Comments on recent studies of high-temperature plasmas at the NCBJ in Poland
This invited lecture presents comments on the most important results of high-temperature plasma studies which have been carried out at the NCBJ, Poland, since the ICPPCF-2014. The main scientific tasks concerned studies of fast electrons, ions, neutrons, and x-rays emitted from different research...
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irk-123456789-1154662017-04-06T03:02:27Z Comments on recent studies of high-temperature plasmas at the NCBJ in Poland Sadowski, M.J. Żebrowski, J. Plasma diagnostics This invited lecture presents comments on the most important results of high-temperature plasma studies which have been carried out at the NCBJ, Poland, since the ICPPCF-2014. The main scientific tasks concerned studies of fast electrons, ions, neutrons, and x-rays emitted from different research facilities of the PF-, RPI-, ICF- and Tokamak-type as well as investigations of high-temperature plasma streams and their interactions with various solid targets. The first part presents the authors’ opinion about experimental studies of the fast runaway electrons generation in the COMPASS (Prague) and FTU (Frascati) tokamaks. The second part presents the comments on applications of nuclear track detectors for studies of fast ions and products from p 11B nuclear reactions at the PALS (Prague) experiment. The next part presents the comments on measurements of the X-rays, ions and electrons from PF-type discharges. The last part summarizes OES studies of plasma-streams interactions with W-targets in the PF-1000U facility and with CFC-targets in the RPI-IBIS machine. These comments are followed by proposals of future theoretical and experimental studies. Представлены самые важные результаты экспериментов по изучению высокотемпературной плазмы, которые проводились в НЦЯИ Польши с 2014 года. Основные научные цели – это изучение быстрых электронов, ионов, нейтронов, рентгеновского излучения на различных плазменных установках, таких как PF-, RPI-, ICF-токамаки, а также исследования высокотемпературных плазменных потоков и их взаимодействия с различными материалами. Первая часть представляет мнение авторов об экспериментальных изучениях генерации убегающих быстрых электронов в токамаках Compass (Прага) и FTU (Fraskati. Вторая часть включает комментарии по применению детекторов ядерных частиц для изучения быстрых ионов и продуктов ядерной реакции p 11B в экспериментах на установке PALS (Прага). Следующая часть – это описание измерений рентгеновского излучения, ионов и электронов в установках типа плазменный фокус (ПФ). Последняя часть суммирует исследование взаимодействия плазменных потоков с вольфрамом на установке PF-1000U и CFC на RPI-IBIS. Далее следуют предложения о дальнейших теоретических и экспериментальных исследованиях. Представлено найважливіші результати експериментів по вивченню високотемпературної плазми, що проводились в НЦЯД Польщи з 2014 року. Основні наукові цілі – це вивченя швидких електронів, іонів, нейтронів, рентгенівського випромінювання на різних плазмових пристроях, таких як ПФ-, RPI-, ICF- токамаки, а також дослідження високотемпературних плазмових потоків та їх взаємодії з різними матеріалами. Перша частина представляє думку авторів щодо експериментальних вивчень генерації швидких електронів в токамаках Compass (Прага) та FTU (Frascati). Друга частина включає коментарії із застосування детекторів ядерних часток для вивчення швидких іонів та продуктів ядерної реакції р 11В в експериментах на пристрої PALS (Прага). Наступна частина – це опис вимірювань рентгенівського випромінювання, іонів та електронів в пристроях типу плазмовий фокус (ПФ). Заключна частина підсумовує дослідження взаємодії плазмових потоків з вольфрамом на ПФ-1000U та CFC на RPI-IBIS. Далі йдуть пропозиції щодо наступних теоретичних та експериментальних досліджень. 2016 Article Comments on recent studies of high-temperature plasmas at the NCBJ in Poland / M.J. Sadowski, J. Żebrowski // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2016. — № 6. — С. 291-296. — Бібліогр.: 33 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 52.70.-m; 52.40.Hf; 52.50.Dg; 52.55.Fa; 52.58.Lq; 52.59.Hq http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/115466 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| language |
English |
| topic |
Plasma diagnostics Plasma diagnostics |
| spellingShingle |
Plasma diagnostics Plasma diagnostics Sadowski, M.J. Żebrowski, J. Comments on recent studies of high-temperature plasmas at the NCBJ in Poland Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description |
This invited lecture presents comments on the most important results of high-temperature plasma studies which
have been carried out at the NCBJ, Poland, since the ICPPCF-2014. The main scientific tasks concerned studies of
fast electrons, ions, neutrons, and x-rays emitted from different research facilities of the PF-, RPI-, ICF- and
Tokamak-type as well as investigations of high-temperature plasma streams and their interactions with various solid
targets. The first part presents the authors’ opinion about experimental studies of the fast runaway electrons
generation in the COMPASS (Prague) and FTU (Frascati) tokamaks. The second part presents the comments on
applications of nuclear track detectors for studies of fast ions and products from p
11B nuclear reactions at the PALS
(Prague) experiment. The next part presents the comments on measurements of the X-rays, ions and electrons from
PF-type discharges. The last part summarizes OES studies of plasma-streams interactions with W-targets in the
PF-1000U facility and with CFC-targets in the RPI-IBIS machine. These comments are followed by proposals of
future theoretical and experimental studies. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Sadowski, M.J. Żebrowski, J. |
| author_facet |
Sadowski, M.J. Żebrowski, J. |
| author_sort |
Sadowski, M.J. |
| title |
Comments on recent studies of high-temperature plasmas at the NCBJ in Poland |
| title_short |
Comments on recent studies of high-temperature plasmas at the NCBJ in Poland |
| title_full |
Comments on recent studies of high-temperature plasmas at the NCBJ in Poland |
| title_fullStr |
Comments on recent studies of high-temperature plasmas at the NCBJ in Poland |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Comments on recent studies of high-temperature plasmas at the NCBJ in Poland |
| title_sort |
comments on recent studies of high-temperature plasmas at the ncbj in poland |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| publishDate |
2016 |
| topic_facet |
Plasma diagnostics |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/115466 |
| citation_txt |
Comments on recent studies of high-temperature plasmas at the NCBJ in Poland / M.J. Sadowski, J. Żebrowski // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2016. — № 6. — С. 291-296. — Бібліогр.: 33 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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AT sadowskimj commentsonrecentstudiesofhightemperatureplasmasatthencbjinpoland AT zebrowskij commentsonrecentstudiesofhightemperatureplasmasatthencbjinpoland |
| first_indexed |
2025-07-08T08:49:31Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-07-08T08:49:31Z |
| _version_ |
1837068003882041344 |
| fulltext |
PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2016. №6(106)
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2016, № 6. Series: Plasma Physics (22), p. 291-296. 291
COMMENTS ON RECENT STUDIES OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE
PLASMAS AT THE NCBJ IN POLAND
M.J. Sadowski
1,2
, J. Żebrowski
1
1
National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Otwock-Świerk, Poland;
2
Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion (IFPiLM), Warsaw, Poland
This invited lecture presents comments on the most important results of high-temperature plasma studies which
have been carried out at the NCBJ, Poland, since the ICPPCF-2014. The main scientific tasks concerned studies of
fast electrons, ions, neutrons, and x-rays emitted from different research facilities of the PF-, RPI-, ICF- and
Tokamak-type as well as investigations of high-temperature plasma streams and their interactions with various solid
targets. The first part presents the authors’ opinion about experimental studies of the fast runaway electrons
generation in the COMPASS (Prague) and FTU (Frascati) tokamaks. The second part presents the comments on
applications of nuclear track detectors for studies of fast ions and products from p
11
B nuclear reactions at the PALS
(Prague) experiment. The next part presents the comments on measurements of the X-rays, ions and electrons from
PF-type discharges. The last part summarizes OES studies of plasma-streams interactions with W-targets in the
PF-1000U facility and with CFC-targets in the RPI-IBIS machine. These comments are followed by proposals of
future theoretical and experimental studies.
PACS: 52.70.-m; 52.40.Hf; 52.50.Dg; 52.55.Fa; 52.58.Lq; 52.59.Hq
INTRODUCTION
In Poland the experimental and theoretical studies of
hot plasmas were initiated about 65 years ago and
conducted at the Institute of Nuclear Research (IBJ,
later IPJ) in Swierk. In 2011 the institute was up-grated
to the National Centre for Nuclear Studies (NCBJ), and
in 2012 the Department of Plasma Physics and
Materials Engineering (PV) at NCBJ was split into the
Plasma/Ion Beam Technology Division (FM2) and
Plasma Studies Division (TJ5). The results of research
on high-temperature plasma and controlled fusion have
been presented at many international conferences, as
well as in Alushta and Kharkov [1-5].
The main aim of this invited talk was to comment on
results of the recent studies of high-temperature plasma
at the NCBJ, which have been obtained after the
previous conference ICPPCF-2014 [5] and to presents
some new proposals.
1. RESEARCH ON FAST ELECTRONS IN
VARIOUS TOKAMAKS
Studies of fast (ripple-born and run-away) electrons
deliver important information about dynamics of plasma
in tokamaks. Therefore, such studies have been
performed at the NCBJ in frames of the EURATOM
and EUROfusion programmes. A control of intense
high-energy electron beams, which can damage the first
wall, plays also a significant role because it enables to
avoid or to mitigate disruptions. Studies performed in
order to determine conditions of the runaway electrons
generation, and to investigate their mitigation
techniques, were started in a frame of the international
cooperation at the IPP ASCR in Prague in 2014, as a
part of the MST-2 EUROfusion project. Such studies
were also continued in 2015. The NCBJ team proposed
to apply Cherenkov probes, because of their high
spatial- and temporal-resolution. New single- and multi-
channel Cherenkov detectors were installed within the
COMPASS tokamak. During the 2015-spring campaign,
using a single-channel detector, very short Cherenkov
signals were recorded in addition to usually observed
long signals. During the 2015-autumn campaign a new
multichannel Cherenkov detector was installed. It was
equipped with three radiators made of CVD diamond
crystals, which were covered by different filters in order
to establish various energy detection thresholds (58,
145, and 221 keV) and some measurements of runaway
electrons were performed. Signals from the Cherenkov
probe channels were correlated with the photo-neutrons
and hard x-rays, but in many shots electron-spikes were
recorded in the Cherenkov channels only (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Electron-produced Cherenkov signals and spikes
recorded during the Compass experiment
292 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2016. №6(106)
Detailed electron measurements with Cherenkov
probes were performed within the ISTTOK facility in
Lisbon, Portugal, and recently particular attention was
focused on a mutual influence of such probes [6].
The Cherenkov probes were also applied for studies
of fast electrons within the FTU tokamak in Frascati,
Italy [7]. During recent studies in the FTU facility a new
kind of modulated signals was found and explained as
results of the magnetic island rotation (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Correlation of Cherenkov signals (top) with
oscillations of electron temperature (middle) and D-D
fusion neutrons (bottom) in the FTU experiment #37606
During more detailed studies at the FTU machine,
the Cherenkov signals were compared with data
collected from many other diagnostics, which included
X- and gamma-rays, the electron cyclotron emission and
signals from Mirnov coils (recording MHD
instabilities), as well as from fusion- and photo-neutron
detectors. In fact these were the first observations of the
correlation between runaway electrons and evolution of
magnetic islands [8]. In addition there were also
recorded disruptions caused by injections of deuterium
pellets.
The summary of NCBJ research on the construction
of Cherenkov probes and their application for studies of
fast electron beams (in the CASTOR, ISTTOK, TORE-
SUPRA, and FTU facilities) was presented at the
ECPD-2015 [9]. Another paper about the development
of the Cherenkov probes was presented at a SPIE
meeting [10].
Our comments about the studies described above can
be formulated as follows: 1. It was shown that the
Cherenkov detectors deliver direct and immediate
information about the emission of fast electrons and
plasma dynamics; 2. Particular attention should be
focused on the application of multi-channel Cherenkov
probes for research on correlations of electron pulses
with signals from Mirnov coils which can inform about
instabilities, e.g., motion of magnetic islands; 3. New
probes should be designed to study directional
characteristics of the fast electron beams; 4. New efforts
should be undertaken to perform computer simulations
by means of gyro-kinetic codes.
2. STUDIES OF FAST IONS AND FUSION
PRODUCTS FROM LASER-EXPERIMENTS
In 2014 and 2015 another NCBJ team was engaged
in measurements of laser-produced ions at the PALS
facility in Prague. Particular efforts concerned
investigation of products from
11
B(p,2α)α fusion
reactions, i.e. fast alpha particles [11, 12]. In the
described experiments the use was made of thin and
thick silicon targets saturated with hydrogen and
implanted with boron (so-called Si-H-B). Those targets
were irradiated by intense laser pulses to produce fast
protons, which could undergo reactions with boron
atoms and produce fast alpha particles (of the total
energy equal to 8.7 MeV). To measure the emission of
such alphas several nuclear track detectors (NTDs) of
the PM-355 type were placed at different angles, at a
distance of 50 cm from the target. The irradiated
detectors were etched and analysed with an optical
microscope to discern tracks produced by the escaping
protons and alphas.
The same TJ5 team investigated the influence of soft
x-rays on characteristics of the NTDs [13] and changes
in the sensitivity of PM-355 after a long storage [14].
Our comments about the studies described above can
be formulated as follows: 1. Measurements of charged
particles produced from the
11
B(p,2α)α reactions should
be supplemented by accurate measurements by means
of mass- and energy-analysers; 2. Studies of calibration
characteristics and aging effects of NTDs are time-
consuming, but they should be performed before any
application of such detectors for accurate investigation
of the primary ions and fusion products.
3. TUDIES OF X-RAYS, IONS AND FUSION
PRODUCTS FROM RPI- AND
PF-FACILITIES
Another NCBJ-TJ5 team was engaged in
measurements of X-rays and ions (including fusion
products) from plasma discharges performed in the
Rod-Plasma-Injector (RPI) and Plasma-Focus (PF)
facilities.
Fig. 3. Anisotropy of the fusion-produced neutrons (left)
and protons (right) from 3 experiments. The numbers of
tracks are given after normalization to a stereo-radian
In 2015 this team published a paper on anisotropy of
fusion-produced protons and neutrons emitted from
high-current plasma discharges. These studies were
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2016. №6(106) 293
performed by means of so-called “sandwich-detectors”,
composed of an absorption Al-filter and two PM-355
nuclear track detectors separated by a converter of
neutrons into protons, which was made of a
polyethylene [15]. The detailed measurements
performed within a modified PF-1000U facility enabled
the investigated anisotropy to be determined (Fig. 3).
The results of earlier measurements of fast ion beams
emitted from discharges in the PF-1000U facility were
analysed [16]. Those ion beams were recorded by
means of a pinhole camera equipped with a PM-355
track detector, and their microstructure was studied
(Fig. 4).
Fig. 4. Image and density map of deuteron beams of
energy > 220 keV emitted from a PF-1000U discharge
Energy distributions of the emitted ions were
determined also by means of a small Thomson-type
analyser [17].
The earlier energy- and time-resolved measurements
of fast ions from the PF-1000U facility, which were
performed with the Thomson analyser, equipped with
miniature scintillation detectors and placed at a distance
135 cm from the electrodes outlet, were also analysed.
[18]. Signals, which were obtained from different
energy channels, were compared to determine periods of
the fast deuterons emission (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5. Comparison of deuteron signals from 3 energy
channels of the Thomson analyser and a signal from the
x-ray and neutron probe. Straight solid lines show
periods when the deuterons could be emitted
Different methods of electron- and ion-diagnostics,
applied in various PF studies and applicable also for
measurements in tokamaks, were compared. Particular
attention was focused on various Cherenkov-type
probes and new ion probes. There was also described an
ion pinhole camera, which enables irradiation of several
NTDs during a single tokamak discharge, and a
miniature Thomson-type spectrometer, which can be
used for ion measurements at plasma edge [19].
The most important problems, which have to be
solved before construction of future thermonuclear
reactors, were also analysed, discussed at the PME
conference and described in a review paper [20].
During the whole 2015 the joint NCBJ-IFPiLM
team has continued also experimental studies of the x-
ray emission from PF discharges. Results of the earlier
measurements of soft X-rays from the PF-1000U
facility were analysed and summarized. Attention was
paid to x-ray pinhole images which demonstrated the
appearance of plasma filaments and so-called “hot-
spots” [21].
The team analysed also results of the time-resolved
measurements performed with four PIN diodes located
behind filtered pinholes, which observed different
regions of a dense plasma column (Fig. 6).
Fig. 6. Time-integrated X-ray image (with the marked
observation fields) and time-resolved x-ray signals from
PIN diodes, as recorded forPF-1000U shot #10333
The most important results of the studies performed
by the NCBJ-IFPiLM team were presented in a paper
[22].
Many efforts were also devoted to measurements of
fast electron beams emitted from a modified PF-360U
facility, mostly in the upward direction through a central
channel in the anode. The use was made of magnetic
analysers equipped with miniature Cherenkov- or
scintillation-detectors [23]. The most important result
was the observation that the fast electron beams are
often emitted as narrow pulses in different energy
channels (Fig. 7).
Fig. 7. Hard x-rays and neutrons signals (from a
scintillation probe) and electron signals (from different
spectrometer channels) recorded in a PF-360U device
294 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2016. №6(106)
Our comments on the studies described above can be
formulated as follows: 1. Time-integrated soft x-ray
images obtained with appropriate filters can provide
information about the structure of a PF pinch column; 2.
Space- and time-resolved X-ray measurements enable
dynamics of the local sources (filaments and hot-spots)
to be investigated; 3. Energy- and time-resolved studies
of electron beams give important information about
their emission characteristics.
The recent study of x-rays was focused on
estimations of plasma electron temperature [24, 25]. It is
proposed to continue more accurate space-, time- and
energy-resolved measurements of x-ray emissions.
4. STUDY OF VISIBLE RADIATION FROM
HOT PLASMA STREAMS AND THEIR
INTERACTIONS WITH SOLID TARGETS
At the beginning of 2015 the earlier experimental
studies, which concerned physics and applications of
plasma streams produced by plasma-focus discharges
and were performed within a frame of the international
collaboration, were summarized in a paper [26].
Other experimental studies, which concerned high-
power plasma streams interactions with samples made
of different tungsten grades and were carried out in a
frame of the Polish-Ukrainian scientific collaboration,
were also summarized in a paper [27].
Many experimental efforts have concerned an
analysis of data obtained during optical emission
spectroscopy (OES) of plasma streams generated in a
PF-1000U facility without and with the additional gas
puffing. The detailed analysis of the recorded spectra
enabled changes in the D line profile to be determined
(Fig. 8) and used for estimates of changes in the
electron concentration [28].
Fig. 8. D-line profiles observed at different instants
after the current dip for a PF-1000U experiment
performed with the gas-puffing (1.5 ms before discharge
initiation)
Results of other experimental research on intense
plasma streams interactions with targets made of
tungsten, those were obtained within the PF-1000U
facility, were analyzed by a joint Polish-Ukrainian team.
Particular attention was focused on identification of
tungsten spectral lines and determination of mass-losses
caused by the irradiation of the investigated W-samples
[29].
The Polish-Ukrainian team elaborated also results of
OES measurements performed during a free propagation
of plasma streams within the PF-1000U facility and
during their interactions with CFC-samples. Many CII
and CIII spectral lines were recorded (Fig. 9) and
enabled the erosion dynamics to be estimated [30].
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Wavelength, nm
Fig. 9. Temporal changes in the optical spectrum
measured near the CFC-target surface in the
PF-1000U
Optical emission spectra from plasma streams and
plasma produced from different targets in the PF-1000U
experiments were also presented at a Joint ICTP-IAEA
Advanced School in Trieste [31].
Another task concerned research on interactions of
plasma streams with CFC targets within an RPI-IBIS
facility. In addition to optical spectra there were
investigated surface changes of the irradiated targets.
To study morphology of the irradiated CFC samples,
their surfaces were analysed also by means of an energy
dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) technique. The obtained
EDS images showed that upon the irradiated target
surface there are deposited also many impurity ions,
e.g., ions from the applied metal electrodes [32].
The results of the earlier studies of plasma
interactions with pure (99.95 %) tungsten targets, those
were obtained in the PF-1000U facility, were
summarized and analysed. Particular attention was
focused on comparison of different parts of the optical
spectra (Fig. 10).
Fig. 10. Optical spectra in the range of =
440...480 nm, recorded near the irradiated W-target
surface at different exposition times (0.1 and 1 µs), and
obtained during 4 plasma discharges (marked by
different colours)
To investigate changes in the target surface
morphology, which were induced by plasma streams, an
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2016. №6(106) 295
additional analysis was performed by means of an
optical microscope [33].
Our comments on the studies reported above can be
formulated as follows: 1. The OES measurements are
very useful to observe dynamics of plasma radiation and
to identify various ion species; 2. The plasma density
can be estimated from an analysis of selected spectral
lines if re-absorption effects can be neglected; 3. To
estimate a density of dense and multi-component
plasma, which is formed at a surface of the irradiated
target, one should use other methods e.g. laser
interferometry; 4. To study plasma interactions with
solid targets one should apply different diagnostic
methods, e.g. AFM, SEM and EDS.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The detailed comments on described research
activities have been given in the previous sections. The
most important ones seem to be as follows: 1. The
Cherenkov-type probes, as developed at the NCBJ and
used in several tokamaks, might also be applied for fast
electron measurements in stellarators; 2. NTDs are
convenient tools for recording fast ions (including
fusion products), but these detectors require time-
consuming calibration measurements; 3. The OES
methods are widely applied in different plasma
experiments, but to determine an electron density in
multi-species plasmas at surfaces of the irradiated
targets one should use other techniques, e.g. laser
interferometry.
The described plasma studies, as performed in a
frame of the scientific collaboration of the NCBJ,
IFPiLM and KIPT teams, supplied important
information about plasma-streams and plasma-
interactions with various materials. Hence, this
collaboration should be continued.
ACKOWLEDGEMENTS
The studies of fast electrons in tokamaks have been
carried out within a framework of the EUROfusion
Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom
research and training programme 2014-2018 under
grand agreement № 633053. The views and opinions
expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the
European Commission. This scientific work was partly
supported by Polish Ministry of Science and Higher
Education within the framework of the scientific
financial resources in the years 2015-2016 allocated for
the realization of the international co-financed project.
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296 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2016. №6(106)
НАИБОЛЕЕ ЗНАЧИМЫЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ПО ИЗУЧЕНИЮ ВЫСОКОТЕМПЕРАТУРНОЙ
ПЛАЗМЫ В НЦЯИ ПОЛЬШИ
M.J. Sadowski, J. Żebrowski
Представлены самые важные результаты экспериментов по изучению высокотемпературной плазмы,
которые проводились в НЦЯИ Польши с 2014 года. Основные научные цели – это изучение быстрых
электронов, ионов, нейтронов, рентгеновского излучения на различных плазменных установках, таких как
PF-, RPI-, ICF-токамаки, а также исследования высокотемпературных плазменных потоков и их
взаимодействия с различными материалами. Первая часть представляет мнение авторов об
экспериментальных изучениях генерации убегающих быстрых электронов в токамаках Compass (Прага) и
FTU (Fraskati. Вторая часть включает комментарии по применению детекторов ядерных частиц для изучения
быстрых ионов и продуктов ядерной реакции p
11
B в экспериментах на установке PALS (Прага). Следующая
часть – это описание измерений рентгеновского излучения, ионов и электронов в установках типа
плазменный фокус (ПФ). Последняя часть суммирует исследование взаимодействия плазменных потоков с
вольфрамом на установке PF-1000U и CFC на RPI-IBIS. Далее следуют предложения о дальнейших
теоретических и экспериментальных исследованиях.
НАЙБІЛЬШ ВАГОМІ РЕЗУЛЬТАТИ З ВИВЧЕННЯ ВИСОКОТЕМПЕРАТУРНОЇ ПЛАЗМИ
В НЦЯД ПОЛЬЩІ
M.J. Sadowski, J. Żebrowski
Представлено найважливіші результати експериментів по вивченню високотемпературної плазми, що
проводились в НЦЯД Польщи з 2014 року. Основні наукові цілі – це вивченя швидких електронів, іонів,
нейтронів, рентгенівського випромінювання на різних плазмових пристроях, таких як ПФ-, RPI-, ICF-
токамаки, а також дослідження високотемпературних плазмових потоків та їх взаємодії з різними
матеріалами. Перша частина представляє думку авторів щодо експериментальних вивчень генерації
швидких електронів в токамаках Compass (Прага) та FTU (Frascati). Друга частина включає коментарії із
застосування детекторів ядерних часток для вивчення швидких іонів та продуктів ядерної реакції р
11
В в
експериментах на пристрої PALS (Прага). Наступна частина – це опис вимірювань рентгенівського
випромінювання, іонів та електронів в пристроях типу плазмовий фокус (ПФ). Заключна частина підсумовує
дослідження взаємодії плазмових потоків з вольфрамом на ПФ-1000U та CFC на RPI-IBIS. Далі йдуть
пропозиції щодо наступних теоретичних та експериментальних досліджень.
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