The Complex Researches of Structure and Functions of Antarctic Terrestrial Microbial Communities
Complex researches on studying structure and functions Antarctic microbial communities and formation of plural mechanisms of adaptation of microorganisms to extreme environmental factors of Antarctic are carried out. As model ecosystems subpolar thermostatic oases on the islands located in passages...
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Національний антарктичний науковий центр МОН України
2009
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irk-123456789-1285772018-01-12T03:03:08Z The Complex Researches of Structure and Functions of Antarctic Terrestrial Microbial Communities Tashyrev, O.B. Біологічні дослідження Complex researches on studying structure and functions Antarctic microbial communities and formation of plural mechanisms of adaptation of microorganisms to extreme environmental factors of Antarctic are carried out. As model ecosystems subpolar thermostatic oases on the islands located in passages Lemejr and Penola along coast of Antarctic peninsula (a zone 30 x 60 km) are used. For the first time presence in environments of subpolar thermostatic Antarctic oases (including on vertical rocks) microorganisms, resistant to UV- radiation, antibiotics and toxic metals is shown. Obtained data testify to an opportunity of development on the basis of extremophilic microorganisms the express-indicator systems for an estimation of influence of climatic factors on functioning of Antarctic biota. With use of GIS-systems and 3D-models the integrated models of microbial communities' adaptation to extreme climatic factors are developed. Original positions about functioning ice algal-bacterial communities which apparently, play an essential role in formation of global vector streams of biogenic elements and balance of hotbed gases are formulated. Проведены комплексные исследования по изучению структуры и функций антарктических микробных ценозов и формированию множественных механизмов адаптации микроорганизмов к экстремальным факторам окружающей среды Антарктики. В качестве модельных экосистем использованы субполярные термостатированные оазисы на островах, расположенных в проливах Лемейр и Пенола вдоль побережья Антарктического полуострова (зона 30 x 60 км). Впервые показано наличие в биотопах субполярных термостатированных антарктических оазисов (в т.ч. на вертикальных скалах) микроорганизмов, резистентных к УФ излучению, антибиотикам и токсичным металлам. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о возможности создания на основе экстремофильных микроорганизмов экспресс-индикаторных систем для оценки влияния климатических факторов на функционирование антарктической биоты. С использованием GIS-систем и 3D-моделей разработаны интегрированные модели адаптации микробных ценозов к экстремальным климатическим факторам. Сформулированы основные положения о функционировании ледовых водорослево-бактериальных ценозов, которые, по-видимому, играют существенную роль в формировании глобальных векторных потоков биогенных элементов и балансе парниковых газов.Ключевые слова: структура, функция, микробные ценозы, модельные экосистемы. Проведено комплексні дослідження по вивченню структури і функцій антарктичних мікробних ценозів та формуванню множинних механізмів адаптації мікроорганізмів до екстремальних факторів антарктичного довкілля. У якості модельних екосистем використано субполярні термостатовані оазиси на островах, розташованих у протоках Лемейр та Пенола вздовж узбережжя Антарктичного півострова (зона 30 x 60 км). Вперше показано наявність у біотопах субполярних термостатованих антарктичних оазисів (у т.ч. на вертикальних скелях) мікроорганізмів, резистентних до УФ-випромінювання, антибіотиків та токсичних металів. Отримані дані свідчать про можливість створення на основі екстремофільних мікроорганізмів експрес-індикаторних систем для оцінки впливу кліматичних факторів на функціонування антарктичної біоти. З використанням GIS-систем та 3D-моделей розроблено інтегровані моделі адаптації мікробних ценозів до екстремальних кліматичних факторів. Сформульовано основні положення щодо функціонування льодових водоростево-бактеріальних ценозів, які, можливо, відіграють істотну роль у формуванні глобальних векторних потоків біогенних елементів та балансі парникових газів. 2009 Article The Complex Researches of Structure and Functions of Antarctic Terrestrial Microbial Communities / O.B. Tashyrev // Український антарктичний журнал. — 2009. — № 8. — С. 343-357. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. 1727-7485 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/128577 579.26 en Український антарктичний журнал Національний антарктичний науковий центр МОН України |
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Біологічні дослідження Біологічні дослідження |
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Біологічні дослідження Біологічні дослідження Tashyrev, O.B. The Complex Researches of Structure and Functions of Antarctic Terrestrial Microbial Communities Український антарктичний журнал |
| description |
Complex researches on studying structure and functions Antarctic microbial communities and formation of plural mechanisms of adaptation of microorganisms to extreme environmental factors of Antarctic are carried out. As model ecosystems subpolar thermostatic oases on the islands located in passages Lemejr and Penola along coast of Antarctic peninsula (a zone 30 x 60 km) are used. For the first time presence in environments of subpolar thermostatic Antarctic oases (including on vertical rocks) microorganisms, resistant to UV- radiation, antibiotics and toxic metals is shown. Obtained data testify to an opportunity of development on the basis of extremophilic microorganisms the express-indicator systems for an estimation of influence of climatic factors on functioning of Antarctic biota. With use of GIS-systems and 3D-models the integrated models of microbial communities' adaptation to extreme climatic factors are developed. Original positions about functioning ice algal-bacterial communities which apparently, play an essential role in formation of global vector streams of biogenic elements and balance of hotbed gases are formulated. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Tashyrev, O.B. |
| author_facet |
Tashyrev, O.B. |
| author_sort |
Tashyrev, O.B. |
| title |
The Complex Researches of Structure and Functions of Antarctic Terrestrial Microbial Communities |
| title_short |
The Complex Researches of Structure and Functions of Antarctic Terrestrial Microbial Communities |
| title_full |
The Complex Researches of Structure and Functions of Antarctic Terrestrial Microbial Communities |
| title_fullStr |
The Complex Researches of Structure and Functions of Antarctic Terrestrial Microbial Communities |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The Complex Researches of Structure and Functions of Antarctic Terrestrial Microbial Communities |
| title_sort |
complex researches of structure and functions of antarctic terrestrial microbial communities |
| publisher |
Національний антарктичний науковий центр МОН України |
| publishDate |
2009 |
| topic_facet |
Біологічні дослідження |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/128577 |
| citation_txt |
The Complex Researches of Structure and Functions of Antarctic Terrestrial Microbial Communities / O.B. Tashyrev // Український антарктичний журнал. — 2009. — № 8. — С. 343-357. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Український антарктичний журнал |
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2025-07-09T09:22:39Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-07-09T09:22:39Z |
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1837160686467153920 |
| fulltext |
THE COMPLEX RESEARCHES OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ANTARCTIC
TERRESTRIAL MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES
O.B. Tashyrev
Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
Kiev, acad. Zabolotntny str.154, tach2007@ukr.net
Complex research of structure and function of Antarctic terrestrial microbial communities.
O. Tashyrev.
Abstract. Complex researches on studying structure and functions Antarctic microbial communities and
formation of plural mechanisms of adaptation of microorganisms to extreme environmental factors of Antarctic
are carried out. As model ecosystems subpolar thermostatic oases on the islands located in passages Lemejr and
Penola along coast of Antarctic peninsula (a zone 30 x 60 km) are used. For the first time presence in
environments of subpolar thermostatic Antarctic oases (including on vertical rocks) microorganisms, resistant to
UV- radiation, antibiotics and toxic metals is shown. Obtained data testify to an opportunity of development on
the basis of extremophilic microorganisms the express-indicator systems for an estimation of influence of
climatic factors on functioning of Antarctic biota. With use of GIS-systems and 3D-models the integrated models
of microbial communities' adaptation to extreme climatic factors are developed. Original positions about
functioning ice algal-bacterial communities which apparently, play an essential role in formation of global vector
streams of biogenic elements and balance of hotbed gases are formulated.
Key words: structure, function, microbial communities, model ecosystems.
Êîìïëåêñíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñòðóêòóðû è ôóíêöèé àíòàðêòè÷åñêèõ íàçåìíûõ ìèêðîáíûõ öåíîçîâ.
À.Á. Òàøèðåâ.
Ðåôåðàò. Ïðîâåäåíû êîìïëåêñíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî èçó÷åíèþ ñòðóêòóðû è ôóíêöèé àíòàðêòè÷åñêèõ
ìèêðîáíûõ öåíîçîâ è ôîðìèðîâàíèþ ìíîæåñòâåííûõ ìåõàíèçìîâ àäàïòàöèè ìèêðîîðãàíèçìîâ ê
ýêñòðåìàëüíûì ôàêòîðàì îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû Àíòàðêòèêè.  êà÷åñòâå ìîäåëüíûõ ýêîñèñòåì
èñïîëüçîâàíû ñóáïîëÿðíûå òåðìîñòàòèðîâàííûå îàçèñû íà îñòðîâàõ, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ â ïðîëèâàõ
Ëåìåéð è Ïåíîëà âäîëü ïîáåðåæüÿ Àíòàðêòè÷åñêîãî ïîëóîñòðîâà (çîíà 30 x 60 êì). Âïåðâûå ïîêàçàíî
íàëè÷èå â áèîòîïàõ ñóáïîëÿðíûõ òåðìîñòàòèðîâàííûõ àíòàðêòè÷åñêèõ îàçèñîâ (â ò.÷. íà âåðòèêàëüíûõ
ñêàëàõ) ìèêðîîðãàíèçìîâ, ðåçèñòåíòíûõ ê ÓÔ èçëó÷åíèþ, àíòèáèîòèêàì è òîêñè÷íûì ìåòàëëàì.
Ïîëó÷åííûå äàííûå ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î âîçìîæíîñòè ñîçäàíèÿ íà îñíîâå ýêñòðåìîôèëüíûõ
ìèêðîîðãàíèçìîâ ýêñïðåññ-èíäèêàòîðíûõ ñèñòåì äëÿ îöåíêè âëèÿíèÿ êëèìàòè÷åñêèõ ôàêòîðîâ íà
ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèå àíòàðêòè÷åñêîé áèîòû. Ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì GIS-ñèñòåì è 3D-ìîäåëåé ðàçðàáîòàíû
èíòåãðèðîâàííûå ìîäåëè àäàïòàöèè ìèêðîáíûõ öåíîçîâ ê ýêñòðåìàëüíûì êëèìàòè÷åñêèì ôàêòîðàì.
Ñôîðìóëèðîâàíû îñíîâíûå ïîëîæåíèÿ î ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèè ëåäîâûõ âîäîðîñëåâî-áàêòåðèàëüíûõ
öåíîçîâ, êîòîðûå, ïî-âèäèìîìó, èãðàþò ñóùåñòâåííóþ ðîëü â ôîðìèðîâàíèè ãëîáàëüíûõ âåêòîðíûõ
ïîòîêîâ áèîãåííûõ ýëåìåíòîâ è áàëàíñå ïàðíèêîâûõ ãàçîâ.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ñòðóêòóðà, ôóíêöèÿ, ìèêðîáíûå öåíîçû, ìîäåëüíûå ýêîñèñòåìû.
Êîìïëåêñí³ äîñë³äæåííÿ ñòðóêòóðè ³ ôóíêö³é àíòàðêòè÷íèõ íàçåìíèõ ì³êðîáíèõ öåíîç³â. Î.Á.
Òàøèðåâ.
Ðåôåðàò. Ïðîâåäåíî êîìïëåêñí³ äîñë³äæåííÿ ïî âèâ÷åííþ ñòðóêòóðè ³ ôóíêö³é àíòàðêòè÷íèõ ì³êðîáíèõ
öåíîç³â òà ôîðìóâàííþ ìíîæèííèõ ìåõàí³çì³â àäàïòàö³¿ ì³êðîîðãàí³çì³â äî åêñòðåìàëüíèõ ôàêòîð³â
àíòàðêòè÷íîãî äîâê³ëëÿ. Ó ÿêîñò³ ìîäåëüíèõ åêîñèñòåì âèêîðèñòàíî ñóáïîëÿðí³ òåðìîñòàòîâàí³ îàçèñè
íà îñòðîâàõ, ðîçòàøîâàíèõ ó ïðîòîêàõ Ëåìåéð òà Ïåíîëà âçäîâæ óçáåðåææÿ Àíòàðêòè÷íîãî ï³âîñòðîâà
(çîíà 30 x 60 êì). Âïåðøå ïîêàçàíî íàÿâí³ñòü ó á³îòîïàõ ñóáïîëÿðíèõ òåðìîñòàòîâàíèõ àíòàðêòè÷íèõ
ÓÊÐÀ¯ÍÑÜÊÈÉ ÀÍÒÀÐÊÒÈ×ÍÈÉ
ÆÓÐÍÀË
ÓÀÆ ¹ 8, 343-357 (2009)
ÓÄÊ 579.26
343
îàçèñ³â (ó ò.÷. íà âåðòèêàëüíèõ ñêåëÿõ) ì³êðîîðãàí³çì³â, ðåçèñòåíòíèõ äî ÓÔ-âèïðîì³íþâàííÿ,
àíòèá³îòèê³â òà òîêñè÷íèõ ìåòàë³â. Îòðèìàí³ äàí³ ñâ³ä÷àòü ïðî ìîæëèâ³ñòü ñòâîðåííÿ íà îñíîâ³
åêñòðåìîô³ëüíèõ ì³êðîîðãàí³çì³â åêñïðåñ-³íäèêàòîðíèõ ñèñòåì äëÿ îö³íêè âïëèâó êë³ìàòè÷íèõ ôàêòîð³â
íà ôóíêö³îíóâàííÿ àíòàðêòè÷íî¿ á³îòè. Ç âèêîðèñòàííÿì GIS-ñèñòåì òà 3D-ìîäåëåé ðîçðîáëåíî
³íòåãðîâàí³ ìîäåë³ àäàïòàö³¿ ì³êðîáíèõ öåíîç³â äî åêñòðåìàëüíèõ êë³ìàòè÷íèõ ôàêòîð³â. Ñôîðìóëüîâàíî
îñíîâí³ ïîëîæåííÿ ùîäî ôóíêö³îíóâàííÿ ëüîäîâèõ âîäîðîñòåâî-áàêòåð³àëüíèõ öåíîç³â, ÿê³, ìîæëèâî,
â³ä³ãðàþòü ³ñòîòíó ðîëü ó ôîðìóâàíí³ ãëîáàëüíèõ âåêòîðíèõ ïîòîê³â á³îãåííèõ åëåìåíò³â òà áàëàíñ³
ïàðíèêîâèõ ãàç³â.
Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: ñòðóêòóðà, ôóíêö³ÿ, ì³êðîáí³ öåíîçè, ìîäåëüí³ åêîñèñòåìè.
From the beginning of XXth century to the present time microbiological researchers in Arctic
and Antarctic in general have been accented to discovering and analyses of extremophilic
microorganisms.
Classical methods, generally extended in geological, aquatic and soil microbiology,
unfortunately were not used in investigation of Antarctic microorganisms. Therefore, in 2001 we
started a complex researching of structure and functions of Antarctic microbial cenoses. The main
object of investigation is a biogeographical polygon on is. Galindez. The polygon is situated in 20 min
walk from the station “Academik Vernadsky”.
On the polygon the complex biological and geodesic investigations have been carrying out for
9 years. They are: selection of samples, mapping of biotopes and other. The polygon is a rock cliffs, the
height is 58 m. At the top rocks die away with relict glacier and transform to moss fields with soil and
bird's nestings and further to rocky cliffs, the height of which is 10-15 m. Below the polygon, pond
with powerful sludge accumulations is situated.
With the help of GPS and GIS-methods the topographic map and 3D-model of the polygon
were developed. They show basic landscape elements, typical biotopes and a net of positioned points
for long-term monitoring – near 150 points (Fig.1). Geochemical analyses on contain of 20 elements,
concentration of total carbon and soil humic acids were carried out.
Fig. 1. Biogeographical Polygon (Is. Galindez), 3D-Model.
O.B. Tashyrev: COMPLEX RESEARCHES OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ANTARSTIC TERRESTRIAL...
344
The polygon is a subpolar termostatic oasis, which includes all types of biotopes – ice and
algal-bacterial films, crustose lichens, soil, moss, grass and other (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Integral Model of Biogeographical Profile of the Polygon.
A main result and achievement of microbiological researches is that for the first time on a
representative object, subpolar oasis, a structure and functions of Antarctic microbial cenoses were
investigated (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Complex characteristics of microbial communities of the polygon.
O.B. Tashyrev: COMPLEX RESEARCHES OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ANTARSTIC TERRESTRIAL...
345
Complex researches were conducted with usage classic methods of general, soil and
geological microbiology in combination with modern methods of stereometrical
design.Characteristic features for the Antarctic Region are low temperatures and small amount of
organic compounds in biotopes. It is considered that psychrophilic oligocarbophilic bacteria dominate
there, i.e. microorganisms, growing at low temperatures and small amount of organic matters. It was
indeed confirmed at the quantitative account of physiological groups of microorganisms. However,
we showed that in soil of polygon at high concentration also present microorganisms, growing at the
middle and high concentration of carbon (i.e. mesotrophilic and copiotrophic bacteria) [Òàøèðåâ
Î.Á., Òàøèðåâà Ã.Î., 2004].
In addition, not only psychrophilic bacteria have a wide spread in soil, but also mesophilic, and
even thermophilic microorganisms (i.e. growing at temperatures 25 and 45°C accordingly).
Presumably, wide occurrence oh copiotrophic and thermophilic microorganisms on the polygon is
related to avifauna. A new and important result is discovering similarity between microbial cenoses's
structure of subpolar oasis and regions with a temperate climate (conditionally - «European soils»).
Put another way, all mentioned ecological groups, such as r-strategical and other, are present both in
Antarctic and in «European» soils (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4. Ecological-trophic characteristics of microbial communities of the polygon.
5 6A concentration of microorganisms of the indicated groups is on the average in a range 10 – 10
cells in 1 g of sample. It was shown that a concentration of chemo-organotrophic microorganisms in
Antarctic soil is 2-3 orders less than in soil of Europe. Also appropriately, that in soil the quantity of
cellulose-fermenting microorganisms is low because vascular plants do not form a continuous cover.
In Antarctic soil all physiological groups of microorganisms, which provide functioning of
4complete redox-cycle of carbon, from ÑÎ to ÑÍ , are present (Fig. 5). Their high concentration, 10 – 2 4
610 cells/g of sample, testifies to potentially high biogeochemical activity of microorganisms of
carbon cycle.
O.B. Tashyrev: COMPLEX RESEARCHES OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ANTARSTIC TERRESTRIAL...
346
Fig. 5. Complete Redox-Cycle of Carbon (from CO to CH ): Physiological Groups of 2 4
Microorganisms.
Similar regularities are obtained for the microbial cycle of nitrogen. The cycle of nitrogen is
5+ 3- 4 6also complete (from nitrogen to nitrogen ). Concentration of cells is high, on the average 10 – 10
cells/g of a sample (Fig. 6).
3–Fig. 6. Complete Redox-Cycle of Nitrogen (from NO to NH +): Physiological Groups of 4
Microorganisms.
O.B. Tashyrev: COMPLEX RESEARCHES OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ANTARSTIC TERRESTRIAL...
347
Diversification of physiological groups of carbon and nitrogen cycles, and also high
concentration of microorganisms, allows to suppose that they have substantially influence on the
integral vectors of elements in Antarctic environment. And foremost they have influence on engaging
of ÑÎ and atmospheric nitrogen to biogeochemical cycles in Antarctica. An important characteristic 2
of microbial ecosystems is their homoeostasis, i.e. ability to save stability at influence of extreme, or
stress factors. An UV-radiation, organic xenobiotics, antibiotics and heavy metals belong to such
factors.We have chosen for determination of quantitative parameters of the Antarctic microorganisms
2+homoeostasis as an indicator stress-factor a copper in form of bivalent cation Cu , because it is a
strong inhibitor.It was expected that at the concentration 5–10 ppm would cause complete suppression
of microbial growth, because in this range a copper is bactericidal for swingeing majority of
chemoorganotrophic microorganisms.
However, unexpectedly we found out the phenomenon of metal-resistance. The Antarctic soil
microorganisms appeared very resistant to this stress factor. At the concentrations 200 ppm of copper
the number of cells decreased by an order [Matveeva, 2006]. However, the further 5-multiple increase
of copper concentration (from 200 to 1000 ppm) practically did not influence on microorganisms;
2+their concentration even at 1000 ppm of Cu was tens of million CFU/g of soil. This fact testifies to
2+super-resistance of Antarctic soil microorganisms to copper (Cu ). Systemic quantitative calculation
2+of Cu -resistant microorganisms in biotopes of the polygon were carried out. Obtained data were
entered in stereometrical 3D-model of the polygon (Fig. 7). Copper-resistant microorganisms are
widely occurred on the biogeographical polygon. They are revealed in the whole of biotopes, such as
5 6 rocks, crustose lichen, moss, grass, soil, sludge. Their quantity is 10 – 10 CFU/g of a sample
[Tashyreva, 2006].
2+-Fig. 7. Structural-Functional 3D-model of Cu resistan Microorganisms Distribution in
biotops of the Polygon.
The phenomenon of co-resistance to several toxic metals is a characteristic feature of
2+ 2+ 2-microorganisms. We chose in as an indicator 3 the most toxic metals as Hg , Cd and CrO (Fig. 8).4
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2+ 2+Fig. 8. 3D-model of Distribution in Biotopes (Soil, Moss, Sludge) Resistant to Hg , Cd and
2-CrO Microorganisms. 4
They are the most powerful metals-substituter and oxidative metals. They inhibit the growth of
microorganisms at the concentration of 10 ppm. It is emerged that for microorganisms of the polygon
poly-resistance is a characteristic feature. In such biotopes as moss, sludge and soil microorganisms,
2+ 2+ 2-resistant to Hg , Cd and CrO , are widely occurred [Òàøèðåâ, Ìàòâååâà, 2007]. The quantity of 4
2 5microorganisms was 10 – 10 cells/g of a sample in presence of ultrahigh concentrations of metals as
50 ppm Hg and 500 ppm Cd and Cr. Thus, microorganisms, resistant to 4 the most toxic metals, are
widely occurred. The concentrations of these metals exceed bactericidal ones on 1-2 orders.
Ñonsequently, explored ecosystem is characterized by high level of homeostasis – i.e. resistance to
metals as to stress factors.
For the estimation of resistance of Antarctic microorganisms to super-high concentrations of
mercury, chromium and copper let take a good look at theoretical aspects of interaction of
microorganisms with metals [Òàøèðåâ, Ìàòâååâà, 2007]. 15 years ago we developed a conception of
thermodynamic prognosis of interaction of microorganisms with metals.The main idea of the
conception is that microorganisms can reduce any metal if the standard redox-potential of metal
placed in a zone of thermodynamic stability of water. A top limit of water stability is defined by
reaction of reducing of Î to water (Å ' = + 814 mV), a bottom limit is defined by reducing of proton to 2 î
hydrogen (Å ' = – 414 mV). For example, redox-potential of the reducing of chromium(VI) is inside a î
zone of water stability and equal to + 555 mV. Therefore, chromium(VI) reduces to chromium(III) by
microorganisms. Further microbial reducing of chromium(VI) to chromium(0) is impossible, because
potential of this reaction is beyond of water stability(- 926 mV). Competence of the conception was
proved on wide spectrum of microorganisms and metals. However, one “dark spot” has been existing
for 15 years in this conception.
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We theoretically proved that toxicity of any metal-oxidaser is proportional to the
concentration of metal and magnitude of its standard potential. Hg, Cr and Cu form a line of toxicity,
proportional to the magnitude Å ' It is obviously on example of Cr(VI), that its toxicity determined in î
the first place by the value of standard potential Å ', and very little depends on the concentration of î
-8metal. The increase of concentration of Cr(VI) on 8 orders, from 1x10 M/l to 1,0 M/l, the value Å ' î
increase only on 145 m/V, and at the 1 Ì/l concentration of Cr(VI) the potential is equal to + 555 mV.
2+The same results were obtained for Hg and Cr(VI). So, we got a paradoxical, but certain
conclusion. If the standard potential of the reaction of metal reducing is in the field of redox-stability
of water, it is thermodynamically acceptable that some microorganisms can exists (i.e. grow) at any
high concentrations of oxidizer-metal, till to 1 M/l.
For 3 years we have been researching a wide spectrum of natural and anthropogenic
communities, including zones of ecological catastrophes. Their maximal resistance to metals did not
exceed 50-100 ppm.
Who could think that after 15 years in Antarctica, the most ecologically clean region, the
“theoretically counted” over-resistant to metals microorganisms would be found?!
Unadapted to metals microorganisms were isolated from soil of the polygon. They showed
very high resistance to chromium(VI) (Fig. 9).
Fig. 9. Antarctic Microorganisms: Ultrahigh Resistance to Chromates, Growth at the
Concentration > 1,0 Ì Cr(VI) - 60000 ppm of Cr(VI).
3 strains grew almost at the concentration 1 Ì of Cr(VI), and 2 – at higher concentration - 60
grammas per litre of Cr(VI). We did not obtain a limited concentration of Cr(VI), because it was not
dissolving in a medium. In addition, 10 poly-resistant strains were isolated from soil samples of the
polygon. These strains resistant to super-high concentrations of 6 the most toxic metals. The strains are
2+ 2+ 2+ 2+able to grow at the concentration (ppm): Hg - 500, Co - 1000, Ni - 2000, Cu - 2500 and Cr(VI) -
60000 [Òàøèðåâ, Ìàòâååâà, 2007]. It is on some orders higher than bactericidal concentrations of
metals for chemo-organotrophic microorganisms. Phenomenon of multiple resistant of chemo-
organotrophic microorganisms to the most toxic metals in a concentration range from a few grammes
per litre and to tens of grammes was described for the first time. We supposed that Antarctic microbial
cenoses participate «in vivo» in the biogeochemical cycles of metals.
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However, for this purpose is necessary a simultaneous combination of followings conditions:
1. Presence of organic compounds and metals in biotopes (donor-acceptor pair).
2. High concentration of metal-resistant microorganisms in biotopes.
3. Resistance of microorganisms to wide spectrum of metals.
4. And capability to interaction of microorganisms with metals.
We have shown 3 types of interaction of the Antarctic microorganisms with metals:
1. Reduction ang formation of insoluble compounds:
– reduction of chromat to chrome(III) hydroxide;
– reduction of iron(III) and sedimentation in the form of sulphide;
– reduction of cupper(II) to insoluble cuprous oxide.
2. Mobillization of metals:
– dissolving of copper hydroxide by microbial metabolites.
3. Immobilization of metals: – accumulation of copper(II) and iron(III) in colonies of growing
microorganisms.
Consequently, there are all reasons to suppose that metal-resistant microorganisms have a wide
spread in biotopes of the polygon and play a substantial role in biogeochemical cycles of metals.
Further, appropriately following questions about metal-resistance of Antarctic
microorganisms were arisen.
1. Why the resistance of
microorganisms to metals is thousands
times higher, than their concentration is in
biotopes – is it a high level of adaptation
or we deal with the retro-forms of
microorganisms of times of neotectonic
activity?
2. What is the limit of the
resistance of microorganisms to metals
on other islands and on the Ñontinent - the
Antarctic Peninsula? We have studied
metal-resistant microorganisms on 19
positioned objects in the area of the inner
shelf in size 30x60 km (Fig. 10).
Fig. 10. Screening of Metal-
resistant Microorganisms (on 19 objects –
Islands and Capes of Antarctic peninsula
Seaboard)
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Results:
1. Metal-resistant microorganisms were observed on all 19 objects.
2. Microorganisms grow at high limiting concentrations of 6 toxic metals: 5000 ppm Cr(VI),
2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+2000 ppm Ni , 1000 ppm Cu and Co , 500 ppm Cd and 100 Hg .
3. Polyresistance (co-resiastance) of microbial communities was discovered.
Conclusions:
1. Obtained appropriateness on resistance of Antarctic microorganisms to metals is the same
both for the polygon on is. Galindez and for 19 objects in the area of island shelf.
2. Resistance of microbial communities to metals is a widespread phenomenon on the inner
insular shelf of the Antarctic Peninsula.
3. Antarctic biotopes are stable source of strains for developing of new universal
biotechnologies of metal containing waste water purification and for increase of production
of colour and precious metals.
Metal-resistant microorganisms are widely occurred in biotopes of the inner insular shelf as
soil, moss, lichen, humus and sludge (Fig. 11).
Fig. 11. The High Occurrence of Metal-Resistant Microorganisms in Typical Biotopes of the
Inner Insular Shelf
2+More than 200 samples were studied on presence of microorganisms, resistant to Hg , Cr(VI)
2+and Cd . It was shown, that from 35 to 85% of samples contain microorganisms, resistant to
“bactericidal” concentrations of these metals [Òàøèðåâ À.Á., Ðîìàíîâñêàÿ, 2008]. On the basis of
received data on a structure and functions of Antarctic microbial cenoses we drew next conclusions:
1. Cenoses are diversified on physiological and ecological-trophic groups.
2. Cenoses show the high level of adaptation and resistance to metals, as extreme factors
3. Investigated cenoses of biotopes are similar on a structure and functions.
On these further researches are based, namely:
1. Local microbial cenoses of subpolar oases are representative model ecosystems, which
show a reaction of the whole biota on action of extreme factors (including climatic).
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2. Resistance of cenoses to metals assumes possible resistance to a complex of other extreme
factors, as UV-radiation, antibiotics etc.
3. Model microbial ecosystem should be compact (small area) and as much as possible open to
action of a complex of extreme factors.
On these criteria the most suitable are 2 ecosystems:
1 - microbial cenoses of cliffs rocks, and
2 - microbial cenoses of glaciers.
On the polygon two ”Skalodromes” are positioned. Rocks in 10-15 m high are the real
«vertical oasis»:
- A thick biological layer covers the surface of rocks.
- Rocks during the whole year are open for UV-radiation.
- Uneven distribution of organic matter stimulate competition of microorginisms for
substratum, hence – synthesis of antibiotics.
- Finally, microorganisms mobilize toxic metals from rocks.
In rock samples the frequency of occurrence of pigmented forms, their quantity and
biodiversity are considerably higher then in other biotopes of the polygon. Bacteria, yeasts and
micromycetes, painted in a black, brown, red, pink and yellow colour, were extracted from samples.
4 6On the average the quantity of pigmented microorganisms was within the limits 10 - 10 , but
7sometimes reached to 10 cells/g of a sample. Obviously that pigmented microorganisms of rock
biotopes are potential producers of biological active substances as melanin, carotene, flavin etc.
On the basis of typical strains a collection of chemo-organotrophic microorganisms of rock
biotopes was created. 10 typical strains were investigated on resistance to UV-radiation and toxic
metals. Non-pigmented forms are sensitive to action of UV. Sublethal dose (LD ) for them was 40 99,99
2J/m . Pigmented forms, as thought to be, are tens times more resistant to UV. LD for pink 99,99
2 2 Methylobacterium was 300 J/m , for red and black - 1500 J/m [Ðîìàíîâñêàÿ, Øèëèí, 2005 ].
Typical strains of rocky environments, which were isolated on nutrient medium without
metals, showed high resistance to 5 metals. In the line of resistance maximal concentrations of metals,
at which microorganisms grow, are shown (Fig. 12).
F i g . 1 2 .
Q u a n t i t a t i v e
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
Multiple Resistance of
10 Test-Cultures of Rock
Microbial Communities
(Skalodrom-2) to Toxic
Metals
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2+ 2+ 2+ 2+Following values of concentrations were obtained: Hg – 50, Co – 150, Ni and Cu - 5000,
Cr(VI) – 20000 [Òàøèðåâ À.Á., Ðîìàíîâñêàÿ Â.À., 2008]. Despite high resistance of
microorganisms to metals, rising of concentrations of metals leads to decreasing of quantity of
2+ 2+survived strains. However, for 3 metals Ni , Cu and Cr(VI) limiting concentration were not still
obtained. It will be find out in the nearest future.
An uneven occurrence of organic compounds in Antarctic biotopes leads to a competition of
microorganisms for substratum and further to antibiosis. The antibiosis comes out in antibiotics
synthesis and in the resistance to these antibiotics [Êîöîôëÿê, 2004]. From Antarctic biotopes strain
Pseudomonas putida was isolated. This strain suppresses a growth of opportunistic test-cultures of
îmicroorganisms. It is interesting to note, that by the optimal temperature for growth (+26 Ñ), the
îantibiotic activity was minimal, on the other hand by the unfavourable temperature (+ 4 Ñ) the
antibiotic activity raises steeply. Two Antarctic strains Enterobacter hormaechii and Brevibacterium
antarcticum were resistant to 9 broad-spectrum antibiotics. These antibiotics cause damage to ñell-
membrane and suppress synthesis of protein. Works in investigating of antibiotics synthesis and
resistance of Antarctic microorganisms to them started not long ago. However, the received data
indicate that antibiosis in Antarctic biotopes exist. The second indicated ecosystem is microbial
communities of glaciers. During warm polar summer on a surface of glaciers two-component
microbial communities have been actively developing. These communities consist of photosynthetic
and chemo-organotrophic microorganisms. Photosynthetic microorganisms fix N and greenhouse 2
gas ÑÎ , and produce organic compounds (biomass of photosynthetic microorganisms). 2
Heterotrophic microorganisms partially decompose the biomass of photosynthetic microorganisms to
biohumus and synthesize greenhouse gas ÑÍ and ÑÎ . Biohumus makes stable vector streams of 4 2
carbon on glaciers. Thus, on vast territories of the subpolar Antarctic global processes of carbon
compounds transformation occur. Thereby, it is obvious that glacial microorganisms on the surface of
snow and ice respond to atmospheric and other climatic changes.
Consequently, microbial cenoses of glaciers correspond with indicated ecosystems and can be
effectively use for estimation of influence of global climatic factors on Antarctic ecosystems, study of
regularity of formation and transportation of organic compounds and estimation of balance of
greenhouse gases in the subpolar Antarctic.
We developed environment protecting biotechnologies for fermentation of solid food wastes
and for purification of sewage for station “Academic Vernadsky”. Technologies based on capability of
Antarctic microorganisms adapt to unfavourable environmental conditions and alien organic
compounds, including mentioned anthropogenic wastes. Technology of fermentation of solid food
wastes was implemented on the station in 2004, and technology of waste water purification was
prepared to implementation. These technologies are universal and also could be used in cities for
effective decision of strategic goal – utilization of organic wastes of dumps and purification of toxic
filtrates to “environmentally clean water” status.
At the present time a problem of correlation of fundamental and applied researchers in
Antarctica, - what give preference to?! - are actively being discussed. Which is a sound decision? On
this question Frensis Bekon answered in 1620: «Theoretical and applied sciences do not exist, but
there is only an application of science to practice!» So, the only right methodologycal approach is
phenomena observation and, only after that, its practical application according to established
properties. In confirmation, we'll show only one example of our researchers in Antarctica (Fig. 13).
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Fig. 13. Fundamental and applied microbiological researches in Antarctica.
During studying structure and function of microbial communities we investigated the
influence of extreme factors, including UV-radiation. Than we carried out screening of pigmented
strains and developed collection that included N. nigra (T. Beregovaya). Properties of N. nigra were
studied, the resistance to toxic metals and synthesis of antiulcer and anticancer compounds were
shown. Practical usage of this strain leads to creating of new biotechnologies for extraction of toxic
metals and to implementation of new medicines.
On the basis of worded we formulated following strategic perspectives of microbiological
researches in Antarctica (Fig. 14).
Fig. 14. Strategic Perspectives of Microbiological Investigations in Antarctica
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Researches are planed on 3 levels:
1. Microorganisms
2. Phenomena
3. Processes
On microorganisms' level physiological, ecologo-trophic and other group are being studied, -
collections of strains are developed.
On the level of phenomena cenoses homeostasis at the action of a complex of stress factors are
being studied.
On the level of processes the role of microbial biota in global biogeochemical and climatic
processes is being investigated.
Practical uses of the database reduce to the following scheme:
Microorganisms: collections of strains – producers of biologically active substances (BAS)
are being created
Phenomena: environment protecting biotechnologies and biotechnologies of producing BAS
are being developed
Processes: models for prediction of biogeochemical and climatic processes are being created.
Acknowledgements. Carrying out of system researches Antarctic microbial biota would be
impossible without financial, logistical and organizational support of the National Antarctic Scientific
Center (NASC) of the Ministry of Education and a science of Ukraine, the scientists of Biological
Department of NASC. The invaluable help was rendered by director of the Center of V.A. Litvinov
and scientific director academician of NAS of Ukraine P.F. Gozhik. Director of Institute of
microbiology and virology of NAS of Ukraine academician V.S. Podgorsky have created all necessary
conditions for effective work in the field of research of the Antarctic microorganisms. The special
gratitude is necessary to express to corresponding member of NAS of Ukraine E.I. Andrejuk,
corresponding member of NAS of Ukraine G.A. Iutinskaja, prof. T.V. Beregovaya, Ph.D. V.P. Usenko,
prof. V.A. Romanovskaya and to all employees of the Department of extremophilic microorganisms'
biology, Institute of Microbiology and Virology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine for
participation in carrying out of researches. Creation of a geodatabase and 3D-models of polygon was
carried out at support of company ECOMM (E.S. Seredinin and D.A. Mizin). At last, sampling for
scientific researches during some years took place in the extremely difficult conditions of the
Antarctic expeditions owing to self-denying work of polar explorers-winterers and participants of
seasonal scientific expeditions.
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