Develoment of ozone-dynamic technology for processing of used tyres
The results of research on the influence of different factors on disintegration of rubber goods by the ozone-dynamic method are presented. The dependence of disintegration rate on the time of treatment, temperature and humidity of gas in the chamber, ozone concentration and the activating chemical r...
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
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irk-123456789-1122082017-01-19T03:02:25Z Develoment of ozone-dynamic technology for processing of used tyres Golota, V.I. Taran, G.V. Zamuriev, A.A. Приложения и технологии The results of research on the influence of different factors on disintegration of rubber goods by the ozone-dynamic method are presented. The dependence of disintegration rate on the time of treatment, temperature and humidity of gas in the chamber, ozone concentration and the activating chemical reagents were studied. This allows increasing efficiency of rubber goods processing by 30%. The dependence of the starting time for disintegration stages on ozone concentration in the chamber was determined. This allows optimizing the process of disintegration for rubber goods and gives the mechanism to control the process. Приведено результати досліджень впливу різних чинників на дезинтеграцію гумотехнічних виробів озоно-динамічним методом. Визначена залежність ступеня дезинтеграції від часу дії, температури та вологості газу в камері, концентрації озону і наявності хімічних реагентів у складі робочого газу. Це дозволило підвищити ефективність процесу переробки гумотехнічних виробів майже на 30%. Визначена залежність часу початку настання етапів дезинтеграції гумотехнічних виробів від концентрації озону в камері. Це дозволить оптимізувати процес дезинтеграції гуми і дасть можливість управляти процесом. Приведены результаты исследований влияния различных факторов на дезинтеграцию резинотехнических изделий озоно-динамическим методом. Определены зависимости степени дезинтеграции от времени воздействия, температуры и влажности газа в камере, концентрации озона и наличия химических реагентов в составе рабочего газа. Это позволило повысить эффективность процесса переработки резинотехнических из-делий почти на 30%. Определена зависимость времени начала наступления этапов дезинтеграции резинотехнических изделий от концентрации озона в камере. Это позволит оптимизировать процесс дезинтеграции резины и даст возможность управлять процессом. 2015 Article Develoment of ozone-dynamic technology for processing of used tyres / V.I. Golota, G.V. Taran, A.A. Zamuriev // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2015. — № 4. — С. 310-314. — Бібліогр.: 5 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 52.80.-5 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/112208 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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Приложения и технологии Приложения и технологии |
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Приложения и технологии Приложения и технологии Golota, V.I. Taran, G.V. Zamuriev, A.A. Develoment of ozone-dynamic technology for processing of used tyres Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description |
The results of research on the influence of different factors on disintegration of rubber goods by the ozone-dynamic method are presented. The dependence of disintegration rate on the time of treatment, temperature and humidity of gas in the chamber, ozone concentration and the activating chemical reagents were studied. This allows increasing efficiency of rubber goods processing by 30%. The dependence of the starting time for disintegration stages on ozone concentration in the chamber was determined. This allows optimizing the process of disintegration for rubber goods and gives the mechanism to control the process. |
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Article |
| author |
Golota, V.I. Taran, G.V. Zamuriev, A.A. |
| author_facet |
Golota, V.I. Taran, G.V. Zamuriev, A.A. |
| author_sort |
Golota, V.I. |
| title |
Develoment of ozone-dynamic technology for processing of used tyres |
| title_short |
Develoment of ozone-dynamic technology for processing of used tyres |
| title_full |
Develoment of ozone-dynamic technology for processing of used tyres |
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Develoment of ozone-dynamic technology for processing of used tyres |
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Develoment of ozone-dynamic technology for processing of used tyres |
| title_sort |
develoment of ozone-dynamic technology for processing of used tyres |
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| publishDate |
2015 |
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Приложения и технологии |
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http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/112208 |
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Develoment of ozone-dynamic technology for processing of used tyres / V.I. Golota, G.V. Taran, A.A. Zamuriev // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2015. — № 4. — С. 310-314. — Бібліогр.: 5 назв. — англ. |
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ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2015. №4(98) 310
DEVELOMENT OF OZONE-DYNAMIC TECHNOLOGY
FOR PROCESSING OF USED TYRES
V.I. Golota, G.V. Taran, A.A. Zamuriev
National Science Center “Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”, Kharkov, Ukraine
The results of research on the influence of different factors on disintegration of rubber goods by the ozone-
dynamic method are presented. The dependence of disintegration rate on the time of treatment, temperature and hu-
midity of gas in the chamber, ozone concentration and the activating chemical reagents were studied. This allows
increasing efficiency of rubber goods processing by 30%. The dependence of the starting time for disintegration
stages on ozone concentration in the chamber was determined. This allows optimizing the process of disintegration
for rubber goods and gives the mechanism to control the process.
PACS: 52.80.-5
INTRODUCTION
Annually more than 2 billion of used tires generated
in the world and they should be utilized. Taking into
account that tires are a multi component product and its
composition includes rather expensive materials, the
ideal method for tire processing, from the point of view
utilization, is a separation of a tire in components (rub-
ber, metal and textile) and subsequent individual pro-
cessing of each component. Such approach with using
mechanical grinding is the most popular today in the
developed countries. Unfortunately, only 23% of used
tires are treated in such way [1] due to high energy in-
tensity of the treatment process which becomes eco-
nomically feasible only for large processing capacitanc-
es (more than 2000 tons per year).
In the 90s, a new approach to the used tire treatment
has begun to develop [2]. A well-known phenomenon of
rubber cracking under the exposure in an ozone atmos-
phere was exploited for the used tire processing. Further
research on the application of ozone-enriched gas for
tire disintegration with subsequent separation of materi-
als included in tire composition was fulfilled in [3]. As a
result, the high rate of the tire disintegration was
demonstrated. The amount of rubber crumb getting from
the treated tire was 90…95% of total amount of rubber
in tire. In addition, textile and metal cord with insignifi-
cant remaining rubber were obtained. It should be noted,
that the obtained rubber crumb is completely free from
metal and textile impurities, and also percentage of rub-
ber powder with the size less than 1 mm is a very high
for a single-stage process and makes 10…15% of total
amount rubber crumb [4].
For further optimization of the ozone-dynamic tech-
nology for tire processing, the dynamics of rubber
cracking was studied depending on ozone concentration,
temperature and humidity of gas, activating chemical
admixtures and etc.
EXPERIMENTAL STAND
The stand for conducting experimental research on
tire disintegration was developed and built. The stand
allows studying the dynamics of cracking forming for
tire samples under different controlled conditions and as
a result, the rate of disintegration, total weight and
crumb rubber particle size distribution were studied.
The experimental stand is presented at Fig. 1 and in-
cludes the following components: 1 – oxygen generator
ONYX+; 2 – gas flow meter; 3 – Stream Ozone ozone
generation system; 4 – ozone monitor Mini-HiCon; 5 –
chamber for tire sample treatment; 6 – hydraulic press.
Fig. 1. Schematic of the experimental stand
Also, the working chamber was equipped with hu-
midity meter IVTM-7 for control of humidity and tem-
perature of gas during experiments.
To control the concentration of the different activat-
ing chemical admixtures during the fulfilled research on
the combined action of the ozone environment and acti-
vating substances on the dynamics of tire sample disin-
tegration, the chromatographic analysis of gas composi-
tion was carried out by using a gas chromatograph HP
5890 Series II with capillary chromatograph column
Rtex-5 30m*0.53mmID*1.5um df.
Ozone for experimental research was generated by
the ozone generation station «Stream Ozone» (Fig. 2)
with the productivity of 12 g [O3]/h. Maximal ozone
concentration is of 60 g/m3. The flowrate of ozone-
enriched gas mixture changed from 0.06 to 0.6 m3/h and
was controlled by flow meter RM2-0.6 GUZ. Ozone
concentration in the mixture changed within the range
of 10…40 g/m3 and was controlled using the ozone
monitor Mini-HiCon with the accuracy of 0.1 gO3/m3.
Fig. 2. The ozone generation station «Stream Ozone»
As the chamber for ozone-dynamic disintegration of
tire samples the metallic cylinder with the diameter of
170 mm and height of 400 mm was used. The module
for application and distribution the dynamic mechanical
impact on the tire sample has been mounted inside the
cylinder. The mechanical load was applied using the
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2015. №4(98) 311
hydraulic press JTC-HD210 with the maximum load of
10 tons. For the experiments, the tire samples were cut
out from the protector part of the tire Voltyre Start VS-6
195/65 R15 91U. All the samples had the same size of
100×100 mm. The samples were put in between the
movable and stationary flanges with the welded ribs that
allowed creation of the undulating influence on the tire
sample. The picture of tire sample in the module for the
application of mechanical load is shown on Fig. 3.
a b
Fig. 3. Tire sample in the module for the application of
mechanical load (a – before the disintegration process;
b – after the disintegration process)
For studying the dynamics of crack forming in a tire
under the desired ozone concentration and constant me-
chanical load, other type of chamber was used (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4. Experimental chamber with a transparent
window
This chamber had a transparent window that allowed
making photo and video for the tire disintegration pro-
cess. It was the sealed chamber. The ozone-air mixture
with the desired ozone concentration was pumped
through the chamber. The volume of the chamber was
1.2 liter. The ability to apply only static load to the tire
sample was in this chamber.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Rubber cracking under ozone-mechanical impact is
a complicated physical and chemical phenomenon, in
which the ozone initiates the rubber bonds breaking and
if simultaneously tensile load is applied to rubber the
broken bonds can not be bonded again. This results in
crack formation. The cracks are developed while there
is ozone and applied tensile load prevents the reverse
bonding of the broken rubber bonds after oxidation by
ozone of the double bonds with sulfur. Thus, the ozone-
mechanical impact on the tire results in disintegration of
tire structure and the crumbling of crumb rubber from
the metal and textile carcass of a tire. The rate of tire
disintegration or percentage of the crumb rubber output
(α) can be determined as the ration of quantity of the
obtained crumb rubber to the total weight of rubber in
the tire. Usually the average amount of rubber makes
65…70% of the used tire weight, i.e. at the rate of disin-
tegration 100% it can be obtained the different fractions
of crumb rubber with the total weight of 65…70% from
the initial weight of the tire. Residuals after treatment
are the composite mix from a bead ring, textile and met-
al cord.
The researches on depending of rate of tire samples
disintegration under the ozone-mechanical impact with
different ozone concentration in gas mixture at the inlet
into the experimental chamber were conducted. The
following experimental parameters of gas mixture were
used: gas flowrate – 0.2 m3/h, ozone concentration at
the inlet of the chamber was set in range from 1 to
30 g/m3. Ozone was generated from the oxygen-
enriched mixture with oxygen concentration of 92%.
The temperature and gas humidity in the experimental
chamber was controlled and kept a constant. The mod-
ule for application the dynamic mechanical impact on
the tire sample was used to provide the periodic recipro-
cating motion within the period of 3 minutes. The me-
chanical load in all experiments was applied in the same
way. The time for tire sample treatment was 2 hours; it
means that mechanical impact applied 40 times during
the treatment.
The maximum ozone concentration in the chamber
depends on the ozone concentration at the inlet in the
chamber and on the kinetics of ozone decomposition at
the surface of chamber construction and tire sample.
The detailed description of this process is presented in
article [5].
The experimental dependence of crumb rubber out-
put on the ozone concentration in the gas mixture at the
constant treatment time is shown on Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Dependence of the rate of the tire disintegration
on the ozone concentration at the constant treatment
time of 2 hours
The results at Fig. 5 show that the crumb rubber out-
put grows practically linearly with the growth of ozone
concentration in the gas mixture. After exceeding the
ozone concentration 20 g/m3, the rate of disintegration
slightly slows down due to the increasing of the ozone
decomposition rate on both the structural parts of the
working chamber and on the tire sample.
The dependence of the crumb rubber output on the
treatment time at the constant ozone concentration
(20 g/m3) is shown on Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. The rate of tire sample disintegration vs
the time of treatment. Ozone concentration is 20 g/m3
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2015. №4(98) 312
The experimental data at Fig. 6 show that at the con-
stant ozone concentration 20 g/m3 if the treatment time
for the tire sample is increased, the rate of rubber disin-
tegration also is increased. At the beginning stage of
treatment (under experimental conditions it is 2 hours),
the rate of disintegration grows linear, and then the rate
of the rubber disintegration decreases. A conclusion can
be made, that the tire treatment time should be matched
with the desired rate of tire disintegration and a specific
power consumption to produce a crumb rubber.
Next the influence of temperature on the rate of rub-
ber disintegration was studied. The experiments were
carried out under the constant ozone concentration at the
inlet in the chamber of 20 g/m3 and constant relative
humidity of gas in the chamber of 25%. Time of treat-
ment is 2 hours. The experimental data are presented in
table below.
The maximal rate of the tire sample disintegration
was achieved for a temperature in the working chamber
of 350С. The subsequent increasing of temperature in
the working chamber results in the decreasing the rate
of the rubber disintegration due to acceleration of ozone
decay in the gas mixture. Under temperature below
350С the rubber disintegration in the ozone-dynamic
method is running slowly.
The influence of gas humidity in the working cham-
ber was also studied. The humidity (and the moisture
content, correspondingly) was changed at the controlled
temperature by injection of the required quantity of wa-
ter steam to the working volume of the chamber. Hu-
midity was measured by the humidity meter IVTM-7.
The experimental results on the influence of humidi-
ty on the rate of rubber disintegration at the constant
temperature of 250C and ozone concentration of 20 g/m3
are presented in Fig. 7. Time of treatment is 2 hours.
Fig. 7. Dependence of the crumb rubber output
on humidity of gas in the chamber. Temperature
is 250Cand ozone concentration is 20 g/m3.
Time of treatment is 2 hours
The presented experimental data show that as the
moisture content grows in the working chamber, the
output of crumb rubber from the tire sample decreases.
It is explained by two effects. First, the increase of
moisture content in the working chamber results in the
formation of water film on the surface of tire which pre-
vents ozone penetration to the internal layer of the tire.
Second, the increase of water content in gas of the
working chamber results in the increase the rate of
ozone decomposition because the water molecules are
an additional channel for reaction with ozone.
The activating chemical admixtures also can make
the influence on rate of rubber disintegration. To study
the rate of rubber disintegration for the tire samples de-
pending on the level of chemical substances in gas of
the working chamber, the only chemically pure sub-
stances were used, so that the presence of admixtures of
other substances did not change the process dynamics.
The solvents of benzol group (from benzol to isooctane)
and ethyl acetate (containing oxide group) were selected
as activating chemical substances. The concentration of
chemical substances in the volume was 5 ml/l.
The histogram showing the change in the crumb
rubber output for different activating chemical sub-
stances in the gas of the working chamber at the con-
stant temperature of 25 0C and ozone concentration of
20 g/m3 is presented in Fig. 8. Time of treatment is 2
hours.
Fig. 8. The crumb rubber output for the different acti-
vating chemical substances in the working chamber.
Temperature is 250C and ozone concentration is
20 g/m3. Time of treatment is 2 hours
The experimental results show that the input of hy-
drocarbons to the working volume of the chamber al-
lows increasing the crumb rubber output due to the ini-
tial softening of the tire surface that provides more ef-
fective penetration of ozone into the internal layers of
rubber. Within the range of chemical substances from
benzol (C6H6) to isooctane (C8H18), their oxidizing pow-
er decreases, that results in reduction of ozone losses for
the reaction of oxidation with these substances. Ethyl
acetate (CH3-COO-CH2-CH3), as the chemical sub-
stance, contains an oxide group that decreases the rate
of reaction for interaction with ozone and not only con-
tributes to the softening of rubber surface, but also al-
lows ethyl acetate to be the oxidant simultaneously with
ozone.
To control the process of rubber disintegration, the
experimental research on the dependence of time when
the stages of disintegration appear on different factors
were carried out. Using photo and video registration
allowed specifying the characteristic stages of rubber
disintegration process. The rubber crack formation un-
der the influence of ozone is caused by oxidation of
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2015. №4(98) 313
sulphur which is a vulcanizate. The development of
cracks under given ozone concentration is taken place
due to the mechanical load applying to rubber body to
prevent the reverse bonding of the active bonds of pol-
ymeric molecules. Due to video registration it was de-
termined that the tire disintegration process can be di-
vided into 6 stages, presented in Fig. 9: 1 – formation of
small cracks, 2 – junction of small cracks, 3 – appear-
ance of big cracks, 4 – crumbling of the first crumb rub-
ber, 5 – junction of big cracks, 6 – propagation the big
cracks to the cord.
Fig. 9. Stages of tire disintegration
In accordance with the experimental results, the de-
pendence of time for different rubber disintegration
stages on ozone concentration in the chamber with the
linear scale for y-axes was built (Fig. 10). The experi-
ments were carried out with ozone concentrations in the
gas mixture of 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30 g/m3.
Fig. 10. The dependence of time for tire disintegration
stages on ozone concentration in the chamber
In accordance with the equation presented below, the
approximating lines are calculated and presented in the
graphs with the logarithmic scale for y-axes (Fig. 11).
Fig. 11. The dependence of time for tire disintegration
stages on ozone concentration in the chamber
with the logarithmic scale for y-axes
[ ]( ) [ ]( )303 exp OKTOT ×−××= β ,
where To – time of the beginning of the disintegration
stage of starts at the minimum ozone concentration;
K – constant depending on the stage of disintegration;
β – angle of approximating line slope; [O3] – ozone
concentration in mixture.
The experimental data show that in the logarithmic
scale the change of time for the rubber destruction stag-
es in the experimental chamber is almost straight within
a very wide range of ozone concentration change, that
corresponds to the exponential character of dependence
of time for the stages on ozone concentration.
CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions can be made:
As a result of the fulfilled extensive research on the
influence of different factors on disintegration of tire
samples by the ozone-dynamic method, the dependence
of disintegration rate on the time of treatment, tempera-
ture and humidity of gas in the chamber, ozone concen-
tration and pactivating chemical reagents in the working
gas is determined. This allows increasing efficiency of
the tire disintegration at 30%. The dependence of time
for the beginning of rubber disintegration stages on
ozone concentration in the chamber was determined.
This allows optimization of the rubber disintegration
process and gives the mechanism to control the process.
REFERENCES
1. Innovative Development Portal
http://www.pir.dp.ua/innoview.php?id=60
2. E.V. Danshikov. I.N. Archer, A.V. Ryazanov,
S.V. Chuyko. Patent of RU №a 2060882. Method of
processing of the reinforced by metal a rubber tech-
nical wares and device for its realization Date of
publication: 1996.05.27.
3. V.I. Golota, L.I. Dmitrenko, A.A. Zamuriev,
I.A. Pashenko, A.V. Polyakov, G.V. Taran,
A.Yu. Shulika. Ozone-dynamic method for the pro-
cessing of used tires. VI International conference
«Collaboration for the solution problems of wastes»,
April 8-9, 2009, Kharkov, Ukraine, p. 121-123.
4. V.I. Golota, L.I. Dmitrenko, A.A. Zamuriev,
I.A. Pashenko, A.V. Poland, the G.V. Taran Ozone-
dynamic method of processing of used tires // Eco-
logical vestnick Russii. 2010, № 12, p. 48-53.
5. O.V. Manuilenko, V.A. Benitskaja, V.I. Golota,
G.V. Taran, Yu.V. Dotsenko, A.S. Pismenetskii,
A.A. Zamuriev. Ozone decay in chemical reactor for
ozone-dynamical disintegration of used tyres //
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«Plasma Physics». 2011, № 1, p. 119-121.
Article received 18.05.2015
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2015. №4(98) 314
УСОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ ОЗОНО-ДИНАМИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ
РЕЗИНОТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ ИЗДЕЛИЙ
B.И. Голота, Г.В. Таран, А.А. Замуриев
Приведены результаты исследований влияния различных факторов на дезинтеграцию резинотехнических
изделий озоно-динамическим методом. Определены зависимости степени дезинтеграции от времени воздей-
ствия, температуры и влажности газа в камере, концентрации озона и наличия химических реагентов в со-
ставе рабочего газа. Это позволило повысить эффективность процесса переработки резинотехнических из-
делий почти на 30%. Определена зависимость времени начала наступления этапов дезинтеграции резино-
технических изделий от концентрации озона в камере. Это позволит оптимизировать процесс дезинтеграции
резины и даст возможность управлять процессом.
УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ОЗОНО-ДИНАМІЧНОЇ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ПЕРЕРОБКИ ГУМОТЕХНІЧНИХ
ВИРОБІВ
B.І. Голота, Г.В. Таран, О.О. Замурієв
Приведено результати досліджень впливу різних чинників на дезинтеграцію гумотехнічних виробів озо-
но-динамічним методом. Визначена залежність ступеня дезинтеграції від часу дії, температури та вологості
газу в камері, концентрації озону і наявності хімічних реагентів у складі робочого газу. Це дозволило під-
вищити ефективність процесу переробки гумотехнічних виробів майже на 30%. Визначена залежність часу
початку настання етапів дезинтеграції гумотехнічних виробів від концентрації озону в камері. Це дозволить
оптимізувати процес дезинтеграції гуми і дасть можливість управляти процесом.
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