Plasma-assisted “waste-to-energy” processes
The environmental safety and energy efficiency of the processes of alternative gaseous fuels production based on the conversion of biomass waste using plasma-steam technology are discussed. The plasma-steam installation for waste processing, that eliminates the risk of dioxins and furans production...
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irk-123456789-1221662017-06-29T03:02:55Z Plasma-assisted “waste-to-energy” processes Zhovtyansky, V.A. Kolesnikova, E.P. Iakymovych, M.V. Диагностика плазмы The environmental safety and energy efficiency of the processes of alternative gaseous fuels production based on the conversion of biomass waste using plasma-steam technology are discussed. The plasma-steam installation for waste processing, that eliminates the risk of dioxins and furans production in the process of gasification is briefly described. The problems of minimization nitrogen oxides emission as well as exception into the environment of heavy metals are discussed. It is shown that the proposed variant of the processing technology correspond to the general idea of numerous publications in the world scientific literature, known as the Waste to Energy. Обсуждаются вопросы экологической безопасности и энергетической эффективности процессов производства альтернативного газового топлива на основе преобразования отходов биомассы с использованием пароплазменной технологии. Кратко описана пароплазменная установка для переработки отходов, исключающая риск образования диоксинов и фуранов в процессе газификации. Обсуждаются проблемы минимизации выбросов оксидов азота, а также исключения попадания в окружающую среду тяжёлых металлов. Показано, что предлагаемый вариант технологии переработки отходов соответствует общей идее многочисленных публикаций в мировой научной литературе, известной как «производство энергии из отходов». Обговорюються питання екологічної безпеки та енергетичної ефективності процесів виробництва альтернативного газового палива на основі перетворення відходів біомаси з використанням пароплазмової технології. Коротко описана пароплазмова установка для переробки відходів, що виключає ризик утворення діоксинів і фуранів у процесі газифікації. Обговорюються проблеми мінімізації викидів оксидів азоту, а також унеможливлення потрапляння в навколишнє середовище важких металів. Показано, що пропонований варіант технології переробки відходів відповідає загальній ідеї численних публікацій у світовій науковій літературі, відомій як «виробництво енергії з відходів». 2017 Article Plasma-assisted “waste-to-energy” processes / V.A. Zhovtyansky, E.P. Kolesnikova, M.V. Iakymovych // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2017. — № 1. — С. 231-236. — Бібліогр.: 23 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 52.75.Hn; 81.20.Ka; 52.25.Kn; 52.20.Hv http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/122166 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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Диагностика плазмы Диагностика плазмы |
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Диагностика плазмы Диагностика плазмы Zhovtyansky, V.A. Kolesnikova, E.P. Iakymovych, M.V. Plasma-assisted “waste-to-energy” processes Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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The environmental safety and energy efficiency of the processes of alternative gaseous fuels production based on the conversion of biomass waste using plasma-steam technology are discussed. The plasma-steam installation for waste processing, that eliminates the risk of dioxins and furans production in the process of gasification is briefly described. The problems of minimization nitrogen oxides emission as well as exception into the environment of heavy metals are discussed. It is shown that the proposed variant of the processing technology correspond to the general idea of numerous publications in the world scientific literature, known as the Waste to Energy. |
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Article |
| author |
Zhovtyansky, V.A. Kolesnikova, E.P. Iakymovych, M.V. |
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Zhovtyansky, V.A. Kolesnikova, E.P. Iakymovych, M.V. |
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Zhovtyansky, V.A. |
| title |
Plasma-assisted “waste-to-energy” processes |
| title_short |
Plasma-assisted “waste-to-energy” processes |
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Plasma-assisted “waste-to-energy” processes |
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Plasma-assisted “waste-to-energy” processes |
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Plasma-assisted “waste-to-energy” processes |
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plasma-assisted “waste-to-energy” processes |
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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2017 |
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Диагностика плазмы |
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http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/122166 |
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Plasma-assisted “waste-to-energy” processes / V.A. Zhovtyansky, E.P. Kolesnikova, M.V. Iakymovych // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2017. — № 1. — С. 231-236. — Бібліогр.: 23 назв. — англ. |
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PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2017. №1(107)
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2017, № 1. Series: Plasma Physics (23), p. 231-236. 231
PLASMA-ASSISTED “WASTE-TO-ENERGY” PROCESSES
V.A. Zhovtyansky
1
, E.P. Kolesnikova
2
, M.V. Iakymovych
1
1
The Gas Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev;
2
NTU of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Kiev, Ukraine
E-mail: zhovt@ukr.net
The environmental safety and energy efficiency of the processes of alternative gaseous fuels production based on
the conversion of biomass waste using plasma-steam technology are discussed. The plasma-steam installation for
waste processing, that eliminates the risk of dioxins and furans production in the process of gasification is briefly
described. The problems of minimization nitrogen oxides emission as well as exception into the environment of
heavy metals are discussed. It is shown that the proposed variant of the processing technology correspond to the
general idea of numerous publications in the world scientific literature, known as the Waste to Energy.
PACS: 52.75.Hn; 81.20.Ka; 52.25.Kn; 52.20.Hv
INTRODUCTION
This article is an expanded version of the survey re-
port, presented at the recent Conference on Plasma
Physics and Controlled Fusion [1].
In the last few decades, the interconnected problems
of the production of alternative synthetic gaseous fuels
via reforming of carbon-containing materials and utili-
zation of hazardous wastes by means of plasma technol-
ogies were widely discussed in the scientific literature
[2 - 13]. In the cases of municipal solid waste utilization
or processing of hazardous wastes containing carbon,
the latter is converted into synthesis gaseous fuel –
mixture CO and H2. It can be used to make the facility
energetically self-sufficient or as a separate fuel to
commercialization of the project.
Overall, after the world's energy crisis of the 70's, a
rational use of energy resources has become an essential
part of the modern energy consumption culture. Tech-
nologies which use renewable raw materials are pre-
sented in its arsenal as well.
1. WASTE AS RENEWABLE SOURCE OF
ENERGY
There’s a problem of using some types of renewable
energy, for example, ordinary municipal solid waste as
energy source nowadays. Earlier, they have been used
for the heat production by means of direct combustion
processes. Modern technologies don’t use them at all,
due to the danger of dioxins and furans formation, in
case of chlorinated raw material processing. These
compounds are among the most toxic ones – their max-
imum permissible emission to the atmosphere in the
refinement products can’t exceed 10
-10
g/m
3
[14].
Currently, this problem is adjusted by the Directive
2000/76/EC [14]. Accordingly, the temperature should
be maintained at 1100 °C in case of incineration of
waste containing more than 1 % wt. of halogenous or-
ganic substances under conditions of chloride. Each
local volume of gas produced in the processing has to be
kept at this temperature over time ≥ 2 s. In many coun-
tries, as former countries of the USSR, where the level
of chlorine in the waste is unknown beforehand, other
technologies can’t be applied at all, apart from those
satisfying the above requirements of the Directive
2000/76/EC. This Directive is directly related also to the
technologies of medical waste processing, at least, in
those countries, where medical materials still contain
chlorinated components.
Another problem is if the waste contains in its com-
position heavy metals; incineration leads to the for-
mation of ash, which is itself a hazardous waste. The
latter environmental hazard is particularly dangerous in
the case of recycling the sewage sludge of urban
wastewater treatment plants.
2. PLASMA EQUIPMENT FOR MEDICAL
WASTE PROCESSING
During last decade, the equipment for medical waste
processing as well as another hazardous waste has been
built by the Gas Institute of the National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine (NASU) and the E. O. Paton Elec-
tric Welding Institute, NASU [5, 9, 11] (Fig. 1). Its
fundamental advantage is using of water steam plasma
as a gasification agent which allows to obtain the gasifi-
cation products of maximum calorific value. Mode of
the equipment operation meets all the requirements of
the Directive 2000/76/EC mentioned above and, thus, it
is environmentally friendly in terms of the dioxins for-
mation during the processing of the chlorinated waste.
Technologically, the conversion process is carried
out in a flow reactor (see Fig. 1,a). It has a metal case
and is lined with the layer of fireproof and heat-
insulating materials on the inside.
Arc plasma torch is key element of this equipment.
It was made according to the two-electrode axial
scheme with hollow copper electrodes – the hollow
blind cathode and the anode exit nozzle with a ledge is
used. Arc cathode area affixment stabilization in the
cathode hollow is realized by the solenoid magnetic
field sequentially powered with an electric arc. Arc
anode area affixment stabilization is realized in
gasdynamic way through the anode-nozzles channel
ledge and the solenoid magnetic field. The electric arc
column is stabilized along the arc channel axis in the
area of minimal pressure of plasma forming gas vortex.
Compressed air and steam are used as the working gas-
es. Plasma torch ignition is carried out with air and then
mailto:zhovt@ukr.net
232 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2017. №1(107)
transition to steam occurs after the heating (which takes
at least 8 seconds). Water is used in order to cool the
plasma torch.
Plasma torch electrical power reaches up to 160 kW,
the arc current is up to 350 A, the efficiency coefficient
equal 0.71. The power supply voltage is 500 V. Fig. 1,b
shows the appearance of the plasma torch and plasma
jet generated by it, during the unit adjustment.
Fig. 2 shows the operation principle of equipment.
The high temperature dense plasma effuses through a
hollow anode nozzle as a stream, into the internal space
of the reactor. As the result of mixing with the other
ingredients of the gasification process, they all are get-
ting the same temperature as the working volume of the
reactor.
The lock-chamber for the periodic load of the
packed medical waste is located in the upper part of the
reactor. Unit management does not involve the full
loading of the total reactor space with wastes. It is ex-
actly the opposite, there should be free space above the
in-process wastes, the volume of which can be estimat-
ed on the example of cellulose steam gasification basis -
a typical component of medical waste:
С6H10O5 + Н2O = 6СO + 6Н2. (1)
It is easy to determine that the average volume pro-
duction of the gases at the 50 kg cellulose treatment per
hour at the temperature of 1200 °C will be 0.124 m
3
/s.
On this basis, the necessary volume of the reactor free
space and the gas flue, which has to exceed the second
volume production by more than two times is deter-
mined. Moreover, in all the points of this volume, the
temperature should be above 1100 °C. In order to con-
trol it, the reactor volume is equipped with temperature
sensors.
a
b
Fig. 1. Pilot equipment for processing medical waste
with productivity of 50 kg/h (a) and the water-steam
plasma torch in the process of equipment setup (b)
Fig. 2. Technological scheme of plasma-steam equipment: 1 – plasma torch; 2 – plasma steam reactor;
3 – steam generator; 4 – sequentially-connected power sources "Plasma-2"; 5 – compressor; 6 – cooling tower;
7 – Venturi scrubber; 8 – the system for the gas quenching; 9 – under-scrubber capacity; 10 – drip pan filter;
11 – fan (smoke exhauster); 12 – heat exchanger; 13 – soda solution tank; 14 – sludge tank; I – water supply;
II – soda; III – synthesis gas; IV – for utilization
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2017. №1(107) 233
Smoke exhauster is an important element of the
equipment. It provides gasification products extraction
and creates a rarefaction in the reactor towards the at-
mosphere, in order to prevent any penetration of these
products into the environment. Gasification products
cleaning unit includes Venturi scrubber with gas
quenching system and the capacity with the technologi-
cal solution for scrubbing gasification products.
Table I presents the composition of the basic gasifi-
cation products obtained from the medical waste in the
equipment for plasma-steam gasification [6]. Gas com-
position has been determined by Agilent 6890 N gas
chromatograph. In these experiments organic wastes of
such average composition have been studied: 60 % of
cellulose C6H10O5 + 30 % of plastics based on polyeth-
ylene (–CH2–CH2–)n + 10 % liquid (water). It is easy to
show that the efficiency of the unit is quite sufficient
for, at least, its energy self-provision, if to use such gas
composition and the temperature at level of
1100…1400°C in the reactor, in the case of reciprocat-
ing power plants. We have also verified this fact exper-
imentally. However, for hazardous wastes treatment, the
environmental safety is the most important task.
The main physical result of this equipment experi-
mental exploration was possibility of self-power supply
by syngas with gas diesel electric station taking into
account even low efficiency of electricity production
~30 %.
Table 1
Basic gasification products composition obtained from
medical waste
Components H2 CH4 CO CO2 C2H4
vol.% 49.89 1.99 35.25 2.52 3.37
Components C2H2 C3H6 H2S H2O Other
vol.% 3.92 0.45 0.13 1.92 0.63
In general, previous experience of this facility
proved the correctness of provided therein basic tech-
nical solutions. However, he also revealed some short-
comings of individual design solutions. They demand
the revision process of further development. In particu-
lar this applies to the high-temperature thermal insula-
tion of the reactor.
3. PLASMA GASIFICATION OF SEWAGE
SLUDGE
During sewage treatment, the main pollutants are
separated as sewage sludge. Its characteristics depend
on the original pollution load of the water being treated,
as well as the sludge treatment being carried out. The
Kyiv wastewater treatment plant (known as Bortnychi
station of aeration), which processes municipal and
industrial sewage and run-off rain water, obtain 9000 m
3
wastewater over a twenty-four period. At present 9
million tones of sewage sludge are near this station.
The special problem of this waste is heavy metal in
its compound [15]. The fact is that using of plasma
technology, after the processing results in the minimum
amount of solid residue, at the level of several percent-
ages of its initial mass. Moreover, being fused to glass-
like mass (vitrified), it is, in fact, a neutral substrate,
safe for the environment. The temperature of the pro-
cess vitrification is above 1700 K.
3.1. EXPERIMENT
Power of some plasma torches, used in industrial
technologies is hundreds of kW, sometimes it even may
reach the MW level [1]. Use of such plasma torches for
laboratory research purposes causes significant difficul-
ties because their maintenance is complicated. That is
why relatively low-power steam plasma torch
"Multiplaz 3500", which is on full-scale production has
been used in this research [16] (Fig. 3). The maximum
power of the plasma torch is 3.5 kW.
Quartz tube of inner diameter 3.2 cm and a length of
13 cm was used as a reactor. It placed a portion of sew-
age sludge to be studied in the process of gasification.
Aggregate data on the composition of treated dry prod-
ucts of gasification are presented in Table 2.
With these data, it was determined formula response
in terms of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and organic mat-
ter
СH2.483O0.530 + 1.334 H2O = 2.549 H2 +
+ 0.111 CO + 0.876 CO2 + 0.013CH4. (2)
Fig. 3. Plasma torch system “Multiplaz 3500”
Gross formula of sewage sludge in this reaction cor-
relates well with the results of [15] for their chemical
composition.
Table 2
Basic gasification products composition obtained from
sewage sludge
Components H2 CO CO2 CH4
vol.% 71.8 3.1 24.7 0.4
3.2. THERMODYNAMICAL MODEL
In further consideration we have chosen a simpler
gross formula of sewage sludge for fundamental ther-
modynamic estimates as СH2,5O0,5. Analysis of the
process of plasma-steam gasification was made on a
more optimal than (2) reactions [17]:
СH2.5O0.5 + 0.5 H2O = CO + 1.75 H2 + QТР. (3)
In fact, it is corresponds to technology of plasma-
steam gasification (1), which was first implemented in
Ukraine almost a decade ago (see [5]).
In order to optimize the plasma-steam gasification
process of sewage sludge, there where analyzed also
the next reactions [12, 13, 18]:
CH2.5О0.5 + KH2O + LO2 CO + MH2 + QТР, (4)
CH2.5О0.5 + KH2O + LO2
234 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2017. №1(107)
CO + MH2 + EСО2 + DН2О + QТР. (5)
Reaction (4) as well as (3) is stoichiometric for obtain-
ing products of gasification synthesis gas only. Never-
theless it has most wide functional possibilities to
achieve the best indicators energy efficiency of the
process as it allows varying the composition of the gasi-
fication agent.
Reaction (5) is nonstoichiometric one as there are
the products of partial combustion of sewage sludge
CO2 and H2O among the products of gasification.
Generally speaking, we can write many variants of this
reaction with different stoichiometric coefficients. Nev-
ertheless actually only such of them are implemented in
which the principle of maximum entropy is satisfied
[19]. The software for thermodynamic calculations
«TERRA» [20] was used to overcome this problem. In
general, the problem was solved by methods of physical
chemistry [19, 13, 18].
In reactions (3)-(5), Qтр = QR + ΔQ is the total ther-
mal energy, where one component QR is a result of
chemical reactions in a mixture of a specified reaction
and the other ΔQ is introduced into the reactor of
gasifier by plasma torch jet such a way that reacting
mixture has reached the desired temperature ТР to obtain
quality products of gasification. For the reactions (3)-(5)
the value ТР = 1250 K is accepted, as in this case in
stoichiometric modes (3) and (4) only traces of CO2,
H2O and CH4 among the gasification products are
founded.
Quantitative indicator of energy efficiency of the
conversion process is the ratio
η = (РPL
С
+ РO2)/ WSG, (6)
where РPL
С
= ΔQ/0,8 – electricity consumption for
production the plasma jet by efficiency of ~ 0.8 and for
oxygen РO2. WSG – heat energy of synthesis gas from
1 kg of the original raw mixture.
In stoichiometric mode, the energy consumption of
gasification process is the order of value of electrical
power ηЕЕWSG that produced from synthesis gas by
diesel power station of efficiency ηЕЕ. This is important
for mobile equipment as practically eliminated necessity
to use additional sources of energy. In the mode addi-
tional oxygen input in gasification process, the con-
sumption of synthesis gas for own needs of equipment
ηЕЕWСГ/kНС is about 30 %, where the coefficient of
nonstochiometry of the production of synthesis gas kНС
is introduced. The rest can be used for the production of
electricity to external consumers that will promote
commercialization of development. Thus, in the pro-
posed variant the processing technology correspond to
the general idea of numerous publications in the world
literature, known as the Waste to Energy.
Further improve the efficiency of this technology
can facilitate the transition to more efficient methods of
electricity production from obtained synthesis gas. This
will lead to increasing value ηЕЕ and, respectively, fur-
ther decrease of the part of synthesis gas that is used for
energy self-sufficiency of gasification equipment. Such
prospects are associated primarily with fuel cell tech-
nology that has significantly greater efficiency than gas-
diesel power stations.
These calculated data become the basis of the pro-
ject “The development of steam-plasma technology of
aeration stations sewage sludge conversion” offered by
the competition of government of Ukraine; according to
the results it obtained the status of a state order [21].
3.3. ASSUMPTION OF EQUILIBRIUM
Application of thermodynamic model requires proof
equilibrium conditions in the object to be studied. In the
case of hazardous waste processing in accordance with
the requirements of Directive 2000/76/EC [14], problem
is simplified by the presence of high-temperature zone,
wherein gasification products staying a long time [18].
Taking into account also stage of gas particles ioniza-
tion in a plasma torch and their cooling in the jet, the
temperature profile has the general form represented in
logarithmic scale in Fig. 4. Previously, we evaluated the
conditions of formation in these conditions NO and
NO2, having the greatest specific times of formation and
decomposition [9, 11]. As where shown, only NO has
non-equilibrium concentration on leaving the reactor
and NO2 is in equilibrium in relation to NO.
Fig. 4. Typical translational temperature profile for the
plasma torch and gasifier reactor
4. NOX FORMATION: KINETIC MODEL
The temperatures in plasma torch are favorable in
terms of nitric oxides formation (see Figs. 4, 5). That is
why, it is vital to rigorously predict production of NOx
in facilities using plasma torch and to apply special
technologies in order to diminish it. The current part is
aimed at kinetic modelling study of NO and NO2 forma-
tion in a plasma torch and in the post discharge flow of
model plasma gasifier.
Fig. 5. Equilibrium values of NO (1) and NO2 (2)
mole fractions in dry air as a function of temperature
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2017. №1(107) 235
For simulation, three zones of plasma torch and re-
actor was used [22]. In the first zone, gas is heated in an
arc discharge to the arc temperature TPL. The second and
third zones are plasma jet and reactor (see Fig. 4).
The thermally nonequilibrium kinetic model was
used for the simulations of NO and NO2 formation in a
plasma torch and in the post discharge flow. It includes
chemical reactions with neutral and charged particles,
the processes of intermode vibrational-vibrational (V-
V′) exchange, vibrational-translational (V-T) relaxation,
electronic-electronic (E-E) exchange, electronic-
translational (E-T) relaxation, excitation of vibrational
and electronic states of molecules, dissociation, and
ionization due to electron impact as well as reactions of
associative ionization, electron attachment, and forma-
tion of electrons via ion-molecule reactions developed
previously for dry air [23]. This model could be ex-
tended also in order to take into account plasma chemi-
cal reactions with H-containing species.
The example of the results obtained is presented in
Fig. 6. As may be seen, outlet NOx concentrations can
be managed by varying the plasma torch parameters, in
particular, the temperature of the arc.
Fig. 6. Mole fractions of NO (1) and NO2 (2) at the
outlet of the reactor vs. discharge temperature TPL
CONCLUSIONS
The most general assessments of ecological benefits
and energy efficiency of plasma-steam gasification
technologies are presented.
It is shown based on the thermodynamic and kinetic
studies, that processing of sewage sludge using plasma
technologies can be commercially attractive.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was supported by Ministry of Education
and Science of Ukraine, project “The development of
steam-plasma technology of aeration stations sewage
sludge conversion” and the National Academy of Sci-
ences of Ukraine, programmes “Prospective study of
plasma physics, controlled thermonuclear fusion and
plasma technology” and “Basic aspects of renewable-
hydrogen power and fuel-cell technology”.
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Article received 26.12.2016
ПОДДЕРЖИВАЕМЫЕ ПЛАЗМОЙ ПРОЦЕССЫ «ОТХОДЫ – В ЭНЕРГИЮ»
В.А. Жовтянский, Э.П. Колесникова, М.В. Якимович
Обсуждаются вопросы экологической безопасности и энергетической эффективности процессов произ-
водства альтернативного газового топлива на основе преобразования отходов биомассы с использованием
пароплазменной технологии. Кратко описана пароплазменная установка для переработки отходов, исклю-
чающая риск образования диоксинов и фуранов в процессе газификации. Обсуждаются проблемы миними-
зации выбросов оксидов азота, а также исключения попадания в окружающую среду тяжёлых металлов.
Показано, что предлагаемый вариант технологии переработки отходов соответствует общей идее многочис-
ленных публикаций в мировой научной литературе, известной как «производство энергии из отходов».
ПІДТРИМУВАНІ ПЛАЗМОЮ ПРОЦЕСИ «ВІДХОДИ – В ЕНЕРГІЮ»
В.А. Жовтянський, Е.П. Колеснікова, М.В. Якимович
Обговорюються питання екологічної безпеки та енергетичної ефективності процесів виробництва альте-
рнативного газового палива на основі перетворення відходів біомаси з використанням пароплазмової техно-
логії. Коротко описана пароплазмова установка для переробки відходів, що виключає ризик утворення діок-
синів і фуранів у процесі газифікації. Обговорюються проблеми мінімізації викидів оксидів азоту, а також
унеможливлення потрапляння в навколишнє середовище важких металів. Показано, що пропонований варі-
ант технології переробки відходів відповідає загальній ідеї численних публікацій у світовій науковій літера-
турі, відомій як «виробництво енергії з відходів».
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