Recent developments of atmospheric research in Ukraine
In recent years the Joint Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics and Aerosols of Ukraine has been carrying out atmospheric research in cooperation with international program of climate change studies. Our current research is aimed at studying aerosol and ozone in the Earth's atmosphere, because these...
Gespeichert in:
| Datum: | 2012 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Головна астрономічна обсерваторія НАН України
2012
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Advances in Astronomy and Space Physics |
| Online Zugang: | http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/119178 |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Zitieren: | Recent developments of atmospheric research in Ukraine / G.P. Milinevsky, V.O. Danylevsky, A.V. Grytsai, O.M. Evtushevsky, V.O. Kravchenko, A.P. Bovchaliuk, V.P. Bovchaliuk, M.G. Sosonkin, Ph. Goloub, L.Y. Savitska, E.V. Udodov, V.P. Voytenko // Advances in Astronomy and Space Physics. — 2012. — Т. 2., вип. 2. — С. 114-120. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. |
Institution
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| id |
irk-123456789-119178 |
|---|---|
| record_format |
dspace |
| spelling |
irk-123456789-1191782017-06-05T03:03:25Z Recent developments of atmospheric research in Ukraine Milinevsky, G.P. Danylevsky, V.O. Grytsai, A.V. Evtushevsky, O.M. Kravchenko, V.O. Bovchaliuk, A.P. Bovchaliuk, V.P. Sosonkin, M.G. Goloub, Ph. Savitska, L.Y. Udodov, E.V. Voytenko, V.P. In recent years the Joint Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics and Aerosols of Ukraine has been carrying out atmospheric research in cooperation with international program of climate change studies. Our current research is aimed at studying aerosol and ozone in the Earth's atmosphere, because these constituents have a substantial inадuence on climate. In Ukraine, atmospheric aerosol remote sensing in the PHOTONS/AERONET network has been carried out since 2006 in Sevastopol and 2008 in Kyiv. For this research, sunphotometers CIMEL CE318 have been used. A mobile AERONET station has been developed, which consists of CE318N and portable Microtops II sunphotometers, as well as two self-designed experimental portable sunphotometer models and an ozonometer for aerosol and ozone study. The team's findings on aerosol spectral optical thickness, as well as optical and physical properties of aerosol particles (single-scattering albedo, distribution of particles by sizes, Ångström exponent), are discussed in the paper. In 2010, upon the establishment of the new regional atmospheric research station Nr. 498 Kyiv-Goloseyev, the team commenced with measurements of the total column density and vertical distribution of ozone, using the Dobson D040 spectrophotometer, in the framework of the Global Atmosphere Watch Program of WMO. The station has also been equipped with a Vaisala automatic weather station, a surface ozone 49i analyzer, and an experimental complex for monitoring secondary space rays. The aerosol and ozone measurements have been continuously submitted to data centres of AERONET (http://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/) and WMO (www.woudc.org/data/). For aerosol and ozone research, the data from satellite sources (POLDER, MODIS, OMI, and SCIAMACHY) have also been analysed. The work on a proposal to design, build, and launch the space radiometer/polarimeter for global monitoring of atmospheric aerosols has commenced recently. This instrument should have the capability of investigating microphysical properties of aerosol particles. An overview of the devices, methods of data retrieval analysis of aerosol parameters and ozone dynamics, is presented in this paper. 2012 Article Recent developments of atmospheric research in Ukraine / G.P. Milinevsky, V.O. Danylevsky, A.V. Grytsai, O.M. Evtushevsky, V.O. Kravchenko, A.P. Bovchaliuk, V.P. Bovchaliuk, M.G. Sosonkin, Ph. Goloub, L.Y. Savitska, E.V. Udodov, V.P. Voytenko // Advances in Astronomy and Space Physics. — 2012. — Т. 2., вип. 2. — С. 114-120. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. 2227-1481 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/119178 en Advances in Astronomy and Space Physics Головна астрономічна обсерваторія НАН України |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| language |
English |
| description |
In recent years the Joint Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics and Aerosols of Ukraine has been carrying out atmospheric research in cooperation with international program of climate change studies. Our current research is aimed at studying aerosol and ozone in the Earth's atmosphere, because these constituents have a substantial inадuence on climate. In Ukraine, atmospheric aerosol remote sensing in the PHOTONS/AERONET network has been carried out since 2006 in Sevastopol and 2008 in Kyiv. For this research, sunphotometers CIMEL CE318 have been used. A mobile AERONET station has been developed, which consists of CE318N and portable Microtops II sunphotometers, as well as two self-designed experimental portable sunphotometer models and an ozonometer for aerosol and ozone study. The team's findings on aerosol spectral optical thickness, as well as optical and physical properties of aerosol particles (single-scattering albedo, distribution of particles by sizes, Ångström exponent), are
discussed in the paper. In 2010, upon the establishment of the new regional atmospheric research station Nr. 498 Kyiv-Goloseyev, the team commenced with measurements of the total column density and vertical distribution of ozone, using the Dobson D040 spectrophotometer, in the framework of the Global Atmosphere Watch Program of WMO. The station has also been equipped with a Vaisala automatic weather station, a surface ozone 49i analyzer, and an experimental complex for monitoring secondary space rays. The aerosol and ozone measurements have been continuously submitted to data centres of AERONET (http://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/) and WMO (www.woudc.org/data/). For aerosol and ozone research, the data from satellite sources (POLDER, MODIS, OMI,
and SCIAMACHY) have also been analysed. The work on a proposal to design, build, and launch the space radiometer/polarimeter for global monitoring of atmospheric aerosols has commenced recently. This instrument should have the capability of investigating microphysical properties of aerosol particles. An overview of the devices, methods of data retrieval analysis of aerosol parameters and ozone dynamics, is presented in this paper. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Milinevsky, G.P. Danylevsky, V.O. Grytsai, A.V. Evtushevsky, O.M. Kravchenko, V.O. Bovchaliuk, A.P. Bovchaliuk, V.P. Sosonkin, M.G. Goloub, Ph. Savitska, L.Y. Udodov, E.V. Voytenko, V.P. |
| spellingShingle |
Milinevsky, G.P. Danylevsky, V.O. Grytsai, A.V. Evtushevsky, O.M. Kravchenko, V.O. Bovchaliuk, A.P. Bovchaliuk, V.P. Sosonkin, M.G. Goloub, Ph. Savitska, L.Y. Udodov, E.V. Voytenko, V.P. Recent developments of atmospheric research in Ukraine Advances in Astronomy and Space Physics |
| author_facet |
Milinevsky, G.P. Danylevsky, V.O. Grytsai, A.V. Evtushevsky, O.M. Kravchenko, V.O. Bovchaliuk, A.P. Bovchaliuk, V.P. Sosonkin, M.G. Goloub, Ph. Savitska, L.Y. Udodov, E.V. Voytenko, V.P. |
| author_sort |
Milinevsky, G.P. |
| title |
Recent developments of atmospheric research in Ukraine |
| title_short |
Recent developments of atmospheric research in Ukraine |
| title_full |
Recent developments of atmospheric research in Ukraine |
| title_fullStr |
Recent developments of atmospheric research in Ukraine |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Recent developments of atmospheric research in Ukraine |
| title_sort |
recent developments of atmospheric research in ukraine |
| publisher |
Головна астрономічна обсерваторія НАН України |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/119178 |
| citation_txt |
Recent developments of atmospheric research in Ukraine / G.P. Milinevsky, V.O. Danylevsky, A.V. Grytsai, O.M. Evtushevsky, V.O. Kravchenko, A.P. Bovchaliuk, V.P. Bovchaliuk, M.G. Sosonkin, Ph. Goloub, L.Y. Savitska, E.V. Udodov, V.P. Voytenko // Advances in Astronomy and Space Physics. — 2012. — Т. 2., вип. 2. — С. 114-120. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Advances in Astronomy and Space Physics |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT milinevskygp recentdevelopmentsofatmosphericresearchinukraine AT danylevskyvo recentdevelopmentsofatmosphericresearchinukraine AT grytsaiav recentdevelopmentsofatmosphericresearchinukraine AT evtushevskyom recentdevelopmentsofatmosphericresearchinukraine AT kravchenkovo recentdevelopmentsofatmosphericresearchinukraine AT bovchaliukap recentdevelopmentsofatmosphericresearchinukraine AT bovchaliukvp recentdevelopmentsofatmosphericresearchinukraine AT sosonkinmg recentdevelopmentsofatmosphericresearchinukraine AT goloubph recentdevelopmentsofatmosphericresearchinukraine AT savitskaly recentdevelopmentsofatmosphericresearchinukraine AT udodovev recentdevelopmentsofatmosphericresearchinukraine AT voytenkovp recentdevelopmentsofatmosphericresearchinukraine |
| first_indexed |
2025-07-08T15:22:39Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-07-08T15:22:39Z |
| _version_ |
1837092737332019200 |
| fulltext |
Recent developments of atmospheric research in Ukraine
G.P.Milinevsky1∗, V.O.Danylevsky1, A.V.Grytsai1, O.M.Evtushevsky1,
V.O.Kravchenko1, A. P.Bovchaliuk1, V. P.Bovchaliuk1, M.G. Sosonkin2,
Ph.Goloub3, L.Y. Savitska1, E.V.Udodov1, V. P.Voytenko4
Advances in Astronomy and Space Physics, 2, 114-120 (2012)
© G.P.Milinevsky, V.O.Danylevsky, A.V.Grytsai, O.M.Evtushevsky, V.O.Kravchenko, A. P.Bovchaliuk, V. P.Bovchaliuk,
M.G. Sosonkin, Ph.Goloub, L.Y. Savitska, E.V. Udodov, V. P. Voytenko, 2012
1Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
2Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Zabolotnoho 27, 03680, Kyiv, Ukraine
3Université de Lille, 59665 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, Lille, France
4East Ukrainian National University of Volodymyr Dahl, 20A, Molodizhnyi Distr., 91034, Lugansk, Ukraine
In recent years the Joint Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics and Aerosols of Ukraine has been carrying out
atmospheric research in cooperation with international program of climate change studies. Our current research
is aimed at studying aerosol and ozone in the Earth's atmosphere, because these constituents have a substantial
in�uence on climate. In Ukraine, atmospheric aerosol remote sensing in the PHOTONS/AERONET network has
been carried out since 2006 in Sevastopol and 2008 in Kyiv. For this research, sunphotometers CIMEL CE318 have
been used. A mobile AERONET station has been developed, which consists of CE318N and portable Microtops II
sunphotometers, as well as two self-designed experimental portable sunphotometer models and an ozonometer for
aerosol and ozone study. The team's �ndings on aerosol spectral optical thickness, as well as optical and physical
properties of aerosol particles (single-scattering albedo, distribution of particles by sizes, Ångström exponent), are
discussed in the paper. In 2010, upon the establishment of the new regional atmospheric research station Nr. 498
Kyiv-Goloseyev, the team commenced with measurements of the total column density and vertical distribution of
ozone, using the Dobson D040 spectrophotometer, in the framework of the Global Atmosphere Watch Program
of WMO. The station has also been equipped with a Vaisala automatic weather station, a surface ozone 49i
analyzer, and an experimental complex for monitoring secondary space rays. The aerosol and ozone measurements
have been continuously submitted to data centres of AERONET (http://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/) and WMO
(www.woudc.org/data/). For aerosol and ozone research, the data from satellite sources (POLDER, MODIS, OMI,
and SCIAMACHY) have also been analysed. The work on a proposal to design, build, and launch the space
radiometer/polarimeter for global monitoring of atmospheric aerosols has commenced recently. This instrument
should have the capability of investigating microphysical properties of aerosol particles. An overview of the devices,
methods of data retrieval analysis of aerosol parameters and ozone dynamics, is presented in this paper.
Key words: aerosol, ozone, climate, remote sensing
introduction
The main climate-in�uencing constituents in
Earth's atmosphere (in addition to carbon dioxide
CO2 and methane CH4) are aerosols, water vapour,
and stratospheric ozone. Their impact on the trans-
fer of solar radiation energy and the energy bal-
ance of the Earth has not yet been su�ciently ex-
amined [6]. Therefore the study of the in�uence of
aerosols, water vapour, and ozone on climate change
remains one of the fundamental problems of clima-
tology. Atmospheric aerosols are produced by nat-
ural and anthropogenic sources, and vary greatly
in particle size (from 0.001µm in molecular clus-
ters of gaseous contaminants, to 1000µm in heavy
dust) and chemical composition. Aerosols a�ect
Earth's energy balance by scattering and absorbing
radiation (direct e�ect) and by modifying the con-
stituents and microphysical/radiative properties of
clouds (indirect e�ects). The e�ect of aerosols on re-
gional climate change is complex and varied: while
weakly-absorptive aerosols, such as sulfates, can cool
the atmosphere, carbon aerosols will have the op-
posite e�ect, increasing the temperature. Addition-
ally, through interaction with water vapour, aerosols
create an indirect climate e�ect by in�uencing the
cloud cover and precipitation amounts. Therefore,
the problem of quantitative estimation of the e�ect
of aerosols, ozone, and water vapour on regional cli-
mate, is the basic scienti�c task of our current re-
search [2].
aerosol measurements
The investigation of aerosols and their impact on
climate change is based on measurements of ground-
based networks and satellite radiometer/polarimeter
observations [10, 12]. In April 2008, the monitoring
of aerosol optical properties was commenced using
∗genmilinevsky@gmail.com
114
Advances in Astronomy and Space Physics G. P.Milinevsky, V.O.Danylevsky, A.V.Grytsai et al.
the CIMEL CE318 sunphotometer at the Kyiv site,
as a part of the PHOTONS/AERONET (AErosol
RObotic NETwork) program with French support
through PHOTONS (Service d'Observation from
CNRS/INSU) [2, 7]. In November 2011, the mo-
bile AERONET site was created, which consisted
of sunphotometers CE318N and Microtops II, and
was used for aerosol measurements in other regions
of Ukraine. Additionally, the mobile equipment in-
cludes two experimental sunphotometers for aerosol
and ozone observations, designed analogously to the
Microtops II sunphotometer. Another, two-channel
scanning sunphotometer, which will be used for
aerosol transects from a moving car, is currently
under development. For aerosol characteristic com-
parisons between the city and the outskirts (at the
Kyiv site), an additional AERONET Kyiv-AO site
for aerosol observations was established in the centre
of city.
Aerosol data processing from CE318 and CE318N
sunphotometers is derived automatically using the
AERONET algorithm. The measurement results
are regularly uploaded to the AERONET1 database.
The aerosol parameters � spectral aerosol optical
thickness (AOT) and Ångström exponent � are re-
trieved from direct solar irradiation measurements.
AOT is computed using the Beer-Lambert-Bouguer
law in consideration of Rayleigh scattering, ozone ab-
sorption and molecular absorption by water vapour
and other absorbing gases. Water vapour content is
determined from atmosphere total extinction mea-
surements by CE318 and CE318N sunphotometers
at 936 nm, using the �lter-dependent constants of
the sunphotometer. AOT is a basic characteristic of
the total aerosol content in the atmospheric column.
The error of AOT determination from CE318 mea-
surements is approximately ±0.01. The Ångström
exponent α(λ1, λ2) is a measure of the wavelength
(λ) dependence of the AOT and is computed here as
α(λ1, λ2) = − ln(AOT (λ1)/AOT (λ2))/ ln(λ1/λ2)
(1)
from AOT data at λ1 = 440 nm and λ2 = 870 nm
using a linear �t of α. The Ångström exponent is
a basic measure of the aerosol particle size distri-
bution because AOT(λ) depends on the extinction
process governed by the Mie ratio 2πa/λ, where a
is the radius of the spherical particle. For exam-
ple, α ≤1 indicates large particle (>0.5µm) domi-
nance in the atmospheric column, whereas α ≥1.5
corresponds to small particle (<0.5µm) dominance.
The columnar properties of aerosol particles, notably
single-scattering albedo, complex refractive index,
and aerosol particle size distribution, are retrieved
from sky radiation measurements using algorithm
[5]. Microtops II measurements data give informa-
tion about AOT and Ångström exponent. The re-
sults of aerosol observations and data analysis are
discussed in the next section.
Satellite passive and active techniques enable the
derivation of global aerosol distribution by scan-
ning the atmosphere along and across the satellite
ground track. Several global aerosol datasets are
available from various satellite sensors, e. g., MODIS,
AVHRR, POLDER [12]. Our team used polarization
measurements provided by the POLDER (POLar-
ization and Directionality of the Earth Re�ectance)
instrument [3] for aerosol properties analysis over
land surface. The key advantage of polarized ob-
servations is their ability to systematically correct
the ground re�ectance contribution. The POLDER
instrument, launched aboard French microsatellite
PARASOL in December 2004, is still operational.
The POLDER imaging spectroradiometer o�ered
multispectral, multidirectional, and polarized mea-
surements in 443, 490, 565, 670 (polar), 763, 765,
865 (polar), 910 and 1020 nm wavelengths. This
data enables the derivation of aerosol particle size
and scattering phase function, as well as aerosol op-
tical thickness [4]. Aerosol parameters received from
POLDER data have a horizontal spatial resolution
of 18×18 km. The monthly average AOT at 865 nm,
and Ångström exponent computed between 670 and
865 nm, are used in our analysis.
aerosol dynamics
We study atmospheric aerosol dynamics over
Ukraine, based on measurements obtained using the
sunphotometer CE318. Over four years of observa-
tion, a set of aerosol particles parameters mainly over
Kyiv site was obtained. Additionally, aerosol proper-
ties data over other Ukrainian regions were obtained
using sunphotometer CE318 and Microtops II, and
the results were compared using satellite data. Fig-
ure 1 shows the monthly mean spectral AOT values
as obtained by the Kyiv site measurements in 2008�
2011.
Fig. 1: The monthly means of spectral AOT at Kyiv
site.
1http://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/
115
Advances in Astronomy and Space Physics G. P.Milinevsky, V.O.Danylevsky, A.V.Grytsai et al.
The AOT value experiences seasonal variations
(e. g. from 0.1 to 0.4 at 440 nm) with increase in
spring and late summer, and spontaneous spikes like
those in August 2010, that correspond to period of
wild�res in Russia. The AOT parameter is a charac-
teristic of total amount of aerosol in the atmosphere
over the site. The AOT over Kyiv compared with
other planetary regions shows that atmosphere over
Kyiv is relatively clean with low amounts of aerosol.
However, AOT can vary signi�cantly, at times in-
creasing by a factor of 10 in a month or even a day.
The results of Ångström exponent measurement in
Fig. 2 show that particles ∼0.1�0.3µm dominate in
the atmosphere over Kyiv (α ≥1.5). However, in
some cases the coarse aerosol fraction prevails when
α →0. Usually the �ne mode of particles represents
aerosol of anthropogenic origin [8].
Fig. 2: Ångström parameter trend.
The comparison of aerosol properties over the
Kyiv site versus other AERONET sites in Europe
is shown in Fig. 3. Note the peaking aerosol pol-
lution in Eastern Europe during strong wild�res in
Russia in August 2010, when aerosol optical thick-
ness increased by a factor of ten. The analysis shows
that the atmosphere aerosol pollution over the Kyiv
site is similar to other urban sites in Europe: with
dominance of �ne mode aerosol particles.
The aerosol particles size distribution is used in
radiance �ux and radiative forcing estimations. In
the inversion problem solution, the aerosol size dis-
tribution is modelled by log-normal law that in most
cases is bi-modal (see Fig. 4), but sometimes it is
tri-modal. The minimum value of bi-modal distri-
bution is considered as the limit for separation of
the �ne and coarse mode aerosol fractions. Accord-
ing to our data, the mean limit value for the Kyiv
site is about 0.5�0.6µm, however it could vary be-
tween 0.3�1.05µm during shorter periods of averag-
ing (from one to three days). For the Lugansk site,
the mean limit value is about 0.4�0.8µm (Fig. 4).
Fig. 3: Urban aerosol AOT over cities in Europe.
Fig. 4: Aerosol size distribution in Lugansk site.
The results of Microtops II sunphotometer mea-
surements in several Ukraine regions show that AOT
varies from 0.1 to 0.5 for the 440 nm spectral band
for all periods except the summer period of wild-
�res in Russia in 2010, when AOT increased to 1.4.
Fine fraction aerosol prevailed in Ukraine according
to Ångström exponent retrievals from Microtops II
data.
The satellite POLDER/PARASOL data were
used to analyse aerosol atmosphere pollution over
Ukraine together with our AERONET measure-
ments. Some results of aerosol distribution and par-
ticle properties over Ukrainian regions are shown be-
low. The primary area of our interest is Eastern Eu-
rope � a region that is considered to be the source
of both natural and anthropogenic aerosols. We re-
trieved AOT satellite data maps over Ukraine for
period March 2005 � May 2012 using information
from ICARE, Cloud-Aerosol-Water-Radiation Inter-
actions Data and Services Center archive2.
2http://www.icare.univ-lille1.fr/archive/
116
Advances in Astronomy and Space Physics G. P.Milinevsky, V.O.Danylevsky, A.V.Grytsai et al.
The region is characterized by numerous agricul-
tural, grass, shrubbery, forest and peat wild�res, as
well as soil erosion in steppe regions. Saharan dust
is transported to Eastern Europe over the Mediter-
ranean and can increase AOT in the Eastern Europe
region by 0.02�0.07, mostly in autumn and spring
[9]. In spite of the large number of pollution sources,
the investigated territory is characterized by a rela-
tively low AOT (ranging between 0.05 and 0.15 at
870 nm) in comparison to that of areas in East Asia
a�ected by industrial pollution, or areas in South-
ern Africa, caused by Sahara dust events and for-
est wild�res (where the AOT ranges from 0.2 to 0.6
at 870 nm). The monthly mean AOT at 865 nm for
August 2010 and 2011 are presented in Fig. 5 and 6.
Anomalously high surface temperatures (35�41◦C)
and low relative humidity (9�25%) from mid-June to
mid-August 2010 created ideal conditions for forest
and peat wild�res. Analysis showed that the region
in Western Russia nearby Moscow (Fig. 5) was most
severely impacted by wild�re emissions. Average
values of AOT over Northern and Eastern Ukraine
in August 2010 ranged from 0.2 to 0.4 at 870 nm
due to wild�res in this area and transportation of
biomass burning aerosols. The Ångström parameter
computed during the wild�re period for 670 nm and
870 nm is between 1.8 and 2.0, and it corresponds to
�ne mode particles.
Fig. 5: Monthly mean AOT distribution at 870 nm in
August 2010.
Fig. 6: Monthly mean AOT distribution at 870 nm in
August 2011.
Summarising, it can be concluded that the at-
mospheric aerosol pollution over Ukraine is similar
to that over Europe, with dominance of �ne mode
aerosol particles. It is not surprising that anthro-
pogenic aerosols are detected over industrial areas.
According to our analysis, the AOT values are higher
over Eastern and central parts of Ukraine. Larger
Ångström exponent values correspond to �ne mode
particles of anthropogenic origin, as seen over East-
ern Ukraine where the industrial pollution is mainly
concentrated.
ozone observations:
variability and climatology
Historically, the total ozone column (TOC) ob-
servations in the Kyiv region were commenced in
1973 using �lter ozonometers. These data were
archived in the World Ozone and Ultraviolet Ra-
diation Data Centre (WOUDC3) database and are
available for the observation period 1973�1997. In
the same region, analysis was performed using the �l-
ter ozonometer M-124 in Lisnyky station near Kyiv
for the time period of 1997�2002. Since 2010, ob-
servations with the Dobson spectrophotometer have
been carried out at the Kyiv-Goloseyev station. A
joint team of observers is currently carrying out the
TOC and Umkehr height pro�le measurements at a
new site, registered in WOUDC as �Kyiv-Goloseyev
STN498� station. In 2010, the station was included
in the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Program
of the WMO, as the Regional GAW Station, with
GAWID `KGV'. The D040 Dobson spectrophotome-
ter allows researchers to calculate the total ozone col-
umn from estimations of solar radiation absorption
in near-ultraviolet range (305�340 nm), using the
well-known Beer-Lambert-Bouguer law. The TOC
values are also determined from zenith sky measure-
ments using statistical dependencies.
To estimate the quality of the ground-based Dob-
son D040 measurements, the measurements were
compared to satellite data (Fig. 7, the range of
two standard deviations from the mean di�erence
value is indicated with a dotted line). Satellite
overpass data obtained with OMI/Aura and SCIA-
MACHY/Envisat instruments4 have been consid-
ered. This comparison indicates a high quality of
the Direct Sun (DS) and Zenith Blue (ZB) Dobson
observations, as mean satellite vs. ground-based dif-
ferences do not exceed 1.5�2.0% and standard de-
viation is equal to 3�4% from annual mean ozone
values (about 320DU for Kyiv-Goloseyev station).
It should be noted that an ozone station is typically
evaluated as �good� if the above-mentioned di�erence
is < 3% with a standard deviation of < 4.5%. The
dispersion increases in the case of the Zenith Cloud
measurements (the standard deviation is nearly 6%)
due to the non-uniform structure of the clouds and
the di�culty of modelling their structure under vary-
ing conditions using the same algorithm. The sea-
3http://www.woudc.org
4http://www.temis.nl
117
Advances in Astronomy and Space Physics G. P.Milinevsky, V.O.Danylevsky, A.V.Grytsai et al.
sonal cycle signi�cantly a�ects the total ozone dif-
ferences (Fig. 7). The seasonal cycle is caused by
low e�ciency of Dobson algorithm at solar zenith
angles exceeding 70◦ and by dependence of the total
ozone di�erence on zenith angle. Observations under
these conditions are predominantly carried out near
winter solstice, when solar zenith angles reach 73◦ at
noon. In�uence of scattered light increases at high
solar zenith angles causing total ozone underestima-
tion with standard algorithm considering only direct
solar radiation [1].
Fig. 7: Di�erences between OMI satellite measurements
over Kyiv-Goloseyev and Direct Sun Dobson data.
Fig. 8: Seasonal change of the total ozone over Kyiv re-
gion by the ground-based and satellite measurements in
1979-2011.
The total ozone content varies seasonally accord-
ing to both historical ozonometer data and recent
Kyiv-Goloseyev measurements. Fig. 8 shows aver-
aged seasonal variation of the total ozone over the
Kyiv region from three di�erent instruments: the
Nimbus-7 satellite spectrometer for observations in
the time period from 1979 to 1993 (archive overpass
monthly means, thick dashed curve), the ground-
based �lter ozonometer M-124 for the 1997�2000 pe-
riod (Lisnyky station monthly means, thin curves),
and the Dobson spectrophotometer for 2011 obser-
vations (30-day running means, thick solid curve).
The seasonal ozone variation is typical for the North-
ern Hemisphere middle latitudes, with the maximum
ozone content in winter-spring, and the minimum in
autumn.
More detailed seasonal evolution of the TOC lev-
els over Ukraine can be seen from Fig. 10, where
the continuous satellite measurements over nearly 15
years (1979�1993) are presented. An archive of daily
ozone measurement for four Ukrainian ground sta-
tions shows a partial TOC decrease in late March-
early April, which interrupts the mean monotonic
TOC level variation near the seasonal maximum (as
marked by arrows in Fig. 10a). This feature is not
seen in the monthly mean data (Fig. 10b) as the tem-
porary ozone minimum falls to the month transition
interval. The causes of this ozone decrease should be
investigated in the future work.
Seasonal climatology (Fig. 10b) gives a reference
annual TOC cycle for revealing the anomalous TOC
levels over the station. In particular, according to
recent Kyiv-Goloseyev data, daily TOC values ex-
ceeded 400DU (Dobson units) in February-April and
dropped to 250�260DU in October-November (com-
pare this to the climatological maximum ∼380DU
and minimum ∼300DU, depicted with rectangles in
Fig. 10b). Using this method, several speci�c events
with an anomalous TOC decrease were observed. For
example, lowered TOC values were recorded in Au-
gust 2010, which are most likely related to atmo-
spheric pollution due to forest/peatbog wild�res in
Russia. In another case, very low values of ∼220DU
were observed in October 2011, which can be corre-
lated with the ozone mini-hole event.
Fig. 9: Long-term trend in the total ozone change over
Kyiv.
118
Advances in Astronomy and Space Physics G. P.Milinevsky, V.O.Danylevsky, A.V.Grytsai et al.
Fig. 10: Total ozone climatology for four Ukrainian stations by the Nimbus-7 TOMS V.8 Archive Overpass, 1979�
1993: (a) daily mean values and (b) monthly mean values.
Fig. 11: Altitude ozone pro�le over Kyiv-Goloseyev sta-
tion.
Recent TOC data from the Dobson measurements
at the Kyiv-Goloseyev site in 2010-2012 (for exam-
ple, thick solid curve in Fig. 8 for 2011) demon-
strate generally lower TOC values than in the 1980s�
1990s (by about 20DU). This is evidence of the long-
term ozone decrease observed in global ozone data.
Fig. 9 illustrates decadal decrease of the total ozone
over Kyiv in 1973�1997, estimated for the seasons
of TOC maximum and minimum. The months of
the seasonal TOC maximum (February-March, up-
per curve) and minimum (October-November, lower
curve) are presented in Fig. 9. The �gures show that
historical and continued daily observations of the
TOC variations over Ukraine can be important for
analysis of the regional ozone distribution change.
vertical ozone distribution
Altitude ozone pro�le measurements serve as a
data source for the investigation of atmospheric dy-
namics, as well as vertical ozone transport associated
with Brewer-Dobson circulation. A study of altitude
variations of ozone concentration above Kyiv was
carried out in 2005�2008 using ground-based Fourier
Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectrometric observa-
tions [13].
In May 2010 our team started an Umkehr-method
observation of vertical ozone distribution in the
stratosphere over Kyiv, using the Dobson spec-
trophotometer, to explain the origin of the ozone
anomalies (see e. g. Fig. 10). The Umkehr method is
based on the phenomenon of changes in ultraviolet
radiation absorption by stratospheric ozone, varying
with wavelength and zenith angle. The absorption
ratio between weakly- and strongly-absorbed wave-
lengths is used as an indication parameter. Obser-
vations at large zenith angles show that this value
�rst increases and then starts decreasing, which is
caused by the Earth's sphericity and the irregular-
ity of vertical ozone distribution. This technique in-
volves observations according to a speci�c schedule
of various Sun zenith angles during sunset/sunrise.
TOC values from standard Direct Sun measurements
were used for ozone pro�le calculation. Observa-
tion data were processed using the WOUDC soft-
ware, with the assumption that the Earth's atmo-
sphere is divided into 10 homogeneous layers, us-
ing the Dobson C-Umkehr retrieval algorithm [11].
The software outputs a set of values depicting the
ozone distribution by height, averaged through the
period of observation. The vertical pro�les of at-
mospheric ozone for four seasons of Umkehr obser-
vations are shown in Fig. 11. The observation dates
are listed on the right-hand side of the plot in Fig. 11.
The winter pro�les (February) have the lowest height
of ozone maximum, at about 15 km, while spring
pro�les (March) exhibit stronger variations in ozone
119
Advances in Astronomy and Space Physics G. P.Milinevsky, V.O.Danylevsky, A.V.Grytsai et al.
density and height (solid lines in Fig. 11). An inter-
esting feature of the spring vertical ozone pro�le is
the double maximum on March 24, 2012. The maxi-
mum ozone densities of the summer and autumn pro-
�les (at approximately 18�19 km) are nearly at half
the value as for the other two seasons. It should be
noted that total ozone retrieval at Kyiv-Goloseyev is
carried out with a mean ozone layer height of 21 km
using the corresponding algorithm.
The properties of vertical ozone distribution are
in�uenced by seasonal variations of meridional ozone
circulation (descending branch of Brewer-Dobson
circulation), while horizontal ozone transport is
mainly in�uenced by planetary waves and strato-
spheric polar jets. Local factors, such as synoptic
vortices in the troposphere reaching the tropopause
level, as well as global tendencies, can in�uence ozone
distribution as well. All of these factors constitute
the objective for our investigations.
conclusion
The analysis shows that the atmospheric aerosol
pollution over Kyiv/Lugansk sites is typical for ur-
ban sites in Europe, with dominance of the �ne mode
aerosol particles. The territory of Ukraine is charac-
terized by aerosol optical thickness ranging from 0.05
to 0.15 at wavelength 870 nm. The transportation of
aerosol from strong forest and peat �res in Western
Russia and Northern Ukraine in mid-July � August
2010 caused the AOT to increase to 0.2�0.4 and up to
0.7 in the Lugansk region. Seasonal peaks of AOT
in April-May and August-September are explained
by infrequent agricultural �res, transportation of Sa-
haran dust over Eastern Europe, harvest time, and
forest/peat wild�res. Maxima of AOT value over in-
vestigated areas was observed in May 2006, August
2007, April 2009, and August 2010. More results of
aerosol data retrievals are available at the project's
web-page5.
The total ozone measurements at the Kyiv-
Goloseyev station give reliable data for Direct Sun
and Zenith Blue observation cases. The seasonal
variations between satellite and ground-based TOC
values have been noted. The largest di�erences are
observed during winter period, which are caused in
particular by Dobson total ozone underestimation at
large zenith angles. The mean TOC values over
Ukraine in 2010�2011 (from satellite and Dobson
spectrophotometer measurements) are lower than
the mean data for 1973�2002 by about 20DU (�lter
ozonometer measurements). In October 2011 very
low TOC values close to 220DU were observed, that
shows the ozone mini-hole condition over Ukraine.
Ozone height pro�les derived from Umkehr observa-
tions using the standard WOUDC software show the
mean maximum value of ozone layer at about 18 km,
that is approximately 3 km below of the height of
ozone layer currently used for TOC calculations.
The resulting aerosol parameters and observations
of ozone behaviour will be used for evaluation of ra-
diative forcing, and to study the impact of atmo-
spheric aerosol on regional climate variations. The
experience and knowledge obtained in the recent at-
mosphere research is currently used for development
of an aerosol-related space mission that has been
started in Ukraine.
acknowledgement
This publication is partly supported by Award
No UKG2-2969-KV-09 of the U.S. Civilian Re-
search and Development Foundation (CRDF), by
the project F41/106-2012 Derzhinformnauky and the
project M/115-2012 of Ministry Education and Sci-
ence, Youth and Sport of Ukraine. CIMEL sun-
photometers calibration was performed at the LOA
AERONET-EUROPE calibration center, supported
by ACTRIS European Union Seventh Framework
Program FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement no.
262254.
references
[1] BernhardG., EvansR.D., LabowG. J. & Oltmans S. J.
2005, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10305
[2] DanylevskyV., IvchenkoV., MilinevskyG. et al., 2011,
Intern. J. Remote Sens., 32, 657
[3] Deschamps P.Y., Bréon F.M., Leroy M., et al., 1994,
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 32, 598
[4] Deuzé J. L., Bréon F.M., Devaux C., et al., 2001, JGR,
106, 4913
[5] DubovikO. & KingM.D. 2000, J. Geophys. Res., 105,
20673
[6] Forster P., RamasvamyV., ArtaxoP. et al. 2007, IPCC
2007: Climate Change 2007, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY,
USA, 129
[7] HolbenB.N., EckT. F., Slutsker I. et al. 1998, Remote
Sens. Environ., 66, 1
[8] HolbenB.N., TanréD., SmirnovA. et al., 2001, J. Geo-
phys. Res., 106, 12067
[9] IsraelevichP., GanorE., Alpert P., KishchaP. &
StuppA. 2012, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D02205
[10] KokhanovskyA.A. & de LeeuwG. 2009, `Satellite
Aerosol Remote Sensing over Land', Springer-Praxis,
Berlin
[11] MatterC. L. & DeLuisi J. J. 1992, J. Atmos. Ter. Phys.,
54, 537
[12] MishchenkoM. I., Geogdzhayev I. V., CairnsB. et al.
2007, J. Quant. Spec. Radiat. Transf., 106, 325
[13] ShavrinaA.V., KroonM., SheminovaV.A. et al. 2010,
Kosmichna Nauka i Tekhnologiya, 16, 4, 3
5http://www-loa.univ-lille1.fr/ukraine/fr/result.html
120
|