Intellectual Property Law and Biotechnological Inventions for the Countries in Transition to Market Economy
Governments are competing for attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) as a form of international economic transaction which is perceived as an important source of technological, economic and social developments of the countries and as an instrument of international economic integration. The inves...
Збережено в:
| Дата: | 2005 |
|---|---|
| Автор: | |
| Формат: | Стаття |
| Мова: | English |
| Опубліковано: |
Видавничий дім "Академперіодика" НАН України
2005
|
| Назва видання: | Наука та інновації |
| Теми: | |
| Онлайн доступ: | http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/114693 |
| Теги: |
Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
|
| Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Цитувати: | Intellectual Property Law and Biotechnological Inventions for the Countries in Transition to Market Economy / J. Bobrovszky // Наука та інновації. — 2005. — Т. 1, № 4. — С. 6-22. — англ. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| id |
irk-123456789-114693 |
|---|---|
| record_format |
dspace |
| spelling |
irk-123456789-1146932017-03-13T03:02:20Z Intellectual Property Law and Biotechnological Inventions for the Countries in Transition to Market Economy Bobrovszky, J. Technologies, innovation management and technology transfer Governments are competing for attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) as a form of international economic transaction which is perceived as an important source of technological, economic and social developments of the countries and as an instrument of international economic integration. The investment climate is determined by a broader environment, a set of factors, e.g. a large market size, as measured by population, per capita income (purchasing power), GDP growth rate, low trade barriers, level of privatization, candidate or membership status in the World Trade Organization (WTO), increases the confidence and attractiveness of a host country, sends positive signals to investors. On the other hand, slow market entry procedures, corruption, underdeveloped infrastructure and regional tensions all act as deterrents to foreign investments. One of the most important factors of the national policy framework determining investment environment is the strength of intellectual property protection. Empirical analysis results show that weak protection of intellectual property rights discourages foreign investors. The deterring effect of inadequate IPR regime is particularly strong in four technology-intensive sectors: drugs, cosmetics and healthcare products; chemicals; machinery and electrical equipment. 2005 Article Intellectual Property Law and Biotechnological Inventions for the Countries in Transition to Market Economy / J. Bobrovszky // Наука та інновації. — 2005. — Т. 1, № 4. — С. 6-22. — англ. 1815-2066 DOI: doi.org/10.15407/scin1.04.006 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/114693 en Наука та інновації Видавничий дім "Академперіодика" НАН України |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| language |
English |
| topic |
Technologies, innovation management and technology transfer Technologies, innovation management and technology transfer |
| spellingShingle |
Technologies, innovation management and technology transfer Technologies, innovation management and technology transfer Bobrovszky, J. Intellectual Property Law and Biotechnological Inventions for the Countries in Transition to Market Economy Наука та інновації |
| description |
Governments are competing for attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) as a form of international economic transaction which is perceived as an important source of technological, economic and social developments of the countries and as an instrument of international economic integration. The investment climate is determined by a broader environment, a set of factors, e.g. a large market size, as measured by population, per capita income (purchasing power), GDP growth rate, low trade barriers, level of privatization, candidate or membership status in the World Trade Organization (WTO), increases the confidence and attractiveness of a host country, sends positive signals to investors. On the other hand, slow market entry procedures, corruption, underdeveloped infrastructure and regional tensions all act as deterrents to foreign investments. One of the most important factors of the national policy framework determining investment environment is the strength of intellectual property protection. Empirical analysis results show that weak protection of intellectual property rights discourages foreign investors. The deterring effect of inadequate IPR regime is particularly strong in four technology-intensive sectors: drugs, cosmetics and healthcare products; chemicals; machinery and electrical equipment. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Bobrovszky, J. |
| author_facet |
Bobrovszky, J. |
| author_sort |
Bobrovszky, J. |
| title |
Intellectual Property Law and Biotechnological Inventions for the Countries in Transition to Market Economy |
| title_short |
Intellectual Property Law and Biotechnological Inventions for the Countries in Transition to Market Economy |
| title_full |
Intellectual Property Law and Biotechnological Inventions for the Countries in Transition to Market Economy |
| title_fullStr |
Intellectual Property Law and Biotechnological Inventions for the Countries in Transition to Market Economy |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Intellectual Property Law and Biotechnological Inventions for the Countries in Transition to Market Economy |
| title_sort |
intellectual property law and biotechnological inventions for the countries in transition to market economy |
| publisher |
Видавничий дім "Академперіодика" НАН України |
| publishDate |
2005 |
| topic_facet |
Technologies, innovation management and technology transfer |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/114693 |
| citation_txt |
Intellectual Property Law and Biotechnological Inventions for the Countries in Transition to Market Economy / J. Bobrovszky // Наука та інновації. — 2005. — Т. 1, № 4. — С. 6-22. — англ. |
| series |
Наука та інновації |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT bobrovszkyj intellectualpropertylawandbiotechnologicalinventionsforthecountriesintransitiontomarketeconomy |
| first_indexed |
2025-07-08T07:49:31Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-07-08T07:49:31Z |
| _version_ |
1837064229998297088 |
| fulltext |
6
Special Issue
© SCIENCE AND INNOVATION. 2005
Special issue.2005.V 1.N 4.P. 6–22.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW
AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL INVENTIONS
FOR THE COUNTRIES IN TRANSITION
TO MARKET ECONOMY
Mr. Jeno Bobrovszky
Former Director of the Division for Cooperation with Certain Countries in Europe and Asia,
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
Mr. Jeno Bobrovszky is the former Director, Division for Cooperation with Certain Countries in Europe
and Asia, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). He retired in 2005, after 14 years of service
as UN diplomat. Mr. Bobrovszky graduated with a Doctor of Law and Politology degree from the
University of Budapest in 1965. He also holds a postgraduate Patent Expert degree from the Moscow
Patent Academy (1976), a Ph.D. (1976) and a D.Sc. (Doctor of Juridical Sciences, 1992) from the
Hungarian Academy of Sciences for his thesis on intellectual property topics. Before joining WIPO in 1991
as Head of Industrial Property Law Section and later of Enforcement Section he was Director of the Legal,
Trademark and International Department of the Hungarian Patent Office from 1977 to 1991. From 1973
to 1977, he worked as an intellectual property expert in the Secretariat of the Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance (CMEA), Moscow. He has been a member of the International Association for the Advancement
of Teaching and Research in Intellectual Property (ATRIP) since 199. He was in charge at WIPO of the
massive modernization of intellectual property legislation, institutional systems and human resources in 30
countries in transition to market economy.
Abstract: Governments are competing for attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) as a form of interna!
tional economic transaction which is perceived as an important source of technological, economic and social
developments of the countries and as an instrument of international economic integration. The investment
climate is determined by a broader environment, a set of factors, e.g. a large market size, as measured by pop!
ulation, per capita income (purchasing power), GDP growth rate, low trade barriers, level of privatization,
candidate or membership status in the World Trade Organization (WTO), increases the confidence and
attractiveness of a host country, sends positive signals to investors. On the other hand, slow market entry
procedures, corruption, underdeveloped infrastructure and regional tensions all act as deterrents to foreign
investments. One of the most important factors of the national policy framework determining investment
environment is the strength of intellectual property protection. Empirical analysis results show that weak
protection of intellectual property rights discourages foreign investors. The deterring effect of inadequate
IPR regime is particularly strong in four technology!intensive sectors: drugs, cosmetics and healthcare
products; chemicals; machinery and electrical equipment.
7SCIENCE AND INNOVATION. N 4, 2005
Technologies, innovation management and technology transfer
BACKGROUND: INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY IN GENERAL
1. The subject matter of intellectual property
For the purposes of this book the subject mat!
ters of intellectual property are creations of
mind and other intellectual values.
Creations of mind are:
– ideas as functional (technical, useful, utili!
tarian) creations (inventions, utility mod!
els, layout designs of integrated circuits,
new plant varieties, trade secrets, know!
how);
– forms of expressions (industrial designs, lit!
erary, artistic or scientific works as expres!
sive creations).
Other intellectual values those are commer!
cially valuable as:
– goodwill (represented by trademarks, trade
names, geographical indications) and per!
sonal reputation (character merchandiz!
ing);
– certain products of intellectual efforts (per!
formances of artists, producers of phono!
grams, broadcasting organizations, not orig!
inal database).
The above listed creations of the mind and
other intellectual values of intangible nature
enjoy different levels of property!like exclusive
rights to help exploit them on the market. This
is made possible by the fact that the creations of
the mind and other intellectual values have a
common denominator, namely, that they may
become intellectual quality components of mar!
ket commodities. For example, in a wristwatch
("utilitarian products" or industrial goods") the
functional intellectual quality!the technological
content!is based on an invention, the watch's
visual appearance, the ornamental intellectual
quality on an industrial design and its commer!
cial symbol as a trademark, as a distinctive sign
determines its marketing intellectual quality. A
medium of expression (e. g. a compact disk)
combines the functional content with a literary
or artistic expression ("cultural products" or
"copyright goods").
The majority of the creations of the mind,
such as inventions, utility models, layout
designs of integrated circuits, plant varieties,
trade secrets, know!how as the practical appli!
cation of ideas (knowledge, information), play
an important role in the innovation of the func!
tional quality of goods determined by their
technological (utilitarian) features. Other
intellectual creations, such as industrial designs
and works of applied art, serve as a basis for
upgrading the formal quality determined by the
visual, aesthetic appearance, the "look" of the
goods.
Commercial symbols such as trademarks,
trade names and geographical indications are
used to develop the marketing quality of goods
and services by distinguishing them or the com!
panies or geographic regions from which they
originate or take their reputation, goodwill or
trade value.
2. The rationale of the protection
of intellectual property
Creations of the mind and commercial symbols
as intangible assets may have two kinds of mar!
ket commodity embodiments for commercial
purposes:
– useful, functional creations of the mind can
be incorporated in useful articles (watches,
cameras, medicines, etc.);
– the forms of expressions as creations of the
mind, whether useful or literary or artistic,
can be incorporated in a tangible medium of
expression (a description, a drawing, a film,
a compact disk, etc.).
8
Special Issue
SCIENCE AND INNOVATION. N 4, 2005
Industrial designs can be reproduced in and
commercial symbols can be affixed both to use!
ful, functional articles and media of expression.
As a consequence of the intangible nature of
intellectual values, there are no natural restraints
or time and space limits on the exploitation of
their embodiment, simultaneously or successive!
ly by several parties anywhere in the world.
While, on the one hand, the pioneering of
new technology and the creation and exploita!
tion of other intellectual values as intangible
assets require increasingly important invest!
ment costs, time, efforts and significant risk!
taking at the research, development and pro!
duction stage, it is, on the other hand, techni!
cally easy and cheap to imitate those assets. If
imitation is not prevented, a creator or innova!
tor of such intellectual values cannot recover his
risk capital investments with appropriate prof!
its in the market place and will lose his econom!
ic motivation and resources for further innova!
tion where the failure is more common than the
success. The aim of the protection is to create a
market mechanism by legally preventing the
possibility of "free ride" that is the illicit use of
those intangible assets by third parties for com!
mercial purposes. By allowing the recovery of
investments with appropriate profit on the mar!
ket the protection promotes:
– the progress of creativity and innovations
in technology, economy, culture; the diver!
sification and upgrading of the quality of
the products based on the creations;
– the material and moral reward of the cre!
ators and performers through the commer!
cialization;
– the disclosure of the creations of the mind
in order to make them gradually available
to the public;
– maintaining fair competition;
– the transfer of technology, mainly through
licensing;
– the attraction of foreign direct investments
in innovations.
The aim of the protection afforded to com!
mercial symbols is the development of the mar!
ket by permitting branded goods or services to
be distinguished as to their origin, their quality
and through their advertising among the con!
sumers. Commercial symbols represent the
goodwill of goods and services in connection
with which a mark is used. The goodwill repre!
sents the value of an enterprise that reflects its
commercial reputation and can be translated in
the market into a higher profit.
As to the philosophy of the protection of
intellectual property, one can differentiate
among three theories as follows:
– assertive, positive, proprietarianist theories,
justifying the existence and the maximiza!
tion ("overprotection") of intellectual prop!
erty (referring to natural laws, human and
personality rights, moral principles of prop!
erty and reward of creativity, the necessity
of return on innovative investments, etc.);
– nihilist, negative, antiproprietarianist theo!
ries, denying the intellectual property or
trying to minimize ("underprotect") it
(referring to the natural right of society to
imitate, the importance of public domain or
intellectual commons, the advantages of
direct incentives over market mechanism,
etc.);
– synthetic, "quid pro quo", instrumentalist
theories, justifying the private intellectual
property as a social contract with certain
counterbalances for the benefit of the public
(referring to the utilitarianism, the necessi!
ty of proper balance, a trade!off between the
private and public interests, the incentives
for creativity and innovative investments
on the one hand and the rights of competi!
tors, non!commercial users and the general
public for the accession and use of creations
i.e. an equilibrium between intellectual
property exclusivity and regulated freedom
for users).
9SCIENCE AND INNOVATION. N 4, 2005
Technologies, innovation management and technology transfer
3. The main principles of intellectual
property
The protection of intellectual property is based
on a number of principles aimed at securing
desirable balance between private and public
interests, exclusive rights and free competition.
The leading principle in a market economy
is the freedom of competition from which it fol!
lows that the freely usable public domain is the
rule and intellectual property is the exception.
Intellectual property as a private right is avail!
able only under certain conditions, for new,
original, non!obvious or distinctive intellectual
creations, which exceed the public domain and
the intellectual property of others.
A practical consequence of this situation is
that the competitive right of free use of public
domain information and of unprotected techni!
cal (functional, utilitarian) features in the area
of publicly available generic products that are
not eligible for protection or for which protec!
tion has lapsed is usually acknowledged and
encouraged, provided that there is no likelihood
of confusion as to the source of the products and
that the appropriation cannot be qualified as a
mere "free ride" copying or slavish imitation of
an achievement having distinctive features.
In this respect, reverse engineering (decom!
position or dismantling) is commonly practiced
in the industry in connection with the publicly
available, unprotected products of competitors,
for the purpose of learning the technology
embodied in the products and eventually pro!
ducing competing products without actually
copying anything from the original or violating
the rules against unfair competition.
Intellectual property and competition laws
are complementary because they both aim at
promoting competitive pressure as driving force
to promote creativity and innovation.
However, the legal exclusivity granted by intel!
lectual property rights may lead to anti!compet!
itive market power, predatory pricing, abuses of
dominant position or even monopoly as defined
under competition law. There is a difference
between the existence and possible anti!com!
petitive exercise of those rights.
According to the antitrust laws, intellectual
property in itself is regarded as being compara!
ble to any other form of property so it cannot be
presumed that intellectual property creates
market power in the antitrust context.
Licensing is also generally pro!competitive,
allowing forms to combine complementary fac!
tors of production. However, certain licensing
arrangement may adversely effect competition
(restraints, tying arrangement, exclusive deal!
ings, etc.).
Another important principle is the limita!
tion of the protection of creations of the mind
and commercial symbols.
For example, intellectual property does not
protect an idea as such, in an absolute sense, but
only the specific expression of an idea (by copy!
right) or the practical application (functionali!
ty) of an idea (knowledge, information) in a use!
ful article.
On the other hand, it is a legitimate and
encouraged competitive behavior to further
develop a patented invention for a derivative
new product or process that does not infringe
the patent but produces the same or a better
result than the patented invention ("inventing
or designing around"). The public as a rule has
right for the non!commercial, "fair!use" of pro!
tected intellectual values.
Intellectual property does not confer posi!
tive ownership rights in the creations of the
mind; it is a preventive exclusion right regard!
ing certain market activities of others for the
commercialization of creations of the mind ("to
make, to use, to sell") without the consent of the
right holder, within constraints of time, territo!
ry, fair use exemptions (e.g., free use for teaching
purposes) and public interest (e.g., anti!trust
rules, consumer protection). Furthermore,
intellectual property does not constitute market
10
Special Issue
SCIENCE AND INNOVATION. N 4, 2005
authorization, confer a right of exploitation of
the creations of the mind; that right is governed
by other, market regulatory rules (e.g. in case of
pharmaceutical products).
Intellectual property protection is by
nature territorial and temporary and is aimed at
channeling intellectual creations into the public
domain once the exclusive right has lapsed.
That is the general, final and irreversible status
of non proprietary intellectual creations and
commercial symbols that are not or not any!
more protected by a specific form of intellectual
property. Public domain items cannot be appro!
priated for private purposes and are available for
free copying and use by anyone as a part of the
public's cultural heritage (intellectual com!
mons).
The general ideas on the one hand and the
obvious, commonplace, routine solutions,
generic elements, signs on the other hand are
also part of public domain.
It has to be mentioned that there are many
works that are not part of the public domain but
for which the owner of some proprietary rights
has chosen not to enforce those rights (e.g. Free
Software Foundation which licenses copyright!
ed software without royalty under the license
"copyleft").
A copyright holder as a rule can explicitly
disclaim any proprietary interest in the work,
effectively granting it to the public domain.
With regards to patents on the other hand,
publishing the details of an invention before
applying for a patent will generally place an
invention in the public domain.
One of the purposes of the patent system is
to put new technologies into the public domain,
through its informative functions. For example,
the grant of a patent is conditional on the dis!
closure of the invention as a quid pro quo, that
is, the giving up of the secrecy of the invention.
The publication of the invention by a Patent
Office makes it accessible to the public and
enables others to understand the invention, to
be inspired by it and to use it for research or
experiments (depending on the applicable
patent law) as a stepping stone to further devel!
opments of the technology. Also, once a patent
has expired, the public is allowed and encour!
aged to use the invention belonging to the pub!
lic domain.
Patents of inventions provide a shorter
term of protection but a right of preventing
exploitation of ideas; copyright gives a longer
term of protection for the forms of expressions
but it only allows to prevent copying while the
term of protection of commercial symbols repre!
senting the identity of a product under the
changing market conditions, can be extended
without limitation.
4. Intellectual property legal options
Intellectual property consists of various ele!
ments which can be alternatively chosen or
cumulatively combined to secure as a portfolio
of rights an efficient protection, depending on
the form of exploitation (communicative or pro!
ductive) of the multidimensional, polyvalent,
hybrid intellectual values. The principal specif!
ic forms of protection are provided:
– by industrial property rights (patents for
inventions, utility models, trade secrets,
industrial design, trademark rights, etc.)
concerning the incorporation of a function!
al creation of the mind in a useful article or
the reproduction of a design in or the affix!
ation of a commercial symbol to a useful
article or to a medium of expression;
– by copyright concerning the embodiment of
the literary or artistic forms of expression
in a tangible medium of expression or as
intangible assets without fixation.
Supplementary forms of protection!as a
general kind and second line of defense in the
absence of specific protection!are provided for
by the laws against unfair competition, in par!
11SCIENCE AND INNOVATION. N 4, 2005
Technologies, innovation management and technology transfer
ticular the provisions regarding trade secret
protection of undisclosed information, protec!
tion against taking undue advantage (e.g., by
slavish imitation or other forms of free riding)
or causing confusion (e.g., by passing off) in the
market in the course of competition.
Finally, certain non!specific complementary
forms of protection can be based on the general
principles and institutions of the legal systems,
in particular on the commercial or civil laws
(law of contracts and torts), labor law (regard!
ing employee creations, trade secret protection,
etc.) and administrative and criminal law (con!
cerning counterfeiting and piracy, etc.).
Generally speaking, each country, on the
basis of its legislative sovereignty and the terri!
torial principle, has its own intellectual proper!
ty laws and its national system of organizations
functioning in the field of intellectual property
protection.
The national intellectual property laws and
practices differ from country to country,
although some global minimum standards have
been accepted and a certain degree of harmo!
nization has been reached through normative
international treaties, in particular the Paris
Convention for the Protection of Industrial
Property, the Berne Convention for the
Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, the
Agreement on the Trade!Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS
Agreement), the Trademark Law Treaty and the
Patent Law Treaty (PLT). For the details see
Annex 1.
The general provisions and basic principles
of the TRIPS Agreement are those of national
treatment and most!favored!nation treatment.
Thus, members of the WTO must accord the
nationals of other member treatment no less
favorable than they accord to their own nation!
als. Moreover, any advantage granted by a
member to nationals of another member must be
accorded immediately and unconditionally to
the nationals of all other members even if this
treatment is more favorable than that accorded
to its own nationals.
The TRIPS Agreement aims to ensure that
adequate rules and effective level of the protec!
tion of intellectual property are applied in all
member countries, on the basis of the basic obli!
gations laid down by WIPO in the various con!
ventions on intellectual property rights, partic!
ularly the Paris Convention for the Protection
of Industrial Property. Numerous new rules or
stricter rules are introduced in fields not cov!
ered by the existing conventions or where the
existing conventions are inadequate to reduce
distortion and impediments to international
trade from different standards of protection.
The TRIPS Agreement covers a vast range
of topics, from copyright and trademarks to lay!
out!designs of integrated circuits and trade
secrets. It deals with each of the main cate!
gories of intellectual property, establishes stan!
dards of protection and rules on enforcement,
and provides for the application of the WTO
dispute settlement mechanism to resolve dis!
putes between member states. One feature of
the TRIPS Agreement is that the protection of
intellectual property has become an integral
part of the multilateral trading system as
reflected by the WTO. The failure of a country
to meet its TRIPS obligations can jeopardize its
market access rights and other benefits under
the WTO.
The harmonization of norms is in constant
progress. Furthermore, in addition to the nor!
mative treaties, certain operative (filing, regis!
tration and granting) systems for patents, trade!
marks, industrial designs and appellations of
origin facilitate the acquisition rights, in partic!
ular through the Patent Cooperation Treaty
(PCT), the Madrid Agreement Concerning the
International Registration of Marks, the Hague
Agreement Concerning the International
Deposit of Designs and the Lisbon Agreement
for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and
their International Registration.
12
Special Issue
SCIENCE AND INNOVATION. N 4, 2005
As to the regional cooperation in the world,
one can differentiate between:
– only common rules, normative type cooper!
ation (in South America: Andean Commu!
nity countries, Central American Conven!
tion, Common Market of the South, Group
of three, North American Free Trade Agree!
ment, ASEAN Framework Agreement);
– common rules, normative type and common
office, operative type "double cooperation"
exists in Europe, C.I.S, and Africa. There
are two types of common office, operative
cooperation: centralized procedure of
granting national rights (European Patent
Office "EPO"), African Regional Industrial
Property Organization "ARIPO") or cen!
tralized procedure of granting unitary
(supranational) regional rights
(Community Trademark "OHIM",
Eurasian Patent Convention "EAPO",
African Intellectual Property Organization
"OAPI", Gulf Cooperation Council Patent
Office).
EU Directive on enforcement of intellectual
property rights
The Directive seeks to create a level playing
field for the enforcement of intellectual proper!
ty rights in different EU countries, by bringing
enforcement measures into line across the EU,
especially in those countries where the enforce!
ment of intellectual property rights is currently
weakest.
The Directive also aims to establish a gen!
eral framework for the exchange of information
between the responsible national authorities.
The Directive maintains a balance between
helping holders of intellectual property defend
their rights and protecting users from unfair lit!
igation (so!called rights of due process).
The Directive covers infringements of all
intellectual property rights (both copyright and
industrial property, such as trademarks or
designs) which under European law have been
harmonized within the EU.
It concentrates on infringements carried
out for commercial purposes or which cause sig!
nificant harm to rightholders.
The Directive is based on best practice in
the Member States. The measures it would
extend throughout the EU include, among oth!
ers, injunctions to halt the sale of counterfeit or
pirate goods, provisional measures such as pre!
cautionary seizures of suspected offenders' bank
accounts, evidence!gathering powers for judi!
cial authorities and powers to force offenders to
pay damages to rightholders to compensate for
lost income.
Intellectual property rights need to be pro!
tected and enforced within carefully defined
limits, for reasons which vary according to the
different types of intellectual property.
These reasons are, for the main rights con!
cerned:
– for patents, the point is to protect the
inventive idea. This allows the inventor to
generate income from their invention which
thus gives a powerful incentive for inven!
tors to create new inventions. In addition,
patents are published and so information
about new technical developments can be
disseminated to other people who can make
use of them;
– for trademarks, the point is to protect the
link between producer and product e.g. the
logo, packaging. This has two advantages,
it allows consumers to identify the origin of
the products they buy and hence choose the
level of quality and safety they are prepared
to pay for. Secondly, it gives a powerful
incentive for rightholders to invest in their
specific products and improve their quality
and image;
– for copyright, the point is to protect the
expression of a creative work such as a
book, a piece of music, or a film. This allows
the creator of the work and other righthold!
13SCIENCE AND INNOVATION. N 4, 2005
Technologies, innovation management and technology transfer
ers, to market creative content. IP serves to
make available such content on appropriate
terms. It also stimulates future creation
and ensures the availability of high quality
content for others to enjoy. Put simply, if an
artist could not participate actively in the
marketing of his or her work and get a share
of the financial benefits, they would in most
cases not be able to create and invest in
their creation. If an intermediary like a film
or record company did not get paid, they
would not be able to produce and distribute
it. Many major works enjoyed by millions
would never see the light of day.
The term "fair use" comes from American
practice. However, all EU Member States have
certain exceptions to the rights in place, includ!
ing for private copying or library use, which
would roughly correspond to the idea of fair use.
The Directive does not affect the scope of intel!
lectual property law as established by existing
EU and national law but only the enforcement
of that law. E.g. there is a framework of EU law
in place which does not make private lending
subject to copyright protection.
Most Member States have exceptions in
place in their national law regarding the copy!
ing of material in schools and libraries. In most
cases therefore such use would be exempted
from intellectual property rights and would not
lead to an infringement in the first place.
The Directive does not introduce tougher
sanctions against individuals downloading the
odd track using file swapping software via their
PCs for non!commercial purposes, thought it
does not stop Member State authorities from
introducing and applying tougher laws.
The scope of this proposal covers infringe!
ment carried out for commercial purposes or
which cause significant harm to the rightholder.
File swapping may be considered a copy!
right infringement depending on the national
law in question.
The rule only covers illegal acts where
authorization has not been given by the
rightholder or where the appropriate remunera!
tion has not been paid for the use of that piece of
intellectual property.
Exchanging illegal content over the
Internet is an illegal act or an infringement of
copyright if it relates to music files.
Although considerable injury to righthold!
ers can be caused by an individual via his/her
computer linked to the Internet, it is not the
interest of rightholders to spend a lot of time
and money in litigation to catch offenders who
are simply sharing a few files with a handful of
friends.
The Directive aims to strike a fair balance
between the interests of rightholders and legiti!
mate users of intellectual property on the one
hand and the wider opportunities the internet
offers to consumers on the other, by focusing on
commercial infringements or those which most
damage rightholders' interests. It is not aimed
at allowing the prosecution of large numbers of
individuals using peer to peer (P2P) networks
for casual file swapping.
For criminal sanctions to apply, the
infringement must be "serious". An infringe!
ment is considered "serious" if carried out inten!
tionally and for commercial purposes.
Although the Directive also includes refer!
ences to proportionality, i.e. for the punishment
to fit the crime, it is up to national judges to
decide on sentencing on a case by case basis.
All EU Member States are bound by the
rules of the TRIPS Agreement.
It is explicitly stated in the Directive that:
– none of its provisions in any way detracts
from Member States' obligations under
TRIPS;
– it does not set a limit on how far each
Member State can go if it wants to go fur!
ther than either TRIPS or indeed the provi!
sions of the Directive itself.
14
Special Issue
SCIENCE AND INNOVATION. N 4, 2005
The Directive goes further than TRIPS,
particularly for those infringements which pose
the greatest threats to rightholders, namely
infringements of IPRs which are either commit!
ted for commercial reasons or which cause "sig!
nificant harm" to the rightholder.
These "TRIPS plus" elements are:
– a right of representation for collecting soci!
eties and trade associations;
– a power for the authorities to seize docu!
mentary evidence relating to the suspected
infringement (as well as the suspect goods
themselves);
– an obligation for courts to provide informa!
tion on the source of infringing goods
("right of information");
– "interlocutory injunctions" (in advance of a
decision on the merits of a case) to prevent
suspected offenders and also intermediaries
from profiting from an infringement;
– the seizure of offender's bank accounts and
other assets and profits to ensure payment
of due damages;
– the recall of infringing goods at the offend!
er's own expense;
– the choice for the rightholder of either lump
sum damages (up to double normal royal!
ties or license fees) or compensation for lost
profits;
– payment of legal costs (and "other expens!
es") by the offender where an infringement
is established;
– the publication of court decisions;
– the winding up of companies found guilty of
the most serious infringements;
– the banning of machines used to produce
counterfeit security features for goods cov!
ered by industrial property rights (e.g.
trademarks).
The Directive would make a difference in
all Member States. Apart from its specific pro!
visions, the Directive is also a political signal
which will encourage national courts to apply
sanctions and remedies more vigorously.
The more national laws within the EU are
brought into line with one another, the more
"common ground" that is developed. These sim!
ilarities will make it easier for cross!border liti!
gation in the future.
The Directive is based on existing best
practice and that is not the preserve of one sin!
gle Member State. In addition, provisions in
national law are often complex and fall within
many different legislative acts, so the
Commission is not in a position to give an
authoritative overview of what currently
applies where. The key point is that there is
now a single legal framework applicable across
the EU.
An efficient intellectual property frame!
work constitutes a precondition for the confi!
dence and willingness of foreign investors to
enter into economic commitments in any coun!
try. The legal and organizational infrastructure
for the protection of intellectual property has
the same importance for the technological, eco!
nomic and cultural development of a country as
roads and bridges do for the transport of goods
and services.
The accelerating trend towards global pat!
terns of economic and commercial activity,
fueled by rapid developments in technology in
worldwide communication systems, has
brought intellectual property into the main!
stream of economic, social, cultural and techno!
logical policy in most of the countries. As a
result, intellectual property has been trans!
formed from a sleepy area of law and business to
one of the driving engines of a high technology
economy.
The starting point is the market economy
approach, the structure of market product: how
to upgrade the functional, formal and marketing
quality of manufactured products in the market
place by using the resource of creations of the
mind and other intellectual values protected by
15SCIENCE AND INNOVATION. N 4, 2005
Technologies, innovation management and technology transfer
intellectual property as a set of practical legal
tools, as a legal "keyboard" by which the protec!
tion system is operated.
This piece of writing is designed to give a
pragmatic orientation providing checklists of
options for market decisions, for the protection
of intellectual property, in order to facilitate the
understanding of the fundamentals of the sys!
tem. It reduces to the essential the intellectual
property categories, based on their most gener!
al, simplified, internationally and regionally
accepted features in the European (continental)
type of laws with reference to certain specific
features of the intellectual property laws of the
United States of America.
Author would like to provide help and
referring for details and updates mainly to the
relevant websites of the network of national
laws, international treaties and various organi!
zations that are active in the field of intellectual
property protection. This is a consequence of
the fact that the specific information varies from
country to country and from region to region,
and is rapidly changing in time both at the
regional and global levels. Therefore, in con!
crete cases, the information has to be checked
and studied in detail from the respective
Internet resources.
Biotechnological inventions
"Biotechnological inventions" are inventions
which concern a product consisting of or con!
taining biological material or a process by means
of which biological material is produced,
processed or used. "Biological material" is
defined as any material consisting of or contain!
ing genetic information and capable of repro!
ducing itself or being reproduced in a biological
system. The biological material may be of
microbiological, plant, animal or human origin,
subcellular, unicellular or multicellular organ!
isms and biologically active material.
Biotechnological inventions may have very sig!
nificant effect in the fields of medicine, food,
energy and the protection of environment.
Biotechnological inventions belong to the
broad and open concept of invention which is
accepted worldwide in accordance with the
TRIPS norms. Therefore, the legal protection
of biotechnological inventions does not require
the creation of a separate body of law and the
national patent laws are the essential basis for
their legal protection.
Nevertheless, the application of patentabili!
ty standards demonstrates certain special fea!
tures regarding:
– the technical character of biotechnological
inventions and their demarcation from dis!
coveries and the public domain;
– their industrial applicability, their novelty
and their non!obviousness;
– their conformity to the ordre public, moral!
ity; and
– their disclosure to the public.
Regarding the patentability of biotechno!
logical inventions, the relevant distinction is
not between living and inanimate things, but
between products of nature, whether living or
not and human!made inventions, between
nature and technology. On the other hand there
is no possibility for "patenting the life" in gener!
al but patenting inventions regarding specific
living things which are usually commodities on
the market (yeast, flowers, pets etc.) and are
object of tangible property. The main issue is
the following: whether the biotechnological
invention represents such type, degree and level
of human intervention into the natural things
and processes which reaches the threshold line
of the standards of patentability.
As to the technical character of human
intervention, generally speaking it has to pro!
duce an artificially created state of affairs in nat!
ural things and processes. This requirement
aims at checking that no mere discoveries or
16
Special Issue
SCIENCE AND INNOVATION. N 4, 2005
natural things may be patented. The European
Biotechnology Directive eliminates any doubts
about the technical, man!made or artificial
character of biological material where, though
naturally occurring, the material has been iso!
lated or produced by a human intervention, by
an intellectual input into the natural process.
This means that patents are not obtainable for
the discovery of biological material in its natu!
ral state or for essentially biological processes,
but isolated biological materials or materials
that are the product or processes of human inge!
nuity are patentable. This particularly applies
to genes which are isolated from their natural
environment by means of technical processes
and made available for industrial production.
As to the novelty of the said human inter!
vention the general rules apply: it shall not
belong to the existing prior art, including the
public domain and the inventions under patent
protection. The application of the requirement
of inventive step/non!obviousness has its speci!
ficity because the techniques of isolation are
usually standard routine. According to the
examination practice, a process of making or
using a novel and non!obvious biotechnological
product is treated as being itself non!obvious.
One of the key issues of patentability is the
industrial application (or in the US patent law:
utility). An invention shall be considered as
susceptible of industrial application if it can be
made or used in any kind of industry, including
agriculture.
Biological inventions are patentable if the
biological material used by the invention indi!
cates a function or specific, substantial and
credible utility. For the evaluation of the
patentability it is required for example that the
industrial application of a sequence or a partial
sequence of a gene must be disclosed in the
patent application. A mere DNA sequence per
se without indication of a function does not
contain any technical information and is there!
fore not a patentable invention. Inventions are
protected in relation to the disclosed industrial
application (utility, function) and the breadth
of claim shall be commensurate with the contri!
bution to the art shown by disclosure.
Accordingly, the industrial application of a
sequence or a partial sequence of a gene must be
disclosed in the patent application.
There are some optional exceptions to the
general rule of patentability which also apply to
biotechnological inventions and counter!excep!
tions to the optional exceptions. Members of
WTO may exclude from patentability:
– inventions, the prevention within their ter!
ritory of the commercial exploitation of
which is necessary to protect ordre public
or morality, including to protect human,
animal or plant life or health or to avoid
serious prejudice to the environment, pro!
vided that such exclusion is not made mere!
ly because the exploitation is prohibited by
their law;
– diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical meth!
ods for the treatment of humans or animals;
– plants and animals and essentially biologi!
cal processes for their production; counter!
exception in this respect: the exclusion can!
not relate to microorganisms, non!biologi!
cal and microbiological processes which are
patentable under the general rule.
Regarding the protection of plant varieties,
there is a special rule: members must pro!
vide for the protection of plant varieties
either by patents or by an effective sui
generis system (UPOV) or by any combina!
tion thereof.
As to the possibility of exclusion from the
general patent protection of plants and animals,
the industrialized countries usually do not pro!
vide for such exclusion. This means that a high!
er grouping of transgenic plants or animals
defined by a shared characteristic ("common
transgene") is patentable even if it comprises
new varieties of plants or animals.
17SCIENCE AND INNOVATION. N 4, 2005
Technologies, innovation management and technology transfer
Patents are broad and strong forms of
biotechnological invention protection, while
the plant breeders' right is focusing mainly on
the propagating material of the specific embodi!
ment of a variety.
Animal varieties or breeds produced by tra!
ditional biological methods have no sui generis
legal system for their protection comparable to
plant breeders' rights.
However, genetically modified animals and
the application of animal organs or parts (like
genes, cell lines, egg cells, embryos, organs for
xeno?transplantation, etc.) can be patentable
since this is not confined to a particular animal
species, through the genetic engineering treat!
ment a massive?human intervention, a technical
breeding process is present for useful purposes.
As to the requirement of conformity of
biotechnological inventions with the ordre pub!
lic, it expresses the precautionary public policy
against possible unforeseeable dangers, risks,
and hazards to the life, health and environment.
"Morality" relates to the totality of convention!
ally accepted ethical norms according to which
certain acts are right, others are wrong (e.g.,
using animals for clinical tests is right, but cru!
elty to them, causing them unnecessary suffer!
ing is wrong). It is the general opinion in patent
practice that the mere fact that genetic manipu!
lation is used does not render an invention
immoral.
The patent laws provide that exploitation
shall not be deemed to be contrary to the ordre
public or morality merely because is prohibited
by law or regulation. It means that there is a
difference between patenting and exploitation.
Morality issues arise regarding animals and
humans.
The animal biotechnology is dominated by
ethical questions concerning the allowable lim!
its of human interference into the nature by the
genetic recombination of animals which may
lead to the loss of genetic diversity, loss of
integrity of certain species by the chimerical
animals, with no direct benefit, with unforesee!
able consequences and suffering for the animals.
The European Biotechnology Directive
tried to strike a balance and maintain propor!
tionality between the medical benefits and the
sufferings providing that shall be considered
unpatentable the processes for modifying the
genetic identity of animals which are likely to
cause them suffering without any substantial
medical benefit in terms of research, prevention,
diagnosis or therapy to man or animal and also
animals resulting from such processes.
It is a widely accepted axiom of the patent
law that the human body per se and its organs
are not patentable. According to the Directives,
the human body, at the various stages of its for!
mation and development, and the simple discov!
ery of one of its elements, including the
sequence or partial sequence of a gene, cannot
constitute patentable inventions.
But this is not true to the application of cer!
tain parts of the human body which are separat!
ed, e.g. certain tissues, DNA sequences that are
taken out of the body and used for the produc!
tion of human!derived medicines (insulin, inter!
feron, etc.) i.e. when a human part is used as a
constituent of an invention. It is expected that
this activity will be even more intensive due to
the publication of Human Genome Map.
According to the Directives, an element iso!
lated from the human body or otherwise pro!
duced by means of a technical process, including
the sequence or partial sequence of a gene, may
constitute a patentable invention, even if the
structure of that element is identical to that of a
natural element.
If an invention is based on biological mate!
rial of human origin or if it uses such material,
where a patent application is filed, the person
from whose body the material is taken must
have had an opportunity of expressing free and
informed consent thereto, in accordance with
national law.
18
Special Issue
SCIENCE AND INNOVATION. N 4, 2005
On the basis of violation of ordre public or
morality, the following in particular shall be
considered unpatentable in this respect:
– processes for cloning human beings, includ!
ing techniques of embryo splitting,
designed to create a human being with the
same genetic information as another living
or deceased human being;
– processes for modifying the germ line genet!
ic identity which influences the following
generations of human beings; but this does
not exclude somatic gene therapy of a cer!
tain person without influencing the follow!
ing generations;
– use of human embryos for industrial or
commercial purposes; in any case such
exclusion does not affect inventions for
therapeutic or diagnostic purposes which
are applied to human embryos and are use!
ful to it.
The patentability of genetic engineering
relating to human stem cells is under discussion.
This list is non!exhaustive and is to be seen as
giving concrete form to the concepts of ordre
public and morality.
According to the TRIPS Agreement, mem!
bers may also exclude from patentability: diag!
nostic, therapeutic and surgical methods for the
treatment of humans or animals.
According to the EPC, methods for treat!
ment of the human or animal body by surgery or
therapy and diagnostic methods practiced on
the human or animal body shall not be regarded
as inventions which are susceptible of industrial
application. This provision shall not apply to
products, in particular substances or composi!
tions for use in any of these methods.
The methods of diagnosis practiced on
humans or animals and of treatment of humans
or animals by surgery or therapy, including
gene!therapy are eligible to be patented in some
countries (Australia, Japan and Korea for ani!
mals only, New Zealand, surgery with respect of
cosmetic surgery, therapy for animals only,
United States of America). On the other hand,
several countries are excluding such processes
from patentability.
Biopharmaceutical products produced by
gene therapy techniques are eligible to be
patented everywhere except products used in
germ line gene therapy.
The second medical use claims of gene!
derived products in the form "Use of substance
X to treat illness Y" are also eligible to be
patented if the use of the substance is taught for
a new therapeutic purpose susceptible of indus!
trial application (so!called "Swiss!style
claims").
Besides the patentability of biotechnologi!
cal inventions another issue is the scope of pro!
tection (extension and limitation) regarding the
biological material and the process that enables
a biological material to be produced.
The Biotechnology Directive provides for
an important extension of the scope of patent
protection for biological material and processes.
Protection for genetic material possessing spe!
cific characteristics as a result of the invention
extends to all biological material obtained from
propagation or multiplication of the protected
material. For example, a patent extends not
only to the microorganisms in which a foreign
DNA sequence has been inserted but also to the
proteins, hormones, enzymes produced by it.
Similarly a patent for a process will cover all
products directly obtained from that process
and material obtained through propagation or
multiplication of products directly obtained
from the process ("product by process protec!
tion").
On the other hand, the Biotechnology
Directive provides for an important limitation
of the scope of patents for plants and animals in
favor of farmers. The sale or other form of com!
mercialization of plant propagation material to a
farmer by the holder of the patent or with his
consent for agricultural use implies authoriza!
19SCIENCE AND INNOVATION. N 4, 2005
Technologies, innovation management and technology transfer
tion for the farmer to use the product of his har!
vest for propagation or multiplication by him on
his own farm. This means that he is not obliged
to buy new genetically modified seed each year.
The sale or any other form of commercial!
ization of breeding stock or other animal repro!
ductive material to a farmer by the holder of the
patent or with his consent implies authorization
for the farmer to use the protected livestock for
an agriculture purpose. This includes making
the animal or other animal reproductive materi!
al available for the purposes of pursuing his agri!
cultural activity but not sale within the frame!
work or for the purpose of a commercial repro!
duction activity.
In order to avoid conflicts between the
complementary legal forms of gene patents and
genetically engineered varieties, the Biotech!
nology Directive provides for compulsory cross!
licensing between patentees and holders of ear!
lier plant variety rights, and vice versa.
Where a breeder is unable to acquire or
exploit a plant variety right without infringing a
prior patent, he may seek a compulsory license
on "reasonable terms" from the patentee for
non!exclusive use of the patent. He must
demonstrate that he has applied unsuccessfully
to the holder of the prior patent for a contractu!
al license and that the plant variety constitutes
significant progress. The same applies recipro!
cally to a patentee who finds himself unable to
exploit his patent without infringing a prior
plant variety right.
Another alternative and complementary
possibility of protection of biotechnological
inventions is offered by trade secret law (undis!
closed information protection).
The use of trade secret protection is limited
regarding the biotechnological inventions due
to the self!replicating character of biological
material by which it can be reproduced without
disclosing the secret. From the point of view of
public interest, the patenting is preferable
because the full disclosure of the invention gives
an inspirational information for further research
and the invention does not die together with the
inventor.
Conclusion
It is widely recognized that over the last decade,
economic, technological and political factors
have influenced the increasing importance of
intellectual property protection.
Globalization and the liberalization of
world markets have intensified competition
among companies. Increasingly, constantly
renewing resources of an intellectual nature, as
opposed to physical assets, are of crucial impor!
tance to businesses.
At a corporate level, it is widely realized
that intellectual property protection, particu!
larly of inventions, designs and trademarks, rep!
resents intangible assets which provide an
important competitive edge in technological
innovation and marketing. Creating and devel!
oping such assets involves substantial invest!
ment and risk!taking by venture capital. Their
use introduces sophisticated and distinctive
products in the market and is therefore linked as
a powerful tool to economic growth and cultur!
al development. This often generates employ!
ment, considerable income, promotes techno!
logical and cultural advances and enriches the
pool of public knowledge and culture.
On the other hand, the intellectual proper!
ty system has been challenged by revolutionary
technological advances that had been made in
the fields of information technology and
biotechnology over the last decade. Such tech!
nologies are difficult and expensive to develop,
but easy and cheap to imitate, therefore requir!
ing more protection than traditional technolo!
gies.
As a consequence of economic and techno!
logical advances, the need for appropriate intel!
lectual property protection has been recognized
and politicized at national, regional and global
20
Special Issue
SCIENCE AND INNOVATION. N 4, 2005
levels of trade policy. The Agreement on Trade!
Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
(TRIPS Agreement) is the result of this global
recognition.
Disclaimer: this material does not give
legal advice. The information contained in it is
not meant to replace proper legal advice. The
views and opinions expressed in it do not neces!
sarily state or reflect those of the World
Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
WIPO does not assume any legal liability or
responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or
usefulness of any information contained in it.
Acknowledgment: the information select!
ed and arranged in this work is believed to be
"common knowledge" and its public domain
sources are many and varied, mainly those of
WIPO, WTO and EU public, legal and infor!
mation materials. Whilst there has been no ver!
batim copying, if some has been gleaned from
copyrightable publications, this is gratefully
acknowledged at the request of authors.
SELECTED INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
WEBSITES
1. Intellectual Property links in general
– IP Menu – The Home of Intellectual Property on the
Internet: http://www.ipmenu.com ;
– Munich Intellectual Property Law Center – Links:
http://www.miplc.de/links.htm ;
– EPO – Patent information on the Internet (link col!
lection): http://www.european!patent!office.org/
online/index.htm ;
– ELDIS Intellectual Property Rights Resource Guide:
http://www.eldis.org/ipr ;
– QuickLinks: Daily Update on IP & Internet Law:
http://www.qlinks.net/quicklinks/index.shtml ;
– Intellectual Property News Matrix: http://intelpro!
plaw.com/NewsSrch.shtml ;
– The Patent Blog: http://www.patentblog.com ;
– The Copyright Blog: http://www.copyrightblog.com
;
– The Trademark Blog: http://trademarkblog.us/blog
;
– Franklin Pierce IP Mail Web Resources:
http://www.ipmall.piercelaw.edu ;
– Mayall's IP Links (John Mayall, U.K.):
http://www.mayallj.freeserve.co.uk ;
– European & International IP Links (Ralph Beier, von
Bezo): http://www.ip!firm.de/links.htm ;
– European Union Internal Market Industrial
Property Page: http://europa.eu.int/comm/inter!
nal_market/en/indprop/i ;
– European Union IPR Helpdesk: http://www.ipr!
helpdesk.org ;
– EurActiv.com Portal – Links Dossier.
2. Global international organizations
– World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO):
http://www.wipo.int ;
– International Union for the Protection of New
Varieties (UPOV): http://www.upov.int ;
– World Trade Organization (WTO) Intellectual
Property: http://www.wto.org ;
– UNESCO Copyright Page:
http://www.unesco.org/culture/copyright ;
– Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD): http://www.oecd.orgopic/
0,2681,en_2649_34797_1_1_1 ;
– International Chamber of Commerce Intellectual
Property: http://www.iccwbo.org/home/
menu_intellectual_property ;
– Intellectual Property Constituency of ICANN:
http://www.ipc.dnso.icann.org ;
3. Regional Intellectual Property Offices
– European Patent Office (EPO): http://www.euro!
pean!patent!office.org/index.htm ;
– Eurasian Patent Organization (EAPO):
http://www.eapo.org ;
– European Union Trade marks & Designs, Office of
the Internal Market (OHIM):
http://www.oami.eu.int/en/default.htm ;
– Community Plant Variety Office (CPVO):
http://www.cpvo.fr ;
– Benelux Trademarks Office: http://www.bmb!
bbm.org ;
– Benelux Designs Office: http://bbtm!bbdm.org ;
– African Intellectual Property Organization
(AIPO/OAPI):
http://www.oapi.wipo.net/en/index.html ;
– African Regional Industrial Organization (ARIPO):
21SCIENCE AND INNOVATION. N 4, 2005
Technologies, innovation management and technology transfer
http://www.aripo.org ;
– Asia!Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Intellectual Property Experts Group:
http://www.apecipeg.org ;
– Patent Office of the Cooperation Council For the
Arab States of the Gulf: http://gulf!patent!office.org
;
– Trilateral website (EPO!JPO!USPTO):
http://www.european!patent!office.org/tws/twsin!
dex.htm .
4. National Intellectual Property Offices
– WIPO Directory of National and Regional Industrial
Property: http://www.wipo.int ;
– Web Sites of Industrial Property Authorities
Worldwide:
http://www.wipo.orgews/en/links/ipo_web.htm ;
– Patent Offices on the WWW: http://www.piper!
pat.co.nz/resource/patoff.html .
5. Intellectual Property Laws
– Collection of Laws for Electronic Access (WIPO):
http://clea.wipo.int ;
– European Community IP Regulations & Directives:
http://europa.eu.int/eur!lex/en/lif/reg/en_register
;
– Europa!Gateway to EU: http://europa.eu.int/scad!
plus/leg/en/s06020.htm .
6. Representatives
– European Patent Office Database of Professional
Representatives: http://www.european!patent!
office.org/reps/search.html ;
– PIPERS worldwide directory of intellectual proper!
ty attorneys:
http://www.piperpat.co.nz/resource/world.html ;
– International Federation of Intellectual Property
Attorney: http://www.ficpi.org ;
– Association of Patent Law Firms:
http://www.aplf.org ;
– European Patent Institute (EPI):
http://www.patentepi.com/nix.html .
7. Databases
– WIPO Intellectual Property Digital Library:
http://www.wipo.int/ipdl/en/index.jsp ;
– European Patent Office (EPO):
http://www.espacenet.com ;
– Community Trade Mark (EU) Database:
http://oami.eu.int/searchtrademark/la/en_tm_sear
ch ;
– USPTO Web Patent Database:
http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html .
8. Enforcement of IP rights
– WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center:
http://arbiter.wipo.int ;
– World Trade Organization TRIPS Dispute
Settlement:
http://www.wto.org/englishratop_erips_e/intel5_e
;
– WIPO Internet Domain Name Arbitration
Decisions: http://arbiter.wipo.int/domains/deci!
sions/index.htm ;
– World Customs Organization (WCO):
http://www.wcoomd.org/ie/index.html ;
– The Coalition for Intellectual Property Rights:
http://www.cipr.org ;
– International Anti!Counterfeiting Coalition:
http://www.iacc.org/teampublish/109_467_1832.C
MF?CFID=1104 … ;
– REACT European Anti!Counterfeiting Network:
http://demo.snbreact.nl/snbdemo/topinactive.htm .
9. Intellectual Property Associations
– International Association for the Protection of
Intellectual Property: http://www.aippi.org ;
– American Intellectual Property Law Association
(AIPLA): http://www.aipla.org ;
– International Trademark Association (INTA):
http://www.inta.org ;
– Intellectual Property Owners Association (IPO):
http://www.ipo.org ;
– International Federation of Inventors' Associations:
http://www.invention!ifia.ch ;
– Association of European Trade Mark Owners (MAR!
QUES): http://www.marques.org ;
– Licensing Executive Society International (LEI):
http://www.les.org ;
– Business Software Alliance (BSA):
http://www.bsa.org/usa ;
– International Intellectual Property Alliance (IIPA):
http://www.iipa.com ;
– International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI):
http://www.iipi.org ;
– Broadcast Music International (BMI):
http://www.bmi.com/home.asp ;
22
Special Issue
SCIENCE AND INNOVATION. N 4, 2005
– International Confederation of Societies of Authors:
http://www.cisac.org/web/content.nsf/Builder?Rea
dForm ;
– European Communities Trade Mark Association
(ECTA): http://www.ecta.org
– Entertainment Software Association (ESA):
http://www.theesa.com;
– International Federation of the Phonographic
Industry (IFPI): http://www.ifpi.org;
10. Research and Teaching of Intellectual
Property
– International Association for the Advancement of
Teaching and Research in Intellectual Property:
http://www.atrip.org ;
– "Centre d'etudes internationales de la propriete intel!
lectuelle" (CEIPI): http://www.ceipi.edu/gb/sec!
tioninternationale/formation.html ;
– Munich Intellectual Property Law Center:
http://www.miplc.de ;
– Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property:
http://www.intellecprop.mpg.de/enhanced/eng!
lish/home ;
– Center for Intellectual Property Law ! John
Marshall:
http://www.jmls.edu/catalog.cfm?dest=dir&linkon=
;
– Intellectual Property Program ! Franklin Pierce Law:
http://www.piercelaw.edu/academics_ip.htm ;
– WIPO Worldwide Academy (Switzerland):
http://www.wipo.int/academy .
<<
/ASCII85EncodePages false
/AllowTransparency false
/AutoPositionEPSFiles true
/AutoRotatePages /None
/Binding /Left
/CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%)
/CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1)
/CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2)
/sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1)
/CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Error
/CompatibilityLevel 1.4
/CompressObjects /Tags
/CompressPages true
/ConvertImagesToIndexed true
/PassThroughJPEGImages true
/CreateJobTicket false
/DefaultRenderingIntent /Default
/DetectBlends true
/DetectCurves 0.0000
/ColorConversionStrategy /CMYK
/DoThumbnails false
/EmbedAllFonts true
/EmbedOpenType false
/ParseICCProfilesInComments true
/EmbedJobOptions true
/DSCReportingLevel 0
/EmitDSCWarnings false
/EndPage -1
/ImageMemory 1048576
/LockDistillerParams false
/MaxSubsetPct 100
/Optimize true
/OPM 1
/ParseDSCComments true
/ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true
/PreserveCopyPage true
/PreserveDICMYKValues true
/PreserveEPSInfo true
/PreserveFlatness true
/PreserveHalftoneInfo false
/PreserveOPIComments false
/PreserveOverprintSettings true
/StartPage 1
/SubsetFonts true
/TransferFunctionInfo /Apply
/UCRandBGInfo /Preserve
/UsePrologue false
/ColorSettingsFile ()
/AlwaysEmbed [ true
]
/NeverEmbed [ true
]
/AntiAliasColorImages false
/CropColorImages true
/ColorImageMinResolution 300
/ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
/DownsampleColorImages true
/ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/ColorImageResolution 1200
/ColorImageDepth -1
/ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1
/ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeColorImages false
/ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode
/AutoFilterColorImages true
/ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
/ColorACSImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/ColorImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/AntiAliasGrayImages false
/CropGrayImages true
/GrayImageMinResolution 300
/GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
/DownsampleGrayImages true
/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/GrayImageResolution 1200
/GrayImageDepth -1
/GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeGrayImages false
/GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode
/AutoFilterGrayImages true
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
/GrayACSImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/GrayImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/AntiAliasMonoImages false
/CropMonoImages true
/MonoImageMinResolution 1200
/MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
/DownsampleMonoImages true
/MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/MonoImageResolution 1200
/MonoImageDepth -1
/MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeMonoImages false
/MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict <<
/K -1
>>
/AllowPSXObjects false
/CheckCompliance [
/None
]
/PDFX1aCheck false
/PDFX3Check false
/PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false
/PDFXNoTrimBoxError true
/PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
]
/PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
/PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None)
/PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
/PDFXOutputCondition ()
/PDFXRegistryName ()
/PDFXTrapped /False
/CreateJDFFile false
/Description <<
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
/BGR <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>
/CHS <FEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002>
/CHT <FEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002>
/CZE <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>
/DAN <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>
/DEU <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>
/ESP <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>
/ETI <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>
/FRA <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>
/GRE <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>
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
/HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke. Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
/HUN <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>
/ITA <FEFF005500740069006c0069007a007a006100720065002000710075006500730074006500200069006d0070006f007300740061007a0069006f006e00690020007000650072002000630072006500610072006500200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740069002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200070006900f900200061006400610074007400690020006100200075006e00610020007000720065007300740061006d0070006100200064006900200061006c007400610020007100750061006c0069007400e0002e0020004900200064006f00630075006d0065006e007400690020005000440046002000630072006500610074006900200070006f00730073006f006e006f0020006500730073006500720065002000610070006500720074006900200063006f006e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200065002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065002000760065007200730069006f006e006900200073007500630063006500730073006900760065002e>
/JPN <FEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002>
/KOR <FEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002e>
/LTH <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>
/LVI <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>
/NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
/NOR <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>
/POL <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>
/PTB <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>
/RUM <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>
/RUS <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>
/SKY <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>
/SLV <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>
/SUO <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>
/SVE <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>
/TUR <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>
/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
/UKR <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>
>>
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(Common)
(1.0)
]
/OtherNamespaces [
<<
/AsReaderSpreads false
/CropImagesToFrames true
/ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
/FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
/IncludeGuidesGrids false
/IncludeNonPrinting false
/IncludeSlug false
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(InDesign)
(4.0)
]
/OmitPlacedBitmaps false
/OmitPlacedEPS false
/OmitPlacedPDF false
/SimulateOverprint /Legacy
>>
<<
/AddBleedMarks false
/AddColorBars false
/AddCropMarks false
/AddPageInfo false
/AddRegMarks false
/ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
/DestinationProfileName ()
/DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/Downsample16BitImages true
/FlattenerPreset <<
/PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>>
/FormElements false
/GenerateStructure false
/IncludeBookmarks false
/IncludeHyperlinks false
/IncludeInteractive false
/IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(CreativeSuite)
(2.0)
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice
|