Main Capabilities and Features of Ultra Wideband (UWB) Radars
This review paper discusses the differences between ultra wideband (UWB) radars and the conventional narrow-band radars. The features are shown of the generation, radiation and processing of UWB radar signals evoked by the change of the signal waveform in the process of location, by appearance of th...
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irk-123456789-1223312017-07-03T03:03:20Z Main Capabilities and Features of Ultra Wideband (UWB) Radars Immoreev, I.J. This review paper discusses the differences between ultra wideband (UWB) radars and the conventional narrow-band radars. The features are shown of the generation, radiation and processing of UWB radar signals evoked by the change of the signal waveform in the process of location, by appearance of the mutual dependence between the signal waveform and antenna directivity, and other. The possibility for the reception of the target radioimage is shown. В этой обзорной статье обсуждаются различия между сверхширокополосными радарами и обычными узкополосными. Приведены особенности генерирования, излучения и обработки сверхширокополосных радарных сигналов, связанные с изменением формы сигнала в процессе локации, в виде взаимозависимостей между формой сигнала и направленностью антенны и другими параметрами. Показаны возможности получения радиоизображения объекта. У даній оглядовій статті обговорено відмінності між надширокосмуговими радарами та звичайними вузькосмуговими. Наведено особливості генерування, випромінювання та обробки надширокосмугових радарних сигналів, пов’язані зі зміною форми сигналу в процесі локації, у вигляді взаємозалежностей між формою сигналу та спрямованістю антени та іншими параметрами. Продемонстровано можливості отримання радіозображення об’єкту. 2002 Article Main Capabilities and Features of Ultra Wideband (UWB) Radars / I.J. Immoreev // Радиофизика и радиоастрономия. — 2002. — Т. 7, № 4. — С. 339-344. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. 1027-9636 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/122331 en Радиофизика и радиоастрономия Радіоастрономічний інститут НАН України |
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This review paper discusses the differences between ultra wideband (UWB) radars and the conventional narrow-band radars. The features are shown of the generation, radiation and processing of UWB radar signals evoked by the change of the signal waveform in the process of location, by appearance of the mutual dependence between the signal waveform and antenna directivity, and other. The possibility for the reception of the target radioimage is shown. |
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Immoreev, I.J. |
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Immoreev, I.J. Main Capabilities and Features of Ultra Wideband (UWB) Radars Радиофизика и радиоастрономия |
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Immoreev, I.J. |
| author_sort |
Immoreev, I.J. |
| title |
Main Capabilities and Features of Ultra Wideband (UWB) Radars |
| title_short |
Main Capabilities and Features of Ultra Wideband (UWB) Radars |
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Main Capabilities and Features of Ultra Wideband (UWB) Radars |
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Main Capabilities and Features of Ultra Wideband (UWB) Radars |
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Main Capabilities and Features of Ultra Wideband (UWB) Radars |
| title_sort |
main capabilities and features of ultra wideband (uwb) radars |
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Радіоастрономічний інститут НАН України |
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2002 |
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Main Capabilities and Features of Ultra Wideband (UWB) Radars / I.J. Immoreev // Радиофизика и радиоастрономия. — 2002. — Т. 7, № 4. — С. 339-344. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. |
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Радиофизика и радиоастрономия |
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2025-07-08T21:31:39Z |
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2025-07-08T21:31:39Z |
| _version_ |
1837115961292881920 |
| fulltext |
Radio Physics and Radio Astronomy, 2002, v. 7, No. 4, pp. 339-344
MAIN CAPABILITIES AND FEATURES OF ULTRA
WIDEBAND (UWB) RADARS
I.J. Immoreev, Senior Member IEEE
Moscow Aviation Institute
Gospitalny val, Home 5, block 18, apt 314. 105094, Moscow, Russia
E-mail: immoreev@aha.ru
This review paper discusses the differences between ultra wideband (UWB) radars and the conventional
narrow-band radars. The features are shown of the generation, radiation and processing of UWB radar signals
evoked by the change of the signal waveform in the process of location, by appearance of the mutual dependence
between the signal waveform and antenna directivity, and other. The possibility for the reception of the target
radioimage is shown.
1. Introduction
The vast majority of modern radio systems has a nar-
row frequency range and as the carrying waveform
uses harmonic (sinusoidal) or similar quasiharmonic
signals to transmit formation. The reason is very
simple – sinusoidal oscillations are generated by the
RLC oscillating contour itself – the simplest electri-
cal oscillatory system. And the resonance properties
of this system allow to select the necessary signals by
their frequencies. That’s why the frequency range of
most radio engineering systems is many times less
than the carrying frequency they employ. Both the
theory and practice of the modern radio systems al-
low for this distinctive feature.
At the same time the narrow frequency range of
the signal restricts the informational capacity of radio
systems. That’s why it is necessary to expand the
frequency range in order to increase the informa-
tional capacity. The only alternative is to increase the
transmission time.
This problem is especially urgent for radars,
where the detection time is always strictly limited.
The common radars with the frequency range not
exceeding 10% of the carrying frequency have prac-
tically exhausted their informational potentialities.
That’s why the further development of radars lies in
the employment of signals with frequency range up
to 1 GHz (the duration of the radiated pulses around
1 ns). The informational content in the UWB location
increases owing to the range reduction of the pulse
volume of radar. Thus, when the length of a sounding
pulse changes from 1 µs to 1 ns the depth of the pulse
volume reduces from 300 m to 30 cm. It could be
said that the instrument, which investigates the space,
becomes more fine and sensitive. It allows to obtain
the radioimage of the targets.
2. The Main Capabilities of UWB Radars
The reduction of the signal length in the UWB radar
enables to:
1. Improve the measurement accuracy of the de-
tected target range. This results in the improve-
ment of the radar resolution for all coordinates
since the resolution of targets by one coordinate
does not require their resolution by other coordi-
nates.
2. Identification of target class and type because the
received signal carries the information not only
about the target as a whole, but also about its sepa-
rate elements.
3. Reduces the radar effects of passive interference
from rain, mist, aerosols, metalized strips, etc.
This is because the scattering cross-section of in-
terference source within a small pulse volume is
reduced relative to the target scattering cross-
section.
4. Improved stability observing targets at low eleva-
tion angles at the expense of eliminating the inter-
ference gaps in the antenna pattern. This is be-
cause the main signal and any ground return signal
arrive at the antenna at different times, which thus
enables their selection.
5. Increase the probability of target detection and
improved stability observing a target at the ex-
pense of elimination of the lobe structure of the
secondary-radiation pattern of irradiated targets
since oscillations reflected from the individual
parts of the target do not interfere and cancel,
which provides a more uniform radar cross sec-
tion.
6. A narrow antenna pattern by changing the radiated
signal characteristics.
I.J. Immoreev
340 Radio Physics and Radio Astronomy, 2002, v. 7, No. 4
7. Improvement of the radar’s immunity to external
narrowband electromagnetic radiation effects and
noise.
8. Decrease the radar “dead zone.”
9. Increase the radar’s secretiveness by a signal,
which will be hard to detect.
These above-listed advantages are potentially
attainable. Their realization requires a theoretical
base allowing the calculation of the characteristics of
UWB radars. This base is also necessary for the de-
velopment of appropriate equipment. However, a
satisfactory and systematized theory of ultra-
wideband radars has yet to be developed. The reason
has to do with the significant distinctions of the proc-
ess of ultra wideband observations from the similar
process when common narrow-band signals are used.
Let us consider these distinctions.
3. The Main Features of UWB Radars
3.1. Changes of the Signal Waveform in the
Process of Detection and Ranging
Narrow-band – sinusoidal and quasi-sinusoidal –
signals have the unique property. In the course of
widespread signal conversions, such as addition, sub-
traction, differentiation and integration, the shape
(waveform) of sinusoidal and quasi-sinusoidal sig-
nals remains unchanged; the signals have a shape
identical to that of the original function and may dif-
fer only in their amplitude and time shift. Hereinaf-
ter, shape is understood as the law of change of a
signal in time. On the contrary, the ultra wideband
signal, at the specified (and other) transformations,
changes not only parameters, but also shape.
Let us assume that UWB signal 1S (Fig. 1) is
generated and transmitted to the antenna in a form of
a current pulse. Pulse duration in the space cτ (c is
velocity of light, τ is pulse duration in time domain)
is lesser than the linear size of the radiator L .
The first change of the UWB signal shape ( 2S in
Fig. 1) occurs during the pulse radiation since the
intensity of radiated electromagnetic field varies pro-
portionally with the derivative (first or higher) of the
antenna current.
The second change of the shape occurs when the
antenna is excited in one point and the current pulses
move along the radiator. In this case the elements of
the antenna which have length L cτ∆ = radiate
pulses of electromagnetic wave serially. As a result,
the single pulse transforms into a sequence of K
pulses divided by time intervals t∆ ( 3S in Fig. 1).
Visible radiator length varies against variations of the
angle Θ between the normal to the antenna array and
the direction towards the point of receiving. Thus, the
inter-pulse intervals vary with this angle as follows:
sint∆ Θ .
The third change of the shape occurs due to the
delay of fields, radiated by N elements of the an-
tenna, in space. The pulse radiated by one antenna
element at the angle Θ is delayed by the time
( )/ cosd c Θ compared to the pulse radiated by the
adjacent antenna element. The combined pulse will
have various shapes and durations at different angles
Θ in the far field ( 4S in Fig. 1).
This UWB signal is scattered by the target. Thus
its shape changes for the 4th time ( 5S in Fig. 1).
The target consists of M local scattering ele-
ments (“bright points”) located along the line tL . For
UWB signal tc Lτ . Such UWB signal reflects
from discrete target elements and forms pulse se-
quence. The number of pulses, time delay mτ , and
intensity depend on the target shape and the target
element pulse response mh This pulse sequence is
named “target image”. The whole image presents the
time distribution of the scattered energy and is
formed during time interval 0 2 /tt L c= .
Thus, target RCS becomes at a time-dependent
magnitude (the concept of instantaneous RSC was
introduced). The image changes with viewing angle
variations. In this case the target secondary pattern is
nonstationary and variable. The scattered signals do
not interfere and form no secondary pattern “nulls”.
This promotes the steady target viewing. Some target
elements may have the frequency bandwidth out of
the UWB signal spectrum. Such elements are fre-
quency filters and change the shape furthermore.
The 5th change of the shape occurs at the recep-
tion. The reason for this is the same as for the radia-
tion, that is the time shift between the current pulses
induced by the electromagnetic field in the antenna
elements located at various distances to the target.
The 6th change occurs during the signal propaga-
tion through the atmosphere because of different sig-
nal attenuation in various frequency bands.
The real example of a UWB signal reflected
from a target is given in Fig. 2.
Fig. 1.
Main Capabilities and Features of Ultra Wideband (UWB) Radars
Radio Physics and Radio Astronomy, 2002, v. 7, No. 4 341
3.2. The Dependence of the Antenna Pattern on the
Signal Length and Waveform
When the condition cosL cτΘ > is satisfied, the
signal waveform begins to vary depending on the
direction of radiation (reception), i.e. on the space
coordinates. In this case an unambiguous correspon-
dence between the signal amplitude and its power
inherent in the narrow-band oscillations is not avail-
able. This circumstance hinders the construction of
any conventional antenna pattern based on the field.
Therefore, the antenna pattern construction based on
the energy is accepted for the UWB signals (Fig. 3).
These antenna patterns have fundamental distinctions
from the similar antenna patterns of antennas emit-
ting harmonic and quasi-harmonic signals. They do
not feature a lobe nature.
The other difference is that variations of the
ratio between cτ and the radiator spacing d of an
antenna array can change the width of the main lobe
of the antenna pattern of the array. With the decrease
of τ or the increase of d , the antenna pattern width
decrease for both the UWB signal and the narrow-
band one.
However, in contrast to the latter, the UWB pat-
tern structure does not become multi-lobe, owing to
the absence of the interference of the oscillations of
individual radiators. Theoretically, this method can
be used to make the antenna pattern of an antenna
emitting the UWB signal as narrow as is desired.
Thus, the antenna pattern for the UWB signal
depends not only on angular coordinates, but also on
the time-dependent waveform which is designated as
S . Therefore the expressions for the UWB signal
antenna pattern will take the form: ( ), , ,P S tϕΘ and
( ), , ,W S tϕΘ . Since the antenna pattern of any an-
tenna radiating or receiving the UWB signal becomes
dependent on the signal waveform and duration, it is
obvious that the directivity factor ( ), , ,G S tϕΘ , the
gain factor ( ), , ,K S tϕΘ of the antenna and its effec-
tive cross-section ( ), , ,A S tϕΘ become also depend-
ent on the signal parameters.
4. Moving Target Selection in the UWB
Radar
One more distinction of the UWB radar from a nar-
row-band one emerges when operating under passive
jamming conditions.
A small pulse volume permits moving targets to
be separated without using the Doppler effect. If over
the repetition period T a target travels a distance
exceeding a range element (30 cm at 1τ = ns), then
when interleaved periodic subtraction is applied the
signal of this target will be separated and the signals
of stationary or low-mobility targets will be sup-
pressed. The following condition has to be met in
order to operate such IPC system:
2 Rc V Tτ < ,
where RV – the radial velocity of a target. This sys-
tem of selection lacks “blind” velocities and does not
impose special requirements on the coherence of ra-
diated signals. The target velocity is always unambi-
guously measured. The target radial velocity RV can
be determined in the selection system by the varia-
tion of the range to target. The minimal determined
velocity of a target is equal to:
min /2RV c Tτ= .
Over the pulse repetition period, however, the quan-
tity of interferences entering into and leaving a small
pulse volume may become comparable with the
quantity of interferences residing in this pulse vol-
ume. This may lead to a significant decorrelation of
interferences and the decrease in the efficiency of the
alternate-period compensation equipment. Thus, two
contradicting tendencies emerge with the decrease of
the pulse length and the reduction of the radar pulse
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
0.25
1
Град Р с 4
0.5
0.75
E/Emax
L/cτ =5
Fig. 3.
Fig.2
Fig. 2.
I.J. Immoreev
342 Radio Physics and Radio Astronomy, 2002, v. 7, No. 4
volume. Namely, the reduction of interference power
and the increase in their interperiod decorrelation.
Fig. 4 shows the signal-to-interference ratio 0/Q Q
dependence on the pulse length τ . This Figure has
the following notations:
dω – Doppler frequency of interference;
Q – signal-to-interference ratio at the alternate-
period compensation output;
0Q – signal-to-interference ratio at 1τ = and
/ 0.1d Tω = .
The parameter of the family of curves is the
ratio of the average Doppler frequency to the pulse
repetition frequency /d Tω . The plots show that as
the pulse length decreases, the signal-to-interference
ratio is initially increasing owing to the pulse volume
reduction, and then it drops down due to the increase
in the interperiod decorrelation of noise. For very
small pulse lengths, the alternate-period compensa-
tion system ceases to work completely and the in-
crease in the signal-to-interference ratio is accounted
for by reducing the amount of interference within the
pulse volume.
For the more efficient double alternate-period
compensation of interference, the mentioned regu-
larities are evident more clearly owing to a higher
sensitivity of this alternate-period interference com-
pensation to the correlation properties of interference.
Thus, the use of the moving target indication is ad-
visable for sufficiently narrow-band interferences
(e.g. local things) and a sufficiently high repetition
frequency, which is used in short-range radars.
5. Detection of Target in the UWB Radar
During the process of target location UWB signal
changes its shape many times including the cases of
signal scattering from target bright points. As a result
a returned signal is transformed into the sequence of
pulses with random parameters. Such signal is often
named “target image”, because it carries knowledge
of not only target presence and target coordinates, but
also target structure. Proper image processing makes
possible to recognize a target and to form a radioi-
mage of it. At the initial stage of location, before
target recognition, it is necessary to detect target. It is
not advisable to use for the UWB signal detection the
traditional methods, such as optimum signal process-
ing by matched filtering or correlation with the refer-
ence signal, as the structure of UWB returned signal
is fully unknown.
In principle, the detection of an unknown multi-
unit target can be realized. If the number of inde-
pendent resolution intervals, P , arranged along a
target is higher than the number of intervals, Q , in-
cluding brilliant points, then all combinations of P
intervals taking Q brilliant points at a time need be
taken into account for obtaining optimal detector.
However, the realization of this algorithm requires a
very large number of processing channels.
Methods for quasi-optimum processing of such
signals are well known. But all quasi-optimum detec-
tors suffer from significant losses compared to opti-
mum detector. So it is very important to develop an
optimum detector for UWB signals scattered by a
complex target.
The repetition period T is the only known pa-
rameter of such signals. This parameter may be used
for development of the optimal detector for UWB
signals. It uses, as the reference signal, the signal
received in the adjacent repetition period and delayed
for time interval T . So the received signal is not
compared to the reference signal as in a traditional
correlator but to the identical echo signal. In this case
the background noise in two adjacent repetition peri-
ods are noncorrelated. Thus the signal shape becomes
the parameter that determines the efficiency of such
correlation detector (Fig. 5). This signal processing is
named the interleaved periodic correlation processing
(IPCP).
The scheme in Fig. 5 has three dissimilarities
from the conventional correlator:
a) the received signal is compared not with the radi-
ated one, but with the signal scattered by a target;
b) noises are fed to both correlator inputs; at the
correlator outlet we have the distribution function
for the product of normally distributed noises;
c) the integration period iT is determined not by the
Fig. 4.
u e c h o ( t -T )+ u n ,1 ( t )
u e c h o ( t )+ u n ,2 ( t )
U th re s h
U (Т )
∫
D e la y Т
X
Fig. 5.
Main Capabilities and Features of Ultra Wideband (UWB) Radars
Radio Physics and Radio Astronomy, 2002, v. 7, No. 4 343
radiated signal duration, but by the observation
interval, that is, by the scattered signal duration
(if a target physical length is tL , the integration
time is equal to ( )2 /i tT L c τ= − , where τ is
the duration of a radiated signal).
As it is rather difficult to have analytical expres-
sions for the distribution functions of the normally
distributed noises product at the IPCP outlet, we use
mathematical modeling to plot the detection charac-
teristics.
Fig. 6(a) and 6(b) show the detection character-
istics of IPCP for a signal scattered by a stationary
target for two values of false alarm rate 10-2 and 10-4
(D – probability of detection, q – ratio signal-
noise).
These Figures also show the detection character-
istics of a conventional correlator for fully known
signal. In order to make the comparison valid, the
duration of the received signal is taken equal to the
duration a radiated signal (one point target).
The analysis of results shows the following.
The IPCP detection characteristics approach the
conventional correlator detection characteristics for
high false alarm rates (10-2). The difference between
positions of these characteristic increases with reduc-
ing the false alarm rates (10-4). This can be explained
by the long duration of the “tails” of the distribution
function for the product of normally distributed
noises. In IPCP the given level of false alarm rate can
be maintained by setting up the threshold level higher
than in the conventional correlator. At the same time
the detection characteristics of IPCP are much better
than those of the energy detector.
Fig. 7 shows the dependence of the detection
characteristics on the integration time iT (determined
by target's length). The false alarm rate 10-4 and the
integration time iT equal to 2τ , 10τ , and 20τ were
taken for the modeling. This Figure also shows the
detection characteristic for a conventional correlator.
It is seen from the picture that with increasing the
target length, the IPCP detection characteristic for a
stationary target approaches more and more the con-
ventional correlator characteristic when it detects the
fully known signal.
The reason for this is that the distribution func-
tion for the normally distributed noises product ap-
proaches the normal distribution, while integrating
the noise samples.
6. Detection of the Moving Target
Above, we have considered the detection characteris-
tics for a stationary target. If a target is moving, then
emerges the problem concerning the target's passing
from one resolution cell to another during the pulse
repetition period. We can solve this problem by using
a multi-channel scheme, similar to Doppler filtration
system, which provides the optimal detection of
moving targets. The similar multi-channel scheme
can be used for the selection of optimal integration
time T while detecting targets with various physical
lengths L. The losses resulted from the multi-channel
configuration of the scheme can be calculated using
the conventional methods that are valid for the simi-
lar multi-channel digital Doppler systems.
References
1. I. Immoreev. Use of Ultra-Wideband Location in Air
Defence. Questions of Special Radio Electronics. Ra-
diolocation Engineering Series. Issue 22. 1991,
pp. 76-83.
2. I. Immoreev. Ultrawideband (UWB) Radar Observa-
tion: Signal Generation, Radiation and Processing.
European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar
(EUSAR’96). Konigswinter, Germany. 1996.
3. I. Immoreev. Ultrawideband Location: Main Features
and Differences from Common Radiolocation. Elec-
tromagnetic Waves and Electronic Systems. V.2, № 1,
1997, pp. 81-88.
4. I. Immoreev. Signal Processing in Ultra Wide Band
(UWB) Radars. Fifth International Conference on Ra-
dar Systems (RADAR’99). France, Brest, 1999.
5. I. Immoreev, J.D. Taylor. Selective Target Detecting
Fi
Fig. 6.
1. Traditional correlator for fully known signal;
2. IPCP for stationary target
Fig. 7.
1. Traditional correlator for fully known signal for
2iT τ= ;
2. IPCP for a stationary target for 20iT τ= ;
3. IPCP for a stationary target for 10iT τ= ;
4. IPCP for a stationary target for 2iT τ=
I.J. Immoreev
344 Radio Physics and Radio Astronomy, 2002, v. 7, No. 4
Short Pulse Ultra- wideband Radar System. Euro
Electromagnetics (EUROEM 2000), Scotland, Edin-
burgh, 2000.
6. I. Immoreev. “Main Features Ultra-Wideband (UWB)
Radars and Differences from Common Narrowband
Radars” in book «Ultrawideband Radar Technology»,
Edited by James D. Taylor, CRC Press, Boca Raton,
London, New Work, Washington, 2000.
7. I. Immoreev. “Features of Signals Detecting in the
UWB Radars” in book «Ultrawideband Radar Tech-
nology», Edited by James D. Taylor, CRC Press, Boca
Raton, London, New Work, Washington, 2000.
8. I. Immoreev, Wu Shunjun. “Use Ultra Wideband Ra-
dar Systems for Increase Information About Target,”
2001 CIE International Conference on Radar, RA-
DAR 2001, Beijing, China, October 15-18, 2001.
ОСНОВНЫЕ ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ И
ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ
СВЕРХШИРОКОПОЛОСНЫХ РАДАРОВ
И.Я. Иммореев
В этой обзорной статье обсуждаются различия
между сверхширокополосными радарами и обычными
узкополосными. Приведены особенности генерирова-
ния, излучения и обработки сверхширокополосных
радарных сигналов, связанные с изменением формы
сигнала в процессе локации, в виде взаимозависимо-
стей между формой сигнала и направленностью антен-
ны и другими параметрами. Показаны возможности
получения радиоизображения объекта.
ОСНОВНІ МОЖЛИВОСТІ ТА
ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ
НАДШИРОКОСМУГОВИХ РАДАРІВ
І.Я. Імморєєв
У даній оглядовій статті обговорено відмінності
між надширокосмуговими радарами та звичайними
вузькосмуговими. Наведено особливості генерування,
випромінювання та обробки надширокосмугових рада-
рних сигналів, пов’язані зі зміною форми сигналу в
процесі локації, у вигляді взаємозалежностей між фор-
мою сигналу та спрямованістю антени та іншими па-
раметрами. Продемонстровано можливості отримання
радіозображення об’єкту.
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