The experimental setup for high voltage breakdown studies in the high vacuum
An experimental setup for studying the processes occurring during breakdown in the high vacuum are described. The equipment is designed for comparative studies of pre-breakdown processes and the breakdown voltage of the different materials used for accelerator technology. Some first experimental res...
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irk-123456789-1122122017-01-19T03:02:29Z The experimental setup for high voltage breakdown studies in the high vacuum Baturin, V.A. Karpenko, O.Yu. Profatilova, Ia.V. Pustovoitov, S.O. Miroshnichenko, V.I. Приложения и технологии An experimental setup for studying the processes occurring during breakdown in the high vacuum are described. The equipment is designed for comparative studies of pre-breakdown processes and the breakdown voltage of the different materials used for accelerator technology. Some first experimental results at this setup are shown in this paper. Описано експериментальне обладнання для вивчення процесів, які відбуваються при пробоях в умовах високого вакууму. Установка призначена для порівняльних досліджень передпробійних процесів та напруги пробою для різних матеріалів, що використовуються в прискорювальній техніці. Наведені перші експериментальні результати. Описана экспериментальная установка для изучения процессов, происходящих при пробое в условиях высокого вакуума. Установка предназначена для сравнительных исследований предпробойных процессов и напряжения пробоя для различных материалов, используемых в ускорительной технике. Приведены первые экспериментальные результаты. 2015 Article The experimental setup for high voltage breakdown studies in the high vacuum / V.A. Baturin, O.Yu. Karpenko, Ia.V. Profatilova, S.O. Pustovoitov, V.I. Miroshnichenko // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2015. — № 4. — С. 294-297. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 52.80.Mg; 52.80.Vp http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/112212 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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Приложения и технологии Приложения и технологии |
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Приложения и технологии Приложения и технологии Baturin, V.A. Karpenko, O.Yu. Profatilova, Ia.V. Pustovoitov, S.O. Miroshnichenko, V.I. The experimental setup for high voltage breakdown studies in the high vacuum Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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An experimental setup for studying the processes occurring during breakdown in the high vacuum are described. The equipment is designed for comparative studies of pre-breakdown processes and the breakdown voltage of the different materials used for accelerator technology. Some first experimental results at this setup are shown in this paper. |
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Article |
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Baturin, V.A. Karpenko, O.Yu. Profatilova, Ia.V. Pustovoitov, S.O. Miroshnichenko, V.I. |
| author_facet |
Baturin, V.A. Karpenko, O.Yu. Profatilova, Ia.V. Pustovoitov, S.O. Miroshnichenko, V.I. |
| author_sort |
Baturin, V.A. |
| title |
The experimental setup for high voltage breakdown studies in the high vacuum |
| title_short |
The experimental setup for high voltage breakdown studies in the high vacuum |
| title_full |
The experimental setup for high voltage breakdown studies in the high vacuum |
| title_fullStr |
The experimental setup for high voltage breakdown studies in the high vacuum |
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The experimental setup for high voltage breakdown studies in the high vacuum |
| title_sort |
experimental setup for high voltage breakdown studies in the high vacuum |
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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2015 |
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Приложения и технологии |
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http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/112212 |
| citation_txt |
The experimental setup for high voltage breakdown studies in the high vacuum / V.A. Baturin, O.Yu. Karpenko, Ia.V. Profatilova, S.O. Pustovoitov, V.I. Miroshnichenko // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2015. — № 4. — С. 294-297. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. |
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Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2015. №4(98) 294
APPLICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY
THE EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR HIGH VOLTAGE BREAKDOWN
STUDIES IN THE HIGH VACUUM
V.A. Baturin, O.Yu. Karpenko, Ia.V. Profatilova, S.O. Pustovoitov, V.I. Miroshnichenko
Institute of Applied Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Sumy, Ukraine
E-mail: profatilova.ya@gmail.com
An experimental setup for studying the processes occurring during breakdown in the high vacuum are described.
The equipment is designed for comparative studies of pre-breakdown processes and the breakdown voltage of the dif-
ferent materials used for accelerator technology. Some first experimental results at this setup are shown in this paper.
PACS: 52.80.Mg; 52.80.Vp
INTRODUCTION
The interest to electrical breakdown is explained by
the development in different fields of sciences and tech-
nology. In many cases, where the breakdown probabil-
ity is high, it is necessary to use vacuum as insulator.
There are many papers are described the disrupt electri-
cal insulating of vacuum, pre-breakdown phenomena
and breakdown event [1 - 5]. Nowadays the problem of
breakdown is actual at the accelerator technology.
The modern accelerators have are large size and,
therefore, require the significant financial expenses for
construction and operation. The electrical gradient in-
creasing will reduce the linear size of future accelerators
and significantly reduce their costs. Then the electrical
breakdowns are limit the maximum of accelerating
fields. The studying of breakdown phenomena can help
for high-energy particle accelerators design.
It is likely that the high voltage breakdowns in the
high vacuum occur due to field emission at the con-
struction materials for accelerating structures. The field
emission is a source of electrons and it is determined the
small conduction currents and further breakdown initia-
tion [6]. Therefore, the creating of materials with higher
work function of the surface layers for construction ma-
terials is actual.
Therefore, it is actual the creating and studying the
properties of construction materials, which could have
the characteristics needed for accelerating structures at
the higher work function. One of the way to decrease
the breakdown rate in vacuum devices can be work
function increasing and, consequently, the breakdown
field increasing. The surface modification can be one of
the way for this aim.
According to this, it is actual to study the pre-
breakdown and breakdown processes to improve the
understanding of phenomena and to select the optimal
material for electrodes used in vacuum devices and par-
ticle accelerators. During recent years, the Institute of
Applied Physics National Academy of Sciences of
Ukraine (IAP NASU) is a member of CLIC (Compact
Linear Collider) collaboration at CERN (European Or-
ganization for Nuclear Research). The main direction of
join research is to determinate the influence of various
factors to breakdown probability in the high gradient
electrical fields.
For these aims, the experimental setup for compre-
hensive study of the high-voltage breakdown phenome-
non in the high vacuum was built at the IAP NASU and
describes in this paper. The results of the first experi-
ments are given.
1. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The DC-spark system is used at CERN for studying
breakdown phenomena [7] was taken as a prototype for
design this setup. The scheme of the experimental sys-
tem for study of the high-voltage breakdown phenome-
non in the high vacuum is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of the experimental setup
Fig. 2. General view of the experimental setup
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2015. №4(98) 295
The experimental setup includes the following ele-
ments: vacuum chamber with samples and monopole
mass-spectrometer for as RGA (Residual Gas Analyzer)
in the vacuum chamber; the system for pre-breakdown
current and breakdown registration; the system for vac-
uum chamber and sample heating; the power supplies;
the vacuum pumping system and the equipment for sys-
tem operation.
More information about the main elements and de-
vices are given below. The general view of the experi-
mental setup is given in Fig. 2.
1.1. THE VACUUM SYSTEM
The vacuum system design provides the necessary
pressure in the different parts of the setup at the prepara-
tion step and during experiment process. To minimize
the influence of vacuum conditions to breakdown pro-
cess, the pressure is reached not less than 10-7 Pa in the
vacuum chamber. The higher pressure in the vacuum
chamber can lead to initiation and development of gas
discharge. Two turbo molecular pumps LEYBOLD
TURBOVAC 361 (the pumping speed is 360 l/s) are
used for pumping. If for nitrogen the compression ration
is 109, the compression ratio for hydrogen is 3×103 for
each pump. Therefore, the circuit with serial connection
of two turbo molecular pumps was used for better hy-
drogen pumping from the vacuum chamber. High vacu-
um system’s elements have metal sealing and heating
system for their outgassing during pumping. The pres-
sure is measured by cold cathode gauges.
The test samples are placed in the high-vacuum
chamber. It has the reciprocating mechanical feed-
through. It is located at the upper flange and allows to
change the distance between the electrodes. The bottom
flange includes a high-vacuum inlet for a high voltage
apply to the cathode. The side flanges are used as win-
dows for visual observation of internal volume of the
vacuum chamber and measuring current leads. The
sample is fixed at the electrode and can be heating up to
400oC for outgassing. The additional chamber with the
monopole mass spectrometer connected to the working
chamber.
1.2. MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS
The monopole mass spectrometer MH7304A is used
as RGA in the vacuum chamber. Its advantages are com-
patibility, relatively cheapness and linear mass scale [8].
Fig. 3. The interface of software for mass spectrometer
with spectrum of residual gases
The mass scale range of mass spectrometer is from 1
to 400. The software for automation control of mass
spectrometer was developed by IAP NAS of Ukraine
[9]. Fig. 3 shows the interface of the software with spec-
trum of residual gases.
1.3. MEASUREMENT AND BREAKDOWNS
REGISTRATION
The electrodes of the discharge gap have tip-plane
configuration, and are located in the vacuum chamber.
The sample is mounted on the special holder used as
cathode. The size of the sample is 11 mm diameter and
2 mm thickness. The sample holder located on the stem
isolated from the walls of vacuum chamber. Though
high-voltage input (a metal-ceramic insulator) the high-
voltage with negative polarity is applied to the cathode.
The power supply allows for reached of electrical field
strength up to 500 MV/m. The anode has 2.5 mm diam-
eter and rounded end.
The experiment process is require the possibility of
anode motion in two dimensions: set the distance be-
tween the electrodes for reaching required value of elec-
trical field strength, and the anode positioning relatively
to cathode (test sample) for using sample surface area
more useful.
These two goals are achieved by using the mecha-
nism for anode motion. It is located at the top flange of
the vacuum chamber. This mechanism allows to change
gap distance in the wide range with precision 5 µm and
move anode above the cathode by circle with radius
4 mm with accuracy 7 degrees. The Fig. 4 shows the
electrodes configuration inside the vacuum chamber.
Fig. 4. The cathode-holder with the sample and
anode in the vacuum chamber
Fig. 5. The image of pre-breakdown and breakdown
currents from the oscilloscope
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2015. №4(98) 296
For pre-breakdown current and breakdown events
registration the signal output from the through insolated
input at the side flange. The digital voltmeter B7-21A is
used for pre-breakdown current measurement of small
magnitude. The digital oscilloscope GDS-2064 records
the current dependence of the time during breakdown
process (Fig. 5).
1.4. OPERATING SYSTEM
Automation of the high voltage breakdown registra-
tion is required for precise definition of breakdown
event, breakdown voltage and pre-breakdown current
evolution control of the gap at the voltage changing.
The automation provides the computer control of high
voltage (100 kV) applied by high voltage power supply
and current registration in the gap using B7-21A voltme-
ter connected to the computer. The software is writing
using Delphi environment. The program records data
monitors the changes in current and saves data to a file.
2. SAMPLES AND PRIMARY TESTS
The copper and iron samples with low content impu-
rities were used as cathode material at the primary ex-
periments. There are two types of copper samples were
used: copper from CERN made by KUGLER GmbH
(101 OFE Copper) and made by IAP NASU (grade
M1). The samples preparation procedure at IAP NASU
is include mechanical grinding, polishing and clearing.
As anodes copper C10100, stainless steel 12X18Н10T
and tungsten rods were used. The distance between
electrodes is set typically to 100 µm in the most exper-
iments because the positioning accuracy is around 5 µm.
Since gap distance decreasing supposed to use low volt-
age applied to the cathode for reaching the breakdown
field, however, the erosion of the electrodes surface can
reach the values comparable with gap distance. Accord-
ing the data from [10], where the gap distance was set
20 µm, the value of erosion reached 50% of the gap
distance after few tens of breakdowns during experi-
ments with Ti samples.
To minimize the effect of vacuum conditions to ex-
perimental results, the vacuum chamber is heated for
outgassing and pumped down to pressure above
(1…5)·10-7 Pa. The high voltage with negative polarity
is applied to sample holder (the cathode). The voltage is
increased smoothly and produced the electrical field
strength started from 50 MV/m up to value of field
when breakdown is happen. The breakdown voltages
were determined at the several sites of the sample. To
except the effect of the sample surface geometry, the
anode position is changed relatively to the tested site at
the cathode, where the breakdown occurred during pre-
vious tests. The signal taken from the anode is determi-
nate the current at the gap and the breakdown event as
described above.
The results from the first experiments are shown in
the Figs. 6, 7. The Fig. 6 shows the gap distance effect
to breakdown field for tungsten anode and copper cath-
ode from CERN.
The minimum electrical breakdown field strength
corresponds to the high voltage applied to the cathode,
when first single sparks are happened and further volt-
age increase is possible.
Fig. 6. The electrical breakdown field dependence
on the distance between the electrodes
(W anode and Cu cathode are used)
There is so-called “training” of the electrodes sur-
face. The maximum of the field strength range (see
Fig. 6) corresponds to the applied voltages, when the
surface structure changes of the sample are critical and
it makes impossible of further field strength increase at
this site. According to the data at the Fig. 6, the gap
distance increase allows to decreasing of electrical
breakdown fields range, this is consistent with data pre-
sented in [11, 12].
Fig. 7 shows the average values of electrical break-
down field reached between Cu (from IAP NASU) and
Fe cathodes and anodes from different materials.
Fig. 7. The average breakdowns field reached between
electrodes from different materials
for 100 µm gap distance
According to these data, during experiments with
different anode metals and the same material of cathode
the electrical breakdown fields have the same order of
value, but slightly different depending on anode materi-
al. The similar experiments are describes in [10] at the
gap 20 µm between titanium and tungsten materials as
materials of anode and cathode and alternatively. In this
case any different in electrical breakdown fields was
notice. The authors explained this by the low energy
deposited in the anode. At equal electric field, a smaller
gap needs a lower voltage. The heating effect at the
emission site on the cathode, driven by field emission, is
dominated, while the field emitted electrons deposit
only a moderate amount of energy on the anode.
It should be noted, the electrical breakdown fields
increasing for different anodes (and the same cathodes)
has the same tendency in changing as at the experiments
with the two electrodes made from same materials [10].
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2015. №4(98) 297
CONCLUSIONS
The system for studying the high-voltage breakdown
processes at the material for accelerating technology
was design and tested. The setup measures the pre-
breakdown currents and the breakdown voltage in the
gap between two electrodes. The tested sample is
mounted at the cathode holder. The special mechanism
is provide the possibility of anode motion relatively to
the cathode. The operating system allows to smoothly
controlling the voltage at the cathode and records the
current in the gap between electrodes. The mass-
spectrometry control of gas environment in the vacuum
chamber is available. The capabilities of our system are
illustrated through the test of the electrodes made from
different materials. The influence of gap distance and
electrodes material to the conditions of breakdown
events were studied. The experiments for surface modi-
fication influence to the breakdown field of different
materials are planed to be done in future at this setup.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Publication is based on the research provided by the
grant support of the State Fund For Fundamental Re-
search (project N Φ58/174-2014) as well as by the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU) under
the program of cooperation between NASU, CERN and
JINR Prospective Research into High-Energy and Nu-
clear Physics under Contract No ЦO-5-1/2014).
REFERENCES
1. L.V. Tarasova. Modern views on the mechanism of
electrical breakdown in a high vacuum // Uspekhi
Fizicheskih Nauk. 1956, v. 58, № 2, p. 321-346 (in
Russian).
2. I.N. Slivkov. Electrical insulation and discharge in
a vacuum. M., 1972.
3. I.N. Slivkov. Processes at high voltage in vacuum.
M., 1986.
4. R.V. Latham. High voltage vacuum insulation. The
physical basis. London: Academ. Press. 1981, 245 p.
5. D. Ilic, D. Mostic, E. Dolicanin, K. Stankovic,
P. Osmokroviс. Mechanisms of Electrical Berak-
down in Low Vacuums // Scientific Publications of
the State University of Novi Pazar Ser. A: Appl.
Math. Inform. and Mech. 2011, v. 3, 2, p. 85-99.
6. R. H. Fowler and L. Nordheim. Electron Emission in
Intense Electric Fields // Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a
Mathematical and Physical Character. 1928, v. 119,
p. 173-181.
7. M. Kildemo. New spark-test device for material
characterization // Nuclear Instruments and Methods
in Physics Research A. 2004, v. 530, p. 596-606.
8. G.I. Slobodenyk. Quadrupole mass spectrometers.
Moscow: “Atomisdat”, 1975, 272 p.
9. V.A Baturin, S.A. Eremin, V.A. Surkov. Software
Features single-pole type mass spectrometers
MH7304A // Bulletin of Sumy State University. Se-
ries “Physics, Mathematics, Mechanics”. 2003,
№ 8 (54), p. 65-71.
10. A. Descoeudres, T. Ramsvik, S. Calatroni,
M. Taborelli, and W. Wuensch // Phys. Rev. ST Ac-
cel. Beams. 2009, v. 12, p. 092001.
11. D. Alpert, D. Lee, E. Lyman, H. Tomaschke // J.
Vac. Sci. Technol. 1964, № 1, p. 35.
12. P. Kranjec and L. Ruby // J. Vac. Sci. Technol.
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Article received 05.05.2015
ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ УСТАНОВКА ДЛЯ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ВЫСОКОВОЛЬТНЫХ ПРОБОЕВ
В УСЛОВИЯХ ВЫСОКОГО ВАКУУМА
В.А. Батурин, А.Ю. Карпенко, Я.В. Профатилова, С.А. Пустовойтов, В.И. Мирошниченко
Описана экспериментальная установка для изучения процессов, происходящих при пробое в условиях
высокого вакуума. Установка предназначена для сравнительных исследований предпробойных процессов и
напряжения пробоя для различных материалов, используемых в ускорительной технике. Приведены первые
экспериментальные результаты.
ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНА УСТАНОВКА ДЛЯ ВИВЧЕННЯ ВИСОКОВОЛЬТНИХ ПРОБОЇВ
В УМОВАХ ВИСОКОГО ВАКУУМУ
В.А. Батурін, О.Ю. Карпенко, Я.В. Профатілова, С.О. Пустовойтов, В.І. Мирошніченко
Описано експериментальне обладнання для вивчення процесів, які відбуваються при пробоях в умовах
високого вакууму. Установка призначена для порівняльних досліджень передпробійних процесів та напруги
пробою для різних матеріалів, що використовуються в прискорювальній техніці. Наведені перші експериме-
нтальні результати.
Introduction
1. ExperimEntal setup
1.1. The vacuum system
1.2. Mass spectrometric analysis
1.3. Measurement and breakdowns registration
1.4. Operating system
2. Samples and primary tests
Conclusions
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
references
экспериментальная установка для изучения высоковольтных пробоев в условиях высокого вакуума
Експериментальна установка для вивчення високовольтних пробоїв в умовах високого вакууму
|