Investigation of electric arc discharge plasma between one-component Cu and Ni and composite Ag-Ni electrodes
Plasma of electric arc between one-component Cu and Ni and composite Ag-Ni electrodes was studied by means of optical emission spectroscopy. Radial temperature profiles of plasma column were obtained using Boltzmann plot techniques at arc currents of 3.5 and 30 A. Radial distributions of plasma elec...
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
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irk-123456789-1221652017-06-29T03:02:49Z Investigation of electric arc discharge plasma between one-component Cu and Ni and composite Ag-Ni electrodes Veklich, A. Kleshich, M. Fesenko, S. Boretskij, V. Cressault, Y. Teulet, Ph. Низкотемпературная плазма и плазменные технологии Plasma of electric arc between one-component Cu and Ni and composite Ag-Ni electrodes was studied by means of optical emission spectroscopy. Radial temperature profiles of plasma column were obtained using Boltzmann plot techniques at arc currents of 3.5 and 30 A. Radial distributions of plasma electron density of electric arc discharge between Cu and Ni and Ag-Ni electrodes were measured as well at currents 3.5 and 30 A. Equilibrium of plasma composition was calculated. The properties of material erosion processes on the electrodes’ surface are studied. Методами оптической спектроскопии исследована плазма электродугового разряда между однокомпонентными Cu и Ni и композитными Ag-Ni-электродами. С помощью диаграмм Больцмана получены радиальные распределения плазменного столба для дуги током 3,5 и 30 А. Проведены измерения радиальных распределений электронной концентрации плазмы дугового разряда током 3,5 и 30 А между Cu и Ni и Ag-Ni-электродами. Рассчитан равновесный состав плазмы. Исследованы свойства эрозионных процессов материала на поверхности электродов. Методами оптичної емісійної спектроскопії досліджена плазма електродугового розряду між однокомпонентними Cu та Ni і композитними Ag-Ni електродами. Радіальні розподіли температури плазмового стовпа отримані з діаграм Больцмана для дуги струмом 3,5 та 30 А. Виміряні радіальні розподіли електронної концентрації плазми дугового розряду струмом 3,5 та 30 А між Cu та Ni and Ag-Ni-електродами. Розрахований рівноважний склад плазми. Досліджені властивості ерозійних процесів матеріалу на поверхні електродів. 2017 Article Investigation of electric arc discharge plasma between one-component Cu and Ni and composite Ag-Ni electrodes / A. Veklich, M. Kleshich, S. Fesenko, V. Boretskij, Y. Cressault, Ph. Teulet // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2017. — № 1. — С. 171-174. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 52.70.-m, 52.80.Mg http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/122165 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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Низкотемпературная плазма и плазменные технологии Низкотемпературная плазма и плазменные технологии |
| spellingShingle |
Низкотемпературная плазма и плазменные технологии Низкотемпературная плазма и плазменные технологии Veklich, A. Kleshich, M. Fesenko, S. Boretskij, V. Cressault, Y. Teulet, Ph. Investigation of electric arc discharge plasma between one-component Cu and Ni and composite Ag-Ni electrodes Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description |
Plasma of electric arc between one-component Cu and Ni and composite Ag-Ni electrodes was studied by means of optical emission spectroscopy. Radial temperature profiles of plasma column were obtained using Boltzmann plot techniques at arc currents of 3.5 and 30 A. Radial distributions of plasma electron density of electric arc discharge between Cu and Ni and Ag-Ni electrodes were measured as well at currents 3.5 and 30 A. Equilibrium of plasma composition was calculated. The properties of material erosion processes on the electrodes’ surface are studied. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Veklich, A. Kleshich, M. Fesenko, S. Boretskij, V. Cressault, Y. Teulet, Ph. |
| author_facet |
Veklich, A. Kleshich, M. Fesenko, S. Boretskij, V. Cressault, Y. Teulet, Ph. |
| author_sort |
Veklich, A. |
| title |
Investigation of electric arc discharge plasma between one-component Cu and Ni and composite Ag-Ni electrodes |
| title_short |
Investigation of electric arc discharge plasma between one-component Cu and Ni and composite Ag-Ni electrodes |
| title_full |
Investigation of electric arc discharge plasma between one-component Cu and Ni and composite Ag-Ni electrodes |
| title_fullStr |
Investigation of electric arc discharge plasma between one-component Cu and Ni and composite Ag-Ni electrodes |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Investigation of electric arc discharge plasma between one-component Cu and Ni and composite Ag-Ni electrodes |
| title_sort |
investigation of electric arc discharge plasma between one-component cu and ni and composite ag-ni electrodes |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| publishDate |
2017 |
| topic_facet |
Низкотемпературная плазма и плазменные технологии |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/122165 |
| citation_txt |
Investigation of electric arc discharge plasma between one-component Cu and Ni and composite Ag-Ni electrodes / A. Veklich, M. Kleshich, S. Fesenko, V. Boretskij, Y. Cressault, Ph. Teulet // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2017. — № 1. — С. 171-174. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. |
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Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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2025-07-08T21:16:39Z |
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| fulltext |
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2017. №1(107)
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2017, № 1. Series: Plasma Physics (23), p. 171-174. 171
INVESTIGATION OF ELECTRIC ARC DISCHARGE PLASMA BETWEEN
ONE-COMPONENT Cu AND Ni AND COMPOSITE Ag-Ni ELECTRODES
A. Veklich
1
, M. Kleshich
1
, S. Fesenko
1
, V. Boretskij
1
, Y. Cressault
2
, Ph. Teulet
2
1
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine;
2
Université de Toulouse; UPS, INPT; LAPLACE, France
E-mail: van@univ.kiev.ua; techno_01@ukr.net
Plasma of electric arc between one-component Cu and Ni and composite Ag-Ni electrodes was studied by means
of optical emission spectroscopy. Radial temperature profiles of plasma column were obtained using Boltzmann plot
techniques at arc currents of 3.5 and 30 A. Radial distributions of plasma electron density of electric arc discharge
between Cu and Ni and Ag-Ni electrodes were measured as well at currents 3.5 and 30 A. Equilibrium of plasma
composition was calculated. The properties of material erosion processes on the electrodes’ surface are studied.
PACS: 52.70.-m, 52.80.Mg
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, composite Ag–Ni materials are widely
used in fabrication of electrodes or contacts of switching
devices in the electric and electronics industry. The
advantage of such materials is a combination of high
erosion resistance, high thermal conductivity and
electrical conductivity. High melting nickel component of
such materials defined attractive erosion properties of this
composition [1-4]. The required electrical and thermal
conductivities are provided by low melting silver
component.
It should be noted, that to reduce the development
time and to optimize the composition and fabrication
technology of composite materials, it is necessary to have
a set of diagnostic tools to determine the parameters of
electrical contacts.
Papers [5, 6] proposed the techniques of erosion
resistance studies of composite electrode materials under
influence of arc discharge thermal plasma. The radial
distributions of plasma temperature and electron density,
measured by methods of optical spectroscopy, were used
to calculate the plasma composition. So, the amount of
electrode impurities in the discharge gap can be
determined. In such indirect way, the intensity of erosion
on the surface of the composite electrodes was rated
[6, 7].
The main aim of this paper is the development of the
diagnostics techniques on the base of optical emission
spectroscopy. The electric field measurements also were
fulfilled for study of the radial distributions of plasma
parameters in positive column of arc discharge with
copper, nickel and silver vapours. The measurements of
the temperature, electron density and content of metal
vapors in discharge gap are carried out in this research.
The erosion properties of materials of one-component
Cu and Ni and composite Ag–Ni electrodes could be as
well investigated.
1. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
At the first stage of investigation the erosion
properties of composite materials on the base of silver
with nickel admixture (Ag-Ni) was carried out in the
electric arc between one-component copper and nickel
electrodes (Cu and Ni). It should be mentioned, the
techniques of optical emission spectroscopy of plasma in
positive column of arc discharge with copper and nickel
vapours previously was developed [8]. It can be useful at
the next stage of investigation. The initially selected Ni I
spectral lines were utilized for plasma optical diagnostics
of arc discharge between composite Ag–Ni electrodes.
1.1. ARC DISCHARGE ARRANGEMENT
The free burning electric arc was ignited in air be-
tween the end surfaces of the non-cooled electrodes [6-8].
The diameter of the rod electrodes was 6 mm. The dis-
charge gap was 8 mm. Currents of arc were 3.5 and 30 A.
Electrodes are positioned vertically: upper electrode as
cathode – Ni and the bottom electrode as anode – Cu
(signed as one-component Cu and Ni electrodes) or both
composite Ag-Ni electrodes are used.
A pulsed mode of high current was used for avoid the
appearance of metal droplets. Namely, the current pulse
up to 30 A was combined with stationary low-current
(3.5 A) discharge. The duration of this high-current pulse
achieved of 30 ms. The registration of arc plasma radia-
tion was performed at 7 ms after current pulse rise i.e.
when a steady-state mode of electric arc discharge was
realized.
1.2. MEASUREMENTS OF TEMPERATURE
The radial distributions of plasma temperature were
determined in the middle section of discharge gap. The
techniques of Boltzmann plot and/or relative intensities of
spectral lines in the assumption of local thermodynamic
equilibrium (LTE) were applied. In this study spectral
lines Cu I 510.5, 515.3, 521.8, 578.2 nm, and Ag I 405.5,
447.6, 520.9, 546.5, 547.2, 768.8, 827.4 nm, and Ni I
508, 508.1, 508.4 nm were used [5-8].
As an example, the radial distributions of plasma
temperature of electric arc discharge between one-
component Cu and Ni electrodes at current 3.5 A, ob-
tained with using of Cu I and Ni I spectral lines, are
shown in Fig. 1. One can see that both radial profiles are
coincide within error bars. It can be concluded, that
assumption of LTE is reasonable in the investigation of
such kind plasma.
mailto:van@univ.kiev.ua
mailto:techno_01@ukr.net
172 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2017. №1(107)
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Cu I
Ni I
r, mm
r, mm
T, K
Fig. 1. Radial distributions of plasma temperature of
arc discharge between one-component Cu and Ni elec-
trodes at current 3.5 A, obtained with using Cu I and
Ni I spectral lines
1.3. ELECTRON DENSITY MEASUREMENTS
Two techniques of electron density determination
were used in the frame of this study. First of them the
electron densities were obtained from the half-width of
spectral lines Cu I 515.3 nm and Ag I 447.6 nm,
466.8 nm in an assumption of dominating quadratic Stark
effect at arc current 30 A [5-7]. The spectral device is
combined with Fabry–Perot interferometer (FPI) in etalon
mode is used for registration of spectral line profiles with
spatial resolution. As the examples, Fig. 2 shows the
interferograms of copper and silver spectral lines. In spite
of proximity of wave lengths Cu I 515.3 nm and Ni I
515.5 nm in the free spectral range of FPI (see Fig. 2,a),
the contribution of nickel spectral line into determination
of half-width of copper spectral line is negligible. The
radial distributions of electron density of plasma of elec-
tric arc discharges between one-component Cu and Ni
and composite Ag-Ni electrodes at current 30 A are
shown in Fig. 3.
In the second technique, the electron density is ob-
tained from electric conductivity, which can be calculated
by solution of energy balance equation (Elenbaas-Heller)
in assumption of LTE in plasma [9]. Previously, the
measurement of electric field has been carried out in
positive plasma column of arc discharge. As an example,
the radial profile of electron density of electric arc dis-
charge between one-component Cu and Ni electrodes at
current 3.5 A is shown in Fig. 4.
2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
2.1. ESTIMATIONS OF METAL VAPOURS’
CONTENT IN PLASMA
Experimentally obtained data of electron densities and
temperature can be plotted on the diagram in the coordi-
nates Ne and T. Additionally, the curves of electron densi-
ty in air plasma with different contents of metal vapours
as a function of temperature can be plotted as well in this
figure. Such curves are obtained by calculation of equilib-
rium plasma composition of air-metal vapours mixtures.
9 10 11 12 13
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
I, a.u.
Ni I 515.5 nm
Cu I 515.3 nm
x, mm
a
7 8 9 10 11
30
40
50
60
70
80
I, a.u.
x, mm
b
Fig. 2. Interferograms of spectral lines Cu I 515.3 nm
(a) and Ag I 447.6 nm (b); discharges between Cu and
Ni (a) and Ag-Ni (b) electrodes at arc current 30 A
In Fig. 5 such diagram with experimentally obtained
data and calculated electron density within temperature
range of 4000…6500 K is shown. This figure is plotted
for air plasma with copper and nickel vapours of arc
discharge between one-component Cu and Ni electrodes
at arc current of 3.5 A.
As one can see, that experimental data are in region
between curve of pure air plasma (air/Cu/Ni(100/0/0))
and curve of air-metal vapours plasma mixture
(air/Cu/Ni(99/1/0)). It means, that content of metal va-
pours in plasma does not exceed 1 %.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
10
18
10
19
10
20
10
21
10
22
N
e
, cm-3
Ag-Ni electrodes
Ag-Ni electrodes
Cu&Ni electrodes
Cu I 515.3 nm
Ag I 466.8 nm
Ag I 447.6 nm
r, mm
Fig. 3. Radial distributions of electron density of plasma
of electric arc discharges between one-component Cu
and Ni and composite Ag-Ni electrodes at current 30 A
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2017. №1(107) 173
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
N
e
, 10
20
, m
-3
r, mm
Fig. 4. Radial distribution of electron density of plasma
of electric arc discharge between one-component Cu
and Ni electrodes at current 3.5 A
4 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 60 0 0 6 5 0 0
10
19
10
20
10
21
10
22
10
23
T, K
N
e
, m -3
1 0
1 9
1 0
2 0
1 0
2 1
1 0
2 2
1 0
2 3
a ir/Cu /N i( 100/0/0)
ai r/C u /N i( 0/100/0)
air/C u/N i(0/0/100 )
air/C u/N i(9 9/0/1 )
a ir/C u/Ni (99/1/0)
e xp erim en ta l data
Fig. 5. The dependence of electron density from temper-
ature for plasma of electric arc discharge between one-
component Cu and Ni electrodes at current 3.5 A
It should be noted, that experimental data below tem-
perature 5750 K do not correspond even plasma of pure
air. It means, that plasma is not in equilibrium in this
region (namely, in the arc periphery).
Fig. 6 shows the diagram with experimentally ob-
tained data and calculated electron density within temper-
ature range of 3500…4500 K. This figure is plotted for
air plasma with silver and nickel vapours of arc discharge
between composite Ag-Ni electrodes at arc current of
3.5 A. One can conclude, that content of metal vapours in
plasma of considered arc between Ag-Ni electrodes also
does not exceed 1 %.
So, we proposed in this stage of investigation the
technique of rough estimation of metal vapours’ content
in plasma and, respectively, the properties of material
erosion processes on the electrodes’ surface.
2.2. MEASUREMENTS OF METAL VAPOURS’
CONTENT IN PLASMA
In this part of investigation the extended techniques of
quantitative determination of metal vapours’ content in
plasma is considered. It is well known [5-7], that plasma
in a state of LTE can be described by the equation set,
which primarily depends on the type of particles in its
volume. Molecules, atoms and ions of nitrogen and oxy-
gen must be taken into account in plasma of the free
burning arc discharge in air between Ag-Ni electrodes. In
addition, atoms and ions of silver and nickel will be pre-
sent in the plasma due to the heating of the electrodes in
discharge. The composition of air-silver-nickel plasma
mixture can be calculated on the base of experimentally
measured temperature and electron density. Only one
additional parameter is required for this calculation.
Namely, the ratio between silver and nickel atom concen-
tration must be used. Such parameter can be defined from
the intensity ratio of Ag I 520.9 nm and Ni I 547.6 nm
spectral lines in an assumption of LTE.
So, solution of an equation set, which describes the
plasma in LTE, allows to calculate the content of silver
(XAg) and nickel (XNi) vapours in air plasma (Fig. 7).
Such approach provides the quantitative determination of
radial profiles of metal vapours in the discharge gap.
36 00 38 00 4 00 0 42 00 4 40 0
10
19
10
20
10
21
N
e
, m -3
T , K
air/Ag/N i(9 9/0/1)
air/Ag /N i(9 9/1/0)
air /A g/Ni (0/0/100 )
air /A g/Ni (0/90/10 )
air/Ag /N i(0 /1 00/0)
expe rim ental d ata
a ir/C u/N i(100 /0 /0 )
10
19
10
20
10
21
Fig. 6. The dependence of electron density from temper-
ature for plasma of electric arc discharge between com-
posite Ag-Ni electrodes at current 3.5 A
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
X
j
, %
r, mm
X
Ag
X
Ni
Fig. 7. The radial distributions of silver and nickel va-
pours contents in plasma of electric arc discharge be-
tween composite Ag-Ni electrodes at current 3.5 A
One can conclude that, really, nickel plays role of a
high melting component in Ag-Ni composite material as
it follows from analysis of radial distributions of different
kind of metal component in arc discharge plasma. Its
erosion intensity is less in comparison with silver. Never-
theless, the thermal and electrical conductivities are pro-
vided mainly by silver in this composition, obviously.
So, the proposed technique of quantitative determina-
tion of metal content in plasma can be used as well for
estimation of the erosion properties of different materi-
als.
174 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2017. №1(107)
CONCLUSIONS
Plasma of free burning arc discharge in air between
one-component Cu and Ni and Ag-Ni composite
electrodes was investigated in various modes of arc.
Radial distributions of temperature and electron density
were determined in the average cross section of arc
discharge plasma column.
Compositions of air-metal plasma mixture were
calculated in assumption of local thermodynamic
equilibrium.
It was found that, the content of metal vapours does
not exceed 1% in plasma of arc discharges between Cu
and Ni and Ag-Ni electrodes at current 3.5 A. The
realized techniques of quantitative determination of
metal content in plasma can be recommended in
estimations of the erosion properties of the material on
the electrodes’ surface.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by joined project “Dnipro”
in the frame of research and technology collaboration
between Ukraine and France. The authors wish to thank
Dr. Kryachko L.A. for valuable help in the preparation
of this article.
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Article received 23.12.2016
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПЛАЗМЫ ЭЛЕКТРОДУГОВОГО РАЗРЯДА МЕЖДУ
ОДНОКОМПОНЕНТНЫМИ Cu И Ni И КОМПОЗИТНЫМИ Ag-Ni-ЭЛЕКТРОДАМИ
А. Веклич, М. Клешич, С. Фесенко, В. Борецкий, Y. Cressault, Ph. Teulet
Методами оптической спектроскопии исследована плазма электродугового разряда между однокомпо-
нентными Cu и Ni и композитными Ag-Ni-электродами. С помощью диаграмм Больцмана получены ради-
альные распределения плазменного столба для дуги током 3,5 и 30 А. Проведены измерения радиальных
распределений электронной концентрации плазмы дугового разряда током 3,5 и 30 А между Cu и Ni и Ag-
Ni-электродами. Рассчитан равновесный состав плазмы. Исследованы свойства эрозионных процессов
материала на поверхности электродов.
ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ПЛАЗМИ ЕЛЕКТРОДУГОВОГО РОЗРЯДУ МІЖ ОДНОКОМПОНЕНТНИМИ
Cu ТА Ni І КОМПОЗИТНИМИ Ag-Ni-ЕЛЕКТРОДАМИ
А. Веклич, М. Клешич, С. Фесенко, В. Борецький, Y. Cressault, Ph. Teulet
Методами оптичної емісійної спектроскопії досліджена плазма електродугового розряду між одноком-
понентними Cu та Ni і композитними Ag-Ni електродами. Радіальні розподіли температури плазмового
стовпа отримані з діаграм Больцмана для дуги струмом 3,5 та 30 А. Виміряні радіальні розподіли елект-
ронної концентрації плазми дугового розряду струмом 3,5 та 30 А між Cu та Ni and Ag-Ni-електродами.
Розрахований рівноважний склад плазми. Досліджені властивості ерозійних процесів матеріалу на повер-
хні електродів.
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