Model of dynamic indication in the bar graph form

The main principles of formation of dynamic bar graph representation using display with a matrix electric connection of elements have been considered in this work. Applying the theory of sets we formalized a synthesis of symbols and obtained logic operators describing a formation of a visual image a...

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Datum:	2002
Hauptverfasser:	Bushma, A.V., Sypko, N.I.
Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України 2002
Schriftenreihe:	Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics
Online Zugang:	http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/121187
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Zitieren:	Model of dynamic indication in the bar graph form / A.V. Bushma, N.I. Sypko // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2002. — Т. 5, № 2. — С. 193-196. — Бібліогр.: 4 назв. — англ.

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spelling	irk-123456789-1211872017-06-14T03:07:51Z Model of dynamic indication in the bar graph form Bushma, A.V. Sypko, N.I. The main principles of formation of dynamic bar graph representation using display with a matrix electric connection of elements have been considered in this work. Applying the theory of sets we formalized a synthesis of symbols and obtained logic operators describing a formation of a visual image at the display information area. Offered and analysed is the information model for the bar graph form of information representation using the scale with scanning along the columns (elder digits) of the element matrix. 2002 Article Model of dynamic indication in the bar graph form / A.V. Bushma, N.I. Sypko // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2002. — Т. 5, № 2. — С. 193-196. — Бібліогр.: 4 назв. — англ. 1560-8034 PACS: 85.60.Bt, 42.79.Kr http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/121187 en Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України
institution	Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
collection	DSpace DC
language	English
description	The main principles of formation of dynamic bar graph representation using display with a matrix electric connection of elements have been considered in this work. Applying the theory of sets we formalized a synthesis of symbols and obtained logic operators describing a formation of a visual image at the display information area. Offered and analysed is the information model for the bar graph form of information representation using the scale with scanning along the columns (elder digits) of the element matrix.
format	Article
author	Bushma, A.V. Sypko, N.I.
spellingShingle	Bushma, A.V. Sypko, N.I. Model of dynamic indication in the bar graph form Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics
author_facet	Bushma, A.V. Sypko, N.I.
author_sort	Bushma, A.V.
title	Model of dynamic indication in the bar graph form
title_short	Model of dynamic indication in the bar graph form
title_full	Model of dynamic indication in the bar graph form
title_fullStr	Model of dynamic indication in the bar graph form
title_full_unstemmed	Model of dynamic indication in the bar graph form
title_sort	model of dynamic indication in the bar graph form
publisher	Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України
publishDate	2002
url	http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/121187
citation_txt	Model of dynamic indication in the bar graph form / A.V. Bushma, N.I. Sypko // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2002. — Т. 5, № 2. — С. 193-196. — Бібліогр.: 4 назв. — англ.
series	Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics
work_keys_str_mv	AT bushmaav modelofdynamicindicationinthebargraphform AT sypkoni modelofdynamicindicationinthebargraphform
first_indexed	2025-07-08T19:21:54Z
last_indexed	2025-07-08T19:21:54Z
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fulltext	193© 2002, Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. 2002. V. 5, N 2. P. 193-196. PACS: 85.60.Bt, 42.79.Kr Model of dynamic indication in the bar graph form A.V. Bushma, N.I. Sypko Institute of Semiconductor Physics, NAS of Ukraine, 45 prospect Nauky, 03128 Kyiv, Ukraine Phone: +380 (44) 265-6188; fax: +380 (44) 265-5430; e-mail: bushma@isp.kiev.ua Abstract. The main principles of formation of dynamic bar graph representation using dis- play with a matrix electric connection of elements have been considered in this work. Apply- ing the theory of sets we formalized a synthesis of symbols and obtained logic operators describing a formation of a visual image at the display information area. Offered and ana- lysed is the information model for the bar graph form of information representation using the scale with scanning along the columns (elder digits) of the element matrix. Keywords: indication in bar graph form, dynamic control, display, modeling, multielement bar graph array, array connection of elements, information area, theory of sets, logical opera- tor. Paper received 08.04.02; revised manuscript received 31.05.02; accepted for publication 25.06.02. 1. Introduction The main information amount coming to a man from tech- nical means is transferred by the sight. Indication facili- ties transform coming information into a visual form. These convert data into visual images in accord with a definite system of rules that are determined by an infor- mation model (IM). When developing information-meas- uring systems, they use IM that represent the essence of real processes and states of controlled objects in the best way using special coded images [1, 2]. Among IM widely used in measuring technique, loca- tion means and communication systems, the particular place in occupied by the bar graph display [3]. It is caused by the fact that such a way of data output provides simply recognized and effective image representation of infor- mation. Using this IM, annunciation in the indicator in- formation area is determined both by its length and posi- tion of reading out end of an optical non-uniformity rela- tively to scale marks. It can be, for instance, a luminous line at the scale of an indicator based on active elements. A combination of the bar graph IM with digit methods of data processing provides high reliability of information transfer to an operator from indication means. 2. Design of imaging means with the bar graph indication form Displays with multi-element scales enable to provide highly informative and discret indication. It determined the considerable practical interest to them in various types of measuring systems [1]. It is indicative of displays with multi-element (more than 15-20) scales that two-co- ordinated matrix electrical connection of elements is used. As a result, the amount of controlling buses is consider- ably reduced, which increases reliability of an imaging unit as a whole. However, this electrical scheme of the display causes some supplementary difficulties when re- alizing a control circuit, as it does not enable to simulta- neously excite an arbitrary group of information area elements (IAE). Besides, there arise undesirable condi- tions of exciting unchosen IAE, which is caused by si- multaneous supplying contacts of element groups with electric signals. This parasitic illumination worsens qual- ity of visual symbols formed [2]. Harnessing the dynamic methods for an image syn- thesis at display panels enables to overcome these limita- tions restricting IAE integration into groups. It is obvi- ous that in the case, the necessary group of elements is divided by sub-groups, elements of which allow simulta- 194 SQO, 5(2), 2002 A.V. Bushma et al.: Model of dynamic indication in the bar graph form neous excitation. Elimination or essential reducing the parasitic illumination caused by unchosen elements is provided here by using IAE with threshold characteris- tics and unipolar conductivity as well as the respective algorithm of their excitation [2, 3]. The analysis of logic-time regularities characteriz- ing the synthesis of IM for indication in the bar graph form at the multi-element scale display used in optoelectronic information-measuring systems is repre- sented in this work. 3. Modelling the dynamic bar graph data representation Information is transferred to an operator using νS sym- bols that in their visual form represent data upon the con- trolled value. The set of symbols used in determined by IM and forms its alphabet ΩIM. A display unit provides a synthesis of all IM symbols in its information area. These can be determined as a set =ΩBG { }BGBG 1)(BGBG2BG1 ,,,,,, ll SSSSS −= KK ν (1) where ΩBG is the alphabet of the bar graph IM; BGνS is the ν -th symbol, with l,1=ν ; l is the IM alphabet length. The alphbet length equal to the amount of different symbols in IM is determined by the finite set of allowable states in the display information area. A symbol image is formed from excited discrete display elements by the con- trol circuit in accord with IM. The set A of display ele- ments ai is described as { }ppi a,a,,a,,a,aA 121 −= KK , (2) where p is a total amount of elements comprised by the display information area; pi ,1= . In an electrical representation, the display elements ai are usually two-terminals. In multi-element displays, these, as a rule, are connected by a two-coordinated ma- trix, while their spatial location is determined by topol- ogy of IM used. The bar graph form of information rep- resentation assumes presence of a weight function )( ii aϖϖ = intrinsic to each IAE ai. Obviously, its value is related to the element position in the display informa- tion area and is in proportion to the i number in the scale. Therefore, we assume that the set A is absolutely ordered [4]. In this set, the weight function is determined and the inequality )()( 1+< jj aa ϖϖ is valid for all )1(,1 −= pj . Information read-out is performed in ac- cordance with the weight function value relatively to scale marks that serve as a multi-channel measure [1]. Symbols BGνS are synthesized from ai elements in- corporated into the A set determined by expression (2). Therefore, each visual symbol from the set BGΩ , de- scribed by (1), can be supplied with one-to-one corre- spondence of a definite IM subset of ai elements from the set A. IM of the bar graph form data representation is characterized by formation of a continuous visual image consisting of excited elements. The synthesized line of IAE begins from the element possessing the lowest value of the weight function. The end of the line is determined by IAE with the weight function corresponding to the imaged meaning of information. Let us assume that the symbol corresponding to the zeroth value of an input sig- nal has the positional number 1=í . Then, using the uni- fication operator one can write BGνS ⇔ U ν ν 1 BG = = i iaA = { }νν a,a,,a,,a,a i 121 −= KK , (3) where BGνA is a subset of the set A , which forms the visual BGνS symbol image in the display information area. In accord with the operator (3), the synthesis of sym- bols in the display information area is possible only at series connection of two-terminal elements or when using one common electrode. The display matrix electrical scheme does not allow to simultaneously excite all IAE that belong to the set BGνA , corresponding to the sym- bol BGνS . Therefore, used is the dynamic formation of the visual image BGνS for the number of series time intervals (cycles). Their amount is determined by IM and corresponds to conventional principles of scanning the display elements. In doing so, each of l IAE sets BGνA , corresponding to l symbols of the alphabet ΩBG, is di- vided by the number of uncrossed subsets excited within different cycles of BGνS symbol formation == D BGBG νν AA { }rrq AAAAA BG 1 BGBG 2 BG 1 BG ,,,,,, ννννν −= KK , (4) where D BGνA is the set identical to BGνA and is its dy- namic equivalent; qA BGν is a subset of the set D BGνA consisting of elements ai, which corresponds to the q-th cycle of formation of the dynamic visual BGνS symbol representation, with, ∅= = I r q A 1 1 BGν and rq ,1= ; r is an amount of cycles necessary to synthesize the visual symbol image. An obligatory condition to create a stable observable image of any visual symbol is to exceed a critical flicker frequency of SS Tf 1= by a frequency of image regen- eration [3]. In this case, each group of ai elements, incor- porated into the set qA BGν is excited during every symbol recovering period within the time range rTSg =τ . Then from (3), taking (4) into account, one can obtain the generalized IM for the dynamic bar graph form data representation A.V. Bushma et al.: Model of dynamic indication in the bar graph form 195SQO, 5(2), 2002 BGνS ⇔ g g qtt qtt r q q Ti i AaA s τ τ ν ν ν += −+=== == )1(1 BG 1 D BG UU , (5) where Ts is the peroid of BGí S symbol formation in the display information area. 4. The information model for the bar graph form data representation based on scanning along matrix element columns An information area of a multi-element bar graph dis- play consisting of p elements corresponding to (2), from an electrical viewpoint, can be built, as a rule, in the form of two-coordinate matrix comprising n groups with m elements in each one where (m⋅n=p). As a result, this unit is some multi-terminal with (m+n) outputs. Every common bus for a group of elements that are located near each other in the information area is the output terminal of one of n elder digits. The respective value of the weight function is determined by the position of this group rela- tively to the scale marks. Every common output terminal for elements with the same number in all groups serves as a bus for one of m younger digits. The relative value of the weight function for these buses is determined by posi- tions of group elements connected with them. It follows thereof that the element xyi aa = possesses the number y in the group number x with n,x 1= , m,y 1= . In such a case, its positional number in the scale is determined by the expression yxmi +⋅= . Then for ν-th IAE one can write that in the matrix it occupies ( )mmy ννν Ε⋅−= position in the group with the number ( ) 1+Ε= mx νν , where E is Entire. As a consequence, the operator (3) for matrix connection of display elements can be written in the following form BGνS ⇔ ( ) ( ) == Ε⋅−= +Ε== mimiy mixi xyaA 11 BG U ν ν { }νν a,a,,a,,a,a xy 121 −= KK . (6) The algorithm for scanning the IAE matrix determines the specific appearance of qA BGν groups of ai elements represented by (4). One of the typical variants to form the image when using two-coordinate matrix scheme of elec- trical connections of display elements is scanning along the columns (groups) [2]. In this case, the amount of qA BGν elements incorporated into the D BGνA set described in (4), and the amount of formation cycles for the model (5) is equal to r=n. It is obvious that within any cycle, the arbi- trary amount of elements related to one switched-on col- umn of the matrix elder digits can be excited. This ai element set can be described as == = U u y xy x aA 1 BG { }xuuxxyxx a,a,,a,,a,a )1(21 −= KK , (7) where xA BGν is the set of excited elements related to the column number x when representing information in the bar graph form and scanning the IAE along matrix col- umns; u is an amount of excited elements in the column with, in general case, mu ,0= . Our analysis of expressions (5), (6) and (7) shows that the synthesis of all elements of the alphabet ΩBG results in formation of n sets xA BGν , that is for scanning the ma- trix of IAE along columns in the model (5) we used xq = . There are three possible variants to create xA BGν with dif- ferent analytical description, namely: when the number of excited elements in the column 0=u , mu = and mu <<0 . Then, starting from the generalized model (5) and taking into account (6) and (7), IM for the bar graph representation of data in the display with matrix electri- cal connection of IAE can be represented as , 2 )1( 1 1 )1( 1 1 )1(1 1 BG 1 D BGBG                     ∅                                                   = ===⇔ +    Ε= += −+= +    Ε +    Ε= += −+=     Ε− =     Ε = += −+== == UU UU UU UU U UU n m x xtt xtt m m x xtt xtt m m y xy m x xtt xtt m y xy T n x x Ti i g g g g g g A a a AaAS ss ν τ τ ν ν τ τ νν ν τ τ ν ν νν where t is a flowing time for dynamic formation of the symbol image; ∅A is an empty set. It is noteworthy that IM (8) describing BGνS symbol formation in a dynamical mode for n cycles can be char- acterized by three time intervals. During the first one corresponding to cycles from the first one up to (8) 196 SQO, 5(2), 2002 A.V. Bushma et al.: Model of dynamic indication in the bar graph form ( )mq νΕ=1 all elements of the first q1 matrix columns are excited. During the second interval equal by its dura- tion to one cycle, elements of the column with the number ( ) 12 +Ε= mq ν are transfered to an excited state. Their amount can be changed from unity up to m in depend- ency on a reproduced symbol. In third period that is formed by cycles with numbers from ( ) 22 +Ε= mq ν to n, excitation of IAE is not made. It corresponds to forma- tion of empty sets ∅A of elements in respective matrix columns. 5. Conclusions Thus, we have considered principles of formation of the dynamic bar graph data representation in a display. Based on the theory of sets, offered is a formalized description suitable to synthesize symbols from elements of linear scale information area. Obtained are the logical opera- tors that model the process of formation of a visual image at the bar graph display with matrix connection of ele- ments. Offered and analysed is IM with the bar graph form of imaging information at the scale with scanning along columns (elder digits) of the two-coordinate ele- ment matrix. Represented results creates an analytical basis to re- search and comprehensively optimize functional, struc- tural and general-circuit simulations of units for infor- mation output in optoelectronic information-measuring systems. It will enable to increase efficiency of display devices as well as simplify their integration into auto- mated means of controlling the complex objects and tech- nological processes. References 1. P.P. Ornatsky, Theoretical principles of information-measur- ing techniques. (in Russian), Kyiv, Vyshcha shkola, 1983, 455 p. 2. F.M. Yablonsky, Yu.V. Troitsky, Means for imaging infor- mation (in Russian). Moscow, Vysshaya shkola, 1985, 200 p. 3. Stan Gage, Mark Hodapp, Dave Evans, Hans Sorensen. Optoelectronics application manual. McGraw-Hill Book Com- pany, New York, 1977. 4. V.P. Sigorsky, Mathematics for engineers (in Russian), Kyiv, Tekhnika, 1975, 768 p.

Model of dynamic indication in the bar graph form

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