Burning modes of dc low pressure discharge with a transverse constriction
This paper reports the current-voltage characteristics (CVCs) of dc discharge in different modes of burning we registered for several values of the transverse constriction diameter in a broad nitrogen pressure range. Existence conditions for normal and abnormal modes are determined. The CVCs are sho...
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
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| Цитувати: | Burning modes of dc low pressure discharge with a transverse constriction / V.A. Lisovskiy, P.A. Ogloblina, V.D. Yegorenkov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2015. — № 4. — С. 206-210. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-1121312017-01-18T03:03:38Z Burning modes of dc low pressure discharge with a transverse constriction Lisovskiy, V.A. Ogloblina, P.A. Yegorenkov, V.D. Плазменно-пучковый разряд, газовый разряд и плазмохимия This paper reports the current-voltage characteristics (CVCs) of dc discharge in different modes of burning we registered for several values of the transverse constriction diameter in a broad nitrogen pressure range. Existence conditions for normal and abnormal modes are determined. The CVCs are shown to possess a hysteresis for discharge tubes with constrictions at nitrogen pressure of 0.05 and 0.1 Torr. At higher pressure of 0.3 Torr the constriction does not actually affect the discharge CVC. For the pressure of 5 Torr a positive column is observed in the anode part of the tube what enables one to support discharge burning at lower voltage values across the electrodes. Виміряно вольт-амперні характеристики (ВАХ) розряду постійного струму в різних режимах горіння для декількох діаметрів поперечної діафрагми в широкому діапазоні тиску азоту. Визначено умови існування нормального і аномального режимів. Отримано, що для розрядних трубок із звуженнями при низьких тисках азоту 0,05 і 0,1 Торр ВАХ мають гістерезис. При більш високому тиску (0,3 Торр) наявність діафрагми практично не робить помітного впливу на ВАХ розряду. Для тиску 5 Торр в анодній частині трубки з діафрагмою спостерігається позитивний стовп, що дозволяє підтримувати горіння розряду при більш низьких напругах на електродах. Измерены вольт-амперные характеристики (ВАХ) разряда постоянного тока в различных режимах горения для нескольких диаметров поперечной диафрагмы в широком диапазоне давлений азота. Определены условия существования нормального и аномального режимов. Получено, что для разрядных трубок с сужениями при низких давлениях азота 0,05 и 0,1 Торр ВАХ имеют гистерезис. При более высоком давлении (0,3 Торр) наличие диафрагмы практически не оказывает заметного влияния на ВАХ разряда. Для давления 5 Торр в анодной части трубки с диафрагмой наблюдается положительный столб, что позволяет поддерживать горение разряда при более низких напряжениях на электродах. 2015 Article Burning modes of dc low pressure discharge with a transverse constriction / V.A. Lisovskiy, P.A. Ogloblina, V.D. Yegorenkov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2015. — № 4. — С. 206-210. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 52.80.Hc http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/112131 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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Плазменно-пучковый разряд, газовый разряд и плазмохимия Плазменно-пучковый разряд, газовый разряд и плазмохимия |
| spellingShingle |
Плазменно-пучковый разряд, газовый разряд и плазмохимия Плазменно-пучковый разряд, газовый разряд и плазмохимия Lisovskiy, V.A. Ogloblina, P.A. Yegorenkov, V.D. Burning modes of dc low pressure discharge with a transverse constriction Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description |
This paper reports the current-voltage characteristics (CVCs) of dc discharge in different modes of burning we registered for several values of the transverse constriction diameter in a broad nitrogen pressure range. Existence conditions for normal and abnormal modes are determined. The CVCs are shown to possess a hysteresis for discharge tubes with constrictions at nitrogen pressure of 0.05 and 0.1 Torr. At higher pressure of 0.3 Torr the constriction does not actually affect the discharge CVC. For the pressure of 5 Torr a positive column is observed in the anode part of the tube what enables one to support discharge burning at lower voltage values across the electrodes. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Lisovskiy, V.A. Ogloblina, P.A. Yegorenkov, V.D. |
| author_facet |
Lisovskiy, V.A. Ogloblina, P.A. Yegorenkov, V.D. |
| author_sort |
Lisovskiy, V.A. |
| title |
Burning modes of dc low pressure discharge with a transverse constriction |
| title_short |
Burning modes of dc low pressure discharge with a transverse constriction |
| title_full |
Burning modes of dc low pressure discharge with a transverse constriction |
| title_fullStr |
Burning modes of dc low pressure discharge with a transverse constriction |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Burning modes of dc low pressure discharge with a transverse constriction |
| title_sort |
burning modes of dc low pressure discharge with a transverse constriction |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| publishDate |
2015 |
| topic_facet |
Плазменно-пучковый разряд, газовый разряд и плазмохимия |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/112131 |
| citation_txt |
Burning modes of dc low pressure discharge with a transverse constriction / V.A. Lisovskiy, P.A. Ogloblina, V.D. Yegorenkov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2015. — № 4. — С. 206-210. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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2025-07-08T03:26:28Z |
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2025-07-08T03:26:28Z |
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| fulltext |
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2015. №4(98) 206
BURNING MODES OF DC LOW PRESSURE DISCHARGE
WITH A TRANSVERSE CONSTRICTION
V.A. Lisovskiy1,2, P.A. Ogloblina1, V.D. Yegorenkov1
1V.N. Karazin Kharkіv National University, Kharkov, Ukraine;
2Scientific Center of Physical Technologies, Kharkov, Ukraine
This paper reports the current-voltage characteristics (CVCs) of dc discharge in different modes of burning we
registered for several values of the transverse constriction diameter in a broad nitrogen pressure range. Existence
conditions for normal and abnormal modes are determined. The CVCs are shown to possess a hysteresis for dis-
charge tubes with constrictions at nitrogen pressure of 0.05 and 0.1 Torr. At higher pressure of 0.3 Torr the con-
striction does not actually affect the discharge CVC. For the pressure of 5 Torr a positive column is observed in the
anode part of the tube what enables one to support discharge burning at lower voltage values across the electrodes.
PACS: 52.80.Hc
INTRODUCTION
Glow discharge in a tube supplied with a transverse
diaphragm or possessing a constriction in the transverse
cross-section is widely applied in low pressure mercury
lamps [1 - 5], for geometric compression in a plasma-
tron [6], as well as for double electric layer studies [7 -
9]. For correct application of discharges in tubes with a
constriction or a transverse diaphragm one has to know
its modes of burning and current-voltage characteristics
for different orifice diameter values.
To study the glow dc discharge CVCs we employed
a chamber with the design depicted in Fig. 1. Fused sili-
ca tube had the inner diameter of 56 mm. The flat elec-
trodes were spaced 173 mm apart. A glass diaphragm
2 mm thick was installed at the central part of the tube
with the orifice diameter values of 1, 3, 5 and 8 mm. We
also registered the discharge parameters in the tube
without a diaphragm.
Gas
supply
Pumping
V
AnodeCathode
Udc
R
A
Fig. 1. Discharge tube design employed in this paper
Studies were performed in nitrogen within the pres-
sure range p = 0.05…5 Torr with the dc voltage values
Udc ≤ 3000 V and the current range up to 200 mA. Gas
pressure was controlled by 1000 and 10 Torr baratrons.
A resistor of 75 kOhm was included in series into the
discharge circuit between the cathode and the dc supply.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Consider the data of studying discharge CVCs in
different modes of burning for several diaphragm diam-
eter values in a broad nitrogen pressure range. In Fig. 2
the CVCs are shown in the absence of a diaphragm. At
low nitrogen pressure (0.05 Torr) and moderate current
(below 1 mA) the discharge consists of a cathode
sheath, a negative glow and a Faraday dark space ap-
proaching the anode surface. Increasing the discharge
current leads to an increase in the negative glow length
and for current values above 1 mA it approaches the
anode whereas the dark Faraday space disappears. The
CVCs presented in Fig. 2 demonstrate that in this pres-
sure range the discharge was burning only in the ab-
normal mode with a cathode surface completely covered
by the discharge. The current grew simultaneously with
the voltage increase across the electrodes. At higher
nitrogen pressure of 0.1 Torr an anode glow appears
near the anode surface disappearing at currents above 1
mA.
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
0
50
100
150
200
I,
m
A
U, V
d = 55 mm
0.03 Torr
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
1.5
5.0
Fig. 2. Discharge current-voltage characteristics with-
out a diaphragm at different nitrogen pressure values
The presence of the anode glow indicates that a po-
tential drop in the anode sheath becomes positive accel-
erating electrons to the anode surface. Depending on the
gas pressure, discharge current and inter-electrode gap
values one may observe either a positive potential jump
(several volts – tens of volts) or a negative one (several
volts) [10]. The sign of the anode drop and its value are
determined by a relation between the stochastic electron
current density in plasma before the anode, its surface
size and the discharge current supporting the concentra-
tion of charged particles before the anode to supply a
discharge current to it.
Increasing gas pressure leads to a faster growth of
the discharge current and to lowering a minimum volt-
age at which a discharge sustainment is possible. How-
ever, already at nitrogen pressure of 1.5 Torr the dis-
charge may exist not only in the abnormal but also in
the normal mode when the discharge spot (discharge
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2015. №4(98) 207
column) occupies only a portion of the cathode surface.
In the normal mode the discharge CVC is vertically
growing or even falling, i.e. the discharge current in-
crease is accompanied by the voltage fall across the
electrodes [11, 12]. Current increase in the normal mode
is caused by the increase of the discharge spot area with
the current density in it remaining almost constant thus
called a “normal one”. This effect of normal current
density is mostly pronounced in the CVC for the nitro-
gen pressure of 5 Torr (within the total range of dis-
charge current density values we studied up to 200 mA).
As was already said above, in the abnormal mode
the increase of the discharge current I is accompanied
by the growth of voltage across the cathode sheath Uc
(and the voltage across the electrodes U) and the de-
crease of the cathode sheath thickness dc, all the cathode
being covered with the discharge. The normal mode is
characterized by a partial coverage of the cathode sur-
face with a cathode glow. On decreasing the discharge
current the cathode voltage drop and the cathode sheath
thickness remain constant (Uc = Un, pdc = (pdc)n, where
p is the gas pressure), the area occupied by the dis-
charge on the cathode S decreases whereas the current
density j = Idc/S also keeps constant (j = jn).
Let a dc discharge burn in the normal mode and oc-
cupy only a portion of the cathode surface. If one in-
creases the voltage drop across the electrodes a little
(increasing the generator emf), then the voltage drop
across the cathode sheath also grows thus increasing the
ionization rate and plasma concentration at its boundary.
Due to ambipolar diffusion the discharge column will
begin to expand in the radial direction occupying a larg-
er area on the cathode, the discharge current also in-
creasing. Then according to Ohm’s law for a closed
circuit (with the external ballast resistor), the voltage
across the electrodes will be decreased to the normal fall
[13]. This will stop the discharge expansion over the
cathode surface. If the discharge expansion described
above did not lead to the complete coverage of the cath-
ode surface, the discharge would continue its normal
mode glow. As the normal voltage drop across the elec-
trodes is below the breakdown voltage [14], then decay-
ing plasma of afterglow with low concentration is ob-
served outside the discharge column. If the discharge
happened to cover the cathode completely, then for fur-
ther current increase one requires to increase the ioniza-
tion rate in the cathode sheath what is possible through
the increase of voltage across the electrodes. The dis-
charge experiences a transition to the abnormal mode
with a growing CVC.
Note that even at high pressure in our discharge tube
the positive column may be observed not in the total
range of current values studied. For example, at the ni-
trogen pressure values below 1 Torr the positive column
is not observed at all for a given inter-electrode gap. For
the pressure value of 1 Torr the positive column is visu-
ally not observed up to discharge current values of
50 mA. However at higher current values a positive
column starts to form near the anode which length then
increases with the current increasing. Similar situation is
also observed at the nitrogen pressure of 5 Torr, at
which the positive column appears only at the current
values above 15 mA.
Now consider the effect of the transverse diaphragm
of different diameter on the burning modes of the dis-
charge at various gas pressure values. Fig. 3 presents
CVCs for the diaphragm of 8 mm in diameter. One and
the same current has to flow in the wide portion of the
discharge tube as well as in the narrow orifice of the
diaphragm. Therefore a region of increased plasma con-
centration is formed near the orifice that affects the
plasma properties at the cathode as well as the anode
portions of the discharge.
First consider the CVC for the pressure values of
0.05 and 0.1 Torr. After the ignition the discharge in the
cathode portion of the tube consisted of the cathode
sheath and the negative glow approaching the transverse
diaphragm. In the anode portion of the tube (between
the diaphragm and the anode) a noticeable glow was
absent excluding a small area near the diaphragm. In-
creasing the discharge current was accompanied by the
growth of the voltage across the electrodes. However at
the current values of about 30 and 40 mA for the nitro-
gen pressure values of 0.05 and 0.1 Torr, respectively, a
brightly shining spot was formed near the anode surface
and a further current increase was accompanied by the
voltage decrease across the electrodes. After the maxi-
mum generator emf was achieved, a portion of the CVC
was also registered on decreasing the discharge current.
The anode spot intensity glow first diminished, then the
spot left the anode surface and transformed into a stra-
tum spreading with a further current lowering. One ob-
serves in Fig. 3 that the CVC branch registered with the
current decreasing ran above that related to the growing
current, i.e. a hysteresis is observed.
500 1000 1500 2000 2500
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
I,
m
A
U, V
d = 8 mm
0.05 Torr
0.1
0.2
0.3
1.0
5.0
Fig. 3. Discharge current-voltage characteristics
at different nitrogen pressure values and diaphragm
diameter of 8 mm
At the pressure value of 0.2 Torr and higher the hys-
teresis disappears practically because the anode glow
already exists at these pressure values. Perhaps the rea-
sons for small divergence observed in the CVCs are the
gas temperature growth, the accumulation of metastable
molecules as well as the dissociation of a portion of
nitrogen molecules into atoms. At the pressure of 5 Torr
the discharge experiences a transition into the normal
mode. Almost the total anode portion of the discharge
tube is occupied by the positive column (excluding a
small area near the diaphragm), and in the cathode por-
tion a narrow cathode sheath, a negative glow and a
dark Faraday space are observed. The positive column
possesses a falling CVC, i.e. the voltage drop across it
decreases with the discharge current increasing [15].
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2015. №4(98) 208
The voltage drop across the cathode sheath in the nor-
mal mode also decreases with the current increasing. As
the electric field in the negative glow and the Faraday
dark space are small, then also the voltage drop across
these two discharge regions is not large. Therefore we
observe the falling CVC of the complete discharge in
Figs. 2-4 for large nitrogen pressure values.
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
I,
m
A
U, V
d = 3 mm
0.05 Torr
0.15
0.3
0.5
1.0
5.0
Fig. 4. Discharge current-voltage characteristics
at different nitrogen pressure values and diaphragm
diameter of 3 mm
Fig. 4 demonstrates the discharge CVCs for the dia-
phragm diameter of 3 mm. They are similar qualitative-
ly to the discharge CVCs described above; therefore we
will not describe them in more detail.
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
0
50
100
I,
m
A
U, V
d, mm
55
8.0
3.0
1.0
Fig. 5. Discharge current-voltage characteristics
for the nitrogen pressure of 0.3 Torr and diaphragm
diameter values of 55, 8, 3 and 1 mm
700 800 900 1000 1100
0
50
100
150
200
I,
m
A
U, V
d, mm
55
3.0
1.0
Fig. 6. Discharge current-voltage characteristics
for nitrogen pressure value of 5 Torr and diaphragm
diameter values of 55, 3 and 1 mm
Compare now the CVCs for two values of the nitro-
gen pressure of 0.3 and 5 Torr and different diaphragm
diameter values shown in Figs. 5 and 6, respectively.
We observe in Fig. 5 that at low pressure of 0.3 Torr the
presence of the diaphragm does not have a noticeable
effect on the discharge CVC. At this pressure value the
discharge, with a diaphragm or without it, consisted of
the cathode sheath, the negative glow (its length chang-
ing slightly with the current) the dark Faraday space
(located in the anode as well as the cathode portions of
the tube at both sides of the diaphragm), as well as the
anode glow. The presence of the diaphragm caused a
local disturbance of the plasma parameters in the dark
Faraday space, in which the electric field strength and
the ionization rate are usually small. Therefore we ob-
serve that the discharge CVCs almost coincide for dif-
ferent diaphragm diameter values.
However it follows from Fig. 6 for the nitrogen
pressure of 5 Torr that to support the same discharge
current in the presence of the diaphragm one requires
noticeably lower voltage values. The discharge CVCs
for the diaphragms of 1 and 3 mm with the discharge
current values above 25 mm practically coincide. In the
discharge tube without a transverse diaphragm the posi-
tive column appears only at sufficiently high current
values (above 15 mA). At the same time in the anode
portion of the tube with the diaphragm the positive col-
umn is also observed at lower discharge current values.
Fig. 7. Discharge photos at the pressure of 5 Torr and
the current of 100 mA for the tube without a diaphragm
and with diaphragms of 3 and 1 mm in diameter,
respectively
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2015. №4(98) 209
Fig. 7 presents photos of the burning discharge at the
nitrogen pressure of 5 Torr and the current of 100 mA
for the tube without a diaphragm, and with the dia-
phragms of 3 and 1 mm in diameter, respectively. In the
presence of the diaphragm almost all anode portion of
the discharge tube is occupied by the positive column,
whereas in the cathode portion one observes the narrow
cathode sheath, the negative glow and the dark Faraday
space. The transient region between the positive column
and the diaphragm, as well as the region of transition to
the dark Faraday space are characterized by a bright
glow indicating the increase in the particle concentra-
tion in the orifice region. Let us estimate the current
density in the diaphragm orifice. For the discharge cur-
rent of 100 mA the current density in the tube without
the diaphragm was 4.1 mA/cm2. However in the tube
with a diaphragm of 3 mm in diameter the current densi-
ty was 1.4 А/cm2, whereas with the diaphragm diameter
of 1 mm it approaches 13 А/cm2. The concentration and
temperature of plasma in the orifice grow such that the
diaphragm material sputtering occurs. Sodium is con-
tained in the glass of the constriction, and a yellow glow
indicates its presence.
Fig. 8. Discharge photos for the diaphragm of 3 mm in diameter at the pressure of 5 Torr and the current
of 10, 50 and 150 mA, respectively
Fig. 8 shows the photos for the pressure of 5 Torr
and the diaphragms of 3 mm in diameter at different
current values. One observes that at small current values
there is no yellow glow because the temperature and
current density are insufficient for sputtering the glass
constriction. The sodium presence was supported
through registering the radiation spectrum of plasma in
the diaphragm vicinity, in which the lines 588.9950 and
589.5924 nm forming a sodium doublet are clearly ob-
served.
CONCLUSIONS
This paper studies the normal and abnormal burning
modes and current-voltage characteristics of the direct
current discharge at different diameter values of the
transverse diaphragm in the wide range of nitrogen
pressure.
In the tube without a diaphragm at low pressure the
discharge is burning only in the abnormal mode in
which a voltage applied grows with the increase of cur-
rent. At higher pressure values starting with 1.5 Torr,
the discharge may exist not only in the abnormal but
also in the normal mode.
In discharge tubes with a diaphragm at the pressure
values of 0.05 and 0.1 Torr a brightly glowing anode
spot is formed near the anode surface starting with a
certain threshold current value after which the CVC
acquires a negative tilt. A hysteresis is observed in the
discharge CVC. At the same time after increasing pres-
sure to 0.3 Torr the presence of a diaphragm does not
actually affect the discharge CVC.
At the pressure of 5 Torr a positive column appeared
in the discharge tube without the transverse diaphragm
only at sufficiently high current values (above 15 mA).
At the same time the presence of the diaphragm enables
one to obtain a positive column in the anode portion of
the tube even at low discharge current values. Therefore
with a diaphragm one can support the discharge at lower
voltage values across the electrodes and at lower current
values.
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Article received 27.04.2015
РЕЖИМЫ ГОРЕНИЯ РАЗРЯДА ПОСТОЯННОГО ТОКА НИЗКОГО ДАВЛЕНИЯ C ПОПЕРЕЧНОЙ
ДИАФРАГМОЙ
В.А. Лисовский, П.А. Оглоблина, В.Д. Егоренков
Измерены вольт-амперные характеристики (ВАХ) разряда постоянного тока в различных режимах горе-
ния для нескольких диаметров поперечной диафрагмы в широком диапазоне давлений азота. Определены
условия существования нормального и аномального режимов. Получено, что для разрядных трубок с суже-
ниями при низких давлениях азота 0,05 и 0,1 Торр ВАХ имеют гистерезис. При более высоком давлении
(0,3 Торр) наличие диафрагмы практически не оказывает заметного влияния на ВАХ разряда. Для давления
5 Торр в анодной части трубки с диафрагмой наблюдается положительный столб, что позволяет поддержи-
вать горение разряда при более низких напряжениях на электродах.
РЕЖИМИ ГОРІННЯ РОЗРЯДУ ПОСТІЙНОГО СТРУМУ НИЗЬКОГО ТИСКУ З ПОПЕРЕЧНОЮ
ДІАФРАГМОЮ
В.О. Лісовський, П.О. Оглобліна, В.Д. Єгоренков
Виміряно вольт-амперні характеристики (ВАХ) розряду постійного струму в різних режимах горіння для
декількох діаметрів поперечної діафрагми в широкому діапазоні тиску азоту. Визначено умови існування
нормального і аномального режимів. Отримано, що для розрядних трубок із звуженнями при низьких тисках
азоту 0,05 і 0,1 Торр ВАХ мають гістерезис. При більш високому тиску (0,3 Торр) наявність діафрагми прак-
тично не робить помітного впливу на ВАХ розряду. Для тиску 5 Торр в анодній частині трубки з діафраг-
мою спостерігається позитивний стовп, що дозволяє підтримувати горіння розряду при більш низьких на-
пругах на електродах.
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