V.V. Zavdoveev, A.V. Физика прочности и пластичности The method of rolling with shift in comb-shaped calibres for a bar is developed in order to create the conditions of severe deformation in the processed AD-1 aluminium alloy. The method provides formation of a structural state with the controlled fraction of nanostructure. As shown, the rolling with shift results in intensive fragmentation of the structure and reduction of the anisotropy of the material properties in different sections of the billet, as compared to the conventional rolling. Розвинуто методу вальцювання зі зсувом у калібрах з гребінчастою поверхнею для смуги, що уможливлює створити умови інтенсивної деформації в оброблюваному алюмінійовому стопі АД-1. Метода забезпечує формування структурного стану з реґульованою часткою наноструктури. Показано, що вальцювання зі зсувом спричиняє інтенсивну фраґментацію структури і зниження анізотропії властивостей матеріялу в різних перетинах заготівки в порівнянні з прокаткою за стандартною технологією. Развит метод прокатки со сдвигом в калибрах с гребенчатой поверхностью для полосы, что позволяет создать условия интенсивной деформации в обрабатываемом алюминиевом сплаве АД-1. Метод обеспечивает формирование структурного состояния с регулируемой долей наноструктуры. Показано, что прокатка со сдвигом приводит к интенсивной фрагментации структуры и снижению анизотропии свойств материала в разных сечениях заготовки в сравнении с прокаткой по стандартной технологии. 2015 Article Structural Modification of AD-1 Aluminium Alloy by the Method of Cold Rolling with Shift / V. M. Varyukhin, O. G. Pashinska, V. M. Tkachenko, V. V. Burkhovetskii, A. V. Zavdoveev // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2015. — Т. 37, № 4. — С. 571-579. — Бібліогр.: 21 назв. — англ. 1024-1809 PACS: 61.72.Ff, 61.72.Hh, 61.72.Mm, 62.20.F-, 62.23.St, 81.20.Hy, 83.50.Uv http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/111910 en Металлофизика и новейшие технологии Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України |
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Физика прочности и пластичности Физика прочности и пластичности |
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Физика прочности и пластичности Физика прочности и пластичности Varyukhin, V.M. Pashinska, O.G. Tkachenko, V.M. Burkhovetskii, V.V. Zavdoveev, A.V. Structural Modification of AD-1 Aluminium Alloy by the Method of Cold Rolling with Shift Металлофизика и новейшие технологии |
| description |
The method of rolling with shift in comb-shaped calibres for a bar is developed in order to create the conditions of severe deformation in the processed AD-1 aluminium alloy. The method provides formation of a structural state with the controlled fraction of nanostructure. As shown, the rolling with shift results in intensive fragmentation of the structure and reduction of the anisotropy of the material properties in different sections of the billet, as compared to the conventional rolling. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Varyukhin, V.M. Pashinska, O.G. Tkachenko, V.M. Burkhovetskii, V.V. Zavdoveev, A.V. |
| author_facet |
Varyukhin, V.M. Pashinska, O.G. Tkachenko, V.M. Burkhovetskii, V.V. Zavdoveev, A.V. |
| author_sort |
Varyukhin, V.M. |
| title |
Structural Modification of AD-1 Aluminium Alloy by the Method of Cold Rolling with Shift |
| title_short |
Structural Modification of AD-1 Aluminium Alloy by the Method of Cold Rolling with Shift |
| title_full |
Structural Modification of AD-1 Aluminium Alloy by the Method of Cold Rolling with Shift |
| title_fullStr |
Structural Modification of AD-1 Aluminium Alloy by the Method of Cold Rolling with Shift |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Structural Modification of AD-1 Aluminium Alloy by the Method of Cold Rolling with Shift |
| title_sort |
structural modification of ad-1 aluminium alloy by the method of cold rolling with shift |
| publisher |
Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України |
| publishDate |
2015 |
| topic_facet |
Физика прочности и пластичности |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/111910 |
| citation_txt |
Structural Modification of AD-1 Aluminium Alloy by the Method of Cold Rolling with Shift / V. M. Varyukhin, O. G. Pashinska, V. M. Tkachenko, V. V. Burkhovetskii, A. V. Zavdoveev // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2015. — Т. 37, № 4. — С. 571-579. — Бібліогр.: 21 назв. — англ. |
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Металлофизика и новейшие технологии |
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571
PACS numbers:61.72.Ff, 61.72.Hh,61.72.Mm,62.20.F-,62.23.St,81.20.Hy, 83.50.Uv
Structural Modification of AD-1 Aluminium Alloy
by the Method of Cold Rolling with Shift
V. M. Varyukhin, O. G. Pashinska, V. M. Tkachenko,
V. V. Burkhovetskii, and A. V. Zavdoveev
O. O. Galkin Donetsk Physicotechnical Institute, N.A.S. of Ukraine,
72 Rosa Luksemburg Str.,
83114 Donetsk, Ukraine
The method of rolling with shift in comb-shaped calibres for a bar is devel-
oped in order to create the conditions of severe deformation in the processed
AD-1 aluminium alloy. The method provides formation of a structural state
with the controlled fraction of nanostructure. As shown, the rolling with
shift results in intensive fragmentation of the structure and reduction of the
anisotropy of the material properties in different sections of the billet, as
compared to the conventional rolling.
Розвинуто методу вальцювання зі зсувом у калібрах з гребінчастою пове-
рхнею для смуги, що уможливлює створити умови інтенсивної деформа-
ції в оброблюваному алюмінійовому стопі АД-1. Метода забезпечує фор-
мування структурного стану з реґульованою часткою наноструктури. По-
казано, що вальцювання зі зсувом спричиняє інтенсивну фраґментацію
структури і зниження анізотропії властивостей матеріялу в різних пере-
тинах заготівки в порівнянні з прокаткою за стандартною технологією.
Развит метод прокатки со сдвигом в калибрах с гребенчатой поверхно-
стью для полосы, что позволяет создать условия интенсивной деформации
в обрабатываемом алюминиевом сплаве АД-1. Метод обеспечивает фор-
мирование структурного состояния с регулируемой долей наноструктуры.
Показано, что прокатка со сдвигом приводит к интенсивной фрагмента-
ции структуры и снижению анизотропии свойств материала в разных се-
чениях заготовки в сравнении с прокаткой по стандартной технологии.
Key words: structure, anisotropy, severe plastic deformation, rolling, EBSD-
analysis, aluminium alloy.
(Received November 9, 2014; in final version, December 8, 2014)
Металлофиз. новейшие технол. / Metallofiz. Noveishie Tekhnol.
2015, т. 37, № 4, сс. 571—579
Оттиски доступны непосредственно от издателя
Фотокопирование разрешено только
в соответствии с лицензией
2015 ИМФ (Институт металлофизики
им. Г. В. Курдюмова НАН Украины)
Напечатано в Украине.
572 V. M. VARYUKHIN, O. G. PASHINSKA, V. M. TKACHENKO et al.
1. INTRODUCTION
Scientific centres of the USA, Germany, Russia, and Ukraine take
leading positions in the world on research and development of struc-
tural modification of promising and functional structural materials.
For the purpose to enhance physical and mechanical characteristics of
materials, the considerable attention is paid to a problem of producing
of materials with the changed ratio hardness—plasticity by means of
methods of an intensive plastic deformation (IPD). In these latter days,
IPD methods are widely applied for the solution to this problem by an
equal channel angular pressing [1—5], a screw extrusion [6—9], rolling
[10], etc. [1, 11, 12]. However, until now, the problem of production of
materials with new properties in mass amounts for application in the
industry is not solved.
For production of materials with the changed ratio of strength and
plastic properties and a controlled fraction of a nanostructure, authors
of Refs. [13—19] develop the combined methods of deformation treat-
ment. These combined treatments superimpose the shift component of
deformation. In this paper, the new method of rolling with shift for the
bar or foil production is considered. The developed method of rolling
with shift represents an advanced standard rolling practice, in which
due to an additional overflow of metal crosswise (concerning an axis of
rolling) additional shift stresses appear.
The investigations performed in this work are pointed at detection
of effects of structural modification of the aluminium alloy after roll-
ing with shift and study of physical-mechanical properties of the mate-
rial. Determination of regularities of formation of the structurally
modified state in the aluminium alloy by application of rolling with
shift, in comparison with the traditional procedure is also of interest.
2. MATERIAL AND EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE
Samples from the AD-1 aluminium alloy of the following chemical
composition: Al–min 99.3%, Si–up to 0.3%, Fe–up to 0.3%, Cu–
up to 0.05%, Mn–up to 0.025%, Mg–up to 0.05%, Zn–up to 0.1%,
and Ti–up to 0.15% are applied in the capacity of the investigated
material. Samples for investigation represent the bar produced after
rolling. The cast rod of 25 mm in diameter, annealed at the tempera-
ture of 673 K within 1 hour served as a rolling billet. The initial size of
grain before rolling was 15 microns.
For production of a bar, rolling was fulfilled in calibres with a comb
surface at the temperature of 300 K. The part blank was multiply de-
formed in systems of calibres that had allowed realizing dislocation
modification for formation of structure with the changed relation
hardness—plasticity. Rolling was carried out on a rolling mill 100. The
STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION OF AD-1 Al ALLOY BY THE COLD ROLLING 573
nominal diameter of a barrel of rolls is 100 mm, barrel width–200
mm, a material of rolls–steel 45, HRC 25—30. The rolling speed on the
mill was controlled from 0 to 0.2 m/s (rolls rotated with rotation rate
from 0 to 40 rpm). Engine capacity is 1.5 kW. Rotation transfer to
rolls was carried out through a gearbox and a pinion stand.
Rolling for bar production was fulfilled by two regimes. The first
regime was carried out according to standard techniques on flat rolls.
The second regime was performed according to techniques of defor-
mation with shift with serial use of rolls with longitudinal grooves and
flat rolls.
Microscopic structure of the annealed and deformed samples was
investigated with use of raster-type electron microscope JSM-6490LV
by the method of diffraction of back reflected electrons (EBSD-
analysis). The quantitative estimation of grain sizes and their frag-
ments was performed on the samples, which have been cut out in a roll-
ing plane. The sample preparation was carried out on the standard pro-
cedure. The solution on the basis of phosphoric acid, chromic anhy-
dride and distilled water was applied for electropolishing.
Microhardness was measured using PMT-3 device with diamond py-
ramidal indenter. The measuring error comprised 5%.
The measurements of samples density was performed by the method
of volume determination by Archimedes’ principle using AX-200
scales of Shimadzu firm.
3. EXPERIMENYAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Investigations of structure and properties of the aluminium alloy were
carried out in the initial annealed state, after rolling with shift and af-
ter rolling by the standard techniques. In Figure 1, EBSD-charts of
crystallographic orientations of building blocks of the aluminium alloy
after different types of treatment are presented.
In an initial state, the aluminium alloy is characterized by equiaxial
Fig. 1. EBSD-charts of crystallographic orientations of the building blocks of
the aluminium alloy after annealing (a), rolling by the standard techniques
(b), and the rolling with shift (c).
574 V. M. VARYUKHIN, O. G. PASHINSKA, V. M. TKACHENKO et al.
grain structure with the medium size of 15 microns. Grains of the ma-
terial do not have preferred crystallography orientation.
At rolling by the standard techniques, the shape of grains varies in
accordance with the applied load axis. Grains are drawn down in a roll-
ing direction and reduce their sizes in width. The length of grains
makes 27.5 microns, and their width makes 3.6 microns. Building
blocks get preferential crystallographic orientation; the most part of
them is oriented by planes {101} in parallel with the rolling plane.
Introduction of an additional shifting at the rolling with shift pro-
motes decrease of the structure anisotropy. Grains become less stretch-
ing down (average length of grains is 16.9 microns) and wider (average
size in width is 4.8 microns). Small equiaxial grains appear with the
average length of 1.8 microns, which are concentrated in deformation
bands. In comparison with rolling by the standard techniques, a num-
ber of the building blocks in the material with planes {101}, located in
parallel with the rolling plane, is decreased. More grains with other
crystallographic orientations are observed.
The analysis of texture of the aluminium alloy has shown decrease of
anisotropy of crystallographic orientations of crystallites at the roll-
ing with shift, in comparison with rolling by the standard techniques
(see Fig. 2). In the samples deformed by the rolling at the standard
techniques, distribution of directions on inverse pole figures are con-
centrated near projection of planes {101} (see Fig. 2, a). At the rolling
with shift, the intensity of the textural maximums decreases approxi-
mately twice and the texture degradation takes place (see Fig. 2, b).
In Figure 3, distribution of boundaries of building blocks of the al-
uminium alloy depending on the treatment type is shown. Boundaries
of building blocks with small-angle disorientation (15) are marked by
grey lines; black lines correspond to high-angle grain boundaries (15—
60). The analysis of boundaries of the building blocks of the material
Fig. 2. Inverse pole figures for the aluminium alloy after rolling by the stand-
ard techniques (a) and the rolling with shift (b).
STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION OF AD-1 Al ALLOY BY THE COLD ROLLING 575
after the rolling with shift has shown that inside of grains surrounded
by high-angle grain boundaries the considerable quantity of unclosed
small-angle boundaries is present in addition to boundaries of sub-
grains (see Fig. 3, c). It testifies that during the rolling with shift the
redistribution of dislocations takes place; therefore, dislocations are
up-built in dislocation walls. Dislocation walls can transform in small-
angle boundaries under condition of the further accumulation of dislo-
cations and their ordering.
After the rolling with shift, more equiaxial fine grains are formed in
the structure, than at the rolling by the standard techniques (see Fig.
3, b). In main, these grains are surrounded by the high-angle bounda-
ries.
During the deformation treatment, formation of fine grains with
the average size of 1.8 microns takes place at a fragmentation of bigger
grains. The fragmentation of the coarse grains is carried out due to ac-
cumulation of dislocations and their reorganization into dislocation
substructures. These substructures break down coarse grains into
cells, disoriented from each other by some angles. The more disloca-
tions are contained within boundaries of the cells, the bigger angle of
disorientation among cells takes place [20]. The grains formed due to
fragmentation have the deformed crystal lattice and can contain a dis-
location substructure (see Fig. 4 (are selected by grey and light grey
colour)).
Development of relaxation processes during deformation, such as a
dynamic recrystallization [14, 21] can be another reason for appear-
ance of fine grains. In this case, grains with a size less than 4 m are
formed, which are surrounded by the high-angle boundaries and do not
contain the dislocation substructure inside (Fig. 4, a, b (are selected by
dark grey colour)).
By means of the EBSD-analysis, the estimate of the structural con-
dition of grains of the aluminium alloy depending on the treatment
type (see Fig. 5) is performed. The obtained data confirm a hypothesis
Fig. 3. EBSD charts of distribution of building blocks boundaries of the alu-
minium alloy after annealing (a), rolling by the standard techniques (b) and
the rolling with shift (c).
576 V. M. VARYUKHIN, O. G. PASHINSKA, V. M. TKACHENKO et al.
concerning the development of relaxation processes.
In comparison with rolling by the standard techniques, at the rolling
with shift, the number of recrystallized grains is doubled, the number
of fragmented grains increases at 1.25 times, and the number of
polygonised grains decreases in 1.1 times. It means that the structure
of the material after deformation with adding of the shift component
has more perfect structure than the structure produced by the stand-
ard treatment schema.
More intensive development of relaxation processes at the rolling
with shift results in decrease of a number of defects in the material,
which are formed during deformation. As a result, the material has
higher value of density than after rolling by the standard techniques
(see Fig. 6).
Fig. 5. Quantitative analysis of recrystallized grains (1), polygonised grains
(2), and fragment grains (3) after the rolling by the standard techniques
(white) and the rolling with shift (grey).
Fig. 4. EBSD charts of the structural condition of grains of the aluminium
alloy after the rolling by the standard techniques (a) and the rolling with shift
(b). Light grey–polygonised grains, grey–fragmented grains, dark grey–
recrystallized grains.
STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION OF AD-1 Al ALLOY BY THE COLD ROLLING 577
In Figure 7, values of the microhardness of the aluminium alloy are
presented at different types of treatment for cross-sections of the
samples, which are parallel and perpendicular to the rolling direction.
In the cross-section, perpendicular to a deformation direction, for the
rolling with shift values of the microhardness are higher than values
for the standard rolling. In the cross-section parallel to the rolling di-
rection, values of the microhardness are higher for the material treat-
ed by the standard rolling.
As a result, the samples deformed by different types of rolling, have
about equal average value of the microhardness on all cross-sections.
However, at the rolling with shift the decrease of the microhardness
Fig. 6. Aluminium alloy density in the initial state (1), after rolling by the
standard techniques (2), and the rolling with shift (3).
Fig. 7. The aluminium alloy microhardness in the initial state (1), after rolling
by the standard techniques (2) and the rolling with shift (3) in cross-sections,
perpendicular (white) and parallel (grey) to the rolling direction.
578 V. M. VARYUKHIN, O. G. PASHINSKA, V. M. TKACHENKO et al.
anisotropy is observed. At this type of deformation, samples have a
smaller difference between values of the microhardness in different
cross-sections, in comparison with rolling by the standard techniques.
4. CONCLUSIONS
It is shown that the formation of structure of the aluminium alloy at
cold rolling with shift proceeds under the influence of processes of the
fragmentation, polygonization, and dynamic recrystallization. It re-
sults in formation of a structure of the mixed type, consisting of
grains of several types: small fragment grains with high-angle bound-
aries and high density of dislocations in a body of grain, small recrys-
tallized grains with high-angle boundaries and the small dislocation
density in the grain body, and large polygonised grains with the aver-
age dislocation density.
Introduction of the additional shifting at the rolling results in the
intensive fragmentation of the structure and promotes development of
relaxation processes of the dynamic recrystallization type during de-
formation. Development of this mechanism results in the growth of the
number of recrystallized grains and to higher density of the material
in comparison with the standard techniques.
Decrease of the intensity of crystallographic texture and its diffu-
sion in the aluminium alloy deformed by the rolling with shift, pro-
motes decrease of anisotropy of properties of the material in different
cross-sections of the billet, in comparison with the rolling by the
standard techniques.
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/HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke. Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
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/NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
>>
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(Common)
(1.0)
]
/OtherNamespaces [
<<
/AsReaderSpreads false
/CropImagesToFrames true
/ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
/FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
/IncludeGuidesGrids false
/IncludeNonPrinting false
/IncludeSlug false
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(InDesign)
(4.0)
]
/OmitPlacedBitmaps false
/OmitPlacedEPS false
/OmitPlacedPDF false
/SimulateOverprint /Legacy
>>
<<
/AddBleedMarks false
/AddColorBars false
/AddCropMarks false
/AddPageInfo false
/AddRegMarks false
/ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
/DestinationProfileName ()
/DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/Downsample16BitImages true
/FlattenerPreset <<
/PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>>
/FormElements false
/GenerateStructure false
/IncludeBookmarks false
/IncludeHyperlinks false
/IncludeInteractive false
/IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(CreativeSuite)
(2.0)
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice
|