Properties of functional DNA:PEDOT layers
Збережено в:
Дата: | 2010 |
---|---|
Автори: | , , , , , , |
Формат: | Стаття |
Мова: | English |
Опубліковано: |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
2010
|
Назва видання: | Functional Materials |
Теми: | |
Онлайн доступ: | http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/134174 |
Теги: |
Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
|
Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
Цитувати: | Properties of functional DNA:PEDOT layers / V. Kazukauskas, A. Arlauskas, M. Pranaitis, O. Krupka, F. Kajzar, Z. Essaidi, B. Sahraoui // Functional Materials. — 2010. — Т. 17, № 1. — С. 90-94. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraineid |
irk-123456789-134174 |
---|---|
record_format |
dspace |
spelling |
irk-123456789-1341742018-06-13T03:05:20Z Properties of functional DNA:PEDOT layers Kazukauskas, V. Arlauskas, A. Pranaitis, M. Krupka, O. Kajzar, F. Essaidi, Z. Sahraoui, B. Characterization and properties 2010 Article Properties of functional DNA:PEDOT layers / V. Kazukauskas, A. Arlauskas, M. Pranaitis, O. Krupka, F. Kajzar, Z. Essaidi, B. Sahraoui // Functional Materials. — 2010. — Т. 17, № 1. — С. 90-94. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. 1027-5495 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/134174 en Functional Materials НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
collection |
DSpace DC |
language |
English |
topic |
Characterization and properties Characterization and properties |
spellingShingle |
Characterization and properties Characterization and properties Kazukauskas, V. Arlauskas, A. Pranaitis, M. Krupka, O. Kajzar, F. Essaidi, Z. Sahraoui, B. Properties of functional DNA:PEDOT layers Functional Materials |
format |
Article |
author |
Kazukauskas, V. Arlauskas, A. Pranaitis, M. Krupka, O. Kajzar, F. Essaidi, Z. Sahraoui, B. |
author_facet |
Kazukauskas, V. Arlauskas, A. Pranaitis, M. Krupka, O. Kajzar, F. Essaidi, Z. Sahraoui, B. |
author_sort |
Kazukauskas, V. |
title |
Properties of functional DNA:PEDOT layers |
title_short |
Properties of functional DNA:PEDOT layers |
title_full |
Properties of functional DNA:PEDOT layers |
title_fullStr |
Properties of functional DNA:PEDOT layers |
title_full_unstemmed |
Properties of functional DNA:PEDOT layers |
title_sort |
properties of functional dna:pedot layers |
publisher |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
publishDate |
2010 |
topic_facet |
Characterization and properties |
url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/134174 |
citation_txt |
Properties of functional DNA:PEDOT layers / V. Kazukauskas, A. Arlauskas, M. Pranaitis, O. Krupka, F. Kajzar, Z. Essaidi, B. Sahraoui // Functional Materials. — 2010. — Т. 17, № 1. — С. 90-94. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. |
series |
Functional Materials |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT kazukauskasv propertiesoffunctionaldnapedotlayers AT arlauskasa propertiesoffunctionaldnapedotlayers AT pranaitism propertiesoffunctionaldnapedotlayers AT krupkao propertiesoffunctionaldnapedotlayers AT kajzarf propertiesoffunctionaldnapedotlayers AT essaidiz propertiesoffunctionaldnapedotlayers AT sahraouib propertiesoffunctionaldnapedotlayers |
first_indexed |
2025-07-09T20:27:17Z |
last_indexed |
2025-07-09T20:27:17Z |
_version_ |
1837202502152355840 |
fulltext |
3URSHUWLHV�RI�IXQFWLRQDO�'1$�3('27�OD\HUV
9�.D]XNDXVNDV��$�$UODXVNDV��0�3UDQDLWLV��2�.UXSND
�)�.DM]DU
��=�(VVDLGL
��%��6DKUDRXL
6HPLFRQGXFWRU�3K\VLFV�'HSDUWPHQW�DQG�,QVWLWXWH�RI�$SSOLHG�5HVHDUFK�
9LOQLXV�8QLYHUVLW\��6DXOHWHNLR�DO�����EOGJ�����/7�������9LOQLXV��/LWKXDQLD
/DERUDWRU\�320$�&156�)5(�������$QJHUV�8QLYHUVLW\�
��%G��/DYRLVLHU���������$QJHUV��)UDQFH
5HFHLYHG�2FWREHU���������
:H� UHSRUW� LQYHVWLJDWLRQV� RI� IXQFWLRQDOL]HG� '1$�3('7�366� ILOPV�� 7KH� HOHFWULFDO� FRQ�
GXFWLYLW\�RI�WKH�VDPSOHV�PDWHULDO�DW�WKH�URRP�WHPSHUDWXUH�ZDV�DERXW�����������:�FP��
7KH� ,9� FXUYHV� RI� WKH� VDPSOHV�ZHUH� OLQHDU� DQG� V\PPHWULFDO� LQ� WKH� UHJLRQ� IURP� WKH� URRP
WHPSHUDWXUH� GRZQ� WR� WKH� OLTXLG�1LWURJHQ� WHPSHUDWXUH��7KH� WKHUPDO� DFWLYDWLRQ� HQHUJ\� RI
WKH� FRQGXFWLYLW\� QHDU� WKH� URRP� WHPSHUDWXUH� ZDV� DERXW� ������ H9� LQGHSHQGHQWO\� RQ� WKH
DSSOLHG� ELDV�� 7KH� ZHDN� FDUULHU� WUDSSLQJ� ZDV� LGHQWLILHG� E\� WKH� 7KHUPDOO\� 6WLPXODWHG
&XUUHQW�PHWKRG�� SURYLQJ� WKH� IDVW� UHFRPELQDWLRQ� RI� OLJKW�JHQHUDWHG� FDUULHUV��1RWDEO\�� E\
FRQVWDQW� OLJKW� H[FLWDWLRQ� D� �ELVWDEOH�� SKRWRFRQGXFWLRQ� EHORZ� WKH� URRP� WHPSHUDWXUH� ZDV
HYLGHQFHG�� ,�H��� XSRQ� H[FLWDWLRQ� E\� ZKLWH� OLJKW� D� UHPDUNDEOH� LQFUHDVH� WKH� SKRWRFXUUHQW
FRXOG� EH� REVHUYHG� EHORZ� ������� .� E\� FRROLQJ� WKH� VDPSOHV�� 0HDQZKLOH� E\� KHDWLQJ� WKH
SKRWRVHQVLWLYLW\�LQFUHDVHG�XS�WR��������.��6XFK�SKHQRPHQRQ�FRXOG�SUHVXPDEO\�EH�DWWULE�
XWHG�WR�OLJKW�LQGXFHG�PRUSKRORJ\�FKDQJHV�RI�WKH�VDPSOH�PDWHULDO�
|¹Ò°ÈÓ©�Ò°°ãË�ºmÈÓÒ«�Á�Ó}�ÒºÓÈãÒÏÒ¯ºmÈÓÓ©²�¹ãËÓº}�'1$�3('7�366��wãË}�¯º¹¯ºmº��
Óº°� �º¯ÈÏ�ºm�äÈ�˯ÒÈãÈ�¹¯Ò�}ºäÓÈ�Óº®��Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯Ë�°º°�Èmã«ãÈ�º}ºãº���Ü�����Ü���|äÜ�FäÜ��
z¯Òm©Ë� {kt� º¯ÈÏ�ºm� ©ãÒ� ãÒÓˮөäÒ� Ò� °ÒääË�¯Ò�Ó©äÒ� m� ºãȰ�Ò� �Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯� º�
}ºäÓÈ�Óº®��º�ÈϺ�Óº®��wÓ˯�Ò«��˯äºÈ}�ÒmÈ�ÒÒ�¹¯ºmº�Ò亰�Ò�¹¯Ò��Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯È²��ãÒÏ�
}Ò²� }� }ºäÓÈ�Óº®�� °º°�Èmã«ãÈ� º}ºãº� ������ ª{� ÓËÏÈmÒ°Òäº� º�� Óȹ¯«ÎËÓÒ«� °äË�ËÓÒ«�
lË�º�ºä��˯亰�Òä�ãÒ¯ºmÈÓÓº�º��º}È�ºÓȯ�ÎËÓ�°ãÈ©®�ÏȲmÈ��Óº°Ò�ËãË®��°mÒ�Ë�Ëã �
°�m�
�Ò®� º� ©°�¯º®� ¯Ë}ºäÒÓÈ�ÒÒ� Áº�ºmºÏ�Î�ËÓÓ©²� Óº°Ò�ËãË®�� {� �Ȱ�Óº°�Ò�� ¹¯Ò
¹º°�º«ÓÓºä�Áº�ºmºÏ�Î�ËÓÒÒ� ºÓȯ�ÎËÓÈ� �Ò°�ÈÒã ÓÈ«��Áº�º¹¯ºmº�Ò亰� � ¹¯Ò� �Ëä�
¹Ë¯È��¯È²� ÓÒÎË� }ºäÓÈ�Óº®�� ��Ë�� ¹¯Ò� mºÏ�Î�ËÓÒÒ� Ëã©ä� °mË�ºä� äºÎÓº� ÓÈã
��
ÏÓÈ�Ò�Ëã ÓºË��mËãÒ�ËÓÒË�Áº�º�º}È�¹¯Ò��Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯È²�ÓÒÎË����Ü����z�¹¯Ò�º²ãÈÎ�ËÓÒÒ
º¯ÈÏ�ºm��{��º�ÎË�m¯Ëä«�¹¯Ò�ÓÈ�¯ËmÈÓÒÒ�Áº�º��m°�mÒ�Ëã Óº°� �º°�ÈmÈãȰ �¹ºm©�ËÓÓº®
�º����Ü����z��w�º�«mãËÓÒË�¹¯Ë�¹ºãºÎÒ�Ëã Óº�º�«°Ó«Ë�°«�Áº�ºÒÓ���Ò¯ºmÈÓÓ©äÒ�ÒÏ�
äËÓËÓÒ«äÒ�亯Áºãº�ÒÒ�äÈ�˯ÒÈãÈ�º¯ÈÏ�ºm�
���,QWURGXFWLRQ
1XFOHLF� DFLGV� DQG� WKHLU� GHULYDWLYHV� DW�
WUDFW�D�JUHDW�DWWHQWLRQ�RI�UHVHDUFKHUV�GXH�WR
WKHLU�LPSRUWDQW�ELRORJLFDO�UROH�>����@��$W�WKH
VDPH� WLPH�� GHR[\ULERQXFOHLF� DFLG� �'1$��
ZKLFK�H[KLELWV�D�FKDUJH�PLJUDWLRQ��LV�RI�LQ�
WHUHVW� GXH� WR� LWV� SK\VLFDO� SURSHUWLHV�� DQG
SDUWLFXODUO\� WR�D�JUHDW�SRWHQWLDO�RI�DSSOLFD�
WLRQ�LQ�SKRWRQLFV�DQG�PROHFXODU�HOHFWURQLFV�
6XFK� DSSOLFDWLRQV� LQFOXGH�� GHYLFHV� EDVHG�RQ
VHFRQG� DQG� WKLUG� RUGHU� QRQOLQHDU� RSWLFDO
�1/2�� HIIHFWV� >�@�� ORZ� ORVV� RSWLFDO
ZDYHJXLGHV� >�@�� KRORJUDSK\� >����@�� RUJDQLF
SKRWRYROWDLFV� DQG� RUJDQLF� ILHOG� HIIHFW� WUDQ�
VLVWRUV��)(7��>�@��+RZHYHU��SXUH�'1$�LV�DQ
HOHFWULFDOO\� LQDFWLYH� PDWHULDO�� ,Q� RUGHU� WR
UHQGHU�LW�DFWLYH��LW�LV�QHFHVVDU\�WR�IXQFWLRQ�
DOL]H� LW� ZLWK� SRO\�����HWK\OHQHGLR[\WKLR�
SKHQH���3('27��3('7��DQG�SRO\�VW\UHQHVXO�
IRQDWH�� �366��FRPSOH[��7KLV�HQDEOHV�WKH�GH�
YHORSPHQW� RI� LWV� HOHFWULFDO� SURSHUWLHV�
)XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� ��������67&��,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV�
�� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
1HYHUWKHOHVV��WR�DVVXUH�WKH�FRQWUROODEOH�SXU�
SRVHIXO�PRGLILFDWLRQ�RI�WKHVH�SURSHUWLHV��H[�
WHQVLYH� LQYHVWLJDWLRQV� DUH� VWLOO� UHTXLUHG�� ,Q
WKLV�ZRUN��ZH�UHSRUW� LQYHVWLJDWLRQV�RI�RSWL�
FDO�DQG�HOHFWULFDO�SURSHUWLHV�RI�'1$�3('7�
366�WKLQ� ILOPV�� �7KHLU�HOHFWULFDO� FRQGXFWLY�
LW\� GHSHQGHQFH� RQ� WHPSHUDWXUH� DQG� H[FLWD�
WLRQ�ZLWK�OLJKW�ZDV�DQDO\VHG�
���6DPSOHV�DQG�H[SHULPHQW
$Q� DTXHRXV� GLVSHUVLRQ� RI� WKH� SRO\�����
HWK\OHQHGLR[\WKLRSKHQH����SRO\�VW\UHQHVXOIRQ�
DWH�� LQWULQVLFDOO\� FRQGXFWLYH� 3('7�366� SRO\�
PHU� �)LJ����� EHLQJ� FRPPHUFLDOL]HG�XQGHU� WKH
WUDGH� PDUN� %$<75215� 3+� ���� LV� HVSH�
FLDOO\� KRPRJHQL]HG� WR� DFKLHYH� VPDOO� VL]H
SDUWLFOHV��7KH�ZHLJKW�UDWLR�RI�3('7�WR�366
ZDV�DERXW��������7KLV�DTXHRXV�GLVSHUVLRQ�LV
UHDG\� WR� XVH� DQG� FDQ� EH� GHSRVLWHG� E\� VSLQ�
FRDWLQJ�ZLWK�YLVFRVLW\�PD[�����P3D�V�>�@��,W
LV�WDLORUHG�WR�D�KLJK�FRQGXFWLYLW\�DQG�IRUPV
FRQGXFWLYH� FRDWLQJV�� 7KLV� NLQG� RI� SRO\PHU
IRUPV� KLJKO\�FRQGXFWLYH�� WUDQVSDUHQW�� FRO�
RXUOHVV� WR� EOXLVK� FRDWLQJV� ZLWK� JRRG� UHVLV�
WDQFH�WR�K\GURO\VLV��JRRG�SKRWR�VWDELOLW\�DQG
JRRG� WKHUPDO� VWDELOLW\�� KLJK� DEVRUSWLRQ� LQ
WKH� UDQJH� RI� ���� WR� ����� QP�� ZLWK� QR� DE�
VRUSWLRQ� PD[LPXP� LQ� WKH� YLVLEOH� VSHFWUXP
XS�WR�����QP�
'1$�VRGLXP�VDOWV�H[WUDFWHG�IURP�VDOPRQ
PLOW� DQG� URH� ZHUH� SURYLGHG� E\� &,67�� 7KH
PROHFXODU� ZHLJKW� PHDVXUHG�0:� �����'DO�WRQV� �'D��� 7KH�KLJK�PROHFXODU�ZHLJKW�'1$
UHQGHUHG� LQKRPRJHQHRXV� ILOP�WKLFNQHVV�GXH
WR� KLJK� VROXWLRQ� YLVFRVLW\�� ,Q� RUGHU� WR� UH�
GXFH� WKH� YLVFRVLW\� RI� WKH� '1$�EDVHG� VROX�
WLRQV��DQ�XOWUDVRQLF�SURFHGXUH�ZDV�XVHG�>�@�
$IWHU�VRQLFDWLRQ�RI�'1$����J�/��LQ����0:�FP
GHLRQL]HG� ZDWHU� DW� ���&�� WKH� PL[� ZDV
VWLUUHG� RYHUQLJKW� XVLQJ� D� PDJQHWLF� VWLUUHU
DQG�WKHQ�'1$�VROXWLRQ�ZDV�DGGHG�WR�3('7�
366� DTXHRXV� VROXWLRQ� DW� GLIIHUHQW
'1$�3('7�366� YROXPH� UDWLRV� ������ DQG
�������7KH�VROXWLRQV�RI�SRO\PHUV�ZHUH�VSLQ�
FRDWHG�DW�����RU������USP�RQ�WKH�,72�JODVV
VXEVWUDWHV� FOHDQHG� LQ� YDULRXV� VROYHQWV�� 7KH
WKLQ�VROLG�ILOP�WKLFNQHVV�ZDV�PHDVXUHG�E\�D
SURILORPHWHU� 7HQFRU�� $/)$�6WHS� DQG� ZDV
IRXQG�WR�EH��������PP��7KH�VHPL�WUDQVSDU�
HQW� DOXPLQLXP� FRQWDFWV� ZHUH� HYDSRUDWHG
RQWR�WKH�XSSHU�VXUIDFH��$OWHUQDWLYHO\��VRPH
VDPSOHV� ZHUH� GHSRVLWHG� RQ� JULGGHG� LQWHUFD�
ODWHG�HOHFWURGHV�LQLWLDOO\�HYDSRUDWHG�RQ�JODVV
VXEVWUDWHV��7KH�ILOPV�ZHUH�FKDUDFWHUL]HG�E\
WKH� 89� DQG� YLVLEOH� VSHFWURVFRS\� XVLQJ� D
3(5.,1� (/0(5� 89�9,6�1,5� /DPEGD� ��
VSHFWURPHWHU�� 7KHLU� &XUUHQW�9ROWDJH� �,9�
DQG� FRQGXFWLYLW\� WHPSHUDWXUH� GHSHQGHQFHV
ZHUH� PHDVXUHG� E\� .HLWKOH\� HOHFWURPHWHU�
YROWDJH� VRXUFH� 0RGHO� ����� LQ� WKH� ��� .Ü
����.�UDQJH�GHSHQGLQJ�RQ�WKH� OLJKW�H[FLWD�
WLRQ�
���5HVXOWV�DQG�GLVFXVVLRQ
7KH� 89�9,6�1,5� DEVRUSWLRQ� VSHFWUD� RI
VWXGLHG� WKLQ� ILOPV� GHSRVLWHG� RQ� JODVV� VXE�
VWUDWHV�ZHUH�PHDVXUHG�DW�URRP�WHPSHUDWXUH�
,Q� )LJ����� DEVRUSWLRQ� VSHFWUXP� RI� D
'1$�3('7�366� �������� WKLQ� ILOP� LV� SUH�
VHQWHG��$�VWURQJ�89�DEVRUSWLRQ�EDQG�LV�VHHQ
EHORZ� ���� QP�� ,W� FRUUHVSRQGV� WR� WKH� SÜS
HOHFWURQ� WUDQVLWLRQ� RI� WKH�& &� ERQG� LQ� WKH
'1$�EDVHV��$QRWKHU� EURDG�DQG� ORZ�DEVRUS�
WLRQ�EDQG�DURXQG�����QP�LV�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK
WKH�3('7�366�FRQGXFWLYH�SRO\PHU�
7KH�DYHUDJH�VDPSOH�FRQGXFWLYLW\�DW�URRP
WHPSHUDWXUH� ZDV� DERXW� ����������:�FP��
WKRXJK�LW�FRXOG�GHYLDWH�E\�XS�WR�WZR�RUGHUV
RI�PDJQLWXGH�HYHQ� LQ�WKH�VDPSOHV�SURGXFHG
RQ�WKH�VDPH�VXEVWUDWH��HYLGHQFLQJ�WKH�VHQVL�
WLYLW\� RI� WKHLU� SURSHUWLHV� WR� WKH� WHFKQRORJL�
FDO� FRQGLWLRQV�� 7KH� ,9� FXUYHV� ZHUH� OLQHDU
DQG� V\PPHWULFDO� GRZQ� WR� ��� .� DV� LW� LV
VKRZQ� LQ� )LJ����� 7KH� VDPSOHV� KDG� GHPRQ�
VWUDWHG� SKRWRVHQVLWLYLW\� VWDUWLQJ� IURP� WKH
URRP� WHPSHUDWXUH� GRZQ� WR� ��� .�� $W� URRP
WHPSHUDWXUH��WKH�SKRWRVHQVLWLYLW\�ZDV�DERXW
)LJ����� &KHPLFDO� VWUXFWXUH� RI� 3('27�366
SRO\PHU�FRPSOH[� )LJ����� $EVRUSWLRQ� VSHFWUXP� RI� D� '1$�
3('27���������WKLQ�ILOP�
9�.D]XNDXVNDV�HW�DO����3URSHUWLHV�RI�IXQFWLRQDO����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��
���SHU�FHQW��DQG�LW�LQFUHDVHG�E\�D�IDFWRU�RI
XS� WR� WZR�DW� WKH� ORZ�WHPSHUDWXUH�� ,WV� WHP�
SHUDWXUH�GHSHQGHQFH�ZDV�TXLWH�FRPSOH[�DV�LW
ZLOO�EH�GLVFXVVHG�EHORZ��
&KDUDFWHULVWLFDOO\�� WKH� VDPSOH� UHVSRQVH
WR� WKH� DSSOLHG�YROWDJH�DQG� OLJKW�SXOVHV�ZDV
GLIIHUHQW�� XSRQ� DSSOLFDWLRQ� RI� D� YROWDJH
VWHS�� YHU\� IDVW� LQFUHDVH� RI� WKH� FXUUHQW�ZDV
REVHUYHG�� PHDQZKLOH� WKH� SKRWRFXUUHQW
JURZWK�ZDV�UHODWLYHO\�VORZ�DQG�FRXOG�EH�DS�
SUR[LPDWHG�ZHOO�E\�WKH�H[SRQHQWLDO�GHSHQG�
HQFH�DV�LW�LV�LQGLFDWHG�LQ�)LJ����E\�WKH�VROLG
OLQH�� ,Q�WKH�SUHVHQW�FDVH��WKH�WLPH�FRQVWDQW
RI� WKH� H[SRQHQWLDO� LQFUHDVH� ZDV� a��� V� DQG
WHQGHG�WR�VKRUWHQ�ZLWK�WHPSHUDWXUH��1HYHU�
WKHOHVV�� WKLV� SURFHVV� VWLOO� KDV� WR� EH� LQYHVWL�
JDWHG� LQ� PRUH� GHWDLO�� 7KH� FXUUHQW� GHFD\
DIWHU� WKH� OLJKW� LV� VZLWFKHG� RII� RFFXUV� LQ� D
VLPLODU�PDQQHU��7KLV� HYLGHQFHV� WKDW�GLIIHU�
HQW� FDUULHU� WUDQVSRUW� PHFKDQLVPV� SOD\� D
UROH� LQ� ERWK� FDVHV��8SRQ� DSSOLFDWLRQ� RI� WKH
YROWDJH� SXOVH�� IDVW� FDUULHU� LQMHFWLRQ� IURP
FRQWDFWV�WDNHV�SODFH�WKDW�LV�OLPLWHG�E\�RKPLF
FRQGXFWLRQ� RI� WKH� VDPSOH� YROXPH�� 0HDQ�
ZKLOH�� D� VORZHU� OLJKW�LQGXFHG� JHQHUDWLRQ� RI
FDUULHUV�RFFXUV�IURP�WKHLU�WUDQVSRUW�DQG�RU
WUDSSLQJ�VWDWHV��
7R� LQYHVWLJDWH� WKH� WHPSHUDWXUH� GHSHQG�
HQFHV�RI�FDUULHU�WUDQVSRUW�DQG�WKHUPDO�JHQ�
HUDWLRQ�SURFHVVHV�� WHPSHUDWXUH� VFDQV� RI� WKH
GDUN� FXUUHQW�� 7KHUPDOO\� 6WLPXODWHG� &XU�
UHQWV� �76&V��� DQG� SKRWRFXUUHQW� ZHUH�PHDV�
XUHG�� ,Q� )LJ����� WKH� GDUN� FXUUHQW� WHPSHUD�
WXUH�GHSHQGHQFHV�DUH�SUHVHQWHG�IRU�WZR�VDP�
SOHV�� ,W� FDQ� EH� VHHQ� WKDW� FORVH� WR� URRP
WHPSHUDWXUH�� WKHUPDO� DFWLYDWLRQ� HQHUJ\� LV
DERXW������������H9��7KHVH�YDOXHV�DUH�LQ�
GHSHQGHQW� RI� WKH� DSSOLHG�ELDV��%HORZ� DERXW
���� .���� .�� D� FKDUDFWHULVWLF� NLQN� DS�
SHDUV�� DQG� WKH� WKHUPDO� DFWLYDWLRQ� HQHUJ\
GURSV�EHORZ�������H9��DSSURDFKLQJ�LQ�VRPH
VDPSOHV�]HUR�YDOXHV��7R�LQYHVWLJDWH�WKLV�SH�
FXOLDU� EHKDYLRXU�� 7KHUPDOO\� 6WLPXODWHG
&XUUHQW��76&��DQG�WHPSHUDWXUH�GHSHQGHQFHV
RI� SKRWRFXUUHQW� ZHUH� DQDO\VHG�� 7KH� GHWDLOV
RI� WKH� 76&� PHWKRG� DUH� SUHVHQWHG� LQ� >��Ü
��@��7KH�76&V�REWDLQHG�LQ�GLIIHUHQW�VDPSOHV
DUH�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJ����
7\SLFDOO\�� 76&V� DUH� ORZ� DV� FRPSDUHG
ZLWK� ERWK� GDUN� FXUUHQW� DQG� FXUUHQW� DIWHU
WKH� OLJKW� H[FLWDWLRQ�� 7KLV� LQGLFDWHV� WKDW� D
UHODWLYHO\�VPDOO�QXPEHU�RI�FDUULHUV�EHFRPHV
WUDSSHG��DQG�PRVW� RI� WKHP�UHFRPELQH� DIWHU
WKH� OLJKW� H[FLWDWLRQ� LV� RYHU�� 1HYHUWKHOHVV�
QHDUO\�WKH�VDPH�DFWLYDWLRQ�HQHUJ\�YDOXHV�RI
DERXW� ����������� H9� ZHUH� HYDOXDWHG� LQ� D
ZLGHU� WHPSHUDWXUH� UHJLRQ� DV� FRPSDUHG� WR
WKH� GDUN� FXUUHQWV�� 6XFK� ORZ� DFWLYDWLRQ� HQ�
HUJ\�YDOXHV� FRXOG� LQGLFDWH� WKDW� WKH� FXUUHQW
LQFUHDVH� LV�UHODWHG�WR� WUDQVSRUW�SKHQRPHQD�
L�H��� LQFUHDVHG�FDUULHU�PRELOLW\��UDWKHU� WKDQ
WR� RI� WKH� FDUULHU� GHQVLW\� FKDQJHV� GXH� WR
WKHLU� WKHUPDO�JHQHUDWLRQ��$�VLPLODU� FRQFOX�
VLRQ� ZDV� PDGH� DOVR� IRU� GLVRUGHUHG� 3�+7�
)LJ����� ,9� FXUYHV� RI� D� VDPSOH� XSRQ� ZKLWH
OLJKW�LOOXPLQDWLRQ��GDVKHG�FXUYHV��DQG�LQ�WKH
GDUN��VROLG�OLQHV��DW�����.�DQG����.��DV�LQGL�
FDWHG�LQ�WKH�)LJXUH��
)LJ����� 6DPSOH� UHVSRQVH� RQ� DSSOLHG� YROWDJH
SXOVH� DQG� ZKLWH� OLJKW� SXOVH� �GDVKHG� FXUYH�� DV
LQGLFDWHG� LQ� WKH� )LJXUH�� 7KH� SKRWRFXUUHQW� LQ�
FUHDVH�FRXOG�EH�DSSUR[LPDWHG�ZHOO�E\�H[SRQHQ�
WLDO�GHSHQGHQFH�DV�LQGLFDWHG�E\�WKH�VROLG�FXUYH�
7 ���.��8 ����9�
)LJ����� 'DUN� FXUUHQW� WHPSHUDWXUH� GHSHQGHQFHV
IRU�WZR�VDPSOHV�PHDVXUHG�DW�����9�ELDV��
9�.D]XNDXVNDV�HW�DO����3URSHUWLHV�RI�IXQFWLRQDO����
�� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
3&%0�EXON�KHWHURMXQFWLRQ�RUJDQLF�VRODU�FHOO
VWUXFWXUHV�>��@��7KLV�DVVXPSWLRQ�LV�UHDOLVWLF
E\� KDYLQJ� LQ� PLQG� D� FRPSOLFDWHG� KRSSLQJ
WUDQVSRUW� FKDUDFWHU� LQ� GLVRUGHUHG� RUJDQLF
PDWHULDOV�� 7KHUHIRUH�� WKH� HYDOXDWHG� DFWLYD�
WLRQ� HQHUJLHV� FRXOG�SUREDEO\�UHIOHFW� WKH� HQ�
HUJ\�VSUHDG� LQ� WKH�FKDUJH� WUDQVSRUWLQJ� OHY�
HOV� UHVXOWLQJ� LQ� GLVWULEXWLRQ� RI� WKH� GHQVLW\
RI� WUDQVSRUWLQJ� VWDWHV� �'26��� 1HYHUWKHOHVV�
WR�FRQILUP�WKLV�SRVVLELOLW\�E\�GLUHFW�PRELOLW\
PHDVXUHPHQWV� HLWKHU� E\� 7LPH�2I�)OLJKW
�72)�� PHWKRG�� &KDUJH� ([WUDFWLRQ� E\� /LQH�
DUO\� ,QFUHDVLQJ� 9ROWDJH� �&(/,9��PHWKRG� RU
E\�RWKHU�PHWKRGV�XVHG�IRU�ORZ�PRELOLW\�PD�
WHULDOV�� VSHFLDO� VDPSOH� SUHSDUDWLRQ� DQG� H[�
SHULPHQWDO�DUUDQJHPHQWV�DUH�QHFHVVDU\��DQG
WKLV�LV�RXU�IXWXUH�WDVN��$V�PHQWLRQHG�DERYH�
D� FKDUDFWHULVWLF� NLQN� ZDV� REVHUYHG� LQ� GDUN
FXUUHQW� PHDVXUHPHQWV� WKDW� EHFRPHV� HYHQ
PRUH� H[SUHVVHG� XSRQ� OLJKW� H[FLWDWLRQ�� $
W\SLFDO�EHKDYLRU�LV�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�)LJ�����,W�LV
VHHQ�WKDW�DW�ORZHULQJ�WHPSHUDWXUH��WKH�SKR�
WRFXUUHQW� VWDUWV� JURZ� DW� DERXW� ������� .
DQG� UHDFKHV� VDWXUDWLRQ� OHYHO� WKDW� LV� E\� D
IDFWRU�RI�DERXW���WR�����KLJKHU�WKDQ�WKDW�LQ
WKH� PLQLPXP�� $IWHUZDUGV�� ZKHQ� WKH� WHP�
SHUDWXUH� LV� LQFUHDVHG�� WKH� SKRWRFXUUHQW
FKDQJHV� UHODWLYHO\� OLWWOH� XS� WR� DERXW� ���Ü
����.�� IRUPLQJ� D� �ELVWDEOH�� ORRS�� 7KLV� EH�
KDYLRU� GRHV� QRW� FKDQJH� ZLWK� DSSOLHG� ELDV�
LQGLFDWLQJ� WKDW� WKH� HIIHFW� LV� OLJKW�LQGXFHG�
0RVW� SUREDEO\� VXFK� SKHQRPHQRQ� FRXOG� EH
DWWULEXWHG�WR�WKH� OLJKW�LQGXFHG�VDPSOH�PRU�
SKRORJ\� FKDQJHV� UHVXOWLQJ� LQ� D� VXGGHQ� LQ�
FUHDVH� RI� PDWHULDO� SKRWRVHQVLWLYLW\� DW� ORZ
WHPSHUDWXUHV�� 1HYHUWKHOHVV�� WR� UHYHDO� LWV
H[DFW�QDWXUH��IXUWKHU�LQYHVWLJDWLRQV�DUH�QHF�
HVVDU\��
���6XPPDU\�DQG�FRQFOXVLRQV
:H� UHSRUW� LQYHVWLJDWLRQV� RI�'1$�3('7�
366�WKLQ�ILOPV��$IWHU�VRQLFDWLRQ�RI�'1$�LQ
GHLRQL]HG�ZDWHU��'1$�VROXWLRQ�ZDV�DGGHG�WR
3('7�366� DTXHRXV� VROXWLRQ� DW� GLIIHUHQW
'1$�3('7�366�UDWLRV�������DQG��������7KH
VROXWLRQV� RI� SRO\PHUV� ZHUH� VSLQ�FRDWHG� RQ
WKH� ,72� JODVV� VXEVWUDWHV�� 7KH� WKLFNQHVV� RI
WKH� REWDLQHG� ILOPV� ZDV� ������� PP�� 7KH
VHPL�WUDQVSDUHQW� DOXPLQLXP� FRQWDFWV� ZHUH
HYDSRUDWHG� RQWR� WKH� XSSHU� VXUIDFH�� 7KH
ILOPV�ZHUH�FKDUDFWHUL]HG�E\�WKH�89�DQG�YLV�
LEOH� VSHFWURVFRS\�� 7KHLU� FRQGXFWLYLW\� WHP�
SHUDWXUH� GHSHQGHQFHV� ZHUH� PHDVXUHG� IURP
��� .� XS� WR� ���� .� GHSHQGLQJ� RQ� WKH� OLJKW
H[FLWDWLRQ�
7KH�VDPSOH�FRQGXFWLYLW\�DW�URRP�WHPSHUDWXUH
ZDV� LQ� DYHUDJH� DERXW� ����������:�FP��
WKRXJK�LW�FRXOG�GHYLDWH�E\�XS�WR�WZR�RUGHUV
RI�PDJQLWXGH�HYHQ� LQ�WKH�VDPSOHV�SURGXFHG
RQ�WKH�VDPH�JODVV�VXEVWUDWH��WKXV�LQGLFDWLQJ
VHQVLWLYLW\�RI�WKHLU�SURSHUWLHV�WR�WKH�WHFKQR�
ORJLFDO� FRQGLWLRQV�� 7KH� ,9� FXUYHV� ZHUH� OLQ�
HDU� DQG� V\PPHWULFDO� GRZQ� WR� /1� WHPSHUD�
WXUH�� 7KH� WKHUPDO� DFWLYDWLRQ� HQHUJ\� RI� WKH
GDUN�FRQGXFWLRQ�QHDU�WKH�URRP�WHPSHUDWXUH
ZDV�DERXW�������H9�LQGHSHQGLQJ�RQ�WKH�DS�
SOLHG�ELDV�
:H�KDYH�LGHQWLILHG�ZHDNO\�H[SUHVVHG�FDU�
ULHU� WUDSSLQJ� XVLQJ� WKH� 7KHUPDOO\� 6WLPX�
ODWHG�&XUUHQW�PHWKRG��ZKDW�SURYHV�WKH�IDVW
UHFRPELQDWLRQ� DQG�RU� UHWUDSSLQJ� RI� OLJKW�
JHQHUDWHG� FDUULHUV��7KRXJK��XQGHU� FRQVWDQW
OLJKW� H[FLWDWLRQ�� D� �ELVWDEOH�� SKRWRFRQGXF�
WLRQ� EHORZ� WKH� URRP� WHPSHUDWXUH� ZDV� HYL�
GHQFHG��,�H���D�QRWDEOH�SKRWRFXUUHQW�LQFUHDVH
FRXOG�EH�REVHUYHG�EHORZ��������.�DW�FRRO�
LQJ�WKH�VDPSOHV��0HDQZKLOH��XQGHU�KHDWLQJ�
)LJ�����76&�VFDQV�LQ�WZR�VDPSOHV�PHDVXUHG�DW
���� 9� ELDV� DIWHU� WKH� ZKLWH� OLJKW� H[FLWDWLRQ
�VROLG� FXUYHV��� 'DVKHG� FXUYHV� LQGLFDWH� OLQHDU
ILWV�LQ�$UUKHQLXV�VFDOLQJ��
)LJ�����7HPSHUDWXUH�GHSHQGHQFHV�RI�SKRWRFXU�
UHQW� �3&�VROLG�FXUYHV���XSRQ� WKH�WHPSHUDWXUH
YDULDWLRQ� GRZQ� DQG� XS� �DV� LQGLFDWHG� E\� WKH
DUURZV�� DQG� WKH� GDUN� FXUUHQW� �'&�GDVKHG
FXUYHV��DW�����9�ELDV�DQG�ZLWKRXW�DQ\�ELDV��
9�.D]XNDXVNDV�HW�DO����3URSHUWLHV�RI�IXQFWLRQDO����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��
WKH� SKRWRVHQVLWLYLW\� UHPDLQHG� LQFUHDVHG� XS
WR� ������� .�� 0RVW� SUREDEO\� VXFK� SKH�
QRPHQRQ�FRXOG�EH�DWWULEXWHG�WR�WKH�OLJKW�LQ�
GXFHG�PRUSKRORJ\�FKDQJHV�RI�WKH�VDPSOHV��
$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV�� 7KLV� ZRUN� ZDV� VXS�
SRUWHG�E\�WKH�/LWKXDQLDQ�0LQLVWU\�RI�(GXFD�
WLRQ� DQG� 6FLHQFH� DQG� (*,'(� $JHQF\
�)UDQFH��ZLWKLQ�*LOLEHUW�SURJUDP�DQG�E\�WKH
/LWKXDQLDQ�6WDWH�6WXGLHV�DQG�6FLHQFH�)RXQ�
GDWLRQ��3URMHFW�1R�9����������
5HIHUHQFHV
� ���;�'RX�� 7�7DNDPD��<�<DPDJXFKL� HW� DO���$SSO�
2SW������������������
� ���6�$VD\DPD�� $�0DUX\DPD�� &K��6�&KR� HW� DO��
%LRFRQMXJDWH�&KHP�����������������
� ���2�.UXSND��$�(O�*KD\RXU\�� ,�5DX� HW� DO���7KLQ
6ROLG�)LOPV��������������������
� ���-�*�*URWH�� -�$�+DJHQ�� -�6�=HWWV� HW� DO��� -�
3K\V��&KHP��%�������������������
� ���+��:�)LQN��+�6FKPLG��(�(UPDQWUDXW�HW�DO���-�
2SW��6RF��$P��$������������������
� ���5�&]DSOLFNL�� 2�.UXSND�� =�(VVDLGL� HW� DO���2SW�
([SUHVV�������������������
� ���%�6LQJK�� 1�6�6DULFLIWFL�� -�*�*URWH� HW� DO��� -�
$SSO��3K\V����������������������
� ���3URGXFW�'DWD�6KHHW�%$<7521��3+������VHH�
ZZZ�ED\WURQ�FRP�
� ���(�+HFNPDQ��-�+DJHQ��3�<DQH\�HW�DO���-��$SSO�
3K\V��/HWW���������������������
����-�*�6LPPRQV�� *�:�7D\ORU�� 3K\V��5HY��%�� ��
������������
����*�.DYDOLDXVNLHQH��9�.D]XNDXVNDV�HW�DO���$SSO�
3K\V��$�����������������
����9�.D]XNDXVNDV�� 6HPLFRQG��6FL��7HFKQRO��� ���
������������
����9�.D]XNDXVNDV��0�3UDQDLWLV�� )�.DM]DU� HW� DO��
0RO��&U\V��/LT��&U\V�������������������
{ãȰ�Òmº°�L�Á�Ó}�LºÓÈãLϺmÈÓÒ²��ȯLm�'1$�3('27
{�zÈÎ�}È�°}Ȱ��$�k¯ãÈ�°}Ȱ��0��¯ÈÓÈ®�L°�2�z¯�¹}È��n�zÈ®Ïȯ��~�p°°È��L��r�vȯÈ��
|¹Ò°ÈÓº��º°ãL�ÎËÓÓ«�Á�Ó}�LºÓÈãLϺmÈÓÒ²�¹ãLmº}�'1$�3('7�366��pãË}�¯º¹¯ºmL�ÓL°�
ϯÈÏ}Lm� äÈ�˯LÈã�� ¹¯Ò� }LäÓÈ�ÓL®� �Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯L� °�ÈÓºmÒãÈ� ãÒÏ }º� ��Ü�����Ü���|äÜ�FäÜ��
z¯ÒmL�{kt�ϯÈÏ}Lm��ãÒ�ãLÓL®ÓÒäÒ��È�°ÒäË�¯Ò�ÓÒäÒ�m�ºãȰ�L��Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯�mL��}LäÓÈ��
Óº�� �º� ÈϺ�Óº��� pÓ˯�L«� �˯äºÈ}�ÒmÈ�L�� ¹¯ºmL�Óº°�L� ¹¯Ò� �Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯È²�� ãÒÏ }Ò²� �º
}LäÓÈ�Óº��� °�ÈÓºmÒãÈ� ¹¯ÒãÒÏÓº� ������ Ë{� ÓËÏÈãËÎÓº� mL�� Óȹ¯��Ò� ÏäL�ËÓÓ«��lË�º�ºä
�˯亰�Òä�ã ºmÈÓº�º� °�¯�ä�� mÒ«mãËÓº� °ãÈ}Ë� ÏȲº¹ãËÓÓ«� Óº°L�m�� «}Ë� °mL��Ò� � ¹¯º
�mÒ�}�� ¯Ë}ºäLÓÈ�L
� Áº�ºÏ��ÎËÓÒ²�Óº°L�m��~º}¯ËäÈ�� ¹¯Ò�¹º°�L®Óºä��Áº�ºÏ��ÎËÓÓL
mÒ«mãËÓº��L°�ÈÒã Ó���Áº�º¹¯ºmL�ÓL°� �¹¯Ò��Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯È²�ÓÒÎ�Ë�mL��}LäÓÈ�Óº����º�º
¹¯Ò� Ï��ÎËÓÓL� LãÒä� °mL�ãºä�äºÎÓÈ� °¹º°�˯L�È�Ò� ÏÓÈ�ÓË� ÏLã �ËÓÓ«�Áº�º°�¯�ä�� ¹¯Ò
�Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯È²� ÓÒÎ�Ë� mL�� ���Ü���� z� ¹¯Ò� º²ºãº�ÎËÓÓL� ϯÈÏ}Lm�� {� �º®� ÎË� �Ȱ� ¹¯Ò� ÓÈ�
�¯LmÈÓÓL�Áº�º���ãÒmL°� �ÏÈãÒ�ÈãȰ«�¹L�mÒ�ËÓº
��º����Ü����z��¡Ë�«mÒ�Ë�¹º«°Ó
¼� °«
äºÎãÒmÒäÒ�Áº�ºLÓ��}ºmÈÓÒäÒ�ÏäLÓÈäÒ�亯Áºãº�L��äÈ�˯LÈã��ϯÈÏ}Lm�
9�.D]XNDXVNDV�HW�DO����3URSHUWLHV�RI�IXQFWLRQDO����
�� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
|