Polish economic miracle as a factor of the socialist system of economy collapse
The definition of "the Polish economic miracle" concept as a scientific category is provided in the history of science for the first time. The essential features of a given category, the epistemological basis of its knowledge and quantification tool are classified in this article. Also the...
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irk-123456789-1148922017-03-20T03:03:02Z Polish economic miracle as a factor of the socialist system of economy collapse Chebotarov, V. Chebotarov, Ye. Economic Theory and History The definition of "the Polish economic miracle" concept as a scientific category is provided in the history of science for the first time. The essential features of a given category, the epistemological basis of its knowledge and quantification tool are classified in this article. Also the institutional of Polish economic miracle are considered. Its comparative analysis with similar phenomena and processes in Germany, Japan and Singapore is held. The role of Polish economic miracle in the collapse of the socialist system it clarifies. Вперше в історії науки дається визначення поняття «польське економічне диво» як наукової категорії. Класифікуються сутнісні риси даної категорії, гносеологічні основи її пізнання та інструментарій кількісної оцінки. Розглядаються інституціональні передумови польського економічного дива. Проводиться його порівняльний аналіз із аналогічними явищами й процесами в ФРН, Японії та Сінгапурі. Усвідомлюється роль польського економічного дива в саморозпаді соціалістичної системи. Впервые в истории науки дается определение понятия «польское экономическое чудо» как научной категории. Классифицируются сущностные черты данной категории, гносеологические основы ее познания и инструментарий количественной оценки. Рассматриваются институциональные предпосылки польского экономического чуда. Проводится его сравнительный анализ с аналогичными явлениями и процессами в ФРГ, Японии и Сингапуре. Уясняется роль польского экономического чуда в крахе социалистической системы. 2016 Article Polish economic miracle as a factor of the socialist system of economy collapse / V. Chebotarov, Ye. Chebotarov // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2016. — № 4 (46). — С. 5–9. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. 1817-3772 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/114892 338.1:334:330.341.2(438) en Економічний вісник Донбасу Інститут економіки промисловості НАН України |
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Economic Theory and History Economic Theory and History Chebotarov, V. Chebotarov, Ye. Polish economic miracle as a factor of the socialist system of economy collapse Економічний вісник Донбасу |
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The definition of "the Polish economic miracle" concept as a scientific category is provided in the history of science for the first time. The essential features of a given category, the epistemological basis of its knowledge and quantification tool are classified in this article. Also the institutional of Polish economic miracle are considered. Its comparative analysis with similar phenomena and processes in Germany, Japan and Singapore is held. The role of Polish economic miracle in the collapse of the socialist system it clarifies. |
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Chebotarov, V. Chebotarov, Ye. |
| author_facet |
Chebotarov, V. Chebotarov, Ye. |
| author_sort |
Chebotarov, V. |
| title |
Polish economic miracle as a factor of the socialist system of economy collapse |
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Polish economic miracle as a factor of the socialist system of economy collapse |
| title_full |
Polish economic miracle as a factor of the socialist system of economy collapse |
| title_fullStr |
Polish economic miracle as a factor of the socialist system of economy collapse |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Polish economic miracle as a factor of the socialist system of economy collapse |
| title_sort |
polish economic miracle as a factor of the socialist system of economy collapse |
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Інститут економіки промисловості НАН України |
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2016 |
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Economic Theory and History |
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| citation_txt |
Polish economic miracle as a factor of the socialist system of economy collapse / V. Chebotarov, Ye. Chebotarov // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2016. — № 4 (46). — С. 5–9. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. |
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Економічний вісник Донбасу |
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2025-07-08T07:57:41Z |
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2025-07-08T07:57:41Z |
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| fulltext |
5
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(46), 2016
SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES
UDC 338.1:334:330.341.2(438)
V. Chebotarov,
DrHab (Economics),
Yе. Chebotarov,
PhD (Economics),
Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, Starobilsk
POLISH ECONOMIC MIRACLE AS A FACTOR
OF THE SOCIALIST SYSTEM OF ECONOMY COLLAPSE
Problem statement. The past quarter of a century
since the collapse of the so-called socialist countries
camp – a sufficient time period to study the content, pre-
requisites and aftermath of this general global phenom-
enon. There are a lot of reasons to mention the illegality
of underestimation, even more – the ignorance of the
significance and consequences of this systemic diverse
phenomena. If we analyze the phenomenon marked only
in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the most
important institutional, economic and political dimen-
sions of the consequences of socialist system self-disin-
tegration in this world region are the following.
1. Unification of the former Federal Republic of
Germany (FRG) and the German Democratic Republic
(GDR).
2. Restoration of the former (in general) state for-
mations on the territory of the former Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) and the former Czech-
oslovak Socialist Republic (CSSR).
3. Socioeconomic conversion in Poland, starting at
the turn of 80-90’ss and associated with the name of
L. Balcerowicz – Deputy Prime Minister and Minister
of Finance of the first democratic government – the
Т. Mazowiecki government ("Balcerowicz Plan"). Their
comprehensive character, depth and consequences pro-
vide all preconditions to classify these changes as the
"Polish economic miracle" not on the journalistic cliché
level, but as a strict scientific categorical definition.
In the most general meaning of the "economic mir-
acle" original concept means a policy of accelerated
modernization of the economic system of this or that
country. With regard to two Germanys’ unification and
the restoration of the status quo of state formations on
the territory of the former SFRY and CSSR, then in
these cases the political factor is advocated as determin-
ing one. Unlike this, the transformation processes in Po-
land had (and have) deeper content: both in the institu-
tional and economic values. However, consideration of
transformational changes from administrative manage-
ment to the market, embodied in the Polish econ-
omy miracle has not yet become a subject of research.
There is reason to note that this is applied to Poland sci-
ence (including – in scientific researches of authoritative
international Polish diaspora) and for science in other
countries.
The objective of the article. Identification of "the
Polish economic miracle" concept as a scientific cate-
gory, its essential features and development of episte-
mological foundations of the study research of phenom-
ena and processes as reflected in this category and be-
came one of the fundamental factors and the collapse of
the socialist economic system.
The base material presentation. According to its
general theoretical content the "Polish economic mira-
cle" category represents a set of similar phenomena and
processes of the XX century, reflected by other similar
categories such as "German economic miracle" (from
mid 50’s. – till mid 60’s.), "Italian economic miracle"
and "Japanese economic miracle" (mid 50’s. – mid
70’s.), "Singapore economic miracle" (mid 60’s. – early
90’s.), "Chinese economic miracle" (late 70’s.– late
2000’s.).
To a certain extent there are similar "conversions"
in totalitarian regimes in these series: the Stalinist in-
dustrialization (1928 – 1932), economic revival of fas-
cist Germany (1933 – 1944), Chilean economic miracle
of Pinochet (1974 – 1989). As a result of these "re-
forms" totalitarian regimes were able to modernize their
economic systems. However, non-economic measures
and mechanisms made the basis of such kind of
"change".
It is emphasized that Poland study of the relevant
phenomena and processes has a much greater urgency.
For German economic miracle is one of the most pres-
tigious schools of the XX century and modern science –
Freiburg marginalist school (to a certain extent – also
London and Chicago marginalist schools). Its founda-
tion is prepared by the scientific doctrines W. Eucken,
L. fon Mises, F. fon Hayek, L. Erhard. One of the "pil-
lars" of the W. Eucken, German economic miracle, be-
ing recognized even before World War II, after its end-
ing was the chief advisor of the military administration
Economic Theory and History
V. Chebotarov, Yе. Chebotarov
6
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(46), 2016
of the American and French zones of occupation in Ger-
many, and later – the first paragraph of Germany gov-
ernment [1]. L. Erhard, one of the authors of a social
market economy theory, which is the scientific para-
digm of the German economic miracle and who later be-
came the Minister of the economy and the second Chan-
cellor of Germany [2].
The Japanese economic miracle owes its birth not
only to marginalism but Keynesianism "Dodge Line" –
US program for Japan rebuilding after World War II
(named after D. Dodge, the personal representative and
friend of President H. Truman). It is necessary to pay
tribute to great intellectual the United States landing to
implement the "Dodge Line" represented by E. Deming,
J. Dzhurana and other scientists and practitioners. There
developments have not been evaluated in the United
States, but implemented in Japan, they became the es-
sential parts of Japan (Eastern) Management [3-4].
"Father" of Singapore economic miracle (to a cer-
tain extent – the economic miracle of the southeastern
Dragons: Singapore, South Korea, Hong Kong and Tai-
wan) became the Singapore Prime Minister Lee Kuan
Yew, who made basis for its policy during a few years
[5].
According to this background it is quite natural to
popularize the ideas of the German economic miracle in
the development of marginalist's representatives. The
Japanese economic miracle is naturally promoted by
representatives of the eastern management, including –
the employees of Deming institutions across the Europe.
Singapore economic miracle gets an additional confir-
mation in the upward phase of the economic develop-
ment of four "south-eastern dragons". However, the
Polish economical miracle, despite its deeper profound
qualitative transformation of the socio-economic sys-
tem, both in content and consequences, remains outside
the purview of subject researches. Journalistic essays for
obvious reasons cannot change the underestimation of
the system of analysis importance of this fundamental
phenomenon – institutional, economic and political phe-
nomenon of the XX century and new history.
At the same time, we cannot neglect the following.
The first. Any economic phenomenon, as it was
predicted for the first time in the history of science by
the great Ukrainian scientist M.I. Tuhan-Baranovskyi
(who had deep roots (from his mother’s side) of one of
the well-known noble families of the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth – Baranovskyi), following the upward
phase of development included in the downward phase
[6].
The second. Polish economic miracle has not such
strong support as German economic miracle in the face
of marginalism or Japanese economic miracle and Sin-
gapore economic miracle in the face of the east Manage-
ment.
The third. L. Balcerowicz like L. Erhard and Lee
Kuan Yew, decided to act not according to Schiller:
"The Moor has done his work, the Moor can go!" And
quite broadly outlined his vision and evaluation of re-
forms in Poland [7-8].
However, many aspects of Polish economic mira-
cle remain not highlighted enough: also other important
historical personalities did not say a word about it, who
even directly and actively were involved in its creation.
First of all, the definition of "Polish economic mir-
acle" concept as a scientific category must be deter-
mined. It is a set of cardinal institutional, economic and
political phenomena and processes based on the idea of
the primacy of personal freedom and the revival of free-
market competition and directed to an overcoming the
consequences of inefficiency and collapse of the social-
ist economic system, the regime of communist ideology
and the establishment of an upgraded European-based
independent democratic state.
In accordance with the goal set, the "Polish eco-
nomic miracle" category features are classified.
1. The quality content of phenomena and pro-
cesses, which are reflected in this category – is a system
of targeted sibling and related institutional measures,
standard and legal acts and economic mechanisms for
the transition from a state to a market economy with ap-
propriate changes in the social, ideological and political
spheres.
2. The institutional basis background – the primacy
of the personal freedom of the individual in all human
existence areas.
3. The essential economic background – a market
competitive system of management, determined by
small and medium-sized businesses, with the presence
of effective socially responsible supreme entity – the
state.
These essential features are just basic, but they are
sufficient enough to form a carcass of "Polish economic
miracle" category (On the next study stages they are log-
ically continued).
The epistemological foundations of the study of
phenomena and processes, which are reflected in the of
"Polish economic miracle" category can be as follow-
ing (in the framework of an article made we find definite
ones).
1. The totality of phenomena and processes which
are reflected in this category, started at the turn of 80-
90’ss. of XX century, but they have of deep historical
roots, going back to the idea of Polish nation self-iden-
tification and act as its focused response to the change
of country statehood in the partitions of Poland in the
XVIII-XIX century and Poland during and at the end of
World War II.
2. System Research of "Polish economic miracle"
category as well as similar categories in reference to
other countries, include the analysis of qualitative char-
acteristics which are reflected by the phenomena and
processes of related quality measures.
V. Chebotarov, Yе. Chebotarov
7
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(46), 2016
The defining quality characteristics of the category
of "Polish economic miracle" (and similar categories in
relation to other countries): definition of the category;
the essential features of the phenomena and processes,
as reflected in this category and, and forms the essential
features; background phenomena and processes, as re-
flected in this category.
The basis of the instruments of quantitative analy-
sis of phenomena and processes, as reflected in the
"Polish economic miracle" category (as in the same cat-
egory in relation to other country) will be legitimate to
lay the following: depth of economic downturn on the
previous stage of development; time period that the
country will need to achieve the previous pre-crisis level
of socio-economic development; quantity dynamic of
production (analysis of the socio-economic situation of
the country) on the stage of development after the pas-
sage of the "bottom" in terms of development.
4. On the basis of the following qualitative charac-
teristics, the beginning of the "economic miracle" is log-
ically to define the adoption of specific program (nor-
mative-legislative act, a package of documents etc.),
aimed to its explanation. Often these programs are de-
fined as "plan" concept. Then, in the time frame "eco-
nomic miracle" is the period in the country when it is on
the development path, exceeding the average growth of
other countries.
Natural, especially under current conditions, fluc-
tuations in the dynamics of economic development
show that during the country period being on the posi-
tive phase, and it can be recognized as the time lag of
"economic miracle". At the same time, the country's en-
try into the negative trend of economic development
would be for one year, which is expressed, for instance,
the pace of GDP growth lower than 0%, strongly indi-
cates the end of the "economic miracle."
Extremely important is the analysis of the high-
lighted institutional and economic foundations of the
Polish economic miracle.
Small and medium business as an essential feature
of Polish economic miracle have deep roots. There are
some backgrounds to mention that small and medium
businesses in Poland, as well as all business itself, for a
variety of characteristics have a more substantial con-
tent. For example, socially responsible business and
public-private partnership form the basis of the German
economic miracle and the Japanese economic miracle,
with perfection in its social and philanthropic activities
even in the end of the XIX century, a famous Polish en-
trepreneur I. Poznanskyi realized it and who found
“weaving capital of Europe” in Lodz.
I. Poznanskyi’s example is not unique, it is actively
followed by other employers across Poland until the be-
ginning of World War II. With a help of such examples
socially responsible business in Western and Northern
Europe in the second half of the XX century was
formed.
However, there were huge obstacles in the revival
of small and middle-sized business in Poland. This is not
only a half-century regime of communist ideology
(note: it was in Poland failed to achieve absolute domi-
nance in the public consciousness).
A major deterrent factor of Polish economic mira-
cle, and this is also its phenomenon, was the nature of
the national business culture which has developed over
the years of the socialist economic system. It is, for ex-
ample, one of the most sophisticated business culture
theories – models of R. Lius, was close to the business
culture in Russia and Romania [9].
In this regard, Poland (and L. Balcerowicz) were
initially at a disadvantage position compared to Ger-
many, Japan and Singapore.
And for L. Valensa and L. Balcerowicz, after the
victory of "Solidarity" in the first parliament elections
(1989), and then the presidential elections (1990) rate
for small and medium business, apparently was quite
obvious, but not so simple.
The phenomenon of the Polish economic miracle
lies in the role of the religious factor, as one of the most
important institutional framework for its initiation and
implementation. The Church in Poland has been an im-
portant part of the public consciousness even in times of
socialism (unlike many other former socialist countries).
If the opposing totalitarian regimes of the XX century
devided the Polish nation, the church cemented it.
After the election in 1978 Archbishop and Metro-
politan of Krakow Karol Wojtyla became a pope of the
Roman Catholic Church – Pope John Paul II, Institute
of the Church in Poland in general has become a power-
ful factor in the determining institutional factor.
These are just some of the divergent institutional
prerequisites of "Balzerovich Plan" and Polish eco-
nomic miracle in general (it is indicative that L. Valensa
with great difficulty was able to find a candidate for the
head of the economic block in the government of T. Ma-
zowiecki). The "plan" itself, aimed at the restoration of
Poland through the introduction of market-based forms
of management related to method based on a package of
laws designed by L. Balcerowicz team with a help of an
international group of consultants. This package of laws
had a systemic nature, covering all sectors of the econ-
omy. Laws were interconnected and had a rather clear
mechanism for its implementation (the "Balcerowicz
plan" logically had some modification).
There is reason to believe that decisive things in
this package were laws on financial savings in state-
owned companies, on banking activity, on taxation of
the higher wages and economic activity of foreign in-
vestors [7].
The essence of the "Balcerowicz Plan" through the
media was shown to all segments of the population. Its
first presentation was held on state television in October
1989. In December a package of laws was adopted by
the Seim, and the President L. Valensa signed them in
V. Chebotarov, Yе. Chebotarov
8
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(46), 2016
the December, 31, 1990 (some time divisions for the en-
actment of laws were provided, but there were some of
them which were introduced in January, 1, 1991).
The collection of these five facts allows to doubt in
a definition of the "Balcerowicz Plan" as "shock ther-
apy" (L. Balcerowicz himself in this situation did not
consider the data as inordinate, stressing that the reforms
implemented in the Baltic countries were more revolu-
tionary).
Forty-five years of socialism could not pass unno-
ticed for the public consciousness in Poland. "Balcer-
owicz Plan" caused not only just rejection for many of
citizens, but rejection of every kind (also in the scientific
community) [10]. That one kind of mood "fueled" with
the deterioration of the situation on the first implemen-
tation stages of stabilization measures. Some part of
Polish society which is not a critical "tied" to the previ-
ous government, still has a negative attitude to
L. Balcerowicz transformation.
In accordance with the proposed approach to quan-
tify the phenomena and processes, reflected in "the
Polish economic miracle" category, its basic parameters
are considered in the following. Inflation level in Poland
in 1989 reached 343,8%; in 1990 – 717,8% [11]. The
size of foreign banks and government, which especially
actively Polish United Workers' Party became to use
since the time of E. Herek, was $ 42,3 billion (64,8% of
GDP). Credits which were constantly received from the
Soviet Union are not counted here, the highest size of
which fell at the end of the 70's - beginning of the 80's.
Only in 1980-1981 loans were given to Poland in the
amount of $ 10,35 billion [12]. These figures clearly
show the depth of the crisis in Poland at the end of forty-
five-years period of economic socialism on one hand,
and the starting point of the Polish economic miracle (on
this background a negative indicator of GDP growth is
shown -7,2% in 1990) on the other hand [12].
According to the depths of the economic, social,
political and moral spheres the crisis in Poland at the
turn of 80-90’ss. to a certain extent even exceeded the
scope of suitable phenomena and processes in Germany
and Japan in the mid-50’s.
The first signs of social and economic stabilization
due to "Balcerowicz Plan" began to appear by the end of
1990 – beginning of 1991. However, generally the du-
ration of the recovery period was about two years. For
this indicator, the Polish economic miracle is not infe-
rior to the economic miracle of Germany and Japan.
General dynamics socio-economic development in Po-
land after the implementation of the "Balcerowicz Plan"
is following. The pace of GDP growth is amounted from
1,6% in 2009 to 7,1% in 1997. Similarly, the growth rate
index of industrial producing "behaved": from 0% in
1998, 2000 and 2002 to 10,2% in 2006 [12].
However, in general, these indicators concede to
similar indexes in Japan and China [13].
Thus, under certain fluctuations in economic de-
velopment, which is the global trends over time, Poland
over the past 25 years has never allowed the negative
indicators on an annualized basis (including the global
economic crisis of 2008-2009; it is the only country of
all countries of the European Union). Singapore at the
general positive trend for the same 25 years, could not
avoid several obvious landslides, expressed in the nega-
tive dynamics of GDP (in 2001, for example, 2%); rising
inflation over 5% and public debt to 118,2% of GDP
(2011) [14].
However, the overall positive dynamics of devel-
opment gives no reason to underestimate certain nega-
tive phenomena in social-economic situation of modern
Poland.
They concern mainly two aspects: country debt and
unemployment. Thus, public debt in 2015 was l43.4%
of GDP (for the last three years in the dynamics of this
indicator downward trend appeared) [12]. The highest
unemployment rate in 25 years, which was observed in
2002-2004 (19,9-19,0 %%) [12], with a gradual de-
crease, according to preliminary results of 2016,
dropped below the psychologically painful mark 10%.
In 2012-2014 such a negative demographic and social
trends as a population reduce of the country were ob-
served.
If the "lower" point of the economic development
of the socialist era (1989 – 1990) "project" to the corre-
sponding results of 2015, the comparison looks like this.
By 1990 nominal GDP increased in 7,75-fold and; GDP
size of the parity of purchasing power grew in 4,5-fold;
GDP growth dynamic changed from negative -7,2%
into positive 3,5% (in 2016 – 4,3%.); from inflation of
717,8% to deflation of 0,9 %. An average salary exceed-
ing $ 1,000 US increased more than 3000-fold. Demo-
cratic Poland made write-off and/or paid three-quarters
of the debt on loans from Western banks and govern-
ments, which were received during the years of social-
ism. The volume of gold and currency reserves reached
80 billion USA dollars [12]; they reached 2100 USA
dollars per one Pole.
A number of such characteristics of the Polish eco-
nomic miracle, in its socio-economic impact can be
compared to the effect achieved by the German eco-
nomic miracle and the Chinese economic miracle.
Besides this, there is another effect (it has not been
evaluated yet). Systems of transformations defined by
the Polish economic miracle, formed in the society so-
cial demand for the relevant system reforms. Several
changing governments in the country, which belong to
different political sides for a sufficiently long period of
time in 90’s – 2000’s, they were able to conduct them
successfully. Among them. There are pension reform,
military reform, municipal reform, reforms in educa-
tional and science spheres. By law, the administrative
and territorial reform in Poland is recognized as one of
the best in Europe.
V. Chebotarov, Yе. Chebotarov
9
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(46), 2016
This is the synergistic cumulative effect of Polish
economic miracle, programmed modern stable trend in
the Polish economy and society as a whole.
The conclusion of the presented research. Polish
economic miracle reflects the complex and multilevel
relations. Its expressed forms, regardless of whether the
society is responsible or not, affect not only in Poland.
And the collapse of the socialist system is just one of the
manifestations of such forms.
Further research perspectives of the issues
raised may be embodied at least in the two directions of
the studies. One is to analyze the interdependence of
events associated with the socialism collapse (and not
only on the European continent). Another direction is
the detailed analysis of aggregate prerequisites, content
and consequences of Polish economic miracle as the
phenomenon of world history of the XX-XXI centuries.
References
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tionalökonomie, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg,
1989. 2. Erhard L. Gedanken aus fuenf Jahrzehnten. –
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Чеботарьов В. А., Чеботарьов Є. В. Польське
економічне диво як фактор краху соціалістичної
системи господарства
Вперше в історії науки дається визначення по-
няття «польське економічне диво» як наукової кате-
горії. Класифікуються сутнісні риси даної категорії,
гносеологічні основи її пізнання та інструментарій
кількісної оцінки. Розглядаються інституціональні
передумови польського економічного дива. Прово-
диться його порівняльний аналіз із аналогічними
явищами й процесами в ФРН, Японії та Сінгапурі.
Усвідомлюється роль польського економічного
дива в саморозпаді соціалістичної системи.
Ключові слова: польське економічне диво, на-
укова категорія, крах соціалізму, «план Бальцеро-
вича», гносеологія пізнання, малий і середній бізнес,
інституціональні передумови.
Чеботарёв В. А., Чеботарёв Е. В. Польское
экономическое чудо как фактор краха социали-
стической системы хозяйства
Впервые в истории науки дается определение
понятия «польское экономическое чудо» как науч-
ной категории. Классифицируются сущностные
черты данной категории, гносеологические основы
ее познания и инструментарий количественной
оценки. Рассматриваются институциональные пред-
посылки польского экономического чуда. Прово-
дится его сравнительный анализ с аналогичными яв-
лениями и процессами в ФРГ, Японии и Сингапуре.
Уясняется роль польского экономического чуда в
крахе социалистической системы.
Ключевые слова: польское экономическое чудо,
научная категория, крах социализма, «план Бальце-
ровича», гносеология познания, малый и средний
бизнес, институциональные предпосылки.
Chebotarov V., Chebotarov Ye. Polish eco-
nomic miracle as a factor of the socialist system of
economy collapse
The definition of "the Polish economic miracle"
concept as a scientific category is provided in the history
of science for the first time. The essential features of a
given category, the epistemological basis of its
knowledge and quantification tool are classified in this
article. Also the institutional of Polish economic miracle
are considered. Its comparative analysis with similar
phenomena and processes in Germany, Japan and Sin-
gapore is held. The role of Polish economic miracle in
the collapse of the socialist system it clarifies.
Keywords: Polish economic miracle, scientific cat-
egory, the collapse of socialism, "Balcerowicz Plan",
epistemology of knowledge, small and medium-sized
businesses, institutional prerequisites.
Received by the editors: 30.09.2016
and final form 28.12.2016
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