Statistical and fractal analyses of autofluorescence of myocardium tissue images in diagnostics of acute coronary insufficiency
This research presents the results of investigation of laser polarization fluorescence of biological layers (histological sections of the myocardium). The polarized structure of autofluorescence imaging layers of biological tissues was detected and investigated. Proposed in this work is the model fo...
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Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України
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irk-123456789-1218082017-06-19T03:02:43Z Statistical and fractal analyses of autofluorescence of myocardium tissue images in diagnostics of acute coronary insufficiency Dubolazov, O.V. Sidor, M.I. Karachevtsev, A.O. This research presents the results of investigation of laser polarization fluorescence of biological layers (histological sections of the myocardium). The polarized structure of autofluorescence imaging layers of biological tissues was detected and investigated. Proposed in this work is the model for describing formation of polarization inhomogeneity in autofluorescent images of biological optically anisotropic layers. On its basis, analytically and experimentally tested is the method of laser autofluorescent polarimetry. Analyzed has been the effectiveness of this method in the postmortem diagnosis of infarction. The objective criteria (statistical moments) of differentiation of autofluorescent images of histological sections myocardium have been determined. The operational characteristics (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy) of this technique have been ascertained. 2015 Article Statistical and fractal analyses of autofluorescence of myocardium tissue images in diagnostics of acute coronary insufficiency / O.V. Dubolazov, M.I. Sidor, A.O. Karachevtsev // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2015. — Т. 18, № 2. — С. 152-157. — Бібліогр.: 28 назв. — англ. 1560-8034 DOI: 10.15407/spqeo18.02.152 PACS 87.50.wp, 87.57.-s, 87.64.-t, 87.85.Pq http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/121808 en Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України |
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This research presents the results of investigation of laser polarization fluorescence of biological layers (histological sections of the myocardium). The polarized structure of autofluorescence imaging layers of biological tissues was detected and investigated. Proposed in this work is the model for describing formation of polarization inhomogeneity in autofluorescent images of biological optically anisotropic layers. On its basis, analytically and experimentally tested is the method of laser autofluorescent polarimetry. Analyzed has been the effectiveness of this method in the postmortem diagnosis of infarction. The objective criteria (statistical moments) of differentiation of autofluorescent images of histological sections myocardium have been determined. The operational characteristics (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy) of this technique have been ascertained. |
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Dubolazov, O.V. Sidor, M.I. Karachevtsev, A.O. |
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Dubolazov, O.V. Sidor, M.I. Karachevtsev, A.O. Statistical and fractal analyses of autofluorescence of myocardium tissue images in diagnostics of acute coronary insufficiency Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics |
| author_facet |
Dubolazov, O.V. Sidor, M.I. Karachevtsev, A.O. |
| author_sort |
Dubolazov, O.V. |
| title |
Statistical and fractal analyses of autofluorescence of myocardium tissue images in diagnostics of acute coronary insufficiency |
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Statistical and fractal analyses of autofluorescence of myocardium tissue images in diagnostics of acute coronary insufficiency |
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Statistical and fractal analyses of autofluorescence of myocardium tissue images in diagnostics of acute coronary insufficiency |
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Statistical and fractal analyses of autofluorescence of myocardium tissue images in diagnostics of acute coronary insufficiency |
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Statistical and fractal analyses of autofluorescence of myocardium tissue images in diagnostics of acute coronary insufficiency |
| title_sort |
statistical and fractal analyses of autofluorescence of myocardium tissue images in diagnostics of acute coronary insufficiency |
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Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України |
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2015 |
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| citation_txt |
Statistical and fractal analyses of autofluorescence of myocardium tissue images in diagnostics of acute coronary insufficiency / O.V. Dubolazov, M.I. Sidor, A.O. Karachevtsev // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2015. — Т. 18, № 2. — С. 152-157. — Бібліогр.: 28 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics |
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2025-07-08T20:33:22Z |
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| fulltext |
Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2015. V. 18, N 2. P. 152-157.
doi: 10.15407/spqeo18.02.152
© 2015, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
152
PACS 87.50.wp, 87.57.-s, 87.64.-t, 87.85.Pq
Statistical and fractal analyses of autofluorescence of myocardium
tissue images in diagnostics of acute coronary insufficiency
O.V. Dubolazov, M.I. Sidor, A.O. Karachevtsev
Chernivtsi National University, Optics and Publishing Department,
2, Kotsyubinsky str., 58012 Chernivtsi, Ukraine
E-mail: a.dubolazov@chnu.edu.ua
Abstract. This research presents the results of investigation of laser polarization
fluorescence of biological layers (histological sections of the myocardium). The
polarized structure of autofluorescence imaging layers of biological tissues was detected
and investigated. Proposed in this work is the model for describing formation of
polarization inhomogeneity in autofluorescent images of biological optically anisotropic
layers. On its basis, analytically and experimentally tested is the method of laser
autofluorescent polarimetry. Analyzed has been the effectiveness of this method in the
postmortem diagnosis of infarction. The objective criteria (statistical moments) of
differentiation of autofluorescent images of histological sections myocardium have been
determined. The operational characteristics (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy) of this
technique have been ascertained.
Keywords: autofluorescence, polarization, birefringence, dichroism, statistical optics,
diagnostics, autofluorescence imaging, histological sections of the myocardium.
Manuscript received 17.11.14; revised version received 27.02.15; accepted for
publication 27.05.15; published online 08.06.15.
1. Introduction
Biological tissues represent structurally heterogeneous
optical anisotropic media with absorption. To describe
interactions of polarized light with these complex
systems more generalized approximations are required
based on Mueller-matrix formalism. Nowadays, many
practical techniques based on the measurement and
analysis of Mueller matrices of the investigated
samples are applied to biological and medical
researches [1-5]. A separate direction – laser polari-
metry – was formed in matrix optics in recent 10-15
years [6-10]. On its base, interrelations between the set
of statistical moments of the 1
st
to 4
th
orders were
determined, which characterize the distributions of
Mueller-matrix elements, and the parameters of linear
birefringence of fibrillar protein networks in human
biological tissues. Using them, diagnostics of
pathological changes in skin derma, epithelial and
connective tissues of women’s reproductive sphere
organs, etc., has been realized [11-24].
New step in the development of optical diagnostics
methods of biological objects is a combination of
polarimetry and fluorescence methods [25].
This work is focused on research of interrelation
between optical anisotropy of histological sections taken
from myocardium and polarization structure of
posthumous autofluorescent images in diagnostics of
coronary heart disease (CHD) and acute coronary
insufficiency (ACI).
Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2015. V. 18, N 2. P. 152-157.
doi: 10.15407/spqeo18.02.152
© 2015, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
153
2. Brief theory
In this work, we have limited ourselves by considering
the spectral-selective case – luminescence of optically
active porphyrins of biological layers in the red (λf =
0.63…0.65 μm) spectral range [25]. The excitation of
autofluorescence was realized by a blue solid-state laser
with the wavelength λ = 0.405 μm that coincides with
the porphyrin’s absorption peak.
The following model ideas concerning optical
anisotropy of optically thin (extinction coefficient
1.0 ) and non-polarizing biological layers are used as
the basis for description of laser polarization
autofluorescence of biological tissues.
2.1. Absorption – Amino acids and polypeptide
chains (primary structure of protein) made by them form
the fibrillar (secondary structure) protein networks
possessing the linear dichroism. This absorption has
liquid crystalline networks of endogenous porphyrins
associated with protein molecules. Availability of
complex spiral-like structures or their combinations
(third-order structure) of polypeptide protein structures
forms the circular dichroism. This mechanism is inherent
to optically active porphyrin molecules.
2.2. Fluorescence – Polarization appearance of
porphyrin fluorescence is characterized by Mueller-
matrix adduced in [25-28]
44
33
2221
12
000
000
00
001
F
F
FF
F
F , where
.cos2
,cos2
,cos1
,sin
,sin
44
33
2
22
2
2112
2
11
1
11
cF
bF
bF
bFF
baF
FFik (1)
Here, is the scattering angle; a and b are the
interrelated constants for the system of linear oscillators
in isotropic medium, defined by following relations:
2cos15.0a , (2)
1cos325.0 2 b , (3)
where ε is the angle between the emissive dipole and
azimuth of polarization inherent to the exciting beam.
The parameter c is undoubtedly related with optical
activity. From the classical viewpoint, a “circular
oscillator” would be caused by the induced electric and
magnetic transition dipole moments being fully parallel
or antiparallel and having the same magnitude.
Following this description, optically active liquid-crystal
molecules are “elliptical oscillators”.
2.3. Phase modulation of fluorescence. Amino
acids and polypeptide chains made by them (primary
structure of protein) demonstrate optical activity.
Fibrillar (secondary structure) protein networks
formed by polypeptide chains possess linear
birefringence.
Considering the effect of all mechanisms of
optically anisotropic absorption and phase anisotropy,
the Mueller matrix of laser polarization autofluorescence
of the protein network in biological tissue can be written
as follows:
44434241
34333231
24232221
1413121
MMMM
MMMM
MMMM
MMM
FDM . (4)
The analysis of matrix (4) shows that elements Mik
characterize superposition of mechanisms of linear Δτ
and circular Δg dichroism; fluorescence of linear
F12;21;22;33 and elliptical F44 oscillators with the following
phase modulation of this radiation by optically active
molecules θ and birefringent δ networks of them.
The “information content” of matrix elements is
different. The set of elements 124;3;2;1;1 FM ki
characterizes the fluorescence of linear oscillators
originated due to the anisotropic absorption. The
elements 33;22;214;3;2;1;3;2 FM ki define the phase-
modulated (δ, θ) fluorescence of linear oscillators.
Finally, the values of elements 4433;22;214;3;2;1;4 ,FFM ki
contain complex information concerning fluorescence of
linear (F21;22;33) and elliptical (F44) oscillators in optically
anisotropic medium with linear and circular
birefringence.
The process of forming the polarization structure of
the autofluorescence image can be described by the
vector parametric equation [14]
0SMS . (5)
Here S0, S are the Stokes vectors of probing
(illuminating) and autofluorescence (polarization
modulated) radiation.
From (5), we obtain expressions for the autofluo-
rescence polarization parameters , :
2421
3431arctg5.0
MM
MM
, (6)
14
4441
1
arcsin5.0
M
MM
. (7)
3. Analysis and discussion of experimental results
3.1. Measuring the distributions of autofluorescence
images polarization parameters
Experimental measurements were performed in the set
of Stokes polarimeter [14] with the use of spectrally
selective band-pass light filters (Fig. 1).
Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2015. V. 18, N 2. P. 152-157.
doi: 10.15407/spqeo18.02.152
© 2015, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
154
Fig. 1. Optical scheme of Stokes-polarimeter. Explanations are in the text.
To excite autofluorescence, we used the “blue”
solid-state laser with the wavelength λ = 0.405 μm and
variable power W (in this research we used W = 50 mW).
A polarization illuminator consists of quarter-wave
plates 3, 5 (Achromatic True Zero-Order Waveplate) and
polarizer 4. The image of the myocardium 6 by means of
polarization microscope objective 7 (Nikon CFI Achro-
mat P, focal distance 30 mm, numerical aperture 0.1,
magnification 4×) was projected in the plane of light-
sensitive CCD-camera 11 (The Imaging Source DMK
41AU02.AS, monochrome 1/2" CCD, Sony ICX205AL
(progressive scan), overall amount of pixels m×n =
1280×960, light sensitive area size 7600×6200 μm,
sensitivity 0.05 lx, dynamic range 8 bit, deviation of
photosensitive characteristics from the linear ones is no
more than 12%). Polarization analysis of coordinate
distribution of intensity from the sample 6 was carried
out by means of quarter-wave plate 8 and polarizer 9.
3.2. Polarization autofluorescence biopsy
As objects of investigation, two groups of optically thin
(extinction coefficient τ ≈ 0.087…0.093) histological
sections of biopsy taken from the myocardium inherent
to two groups of patients with the following diagnoses:
- group 1 – CHD;
- group 2 – ACI.
The potentiality of this technique is illustrated by
the data presented in Figs. 2 and 3. Here, the polarization
maps nm , nm and histograms G ,
G are presented.
These data show (Figs. 2 and 3), that for all the
histological sections of samples from both groups
realized are various two-dimensional (fragments (1), (3))
and statistical (fragments (2), (4)) distributions of
polarization parameters of autofluorescent images.
The comparative analysis of polarization maps for
autofluorescent images of histological layers of
myocardium revealed certain difference between them.
The histograms G of the histological section of
ACI are characterized by asymmetric structure (Fig. 2,
fragments (2), (4)). For ACI process detected by the
following changes of
4;3;2;1iZ , there is the decrease
of mean Z1 and dispersion Z2 of histograms
G . Statistical moments (skewness 3Z , kurtosis
4Z ) are increased.
For coordinate distributions of the polarization
ellipticity nm , autofluorescence images found that
the halfwidth of distributions G for the sample of
the group 2 is 1.5 times higher than the histogram for the
group 1 sample (Fig. 3, fragments (2), (4)). This
transformation of the statistical structure of the
polarization ellipticity is accompanied by following
changes of
4;3;2;1iZ – 1Z , 2Z , 3Z , 4Z .
3.3. Statistical intergroup analysis
The diagnosis of CHD (group 1) and ACI (group 2) was
determined by the gold standard method. By means of
software product Statmate for 95% confidence interval
( 05.0p ) a reliable quantity of people was
determined – n = 52.
Fig. 2. Polarization maps of azimuth autofluorescence imaging
of myocardium with CHD ((1), (2)) and ACI ((3), (4)).
Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2015. V. 18, N 2. P. 152-157.
doi: 10.15407/spqeo18.02.152
© 2015, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
155
Fig. 3. Polarization maps of ellipticity autofluorescence
imaging of myocardium with CHD ((1), (2)) and ACI
((3), (4)).
Determined within each group of samples are:
averages of statistical moments qZi 4;3;2;1 , their
standard deviations and histograms iZN –
Tables 1 and 2.
traditional characteristics for demonstrative
medicine operational – sensitivity %100
ba
a
Se
,
specificity %100
dc
c
Sp
and balanced accuracy
2
SpSe
Ac
, where a and b are the numbers of
correct and incorrect diagnoses within the group 2;
c and d are the same in the group 1 – Tables 3
and 4.
Table 1. Average
4;3;2;1iZ and standard deviations ±σ
statistical moments Zi =1;2;3;4 of polarization maps of
azimuth autofluorescence images distributions.
Parameters
Myocardium
(n1 = n2= 52)
Group 1 Group 2
Z1 1.31±0.29 1.13±0. 23
Z2 0.92±0.15 0.86±0.14
Z3 1.18±0.21 1.61±0.39
Z4 0.94±0.14 1.23±0.27
Table 2. Average
4;3;2;1iZ and standard deviations ±σ
statistical moments Zi =1;2;3;4 of polarization maps of
ellipticity autofluorescence images distributions.
Parameters
Myocardium
(n1 = n2= 52)
Group 1 Group 2
Z1 0.33±0.056 0.37±0.061
Z2 0.46±0.11 0.64±0.15
Z3 0.81±0.16 0.72±0.14
Z4 1.61±0.39 1.16±0.24
Table 3. Operational characteristics of the autofluorescence
laser polarimetry azimuths method.
Zi Biopsy (n1 = n2= 52)
Ac (Zi),%
Z1 59.6
a = 32, b = 20
c = 30, d = 22
Z2 58.65
a = 31, b = 21
c = 30, d = 22
Z3 85.55
a = 45, b = 7
c = 44, d = 8
Z4 86.55
a = 46, b = 6
c = 44, d = 8
Table 4. Operational characteristics of the autofluorescence
laser polarimetry ellipticity method.
Zi Biopsy (n1 = n2= 52)
Ac (Zi),%
Z1 55.75
a = 30, b = 22
c = 28, d = 24
Z2 88.3
a = 47, b = 5
c = 45, d = 7
Z3 59.6
a = 32, b = 20
c = 30, d = 22
Z4 90.4
a = 48, b = 4
c = 46, d = 6
The following quantitative difference between
,4;3;2;1iZ was determined – the difference
between statistical moments 4;3;2;1iZ
.39.1,13.1,39.1,12.1
;31.1,36.1,07.1,16.1
4321
4321
ZZZZ
ZZZZ
The obtained results suggest a rather high level of
accuracy obtained using this method. According to the
criteria of demonstrative medicine parameters are
%85~4;3
ZAc , %90~4;3
ZAc .
Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2015. V. 18, N 2. P. 152-157.
doi: 10.15407/spqeo18.02.152
© 2015, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
156
4. Conclusions
1. Being based on the model of generalized optical
anisotropy inherent to myocardium tissue, the
analytically grounded and experimentally tested
method of laser polarization autofluorescence has
been offered.
2. Within the applied approach, interrelations between
the statistical moments characterizing polarizations
maps of laser autofluorescent images of
histological sections taken from myocardium and
the peculiarities of its pathological states have been
found.
3. Clinical efficiency of the technique based on
polarization of laser autofluorescence observed in
myocardium samples for the task of posthumous
diagnosis has been demonstrated.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the grants № 0113U003239
and № 0112U002336 from the Ukrainian Foundation for
Basic Researches.
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