Influence of Geoelectric Field on Chemical Reactions on Earth
The existing understanding of chemical thermodynamics presupposes that at the same temperature and other conditions being equal, the rate of a chemical reaction will always and everywhere on Earth be constant. We have found that geoelectric field generated by the Earth’s ionosphere, is capable of...
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irk-123456789-1258602017-11-07T03:02:57Z Influence of Geoelectric Field on Chemical Reactions on Earth Shevchenko, Igor V. Хімія The existing understanding of chemical thermodynamics presupposes that at the same temperature and other conditions being equal, the rate of a chemical reaction will always and everywhere on Earth be constant. We have found that geoelectric field generated by the Earth’s ionosphere, is capable of exerting a strong influence on the rate of chemical processes. Because of the revolution of the Earth around the Sun and varying intensity of the solar irradiance the geoelectric field is highly dynamic and causes the rate of some chemical reactions on the Earth to vary over wide ranges within a year. Існуюче уявлення про хімічну термодинаміку передбачає, що при однаковій температурі та інших рівних умовах швидкість хімічної реакції завжди і повсюди на Землі буде однаковою. Автором встановлено, що геоелектричне поле, що генерується іоносферою Землі, спроможне сильно впливати на швидкість хімічних процесів. Внаслідок обертання Землі навколо Сонця та інтенсивності сонячного випромінювання, що змінюється, геоелектричне поле дуже динамічне та спроможне викликати зміну швидкості деяких хімічних реакцій в широких межах впродовж року. Существующее представление о химической термодинамике предполагает, что при одинаковой температуре и прочих равных условиях скорость химической реакции всегда и везде на Земле является постоянной. Автором обнаружено, что геоэлектрическое поле, генерируемое ионосферой Земли, способно оказывать сильное влияние на скорость химических процессов. Вследствие вращения Земли вокруг Солнца и изменяющейся интенсивности солнечного излучения геоэлектрическое поле чрезвычайно динамично и способно вызывать изменение скорости некоторых химических реакций на Земле в больших пределах в течение года. 2016 Article Influence of Geoelectric Field on Chemical Reactions on Earth / Igor V. Shevchenko // Доповіді Національної академії наук України. — 2016. — № 9. — С. 110-117. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — англ. 1025-6415 DOI: doi.org/10.15407/dopovidi2016.09.110 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/125860 544.3:544.4:523.98:537.312.7:550.371 en Доповіді НАН України Видавничий дім "Академперіодика" НАН України |
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English |
| topic |
Хімія Хімія |
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Хімія Хімія Shevchenko, Igor V. Influence of Geoelectric Field on Chemical Reactions on Earth Доповіді НАН України |
| description |
The existing understanding of chemical thermodynamics presupposes that at the same temperature
and other conditions being equal, the rate of a chemical reaction will always and
everywhere on Earth be constant. We have found that geoelectric field generated by the Earth’s
ionosphere, is capable of exerting a strong influence on the rate of chemical processes. Because
of the revolution of the Earth around the Sun and varying intensity of the solar irradiance
the geoelectric field is highly dynamic and causes the rate of some chemical reactions on
the Earth to vary over wide ranges within a year. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Shevchenko, Igor V. |
| author_facet |
Shevchenko, Igor V. |
| author_sort |
Shevchenko, Igor V. |
| title |
Influence of Geoelectric Field on Chemical Reactions on Earth |
| title_short |
Influence of Geoelectric Field on Chemical Reactions on Earth |
| title_full |
Influence of Geoelectric Field on Chemical Reactions on Earth |
| title_fullStr |
Influence of Geoelectric Field on Chemical Reactions on Earth |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Influence of Geoelectric Field on Chemical Reactions on Earth |
| title_sort |
influence of geoelectric field on chemical reactions on earth |
| publisher |
Видавничий дім "Академперіодика" НАН України |
| publishDate |
2016 |
| topic_facet |
Хімія |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/125860 |
| citation_txt |
Influence of Geoelectric Field on Chemical Reactions on Earth / Igor V. Shevchenko // Доповіді Національної академії наук України. — 2016. — № 9. — С. 110-117. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Доповіді НАН України |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT shevchenkoigorv influenceofgeoelectricfieldonchemicalreactionsonearth |
| first_indexed |
2025-07-09T03:53:35Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-07-09T03:53:35Z |
| _version_ |
1837139983122563072 |
| fulltext |
110 ISSN 1025-6415 Dopov. Nac. acad. nauk Ukr., 2016, № 9
http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dopovidi2016.09.110
© Igor V. Shevchenko, 2016
Удк 544.3:544.4:523.98:537.312.7:550.371
Igor V. Shevchenko
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of the NAS of Ukraine, Kiev
E-mail: ishev@bpci.kiev.ua
Influence of geoelectric field on chemical reactions
on Earth
(Presented by Academician of the NAS of Ukraine V.P. Kukhar)
The existing understanding of chemical thermodynamics presupposes that at the same tem-
perature and other conditions being equal, the rate of a chemical reaction will always and
everywhere on Earth be constant. We have found that geoelectric field generated by the Earth’s
ionosphere, is capable of exerting a strong influence on the rate of chemical processes. Be-
cause of the revolution of the Earth around the Sun and varying intensity of the solar irradi-
ance the geoelectric field is highly dynamic and causes the rate of some chemical reactions on
the Earth to vary over wide ranges within a year.
Keywords: chemical kinetics, thermodynamics, solar activity, ionosphere, electric field.
The existence of life on the Earth is only possible thanks to the energy which our planet receives
from the Sun. This energy consists of a wide spectrum of electromagnetic waves – from infrared
to x-rays. The Earth’s atmosphere is penetrable for the infrared and visible part of solar rays. Their
energy is of fundamental importance for the life on Earth. However, the Earth’s atmosphere is not
transparent for Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) and x-ray solar radiation. These rays lose energy in the
upper atmosphere above 80 km in collisions with nitrogen and oxygen molecules ionizing them.
This results in the formation of ionosphere around Earth which is being continually renewed.
The solar energy reaches Earth also in the form of solar wind – a stream of charged partic les,
mostly electrons and protons, released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun. Because of the
interaction of the solar wind with Earth’s magnetic field the magnetosphere is formed.
The distribution of charges inside the magnetosphere and underlying ionosphere is highly
dynamic and not homogeneous. It creates various regions of fields, plasmas, and currents.
Depending on the geographic latitude, the electric field intensity can be substantially different
in different places of the Earth. It may reach high values able to influence technological systems.
[1–10]. Thus, geoelectric field together with temperature and gravity is a fundamental condition
on the Earth, under constant influence of which all forms of life exist. [11].
The amount of energy of EUV-rays and x-rays which form the ionosphere together with
the solar wind energy is a significant part of the total energy that the Earth receives from the
Sun. It is logical to assume that this energy, like infrared and visible radiation, can also affect
chemical processes on the Earth. If geoelectric field can have such an impact, its value should
111ISSN 1025-6415 Доп. НАН України, 2016, № 9
manifest the same seasonal fluctuations over the course of one year as the degree of ioniza-
tion of the ionosphere at the given latitude. Therefore, the very detection of the dependence
of the chemical reaction rate on the position of Earth with respect to the Sun can be absolute
proof of the existence of such an effect.
For the experimental verification of this hypothesis hydrolytic cleavage of phosphorus-oxygen
bond was chosen. The cleavage of this bond during the conversion of adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is known to underlie bioenergetic processes in living
organisms [12, 13].
As a simplified model system hydrolytic cleavage of the P-O bond in triethyl phosphite has
been examined in this study. In this reaction, three-coordinated phosphorus atom increases its
coordination from 3 to 4, so the reaction product is well distinguishable from the starting com-
pound in the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, which allows measuring the kinetics
of the process quickly and reliably (Fig. 1).
Since November 2014, over 1000 experiments have been conducted in different conditions.
The experimental data suggest the following conclusions.
The rate of this reaction ceteris paribus depends strongly on the position of the Earth with
respect to the Sun and therefore shows pronounced seasonal fluctuations. With the growth
of the duration of daylight and increase of the impact angle of the solar radiation with respect
to the atmosphere over the place of the study an increase in the rate up to the maximum sum-
mer values was observed. At the northern latitude 50°25′, where these studies were carried out,
the difference between the average values of the “summer” and “winter” rates in 2015 reached
8-10 times (Fig. 2).
The growth of the rate did not take place smoothly. In January the reaction was very slow
and accelerated twofold in February. In March it slowed down again. Then, in April it started
to grow gradually till the middle of June. After summer solstice a sharp rise occurred (approx-
imately 3-fold), after which the high summer rate was established. It lasted two months till
the end of August and then slowed down rapidly within two weeks back to the April level.
In September, after autumnal equinox till the end of the year the reaction rate declined gradu-
ally 2 times more.
Fig. 1. Hydrolysis of triethyl phosphite 1 into diethyl phosphite 2. 31P-NMR spectrum displays two
signals at +140 ppm and +9 ppm, respectively. Measuring the integral intensities of these signals allows
determining the conversion rate
112 ISSN 1025-6415 Dopov. Nac. acad. nauk Ukr., 2016, № 9
It is remarkable that in January 2016 the average rate did not return to the level of the pre-
vious year and exceeded it about 2-3 times.
The seasonal dependence observed means that at the same time in summer or winter the rate
of this reaction in the northern and southern hemispheres will be substantially different, and
this difference should increase, the closer to the poles the reaction is conducted.
One more important conclusion is that this reaction is very sensitive to changes in the iono sphere.
Its rate, similarly to the state of the ionosphere, is in constant dynamics and demonstrates not
only seasonal, but also more short-term changes, even within one day. In view of these short-
term changes, the reaction rate difference between the individual experiments may significantly
exceed the average annual difference. For example, on March 20 2015 during spring equinox
a slowdown of this reaction was observed and the degree of conversion was about 50 times
slower than on July 2.
If the observed dependence of the rate of this reaction on the position of the Earth with res-
pect to the Sun is accounted for by the influence of the geoelectric field, it is logical to assume
that the artificial change of the electric field intensity in the volume of the reaction solution
should also have an impact on the reaction rate.
Indeed, the shielding of the reaction solution by placing it in a metal grounded box (Fara-
day cage) reduced the rate of hydrolysis compared with the unshielded sample. Moreover, even
on different floors of a building the rates may be different. These measurements were conducted
at different times of the year and showed that the effect of shielding diminishes as the reaction
rate increases.
A change of the geoelectric field intensity in the reaction solution can be achieved not only
by shielding, but also by application of an artificial electric field. For this purpose the field
with the intensity of 5 kV/cm was used in this study. This field also affects the rate of hydro-
lysis of triethyl phosphite. Moreover, it was found that the magnitude and sign of this effect
depend on the direction of the applied electric field in space (with respect to Earth’s coordi-
nates). Depen ding on the field vector direction the reaction rate can either increase or decrease
or remain unchanged. Such dependence is in itself a confirmation of the presence of external
Fig. 2. Fluctuation of the rate of hydrolysis of triethyl phosphite in the course of the year 2015 (conver-
sion after 25 minutes of heating at 80 °C)
113ISSN 1025-6415 Доп. НАН України, 2016, № 9
geoelectric field. The influence of the artificial field of certain orientation also shows pronounced
dependence on the position of the Earth with respect to the Sun.
Thus, not only the rate of hydrolysis of triethyl phosphite, but also the impact of the arti-
ficial electric field on it is constantly changing throughout the year. However, in contrast to
the rate of hydrolysis of triethyl phosphite, which, as described above, increases towards summer
and decreases towards winter, the seasonal dependence of the electric field influence on the rate
of hydrolysis is more complicated.
In this study the influence of the electric field (5 kV/cm) with the vector whose positive pole
was pointed upwards perpendicular to the Earth’s surface was examined in detail. It was estab-
lished that such field orientation is most sensitive to changes in the ionosphere. The following
seasonal differences were found in 2015.
From early November 2014 for almost 4 months to February 20, 2015 this artificial field
was steadily slowing down the rate of hydrolysis. The magnitude of this slowdown was con-
stantly changing in the range of 0-150 %, although in some experiments it could reach up to
500 %.
After February 20 the period of deceleration came to the end and a period began when the same
field with the same intensity and direction caused a steady acceleration of the reaction. As be-
fore, during the slowdown, the acceleration value was not constant and fluctuated within the
range of 0-150 %. The acceleration period lasted two months till the end of April.
In May, after two months’ acceleration, more and more often the absence of any impact was
observed and switches to slowdown began to manifest themselves. Thus, gradually, towards
the end of May a transition to a new period took place, which lasted until the end of August.
The same electric field during this period could both accelerate and decelerate this reaction.
Deceleration and acceleration could replace each other every day or last for several days.
Atten tion was also drawn by the fact that in July and August, when the reaction rate reached
the summer maximum, the influence of the applied electric field became insignificant and varied
in the interval of 0-20 %.
In early September, the impact of the artificial electric field again switched to acceleration.
This period lasted throughout September and was similar to the spring acceleration.
In October the accelerating influence of the artificial electric field became insignificant and
the absence of any impact was either observed more often or an insignificant slowdown took
place. Thus, slowly like in May, transition to the next phase was taking place.
In early November, just like the year before, the influence of an artificial electric field
of the given strength and direction, became retarding again. And like the year before this pe-
riod lasted 4 months.
Graphically the seasonal dependence of the influence of the artificial electric field on the inte-
raction of water with triethyl phosphite in 2015 is presented in Fig. 3.
The fact that both in 2014 and in 2015 the period of sustained slowdown of the reaction
by the artificial electric field of given orientation began in November and lasted four months
the same time, allows to suppose that the phase change order presented in Fig. 3 and the reac-
tion rate fluctuation shown in Fig. 2 would be repeated with every next revolution of Earth
around the Sun. Whether these seasonal changes are influenced by the 11-year solar activity
cycle will be established after further lengthy investigations.
114 ISSN 1025-6415 Dopov. Nac. acad. nauk Ukr., 2016, № 9
The fact that processes inside the magnetosphere and ionosphere can affect even techno-
logical systems suggests that the intensity of the geoelectric field can vary within wide limits.
The same conclusion may be drawn from the results of this study. In winter 2015 the artificial
electric field of 5 kV/cm could change the reaction rate up to 6 times. In summer 2015, when
the reaction rate reached its maximum, the impact of this field became negligible. From this
we can conclude that the geoelectric field intensity can reach such high values, the change
of which by 5 kV/cm is too small to cause a noticeable effect. This fact should be taken into
account when studying the influence of an artificial electric field on chemical reactions [14].
Significant variation of the rate of hydrolysis of triethyl phospite found in this study seems
to contradict chemical thermodynamics. However, everything becomes explicable if one takes
into account that water molecules exist in the equilibrium with molecular clusters. Electric field
can influence the position of this equilibrium which results in accelerating or decelerating the
reaction.
Discussion. The phenomenon discovered expands the boundaries of research in differ-
ent fields of science and raises interesting questions. For example, if the artificial electric field
of the same direction and intensity can both accelerate and decelerate the reaction at different
times, does it mean that the geoelectric field can change the sign of its charge with respect
to the Earth’s surface over the place of study? Conducting regular and coordinated measure-
ments of the rate of hydrolysis of triethyl phosphite in different places of the world at different
latitudes in the southern and northern hemispheres might help to identify some regularities
in the distribution of charges in the ionosphere. In addition, such measurements may help
in predicting not only space weather but in determining solar activity as well. It will be in-
teresting to find out how this method will correlate with other already existing methods. [15]
The advantage of this one is the possibility to carry out measurements easily and reliably on
the Earth’s surface, in any scientific center, which is equipped with a NMR spectrometer.
Fig. 3. Change of the influence of the artificial electric field (5 kV/cm, positive pole pointed upwards
perpendicular to the Earth’s surface) on the rate of hydrolysis of triethyl phosphite over the course
of the year 2015. The winter and summer solstice and the vernal and autumnal equinox are indicated
by asterisks
115ISSN 1025-6415 Доп. НАН України, 2016, № 9
Materials and Methods. All operations were performed under nitrogen. Triethyl phos-
phite, acetonitrile and water were distilled before use. The 31P NMR spectra were recorded
with Varian Gemini 400 MHz and JEOL FX-90Q spectrometers. The 31P chemical shifts are
referenced to 85 % aqueous H3PO4.
In a 20 ml glass vial (diameter 27 mm) triethyl phosphite (40 mg) was added
to acetonitrile (390 mg), containing 1.7 % of water. The vial was sealed and placed bet-
ween two horizontal aluminum plates, whose size was 12 × 18 cm and the distance bet-
ween them was 6 cm. The lower plate was heated on a hotplate to 80 °C and connected
to the negative terminal of a 30 kV voltage. The upper plate was connected to the posi-
tive potential. The heating time was dependent on the reaction rate and ranged from 4 to
90 minutes. The vial was then quickly cooled to 0 °C, the reaction mixture was trans-
ferred to a 5 mm-NMR tube and the 31P-NMR spectrum was recorded. The conversion
was determined by the integral intensities of the signals of triethyl phosphite (chemical
shift 140 ppm) and diethyl phosphite (9 ppm). First, the experiment was performed with-
out the electric field and then in the same vial with the field switched on. After exposure
to the electric field the vial was kept at room temperature before the next use for at least
10 days.
The change of the reaction rate in 2015 (without influence of the artificial electric field)
is given below in numerical values (Date / Conversion % (Time of heating in minutes)).
January: 05/11 %(90m); 07/18 %(90m); 12/12 %(90m); 13/22 %(90m); 16/14 %(90m);
18/28 %(90m); 22/15 %(90m); 27/18 %(90m); 30/19 %(90m).
February: 02/25 %(50m); 09/54 %(90m); 10/58 %(90m); 11/54 %(90m); 12/36 %(90m);
16/38 %(90m); 18/48 %(90m); 20/20 %(90m); 23/10 %(90m); 24/16 %(90m); 25/28 %(90m);
26/28 %(90m).
March: 02/23 %(90m); 03/22 %(90m); 04/13 %(90m); 06/21 %(90m); 16/34 %(90m);
17/22 %(90m); 20/75 %(90m); 23/34 %(120m); 24/25 %(90m); 26/8 %(90m).
April: 06/16 %(90m); 12/14 %(40m); 22/12 %(40m); 24/51 %(40m); 27/34 %(40m);
2930 %(40m); 30/18 %(40m).
May: 06/50 %(60m); 08/58 %(45m); 14/62 %(60m); 15/44 %(50m); 21/35 %(60m);
25/65 %60m); 26/77 %(50m); 27/60 %(50m); 28/43 %(40m); 29/44 %(40m).
June: 02/63 %(50m); 03/42 %(40m); 04/52 %(40m); 05/50 %(40m); 06/62 %(40m); 09/65 %(40m);
10/63 %(40m); 16/60 %(40m); 17/89 %(40m); 18//61 %(40m); 19/69 %(40m); 22/50 %(40m);
23/63 %(40m); 24/65 %(40m); 25/63 %(40m); 26/64 %(40m); 18/61 %(40m); 30/82 %(40m).
July: 03/85 %(20m); 06/66 %(15m); 07/33 %(30m); 08/50 %(30m); 09/62 %(30m);
10/46 %(30m); 13/82 %(30m); 15/86 %(30m); 16/73 %(20m); 20/57 %(20m); 21/55 %(20m);
22/68 %(20m); 23/65 %(20m); 24/79 %(22m); 27/90 %(30m); 28/74 %(30m); 29/73 %(20m);
30/76 %(25m); 31/74 %(20m).
August: 03/63 %(20m): 04/84 %(20m); 10/82 %(20m); 11/74 %(20m); 12/71 %(20m);
13/81 %(20m); 14/69 %(20m); 17/67 %(20m); 18/71 %(20m); 20/45 %(20m); 21/51 %(20m);
25/65 %(20m); 26/62 %(20m); 27/65 %(20m); 28/64 %(20m); 31/60 %(20m).
September: 01/60 %(20m); 02/65 %(20m); 03/68 %(20m); 04/59 %(20m); 07/69 %(20m);
11/27 %(20m); 11/21 %(20m); 14/27 %(30m); 15/50 %(60m); 16/70 %(60m); 17/64 %(60m);
116 ISSN 1025-6415 Dopov. Nac. acad. nauk Ukr., 2016, № 9
18/48 %(40m); 21/48 %(40m); 22/57 %(40m); 23/64 %(40m); 24/58 %(40m); 25/45 %(40m);
28/45 %(40m); 29/47 %(40m); 30/46 %(40m).
October: 01/41 %(40m); 02/44 %(40m); 06/51 %(40m); 09/55 %(50m); 12/50 %(50m);
13/44 %(50m); 15/57 %(60m); 16/47 %(60m); 19/61 %(60m); 20/50 %(60m); 21/51 %(60m);
26/57 %(60m); 28/40 %945m); 29/49 %(45m); 30/48 %(45m).
November: 02/54 %(45m); 03/57 %(45m); 04/55 %(45m); 05/55 %(45m); 06/43 %(45m);
09/51 %(45m); 10/30 %(45m); 11/55 %(50m); 13/45 %(45m); 16/47 %(45m); 17/34 %(45m);
18/46 %(45m); 19/53 %(45m); 20/51 %(45m); 23/51 %(45m); 26/49 %(45m); 30/58 %(60m).
December: 01/50 %(45m); 02/49 %(45m); 03/56 %(45m); 09/33 %(45m); 11/45 %(45m);
16/27 %(45m); 21/48 %(45m); 23/35 %(45m); 24/47 %(50m); 25/35 %(60m); 28/59 %(71m).
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Игорь В. Шевченко
институт биоорганической химии и нефтехимии НАН Украины, киев
E-mail: ishev@bpci.kiev.ua
Влияние геоэлектрического поля на химические реакции
на Земле
Существующее представление о химической термодинамике предполагает, что при
одинаковой температуре и прочих равных условиях скорость химической реакции всег-
да и везде на Земле является постоянной. Автором обнаружено, что геоэлектричес-
кое поле, генерируемое ионосферой Земли, способно оказывать сильное влияние на ско-
рость химических процессов. Вследствие вращения Земли вокруг Солнца и изменяющейся
117ISSN 1025-6415 Доп. НАН України, 2016, № 9
интен сивности солнечного излу чения геоэлектрическое поле чрезвычайно динамич-
но и способно вызывать изменение скорос ти некоторых химических реакций на Земле
в больших пределах в течение года.
Ключевые слова: химическая кинетика, термодинамика, солнечная активность, ионосфера,
электрическое поле.
Ігор В. Шевченко
Інститут біоорганічної хімії та нафтохімії НАН України, київ
E-mail: ishev@bpci.kiev.ua
Вплив геоелектричного поля на хімічні реакції на Землі
Існуюче уявлення про хімічну термодинаміку передбачає, що при однаковій температурі
та інших рівних умовах швидкість хімічної реакції завжди і повсюди на Землі буде
однаковою. Автором встановлено, що геоелектричне поле, що генерується іоносферою
Землі, спроможне сильно впливати на швидкість хімічних процесів. Внаслідок обертання
Землі навколо Сонця та інтенсивності сонячного випромінювання, що змінюється,
геоелектричне поле дуже динамічне та спроможне викликати зміну швидкості деяких
хімічних реакцій в широких межах впродовж року.
Ключові слова: хімічна кінетика, термодинаміка, сонячна активність, іоносфера,
електричне поле.
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