Electromagnetic loss in carbon based materials

Paper presents the results of investigation of electromagnetic insertion loss (A) for carbon materials, including thermoexfoliated graphite (TEG), TEG-metal and TEG-epoxy composites (CMs) in temperature ranges 77-300 K at the frequency f≈1.8 GHz. The performed investigations have shown that TEG-base...

Повний опис

Збережено в:
Бібліографічні деталі
Дата:2006
Автори: Vovchenko, L., Matzui, L., Kototash, I., Rzheshevska, O.
Формат: Стаття
Мова:English
Опубліковано: НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України 2006
Назва видання:Functional Materials
Онлайн доступ:http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135016
Теги: Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
Назва журналу:Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Цитувати:Electromagnetic loss in carbon based materials / L. Vovchenko, L. Matzui, I. Kototash, O. Rzheshevska // Functional Materials. — 2006. — Т. 13, № 3. — С. 484-488. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ.

Репозитарії

Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
id irk-123456789-135016
record_format dspace
spelling irk-123456789-1350162018-06-15T03:04:11Z Electromagnetic loss in carbon based materials Vovchenko, L. Matzui, L. Kototash, I. Rzheshevska, O. Paper presents the results of investigation of electromagnetic insertion loss (A) for carbon materials, including thermoexfoliated graphite (TEG), TEG-metal and TEG-epoxy composites (CMs) in temperature ranges 77-300 K at the frequency f≈1.8 GHz. The performed investigations have shown that TEG-based composite materials are prospective to use them as radio-protective materials in the electromagnetic shields for radio objects and buildings in particular. The microwave insertion loss L for studied TEG and TEG-Me based specimens at the frequency of 1.8 GHz is ranged within (16.2-18.5) dB. TEG-based composites containing polymer binder (epoxy resin) was shown to provide high electromag¬netic insertion loss (L = 23.5 dB) as well as high level of elastic-plastic parameters. The increase of microwave insertion loss A(L) is observed for all the studied CMs under decrease of temperature. But the character of A(T) was found to be essentially dependent on the type of CM. 2006 Article Electromagnetic loss in carbon based materials / L. Vovchenko, L. Matzui, I. Kototash, O. Rzheshevska // Functional Materials. — 2006. — Т. 13, № 3. — С. 484-488. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. 1027-5495 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135016 en Functional Materials НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
institution Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
collection DSpace DC
language English
description Paper presents the results of investigation of electromagnetic insertion loss (A) for carbon materials, including thermoexfoliated graphite (TEG), TEG-metal and TEG-epoxy composites (CMs) in temperature ranges 77-300 K at the frequency f≈1.8 GHz. The performed investigations have shown that TEG-based composite materials are prospective to use them as radio-protective materials in the electromagnetic shields for radio objects and buildings in particular. The microwave insertion loss L for studied TEG and TEG-Me based specimens at the frequency of 1.8 GHz is ranged within (16.2-18.5) dB. TEG-based composites containing polymer binder (epoxy resin) was shown to provide high electromag¬netic insertion loss (L = 23.5 dB) as well as high level of elastic-plastic parameters. The increase of microwave insertion loss A(L) is observed for all the studied CMs under decrease of temperature. But the character of A(T) was found to be essentially dependent on the type of CM.
format Article
author Vovchenko, L.
Matzui, L.
Kototash, I.
Rzheshevska, O.
spellingShingle Vovchenko, L.
Matzui, L.
Kototash, I.
Rzheshevska, O.
Electromagnetic loss in carbon based materials
Functional Materials
author_facet Vovchenko, L.
Matzui, L.
Kototash, I.
Rzheshevska, O.
author_sort Vovchenko, L.
title Electromagnetic loss in carbon based materials
title_short Electromagnetic loss in carbon based materials
title_full Electromagnetic loss in carbon based materials
title_fullStr Electromagnetic loss in carbon based materials
title_full_unstemmed Electromagnetic loss in carbon based materials
title_sort electromagnetic loss in carbon based materials
publisher НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
publishDate 2006
url http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135016
citation_txt Electromagnetic loss in carbon based materials / L. Vovchenko, L. Matzui, I. Kototash, O. Rzheshevska // Functional Materials. — 2006. — Т. 13, № 3. — С. 484-488. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ.
series Functional Materials
work_keys_str_mv AT vovchenkol electromagneticlossincarbonbasedmaterials
AT matzuil electromagneticlossincarbonbasedmaterials
AT kototashi electromagneticlossincarbonbasedmaterials
AT rzheshevskao electromagneticlossincarbonbasedmaterials
first_indexed 2025-07-09T21:06:22Z
last_indexed 2025-07-09T21:06:22Z
_version_ 1837204960584925184
fulltext (OHFWURPDJQHWLF�ORVV�LQ�FDUERQ�EDVHG�PDWHULDOV /�9RYFKHQNR��/�0DW]XL��,�.RURWDVK ��2�5]KHVKHYVND � 7�6KHYFKHQNR�.\LY�1DWLRQDO�8QLYHUVLW\��3K\VLFV�'HSDUWPHQW� ����9RORG\P\UVND�6W���������.\LY��8NUDLQH� *�.XUG\XPRY�,QVWLWXWH�IRU�0HWDO�3K\VLFV�� 1DWLRQDO�$FDGHP\�RI�6FLHQFHV�RI�8NUDLQH�� ���9HUQDGVN\�6W���.\LY��8NUDLQH� 3DSHU� SUHVHQWV� WKH� UHVXOWV� RI� LQYHVWLJDWLRQ� RI� HOHFWURPDJQHWLF� LQVHUWLRQ� ORVV� �$�� IRU FDUERQ�PDWHULDOV�� LQFOXGLQJ� WKHUPRH[IROLDWHG� JUDSKLWH� �7(*��� 7(*�PHWDO� DQG� 7(*�HSR[\ FRPSRVLWHV� �&0V�� LQ� WHPSHUDWXUH� UDQJHV� ��Ü���� .� DW� WKH� IUHTXHQF\� I|����*+]�� �7KH SHUIRUPHG�LQYHVWLJDWLRQV�KDYH�VKRZQ�WKDW�7(*�EDVHG�FRPSRVLWH�PDWHULDOV�DUH�SURVSHFWLYH WR�XVH�WKHP�DV�UDGLR�SURWHFWLYH�PDWHULDOV� LQ�WKH�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�VKLHOGV�IRU�UDGLR�REMHFWV DQG�EXLOGLQJV�LQ�SDUWLFXODU��7KH�PLFURZDYH�LQVHUWLRQ�ORVV�/�IRU�VWXGLHG�7(*�DQG�7(*�0H EDVHG�VSHFLPHQV�DW�WKH�IUHTXHQF\�RI�����*+]�LV�UDQJHG�ZLWKLQ������Ü������G%��7(*�EDVHG FRPSRVLWHV�FRQWDLQLQJ�SRO\PHU�ELQGHU��HSR[\�UHVLQ��ZDV�VKRZQ�WR�SURYLGH�KLJK�HOHFWURPDJ� QHWLF� LQVHUWLRQ� ORVV� �/� ������G%��DV�ZHOO� DV�KLJK� OHYHO�RI� HODVWLF�SODVWLF�SDUDPHWHUV��7KH LQFUHDVH� RI� PLFURZDYH� LQVHUWLRQ� ORVV� $�/�� LV� REVHUYHG� IRU� DOO� WKH� VWXGLHG� &0V� XQGHU GHFUHDVH�RI�WHPSHUDWXUH��%XW�WKH�FKDUDFWHU�RI�$�7��ZDV�IRXQG�WR�EH�HVVHQWLDOO\�GHSHQGHQW RQ�WKH�W\SH�RI�&0� �¯Ë�°�ÈmãËÓ©� ¯ËÏ�ã �È�©�Ò°°ãË�ºmÈÓÒ«� mÓº°Ò䩲�¹º�˯ � ªãË}�¯ºäÈ�ÓÒ�Óº�º� ÒÏã�� �ËÓÒ«��k��m���ã˯º�Ó©²�äÈ�˯ÒÈãȲ��m��Ȱ�Óº°�Ò��m��˯亯Ȱ�Ò¯ËÓÓºä��¯ÈÁÒ�Ë���c���Ò m� }ºä¹ºÏÒ�Ȳ� �zl�� �c��äË�Èãã� Ò� �c��ª¹º}°Ò�ÓÈ«� °äºãÈ� m� �Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯Óºä� ÒÓ�˯mÈãË ��Ü����z�¹¯Ò��Ȱ�º�Ë�I�|�����������¯ºmË�ËÓÓ©Ë�Ò°°ãË�ºmÈÓÒ«�¹º}ÈÏÈãÒ����º�}ºä¹ºÏÒ�� Ó©Ë� äÈ�˯ÒÈã©� ÓÈ� º°ÓºmË� �c�� «mã« �°«� ¹Ë¯°¹Ë}�ÒmÓ©äÒ� �ã«� Ò°¹ºã ϺmÈÓÒ«� Ò²� m }È�˰�mË� ÏÈ�Ò�Ó©²�äÈ�˯ÒÈãºm��ã«�ª}¯ÈÓÒ¯ºmÈÓÒ«�Ò°�º�ÓÒ}ºm�ªãË}�¯ºäÈ�ÓÒ�Óº�º�ÒÏ� ã��ËÓÒ«�Ò��m��Ȱ�Óº°�Ò���ã«�ÏÈ�Ò�©�¹ºäË�ËÓÒ®�º��mºÏ�Ë®°�mÒ«�ÒÏã��ËÓÒ«��lÒ}¯ºmºã� Óºm©Ë� mÓº°Òä©Ë� ¹º�˯Ò� /� �ã«� Ò°°ãË�ºmÈÓÓ©²� º­¯ÈÏ�ºm� ÓÈ� º°ÓºmË� �c�� Ò� �c��äË�Èãã °º°�Èmã« �������Ü�������r�¹¯Ò��Ȱ�º�Ë�ªãË}�¯ºäÈ�ÓÒ�Óº�º�ÒÏã��ËÓÒ«����������|­Óȯ�� ÎËÓº����º�m�}ºä¹ºÏÒ�Ȳ�ÓÈ�º°ÓºmË��c���°º�˯ÎÈ�Ò²�¹ºãÒä˯ӺË�°m«Ï� �ËË��ª¹º}°Ò�� ÓÈ«� °äºãÈ�� ªãË}�¯ºäÈ�ÓÒ�Ó©Ë� mÓº°Òä©Ë� ¹º�˯Ò� �º°�È�º�Óº� m©°º}ÒË� �/� �������r�� }¯ºäË� �º�º�� ª�Ò� }ºä¹ºÏÒ�©� ²È¯È}�˯ÒÏ� �°«� m©°º}Òä� �¯ºmÓËä� �¹¯��º�¹ãȰ�Ò�˰}Ò² ²È¯È}�˯Ұ�Ò}�� �°�ÈÓºmãËÓº�� ��º� ¹¯Ò� ¹ºÓÒÎËÓÒÒ� �Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯©� mÓº°Òä©Ë� ªãË}�¯ºäÈ�� ÓÒ�Ó©Ë�¹º�˯Ò�$�/��mºÏ¯È°�È ���ã«�m°Ë²�Ò°°ãË�ºmÈÓÓ©²�}ºä¹ºÏÒ�ºm��Óº�²È¯È}�˯��Ëä� ¹Ë¯È��¯Ó©²�ÏÈmÒ°Ò亰�Ë®�k�7��°��˰�mËÓÓº�ÏÈmÒ°Ò��º���Ò¹È�zl� 7KH�SHRSOHV�LQ�PRGHUQ�FLWLHV�DQG�VXEXUEV DUH� QRZ� XQGHU� FRQWLQXRXV� QHJDWLYH� DFWLRQ RI� D� VHW� RI� HOHFWURPDJQHWLF� ILHOG� VRXUFHV� UDGLR�DQG�79�V\VWHPV��PLFURZDYH�DQG�FHOOX� ODU�WHOHSKRQLF�V\VWHPV��HOHFWULF�SRZHU�JHQHU� DWRUV�DQG�SHUKDSV�PLFURZDYH�JHQHUDWRUV�IRU WKH� GLUHFWHG� GHOHWHULRXV� HIIHFW� RQ� WHFKQLFDO DQG�DOLYH�REMHFWV��%HVLGHV��WKH�XQDXWKRUL]HG DFFHVV�WR�WKH�FRQILGHQWLDO�LQIRUPDWLRQ�FRXOG EH�UHDOL]HG�E\�UHPRWH�UHJLVWUDWLRQ�IURP�WKH RXWVLGH� WR� FRPSXWHUV�� UDGLR�SKRQHV�� ZLUHG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ� V\VWHPV�� HWF�� 7KDW� LV� ZK\ WKH� SUREOHP� RI� WKH� DOLYH� REMHFWV� SURWHFWLRQ DJDLQVW� HOHFWURPDJQHWLF� UDGLDWLRQ� DQG� SUR� WHFWLRQ� RI� FRQILGHQWLDO� LQIRUPDWLRQ� DJDLQVW XQDXWKRUL]HG� DFFHVV� DUH� QRZ� HVSHFLDOO\� XU� JHQW�� 2QH� RI� WKH� PRVW� SHUVSHFWLYH� ZD\� WR VROYH� WKHVH� SUREOHPV� LV� WKH� GHYHORSPHQW� RI VSHFLDO� HOHFWURPDJQHWLF� VKLHOGV�� 7KH� DLP� RI WKLV�SDSHU�LV�WR�VWXG\�WKH�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�RI WKH� HOHFWURPDJQHWLF� UDGLDWLRQ� DEVRUSWLRQ� LQ FRPSRVLWH�PDWHULDOV��&0V��EDVHG�RQ�WKHUPR� H[IROLDWHG�JUDSKLWH� �7(*��DQG� WR�GHWHUPLQH WKH�LQIOXHQFH�RI�7(*�PRGLILFDWLRQ��WKH�VXS� )XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� �������Û�,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� SRUWLQJ� RI� PHWDO� SDUWLFOHV� �&R��1L�� RQ� 7(* VXUIDFH��RQ�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�ORVV�LQ�WKHVH�&0V� 7(*�EDVHG� VDPSOHV�SURGXFHG�XQGHU�YDUL� RXV� WHFKQRORJLFDO� UHJLPHV� XVLQJ� FHUWDLQO\ PRGLILHG�JUDSKLWH�PDWULFHV�KDYH�EHHQ�VWXGLHG� 7(*����VDPSOHV�DUH�WKH�VDPSOHV�RI�WKHUPRH[IR� OLDWHG�JUDSKLWH�SURGXFHG�E\�WKH�WHFKQRORJ\�GH� VFULEHG� LQ� >�@�� 7KHUPRH[IROLDWHG� JUDSKLWH 7(*Q���� ZDV� REWDLQHG� DIWHU� UH�R[LGL]LQJ� RI7(*����ZLWK� QLWULF� DFLG� DQG� UHSHDWHG� WKHUPDO VKRFN�DW�����&�>�@��0HWDO�JUDSKLWH�FRPSRVLWHV ZHUH� SUHSDUHG� E\� FKHPLFDO� GHSRVLWLRQ� RI� VDOW �0H�&+�&22���RU�0H�12�����IURP�DTXHRXV�VR�OXWLRQ� IROORZHG� E\� WKHUPDO� GHFRPSRVLWLRQ� RI WKH�VDOW�WR�PHWDO�>�@� 7(*�HSR[\� &0V� ZHUH� SUHSDUHG� YLD� VHY� HUDO� VWDJHV�� SUHSDUDWLRQ� RI� WKH� VROXWLRQ� RI HSR[\� UHVLQ� LQ� DFHWRQH�� SUHSDUDWLRQ� RI� WKH 7(*�PL[WXUH�ZLWK�RUJDQLF�VROXWLRQ�DQG�GU\LQJ WKH�PL[WXUH�DW����&�IRU��Ü��GD\V�XQGHU�SHUL� RGLF� DJLWDWLRQ�� DGGLQJ� RI� SODVWLFL]HU� �GLEXW\O SKWKDODWH�� '%)�� DQG� KDUGHQHU� �SRO\HWK\OHQH SRO\DPLQH��3(3$���ILQDO�GU\LQJ�LQ�DQ�RYHQ�DW ���Ü����&�IRU���K�XS� WR�WRWDO� HYDSRUDWLRQ�RI DFHWRQH�� 7KH� 7(*� FRQWHQW� LQ� WKH� SUHSDUHG 7(*�HSR[\�FRPSRVLWH�ZDV����PDVV���7KH�EXON &0�VDPSOHV�ZHUH�SUHSDUHG�E\�FROG�FRPSDFWLRQ RI� SRZGHUV�� 7KH� LQYHVWLJDWHG� VDPSOHV� ZHUH VKDSHG�DV�WDEOHWV�RI����PP�GLDPHWHU�DQG�DERXW ��PP�WKLFNQHVV�� 7KH� DGMXVWPHQW� RI� H[SHULPHQWDO� SURFH� GXUH�� H[SHULPHQWDO� VWXGLHV� RI� 7(*� VDPSOHV DQG� WKH� DQDO\VLV� RI� WKH� H[SHULPHQWDO� GDWD KDYH� EHHQ� SHUIRUPHG� XVLQJ� QHWZRUN� DQD� O\]HU�c�������6+)�>�@��7KH�RSHUDWLRQ�RI�WKH QHWZRUN� DQDO\]HU� LV� EDVHG� RQ� WKH� UHIOHF� WRPHWU\�SULQFLSOH�� L�H��RQ�VHSDUDWH�VHOHFWLRQ RI�VLJQDOV�SURSRUWLRQDO�WR�WKH�SRZHU�RI�LQFL� GHQW�ZDYH� IURP� JHQHUDWRU� DQG� RI� WKH�ZDYH UHIOHFWHG�IURP�WKH�PHDVXULQJ�ORDG�RU�RI�WKH ZDYH� SDVVHG� WKURXJK� WKH� VDPSOH��7KH� YDUL� DEOH� IUHTXHQF\� RI� c������� LV� �����Ü ������ *+]�� 7KH� SUHVHQWHG� HTXLSPHQW� SHU� PLWV�WR�VWXG\�WKH�LQVHUWLRQ�ORVV�FRQGLWLRQHG E\� GLIIHUHQW� 7(*� VDPSOHV�� WR� SHUIRUP� WKH YDULDWLRQ� DQDO\VLV� RI� WKHLU� HOHFWURSK\VLFDO SDUDPHWHUV� IRU� WKH� VXEVHTXHQW� FODVVLILFD� WLRQ�� $W� WKH� VDPH� WLPH�� LW� LV� SRVVLEOH� WR FDUU\� RXW� WKH�PHDVXUHPHQWV� FRPSDUHG�ZLWK UHIHUHQFH�VDPSOHV��7KH�PLFURZDYH�LQYHVWLJD� WLRQV�RI�7(*�EDVHG�VDPSOHV�LQ�WKH�WHPSHUD� WXUH�UDQJH���Ü����.�KDYH�EHHQ�FDUULHG�RXW LQ�FU\RJHQLF�DUUDQJHPHQW��&$��WKDW�ZDV�HQ� FORVHG� LQ� FU\RVWDW�� 7KH� &$� SURYLGHV� LQSXW DQG�SLFNXS�RI�PLFURZDYH�VLJQDO�IURP�LQYHV� WLJDWHG� VDPSOH� DQG� VWDELOL]DWLRQ� LWV� WHP� SHUDWXUH�GXULQJ�PHDVXUHPHQW� 7KH� LQYHVWLJDWLRQ� RI� WKH� LQVHUWLRQ� ORVV �$��KDV�EHHQ�SHUIRUPHG�IRU�D�VHULHV�RI�FRP� SRVLWH� PDWHULDOV� EDVHG� RQ� 7(*� LQ� RUGHU� WR DQDO\]H� WKH� LQIOXHQFH� RI� WKHUPRFKHPLFDO WUHDWPHQW� RI� 7(*� RQ� WKH� HOHFWURPDJQHWLF UDGLDWLRQ� DEVRUSWLRQ� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� �VHH 7DEOH���$FFRUGLQJ� WR� WKH� H[SHULPHQWDO� GDWD GLVFXVVHG� LQ� >�@�� WKH�UHSHDWHG�WKHUPRFKHPL� FDO� WUHDWPHQW�RI�7(*��7(*����VDPSOHV��DQG DQ�DGGLWLRQDO�VXUIDFH�DFWLYDWLRQ�RI�WKH�7(* SDUWLFOHV� �7(*H[WU� VDPSOHV�� UHVXOW� LQ� D� VLJ� 7DEOH��(OHFWULF��PDJQHWLF�DQG�HOHFWURG\QDPLF�FKDUDFWHULFWLFV�RI�FRPSRVLWH�PDWHULDOV�EDVHG�RQ�7(* 1R� 6DPSOH FRPSRVLWLRQ 'HQVLW\�G� J�FP� (OHFWULF UHVLVWLYLW\ UD��:��P U���U��� 0DJQHWLF VXVFHSW� F��FP��J ,QVHUWLRQ�ORVV�$� �/�LQ�G%� $ORQJ�WKH FRPSDFWLQJ�D[LV $ORQJ�WKH FRPSDFWLQJ D[LV � 7(*��� ���� ������Ü� ���� �������r���� � 7(*��� ���� ���Ü������r���� � 7(*��� ���� ���Ü������r���� � 7(*Q��� ���� ������Ü� ���� ���Ü������r���� � 7(*���H[WU ���� ���Ü������r���� � 7(*Q��������&�����PDVV��� ���� �������Ü� ���� ����Ü� ���Ü������r���� � 7(*����&R ���� ���Ü������r���� � 7(*����1L ���� ������Ü� ���Ü������r���� � 7(*����HSR[\� ����PDVV��� ���� �������Ü� ���� ����Ü������r���� �Û�5RG�VKDSHG�VDPSOH��VHW�RI�VDPSOHV����������� /�9RYFKHQNR�HW�DO����(OHFWURPDJQHWLF�ORVV�LQ�FDUERQ���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� QLILFDQW� IUDJPHQWDWLRQ� RI� SDUWLFOHV�� WR� WKH FKDQJHV�LQ�WKHLU�VWUXFWXUH�DQG�SKDVH�FRPSR� VLWLRQ�DQG��FRUUHVSRQGLQJO\��WR�WKH�YDULDWLRQ RI�WKHLU�HOHFWURFKHPLFDO�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� 7KH� HOHFWURSK\VLFDO� SDUDPHWHUV� RI� 7(* VDPSOHV�ZHUH�DQDO\]HG�EHIRUH�WKH�LQYHVWLJD� WLRQV�� $� VHW� RI� HOHFWURG\QDPLF� SDUDPHWHUV FRQWDLQLQJ�WKH�ZLGHVW�LQIRUPDWLRQ�DERXW�WKH 7(*�&0V�XQGHU�VWXG\�KDV�EHHQ�GHWHUPLQHG� $V�LW�LV�VHHQ�IURP�7DEOH��WKH�HOHFWULFDO�UHVLV� WLYLW\�IRU�DOO�WKH�LQYHVWLJDWHG�VDPSOHV�LV�QRW KLJK�� �������Ü�Ü������Ü���:�P� IRU� WKH� 7(* DQG�7(*�&R��1L�DQG��������Ü��:�P�IRU�7(*� HSR[\�&0��UHVSHFWLYHO\� 7KH�PHWDOV�DUH�NQRZQ�WR�EH�XVHG�ZLGHO\ LQ�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�RI�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�UDGLDWLRQ VKLHOGV� GXH� WR� KLJK� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� RI� IUHH FDUULHUV� WKHUHLQ�� 7KH� SRVVLELOLW\� WR� GHSRVLW QDQRVFDOHG� PHWDOOLF� FRPSRQHQW� RQ� WKH� VXU� IDFH�RI�JUDSKLWH�VXEVWUDWH��L�H���WKH�FUHDWLRQ RI� PHWDO�JUDSKLWH� QDQRFRPSRVLWH� PDWHULDOV� RIIHUV�D�QHZ�FKDOOHQJH�WR�XVH� WKHVH�PDWHUL� DOV�DV�UDGLR�SURWHFWLYH�RQHV� ([SHULPHQWDO� GDWD� RQ� WKH� LQVHUWLRQ� ORVV $� RI� HOHFWURPDJQHWLF� UDGLDWLRQ� DUH� SUH� VHQWHG� LQ� 7DEOH� DQG� LQ� )LJ����� 7KH� 7DEOH FRQWDLQV� WKH� LQVHUWLRQ� ORVV�$� YDOXHV� LQ� WKH VWXGLHG�7(*�VDPSOHV�LQ�FRPSDULVRQ�ZLWK�LQ� VHUWLRQ� ORVV� LQ� FRSSHU� DQDORJXHV�� &RSSHU SRVVHVVHV� RQH� RI� WKH� KLJKHVW� FRQGXFWLYLW\ YDOXHV� �U&X� ��������Ü��:�P� �GF� FXUUHQW� DW���&��� DQG� RQH� RI� WKH� ORZHVW� ORVV� LQ� WKH PLFURZDYH� UDQJH�� &RRSHU� FRQGXFWRUV� DUH XVHG� WR� FRQVWUXFW� WKH� PLFURZDYH ZDYHJXLGHV��DQWHQQDV�DQG�UHIOHFWLYH�VKLHOGV� 7KH�PDMRULW\�RI� WKH�HOHFWULF�SDUDPHWHUV�IRU RWKHU� PDWHULDOV� DUH� XVXDOO\� QRUPDOL]HG� WR WKH� DSSURSULDWH� YDOXHV� IRU� FRSSHU�� +HQFH� WKH� SUHVHQWHG� SDUDPHWHUV� FKDUDFWHUL]H� WKH PLFURZDYH�SURSHUWLHV�RI�WKH�VWXGLHG�VDPSOHV XQDPELJXRXVO\� DQG� LQ� D� IXOO� PHDVXUH�� 7KH LQVHUWLRQ� ORVV� $� YDOXHV� PHDVXUHG� DW� IUH� TXHQF\� I|����*+]� DUH� WDEXODWHG�� ,W� LV� VHHQ WKDW� 7(*� VDPSOHV� DUH� FKDUDFWHUL]HG� E\� WKH LQVHUWLRQ�ORVV�YDOXHV�RYHU����G%��PRUH�WKDQ ���WLPHV�E\�WKH�SRZHU���7KLV�LQGLFDWHV�JRRG SURVSHFWV� RI� WKHLU� DSSOLFDWLRQ� DV� UDGLR�SUR� WHFWLYH�PDWHULDOV� 7KH�6DPSOHV���������SURGXFHG�XQGHU� WKH VDPH� WHFKQRORJLFDO� UHJLPHV� DQG� KDYLQJ� DO� PRVW� WKH� VDPH� GHQVLW\� GLVSOD\� DOPRVW� WKH VDPH�OHYHO�RI�WKH�PLFURZDYH�ORVV��([WUXGLQJ RI� 7(*� SDUWLFOHV� UHVXOWV� LQ� D� VLJQLILFDQW GLPLQXWLRQ� RI� SDUWLFOHV� �WKH� SDUWLFOH� OHQJWK GHFUHDVHV� E\� D� IDFWRU� RI� �� WR� ���� $V� LW� LV VHHQ�IURP�WKH�7DEOH��WKH�OHYHO�RI�WKH�PLFUR� ZDYH�ORVV�GHFUHDVHV�WKHUHE\� $FFRUGLQJ� WR� >�@�� WKH� PDLQ� PHFKDQLVPV RI� HOHFWURPDJQHWLF� LQWHUIHUHQFH� �(0,� VKLHOGLQJ�DUH�UHIOHFWLRQ�RI�UDGLDWLRQ��DEVRUS� WLRQ�DQG�PXOWLSOH�UHIOHFWLRQV�ZKLFK�UHIHU�WR WKH�UHIOHFWLRQV�DW�YDULRXV�VXUIDFHV�RU�LQWHU� IDFHV� LQ� WKH� VKLHOG�� 7KH� WRWDO� ORVV� FKDUDF� WHUL]HV� WKH� VKLHOGLQJ� HIILFLHQF\�� 7R� SURYLGH WKH� UDGLDWLRQ� UHIOHFWLRQ� E\� WKH� VKLHOG�� WKH ODWWHU�VKRXOG�FRQWDLQ�PRELOH�FKDUJH�FDUULHUV �HOHFWURQV�RU�KROHV��ZKLFK� LQWHUDFW�ZLWK�WKH UDGLDWLRQ�HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�ILHOGV� $OO� WKH� LQYHVWLJDWHG� &0V� EDVHG� RQ� 7(* DUH� HOHFWULF� FRQGXFWRUV� WKDW� LV� D� SUHFRQGL� WLRQ� IRU� KLJK� HOHFWURPDJQHWLF� VKLHOGLQJ�� ,Q DGGLWLRQ��FRPSDFWHG�7(*�VDPSOHV�DUH�KLJKO\ DQLVRWURSLF��WKDW�FDXVHV�GLIIHUHQFHV�LQ�FKDU� DFWHULVWLFV� PHDVXUHG� DORQJ� GLIIHUHQW� GLUHF� WLRQV�RI�VDPSOH�� ,W�KDV�EHHQ�IRXQG�WKDW�WKH DYHUDJH� LQVHUWLRQ� ORVV� LQ� WKH� GLUHFWLRQ� SHU� SHQGLFXODU� WR� FRPSDFWLQJ� D[LV� �D�D[LV�� DUH ���� WLPHV� KLJKHU� WKDQ� WKH� ORVVHV� PHDVXUHG DORQJ� WKH� FRPSDFWLQJ� D[LV� �&�D[LV��� 7KLV IDFW�PD\�EH�H[SODLQHG�E\�WKH�HOHFWULFDO�FRQ� GXFWLYLW\�DQLVRWURS\�LQ�FRPSDFWHG�7(*��WKH )LJ�����7HPSHUDWXUH�GHSHQGHQFHV�RI�PLFURZDYH�LQVHUWLRQ� ORVV�IRU�GLIIHUHQW�&0�VDPSOHV���D��PLFUR� ZDYH� LQVHUWLRQ� ORVV� $� �LQ� WLPHV��� VDPSOH� ��Û� SXUH� 7(*�� ��Û� 7(*Ü&R�� ��� DQG� ���Û� GLIIHUHQW VDPSOHV�SUHSDUHG�XVLQJ�7(*�HSR[\�����PDVV����SRZGHU���E��PLFURZDYH�LQVHUWLRQ�ORVV�/�LQ�G%� /�9RYFKHQNR�HW�DO����(OHFWURPDJQHWLF�ORVV�LQ�FDUERQ���� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� UDWLR�EHWZHHQ�HOHFWULF�FRQGXFWLYLW\�LQ�GLUHF� WLRQ� SHUSHQGLFXODU� WR� FRPSDFWLQJ� D[LV� VDDQG� WKDW� DORQJ� &�D[LV� VF�� VD�VF�� LV� DERXWa����)RU�WKH�VLQJOH�FU\VWDOOLQH�JUDSKLWH��WKLV YDOXH�PD\�DWWDLQ����Ü���� )RU� VXIILFLHQW� UDGLDWLRQ� DEVRUSWLRQ�� WKH VKLHOG� VKRXOG� LQFOXGH� HOHFWULF� RU� PDJQHWLF GLSROHV� ZKLFK� LQWHUDFW� ZLWK� WKH� UDGLDWLRQ HOHFWURPDJQHWLF�ILHOGV��7KH�SUHVHQFH�RI�PDJ� QHWLF� GLSROHV� FDQ� EH� SURYLGHG� E\� PDWHULDOV ZLWK�KLJK�PDJQHWLF�SHUPHDELOLW\��7KH�LQVHU� WLRQ� ORVV� LV� D� IXQFWLRQ� RI� VU�PU�� ZKLOH� WKHORVV�GXH�WR�UHIOHFWLRQ�LV�D�IXQFWLRQ�RI�VU�PU�ZKHUH�VU� LV� WKH�HOHFWULFDO� FRQGXFWLYLW\�UHOD�WLYH� WR� FRSSHU� DQG� PU� LV� WKH� UHODWLYH� PDJ�QHWLF� SHUPHDELOLW\� >�@�� 7KH� VXSSRUWLQJ� RI PHWDO�SDUWLFOHV��&R��1L��RQ�7(*�VXUIDFH�SUR� YLGHV� WKH� IHUURPDJQHWLF� SURSHUWLHV� RI� 7(*� PHWDO� &0V�� $V� LW� LV� VHHQ� IURP� WKH� 7DEOH� PDJQHWLF� VXVFHSWLELOLW\� F� LV� ����Ü�� DQG ������Ü��FP��J� IRU� 7(*Ü&R� DQG� 7(*Ü1L� UHVSHFWLYHO\� 8QH[SHFWHGO\��ZH�KDYH�QRW� REVHUYHG� DQ\ HVVHQWLDO� LQFUHDVH� RI� LQVHUWLRQ� ORVV� IRU� WKH 7(*Ü0H� VDPSOHV� �&R� RU� 1L� FRQWHQW� a��Ü ���PDVV���� 7KLV� IDFW�PD\� EH� H[SODLQHG� E\ VLJQLILFDQW� GLPLQXWLRQ� RI� 7(*� SDUWLFOHV XQGHU�FKHPLFDO�PRGLILFDWLRQ�RI�7(*�VXUIDFH ZLWK�PHWDO�� )LQDOO\�� WKH� WKLUG� PHFKDQLVP� RI� (0, VKLHOGLQJ� LV� EDVHG� RQ� PXOWLSOH� UHIOHFWLRQV ZKLFK� UHIHU� WR� WKH� UHIOHFWLRQV� DW� YDULRXV VXUIDFHV� RU� LQWHUIDFHV� LQ� WKH� VKLHOG�� 7KLV PHFKDQLVP�UHTXLUHV� WKH�SUHVHQFH�RI�D� ODUJH VXUIDFH�DUHD�RU�LQWHUIDFH�DUHD�LQ�WKH�VKLHOG� 7KH�PRUH�HIIHFWLYH�DUH� WKH�FRPSRVLWH�PDWH� ULDOV� FRQWDLQLQJ� HOHFWULFDOO\� FRQGXFWLQJ ILOOHU�ZLWK�D�ODUJH�VXUIDFH�DUHD��,Q�WKLV�FDVH� WKH� VXUIDFH� FXUUHQWV� DUH� DSSHDUHG� RQ� ODUJH VXUIDFH�DQG�ORVV�GXH�WR�HOHFWULF�UHVLVWDQFH�LV ODUJH�� ,Q� RXU� RSLQLRQ�� WKH�XVH� RI�7(*�ZLWK KLJK� VSHFLILF� VXUIDFH� ���Ü��� P��J�� DV� WKH ILOOHU� LV� SURPLVLQJ� IRU� GHYHORSPHQW� RI� WKH PDWHULDOV� IRU� VKLHOGLQJ�� $V� LW� LV� VHHQ� IURP 7DEOH�� WKH� LQVHUWLRQ� ORVV� $� LV� PD[LPDO� IRU 7(*�HSR[\� FRPSRVLWHV�� WKH� ORVV� LQ� VDPSOH 1R��� 7(*�HSR[\� ���� PDVV� ��� LV� �� WLPHV KLJKHU�WKDQ�LQ�RWKHU�LQYHVWLJDWHG�VDPSOHV� 7KH�GHSWK� DW�ZKLFK� WKH�DOWHUQDWLQJ�HOHF� WULF� ILHOG� LQ� UDGLDWLRQ� GURSV� E\� D� IDFWRU� RI ��H� RI� WKH� LQFLGHQW�YDOXH� LV� FDOOHG� WKH� VNLQ GHSWK��G���ZKLFK�LV�GHWHUPLQHG�DV G� � � �CCCCCSIPV � ZKHUH�I�LV�WKH�IUHTXHQF\��P� �P�PU��WKH�PDJ� QHWLF�SHUPHDELOLW\�P�� ��S���Ü��+�P��V��WKH HOHFWULFDO� FRQGXFWLYLW\�� +HQFH�� WKH� VNLQ GHSWK� GHFUHDVHV� ZLWK� LQFUHDVLQJ� IUHTXHQF\ DQG�LQFUHDVLQJ�FRQGXFWLYLW\�RU�SHUPHDELOLW\� 'XH�WR�WKH�VNLQ�HIIHFW��D�FRPSRVLWH�PDWHULDO FRQWDLQLQJ� D� FRQGXFWLYH� ILOOHU� ZLWK� D� VPDOO ILOOHU� SDUWLFOH� VL]H� LV� PRUH� HIIHFWLYH� WKDQ RQH� KDYLQJ� WKH� FRQGXFWLYH� ILOOHU� ZLWK� D ODUJH� RQH�� )RU� HIIHFWLYH� XVH� RI� WKH� HQWLUH ILOOHU� SDUWLFOH� FURVV�VHFWLRQ� IRU� VKLHOGLQJ� WKH�ILOOHU�SDUWLFOH�VL]H�VKRXOG�EH�FRPSDUDEOH WR�RU�OHVV�WKDQ�WKH�VNLQ�GHSWK� 7KH� SRO\PHU�PDWUL[� FRPSRVLWHV� FRQWDLQ� LQJ� FRQGXFWLYH� ILOOHUV� DUH� DWWUDFWLYH� IRU VKLHOGLQJ� >�Ü�@� GXH� WR� WKHLU� SURFHVVDELOLW\ �H�J��PROGDELOLW\�� 7HPSHUDWXUH� GHSHQGHQFHV� RI� WKH� LQVHU� WLRQ�ORVV�$�7��IRU�GLIIHUHQW�&0�VDPSOHV�DUH SUHVHQWHG� LQ� )LJ����� (YLGHQWO\�� WKH� LQFUHDV� LQJ�RI� LQVHUWLRQ� ORVV� LV�REVHUYHG� IRU�DOO� WKH VWXGLHG� &0V� DW� UHGXFLQJ� RI� WHPSHUDWXUH� %XW� WKH�FKDUDFWHU�RI�$����ZDV� IRXQG�WR�GH� SHQG� HVVHQWLDOO\� RQ� WKH�&0� W\SH��0DWHULDOV RQ� WKH�EDVLV� RI� SXUH�7(*�DUH�FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\� WKH� UDWLR�$���$���|���&h� DGGLWLYH� FDXVHVD�GHFUHDVLQJ�RI�$���$�����$V�LW�LV�VHHQ�IURP)LJ����� WKH�$�YDOXH� IRU�&0�RQ� WKH� EDVLV� RI 7(*�DQG�HSR[\�LV��Ü��WLPHV�KLJKHU�WKDQ�IRU SXUH�7(*�DQG�7(*Ü&R�&0V� ���� DQG���� DUHGLIIHUHQW� VDPSOHV� SUHSDUHG� E\� XVLQJ� 7(*� HSR[\� ����PDVV���� SRZGHU��� 7KH� YDOXH� IRU WKRVH�PDWHULDOV��$���$���|����7KXV��IRU�WKH�ILUVW�WLPH�WKH�LQVHUWLRQ�ORVV RI� HOHFWURPDJQHWLF� UDGLDWLRQ� LQ� FRPSDFWHG 7(*� VDPSOHV� KDV� EHHQ� LQYHVWLJDWHG� LQ� WHP� SHUDWXUH�UDQJH���Ü����.�DQG�IRU�WZR�GLUHF� WLRQV� Û� DORQJ� DQG� DFURVV� WKH� FRPSDFWLQJ D[LV��7KH� LQYHVWLJDWLRQV�RI� LQVHUWLRQ�ORVV�LQ 7(*� EDVHG� FRPSRVLWHV� �7(*�� 7(*Ü&R� 7(*Ü1L�� 7(*�HSR[\�� KDYH� VKRZQ� WKDW� WKH PLFURZDYH� LQVHUWLRQ� ORVV� IRU� WKH� VWXGLHG 7(*�EDVHG�VDPSOHV�DW�����*+]�IUHTXHQF\�LV UDQJHG� ZLWKLQ� ����Ü����� G%�� 7KHVH� 7(* EDVHG� PDWHULDOV� FRXOG� RIIHU� D� FKDOOHQJH� WR XVH�WKHVH�PDWHULDOV�DV�UDGLR�SURWHFWLYH�RQHV LQ� WKH� HOHFWURPDJQHWLF� VKLHOGV� IRU�UDGLR�RE� MHFWV�DQG�EXLOGLQJV�LQ�SDUWLFXODU��LQ�RUGHU�WR DYRLG� WKH� XQDXWKRUL]HG� DFFHVV� WR� WKH� FRQIL� GHQWLDO� LQIRUPDWLRQ�� 7(*� EDVHG� &0V� FRQ� WDLQLQJ� D� SRO\PHU� ELQGHU� KDYH� EHHQ� VKRZQ WR� SURYLGH� KLJK� HOHFWURPDJQHWLF� UDGLDWLRQ LQVHUWLRQ� ORVV� DV� ZHOO� DV� D� KLJK� OHYHO� RI HODVWLF�SODVWLF�SDUDPHWHUV�7KH�PLFURZDYH�LQ� VHUWLRQ� ORVV� IRU� 7(*� EDVHG� FRPSRVLWHV� LQ� FUHDVHV� XQGHU� FRROLQJ�� WKDW� DJUHHV� ZLWK� LQ� FUHDVH�RI�HOHFWULF�UHVLVWDQFH�RI�WKHVH�PDWHUL� DOV�XQGHU�FRROLQJ� /�9RYFKHQNR�HW�DO����(OHFWURPDJQHWLF�ORVV�LQ�FDUERQ���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� 5HIHUHQFHV � ���(�,�.KDUNRY�� 9�,�/\VRY�� /�<X�0DWVXL� HW� DO�� 8NUDLQLDQ�3DWHQW�1������$� � ���/�/�9RYFKHQNR��/�<X�0DW]XL��$�,�%UXVLORYHWV� )XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV������������������ � ���/�0DW]XL��/�9RYFKHQNR��/�.DSLWDQFKXN�HW�DO�� ,QRUJ��0DW�������������������� � ���$�0�&KHUQXVKHQNR�� $�9�0DLERURGLQ�� 0HDV� XUHPHQW�RI�3DUDPHWHUV�IRU�(OHFWURQLF�'HYLFHV RI� 0LFURZDYH� DQG� &HQWLPHWHU� 5DQJH�:DYHV� 5DGLR�L�6Y\D]��0RVFRZ��������>LQ�5XVVLDQ@� � ���/�9RYFKHQNR�� 0�=DNKDUHQNR�� 0�%DELFK� $�%UXVLORYHW]��-��&KHP��3K\V���6ROLGV���������� ������� � ���9�,�9RO�PDQ�� <X�0�3LPHQRY�� 7HFKQLFDO� (OHF� WURG\QDPLFV��6Y\D]�3XEO���0RVFRZ��������>LQ 5XVVLDQ@� � ���'�'�/�&KXQJ��&DUERQ����������������� � ���'�'�/�&KXQJ��&DUERQ������������������ � ���:�6�-RX�� 7�/�:X�� 6�.�&KLX� HW� DO��� -��(OHF� WURQ��0DWHU������������������� pãË}�¯ºäÈ�ÓL�ÓL�m�¯È�Ò���äÈ�˯LÈãȲ�ÓÈ�º°ÓºmL�m��ãË� ��{ºm�ËÓ}º����lÈ��®��,�zº¯º�È���|�cÎË�Ëm° }È �¯Ë�°�ÈmãËÓº�¯ËÏ�ã �È�Ò��º°ãL�ÎËÓ �mÓ˰ËÓÒ²�m�¯È��ËãË}�¯ºäÈ�ÓL�Óº�º�mÒ¹¯ºäLÓ � mÈÓÓ«� �k�� �� m��ãË�ËmÒ²� äÈ�˯LÈãȲ�� Ϻ}¯ËäÈ�� �� �˯亯ºÏ�Ò¯ËÓºä�� �¯ÈÁL�L� ��c��� L� � }ºä¹ºÏÒ�Ȳ� �zl�� �c��äË�Èã� L� �c��˹º}°Ò�ÓÈ� °äºãÈ� �� �Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯Óºä�� LÓ�˯mÈãL� ��� ���z�¹¯Ò��Ȱ�º�L�I|����������¯ºmË�ËÓL��º°ãL�ÎËÓÓ«�¹º}ÈÏÈãÒ���º�}ºä¹ºÏÒ�ÓL�äÈ�˯LÈ� ãÒ�ÓÈ�º°ÓºmL��c��¼�¹Ë¯°¹Ë}�ÒmÓÒäÒ��ã«�mÒ}º¯Ò°�ÈÓÓ«��²���«}º°�L�ÏȲҰÓÒ²�äÈ�˯LÈãLm �ã«� Ë}¯ÈÓ�mÈÓÓ«� �Î˯Ëã� ËãË}�¯ºäÈ�ÓL�Óº�º� mÒ¹¯ºäLÓ mÈÓÓ«� L�� Ϻ}¯ËäÈ�� �ã«� ÏȲҰ�� ­��LmËã � mL�� �L�� mÒ¹¯ºäLÓ mÈÓÓ«�� lL}¯º²mÒã ºmL� mÓ˰ËÓL� m�¯È�Ò� /� �ã«� �º°ãL�ÎËÓÒ² ϯÈÏ}Lm�ÓÈ�º°ÓºmL��c��L��c��äË�Èã�°}ãÈ�È � ������Ü�������r�¹¯Ò��Ȱ�º�L�ËãË}�¯ºäÈ�ÓL�� Óº�º�mÒ¹¯ºäLÓ mÈÓÓ«����������~ÓÈ®�ËÓº���º���}ºä¹ºÏÒ�Ȳ�ÓÈ�º°ÓºmL��c����º�äL°�«� ¹ºãLä˯ÓË� Ïm�«Ï� �Ë� �˹º}°Ò�ÓÈ� °äºãÈ��� ËãË}�¯ºäÈ�ÓL�ÓL� mÓ˰ËÓL� m�¯È�Ò��º°�È�Ó º� mÒ� °º}L��/� ������G%���}¯Lä��º�º���L�}ºä¹ºÏÒ�Ò�²È¯È}�˯ÒÏ� � °«�mÒ°º}Òä�¯LmÓËä�¹¯�ÎÓº� ¹ãȰ�Ò�ÓÒ²�²È¯È}�˯Ұ�Ò}��{°�ÈÓºmãËÓº���º�¹¯Ò�ÏÓÒÎËÓÓL��Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯Ò�mÓ˰ËÓL�ËãË}�� ¯ºäÈ�ÓL�ÓL� m�¯È�Ò� k� �/�� ϯº°�È � � �ã«� m°L²� �º°ãL�ÎËÓÒ²� }ºä¹ºÏÒ�Lm�� ÈãË� ²È¯È}�˯ �Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯ÓÒ²�ÏÈãËÎÓº°�Ë®�k����°���¼mº�ÏÈãËÎÒ� �mL���Ò¹��zl� /�9RYFKHQNR�HW�DO����(OHFWURPDJQHWLF�ORVV�LQ�FDUERQ���� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������