Assembling of MoS₂-based photosensitive organic-inorganic nanocomposites by exfoliation-restacking technique

New nanocomposite compounds containing alternating layers of molybdenum disulfide and organic compound (dyes, polyvinyl alcohol) have been synthesized using sigle-layer dispersions obtained by exfoliation of bulk MoS₂ crystals. The formation mechanism of those compounds as weel as their structure ar...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Datum:2006
Hauptverfasser: Golub, A.S., Lenenko, N.D., Novikov, Yu.N., Rumyantsev, B.M., Bibikov, S.B., Zhuravleva, T.S.
Format: Artikel
Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України 2006
Schriftenreihe:Functional Materials
Online Zugang:http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135030
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
Назва журналу:Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Zitieren:Assembling of MoS₂-based photosensitive organic-inorganic nanocomposites by exfoliation-restacking technique / A.S. Golub, N.D. Lenenko, Yu.N. Novikov, B.M. Rumyantsev, S.B. Bibikov, T.S. Zhuravleva // Functional Materials. — 2006. — Т. 13, № 3. — С. 502-506. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ.

Institution

Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
id irk-123456789-135030
record_format dspace
spelling irk-123456789-1350302018-06-15T03:04:08Z Assembling of MoS₂-based photosensitive organic-inorganic nanocomposites by exfoliation-restacking technique Golub, A.S. Lenenko, N.D. Novikov, Yu.N. Rumyantsev, B.M. Bibikov, S.B. Zhuravleva, T.S. New nanocomposite compounds containing alternating layers of molybdenum disulfide and organic compound (dyes, polyvinyl alcohol) have been synthesized using sigle-layer dispersions obtained by exfoliation of bulk MoS₂ crystals. The formation mechanism of those compounds as weel as their structure are discussed. The data on photoelectric sensitivity of the system consisting of MoS₂-polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposite and some photoconductive polymers are reported. 2006 Article Assembling of MoS₂-based photosensitive organic-inorganic nanocomposites by exfoliation-restacking technique / A.S. Golub, N.D. Lenenko, Yu.N. Novikov, B.M. Rumyantsev, S.B. Bibikov, T.S. Zhuravleva // Functional Materials. — 2006. — Т. 13, № 3. — С. 502-506. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. 1027-5495 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135030 en Functional Materials НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
institution Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
collection DSpace DC
language English
description New nanocomposite compounds containing alternating layers of molybdenum disulfide and organic compound (dyes, polyvinyl alcohol) have been synthesized using sigle-layer dispersions obtained by exfoliation of bulk MoS₂ crystals. The formation mechanism of those compounds as weel as their structure are discussed. The data on photoelectric sensitivity of the system consisting of MoS₂-polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposite and some photoconductive polymers are reported.
format Article
author Golub, A.S.
Lenenko, N.D.
Novikov, Yu.N.
Rumyantsev, B.M.
Bibikov, S.B.
Zhuravleva, T.S.
spellingShingle Golub, A.S.
Lenenko, N.D.
Novikov, Yu.N.
Rumyantsev, B.M.
Bibikov, S.B.
Zhuravleva, T.S.
Assembling of MoS₂-based photosensitive organic-inorganic nanocomposites by exfoliation-restacking technique
Functional Materials
author_facet Golub, A.S.
Lenenko, N.D.
Novikov, Yu.N.
Rumyantsev, B.M.
Bibikov, S.B.
Zhuravleva, T.S.
author_sort Golub, A.S.
title Assembling of MoS₂-based photosensitive organic-inorganic nanocomposites by exfoliation-restacking technique
title_short Assembling of MoS₂-based photosensitive organic-inorganic nanocomposites by exfoliation-restacking technique
title_full Assembling of MoS₂-based photosensitive organic-inorganic nanocomposites by exfoliation-restacking technique
title_fullStr Assembling of MoS₂-based photosensitive organic-inorganic nanocomposites by exfoliation-restacking technique
title_full_unstemmed Assembling of MoS₂-based photosensitive organic-inorganic nanocomposites by exfoliation-restacking technique
title_sort assembling of mos₂-based photosensitive organic-inorganic nanocomposites by exfoliation-restacking technique
publisher НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
publishDate 2006
url http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135030
citation_txt Assembling of MoS₂-based photosensitive organic-inorganic nanocomposites by exfoliation-restacking technique / A.S. Golub, N.D. Lenenko, Yu.N. Novikov, B.M. Rumyantsev, S.B. Bibikov, T.S. Zhuravleva // Functional Materials. — 2006. — Т. 13, № 3. — С. 502-506. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ.
series Functional Materials
work_keys_str_mv AT golubas assemblingofmos2basedphotosensitiveorganicinorganicnanocompositesbyexfoliationrestackingtechnique
AT lenenkond assemblingofmos2basedphotosensitiveorganicinorganicnanocompositesbyexfoliationrestackingtechnique
AT novikovyun assemblingofmos2basedphotosensitiveorganicinorganicnanocompositesbyexfoliationrestackingtechnique
AT rumyantsevbm assemblingofmos2basedphotosensitiveorganicinorganicnanocompositesbyexfoliationrestackingtechnique
AT bibikovsb assemblingofmos2basedphotosensitiveorganicinorganicnanocompositesbyexfoliationrestackingtechnique
AT zhuravlevats assemblingofmos2basedphotosensitiveorganicinorganicnanocompositesbyexfoliationrestackingtechnique
first_indexed 2025-07-09T21:07:10Z
last_indexed 2025-07-09T21:07:10Z
_version_ 1837205009686593536
fulltext $VVHPEOLQJ�RI�0R6��EDVHG�SKRWRVHQVLWLYHRUJDQLF�LQRUJDQLF�QDQRFRPSRVLWHV�E\H[IROLDWLRQ�UHVWD°NLQJ�WHFKQLTXH $�6�*ROXE��1�'�/HQHQNR��<X�1�1RYLNRY��%�0�5XP\DQWVHY ��6�%�%LELNRY ��7�6�=KXUDYOHYD $�1HVPH\DQRY�,QVWLWXWH�RI�2UJDQRHOHPHQW�&RPSRXQGV�� 5XVVLDQ�$FDGHP\�RI�6FLHQFHV�����9DYLORY�6W����������0RVFRZ��5XVVLD 1�(PDQXHO�,QVWLWXWH�RI�%LRFKHPLFDO�3K\VLFV�� 5XVVLDQ�$FDGHP\�RI�6FLHQFHV����.RV\JLQ�6W����������0RVFRZ��5XVVLD �1HZ�QDQRFRPSRVLWH�FRPSRXQGV�FRQWDLQLQJ�DOWHUQDWLQJ�OD\HUV�RI�PRO\EGHQXP�GLVXOILGH DQG�RUJDQLF�FRPSRXQGV��G\HV��SRO\YLQ\O�DOFRKRO��KDYH�EHHQ�V\QWKHVL]HG�XVLQJ�VLQJOH�OD\HU GLVSHUVLRQV� REWDLQHG� E\� H[IROLDWLRQ� RI� EXON�0R6�� FU\VWDOV�� 7KH� IRUPDWLRQ�PHFKDQLVP� RIWKRVH� FRPSRXQGV� DV� ZHOO� DV� WKHLU� VWUXFWXUH� DUH� GLVFXVVHG�� 7KH� GDWD� RQ� SKRWRHOHFWULF VHQVLWLYLW\� RI� WKH� V\VWHPV� FRQVLVWLQJ� RI�0R6��SRO\YLQ\O� DOFRKRO� QDQRFRPSRVLWH� DQG� VRPHSKRWRFRQGXFWLYH�SRO\PHUV�DUH�UHSRUWHG�� sºm©Ë� ÓÈÓº}ºä¹ºÏÒ�Ó©Ë� °ºË�ÒÓËÓÒ«�� °º�˯ÎÈ�ÒË� �˯Ë�� �Ò˰«� °ãºÒ� �Ò°�ã ÁÒ�È äºãÒ­�ËÓÈ�Ò�º¯�ÈÓÒ�˰}Ò²�°ºË�ÒÓËÓÒ®��}¯È°Ò�ËãÒ��¹ºãÒmÒÓÒãºm©®�°¹Ò¯���� °ÒÓ�ËÏÒ¯º� mÈÓ©�°�Ò°¹ºã ϺmÈÓÒËä�äºÓº°ãºËm©²��Ò°¹Ë¯°Ò®��¹ºã��ËÓÓ©²�¯È°°ãÈÒmÈÓÒËä�äȰ°ÒmÓ©² }¯Ò°�Èããºm� 0R6��� |­°�Î�ÈË�°«� ä˲ÈÓÒÏä� º­¯ÈϺmÈÓÒ«� Ò� °�¯ºËÓÒË� ª�Ò²� °ºË�ÒÓËÓÒ®��¯Òmº�«�°«��ÈÓÓ©Ë�¹º�Áº�ºªãË}�¯Ò�˰}º®���m°�mÒ�Ëã Óº°�Ò�°Ò°�Ëä��°º°�º«�Ò²�ÒÏ�ÓÈ� Óº}ºä¹ºÏÒ�È�0R6��¹ºãÒmÒÓÒãºm©®�°¹Ò¯��Ò�ÓË}º�º¯©²�Áº�º¹¯ºmº�«�Ò²�¹ºãÒä˯ºm� 7KH�HIILFLHQW�FROOHFWLRQ�DQG�FRQYHUVLRQ�RI VRODU� HQHUJ\� LQWR� HOHFWULFLW\� KDV� EHFRPH� DQ LPSRUWDQW�SUREOHP��7KLV�VWLPXODWHV�D�VHDUFK IRU�QHZ�DSSURDFKHV� IRU�GHVLJQLQJ�PDWHULDOV IRU� SKRWRYROWDLF� GHYLFHV� ZKLFK� FDQ� EH� DQ DOWHUQDWLYH� WR� D� ZLGHO\� XVHG� VLOLFRQ�EDVHG VRODU� FHOOV�� 7KH� KLJKHVW� SRZHU� FRQYHUVLRQ HIILFLHQF\� �K�� ��������IRU�$0�����VRODU�UD� GLDWLRQ�� HTXLYDOHQW� WR� WKDW� RI� WKH� VLOLFRQ� EDVHG�FHOOV�LV�DFKLHYHG�LQ�SKRWRHOHFWURFKHPL� FDO�FHOOV�>�@�FRQVLVWLQJ�RI�LQRUJDQLF�VHPLFRQ� GXFWRU�7L2�� QDQRSKDVH� VHQVLWL]HG� WR� YLVLEOHOLJKW� E\� PHDQV� RI� RUJDQLF� FRPSRXQGV� DQG LPPHUVHG� LQWR� D� UHGR[� HOHFWURO\WH� VROXWLRQ� ,Q� WKHVH� FHOOV�� WKH�7L2�� QDQRSKDVH�SURYLGHVD� ODUJH�VXUIDFH�DUHD�IRU�FRQWDFW�ZLWK�VHQVL� WL]LQJ�DJHQW�DQG�D�KLJK�FDUULHU�PRELOLW\�LQ� KHUHQW� LQ� LQRUJDQLF� VHPLFRQGXFWRUV�� +RZ� HYHU�� WKH� SUHVHQFH� RI� OLTXLG� HOHFWURO\WH� LQ WKHVH� FHOOV� PDNHV� WKHP� GLIILFXOW� LQ� RSHUD� WLRQ�� 2Q� WKH� RWKHU� KDQG�� WKH� PRUH� SURF� HVVDEOH��LQH[SHQVLYH��PRLUH�VLPSOH�LQ�PDQX� IDFWXULQJ� SKRWRYROWDLF� FHOOV� ZLWK� ODUJH ZRUNLQJ�DUHD�FDQ�EH�REWDLQHG�EDVHG�RQ�SKR� WRFRQGXFWLYH�SRO\PHUV�>�@��7KH�ODWWHU�FHOOV�H[� KLELW� D� KLJK� FKDUJH� FDUULHU� SKRWRJHQHUDWLRQ TXDQWXP� \LHOG�� EXW� SURYLGH� UHODWLYHO\� ORZ SRZHU� FRQYHUVLRQ� HIILFLHQF\� �K� ����Ü������ GXH� WR� D� ORZ� FKDUJH� FDUULHU� PRELOLW\� DQG LQWHQVLYH�YROXPH�UHFRPELQDWLRQ��$PRQJ�WKH V\VWHPV� FRPELQLQJ� LQRUJDQLF� VHPLFRQGXF� WRUV�DQG�SRO\PHUV��WKRVH�EDVHG�RQ�&G6�DQG &G6H� QDQRSDUWLFOHV� DUH� VWXGLHG�PRVW� LQWHQ� VLYHO\� >�@�� ,Q� WKLV� UHVSHFW��PRO\EGHQXP� GL� VXOILGH�LV�RI�SDUWLFXODU�LQWHUHVW�DV�D�FRPSR� QHQW� RI� VXFK� SKRWRYROWDLF� FHOOV� VLQFH� WKH EXON� FU\VWDOV� RI� WKLV� LQRUJDQLF� VHPLFRQGXF� WRU� H[KLELW� D� ZLGH� LQWHUEDQG� DEVRUSWLRQ VSHFWUXP� ����Ü����� QP�� ZKLFK� FRYHUV� DO� PRVW� WKH� ZKROH� VRODU� UDGLDWLRQ� UDQJH� >�@� $QRWKHU� DWWUDFWLYH� IHDWXUH� RI� PRO\EGHQXP GLVXOILGH� LV� LWV� OD\HUHG�VWUXFWXUH�DQG�SRVVL� ELOLW\�WR�H[IROLDWH�LWV�EXON�FU\VWDOV�LQ�OLTXLG PHGLXP�WR�VHSDUDWH� WKH� OD\HUV�E\�PHDQV�RI )XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� �������Û�,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� VROYHQW� PROHFXOHV� ZLWK� IRUPDWLRQ� RI� VLQJOH� OD\HU�GLVSHUVLRQV�>�@��7KH�OD\HUV�LQ�WKH�GLVSHU� VLRQV�FDQ�IXUWKHU�EH�UHVWDFNHG�LQ�WKH�DEVHQFH RU� DEVHQFH� RI� DGGLWLRQDO� RUJDQLF� FRPSRXQGV� 7KH� IRUPHU� PDNHV� LW� SRVVLEOH� WR� REWDLQ� WKH XOWUD�GLVSHUVHG� SDUWLFOHV� RI� PRO\EGHQXP� GL� VXOILGH� LWVHOI�ZKLOH�WKH�ODWWHU�KDV�EHHQ�IRXQG WR� SURYLGH� DVVHPEOLQJ� RI� WKH� K\EULG� KHWHUR� OD\HUHG�FRPSRXQGV�FRQWDLQLQJ�DOWHUQDWLQJ�6± 0R±6� OD\HUV� DQG� WKH� PRQROD\HUV� RI� RUJDQLF FRPSRQHQW� �H�J��� DURPDWLFV�� DON\O� DPPRQLXP FDWLRQV��>�@��,Q�WKLV�ZRUN��ZH�KDYH�VWXGLHG�WKH SUHSDUDWLRQ� SHFXOLDULWLHV� RI� QHZ�0R6�ÜEDVHGK\EULG� FRPSRXQGV� ZKLFK� VKRZ� SURPLVH� IRU SKRWRYROWDLFV� �WKH� FRPSRXQGV� ZLWK� RUJDQLF G\HV�DQG�SRO\YLQ\O�DOFRKRO��DQG�SKRWRHOHFWULF SURSHUWLHV� RI� VRPH� V\VWHPV� FRQWDLQLQJ� WKH SDUWLFOHV�RI�UHVWDFNHG�PRO\EGHQXP�GLVXOILGH� /LWKLDWLRQ�DQG�H[IROLDWLRQ�RI�0R6���'0���WR�VLQJOH�OD\HU�GLVSHUVLRQV����J�O��ZDV�FDUULHG RXW� DFFRUGLQJ� WR� WKH� SURFHGXUH� GHVFULEHG� LQ >�@�� ,Q� PHWKRG� $�� WKH� H[IROLDWLRQ� ZDV� SHU� IRUPHG�LQ�ZDWHU�RU�LQ�ZDWHU�HWKDQRO������Y�Y� VROXWLRQV�IRU�WKH�UHDFWLRQV�ZLWK�SRO\YLQ\O�DO� FRKRO� �39$OF�� DQG� G\HV�� UHVSHFWLYHO\�� 7KHQ� VROXWLRQV� RI� �J� UKRGDPLQH� SHUFKORUDWH� ��R[D]LQH� SHUFKORUDWH�� WKLRQLQH� DFHWDWH� DQG 39$OF� LQ� WKH� DERYH�LQGLFDWHG� VROYHQWV� ZHUH DGGHG�LQ�WKH�UDWLR������G\HV��DQG������39$OF� PRO� SHU���PRO� RI�0R6��� ,Q�PHWKRG�%��0R6�REWDLQHG� E\� DFLGLI\LQJ� WKH� GLVSHUVLRQV� ZLWK +&O�� ZDV� ZDVKHG� DQG� VXVSHQGHG� LQ� ZDWHU �39$OF��RU�DFHWRQLWULOH��G\HV��VROXWLRQV�RI�WKH UHDJHQWV�WDNHQ�LQ�WKH�VDPH�PRODU�UDWLRV�DV�LQ PHWKRG� $�� $IWHU� VWLUULQJ� GXULQJ� �� GD\�� WKH SUHFLSLWDWHV� ZHUH� ILOWHUHG� RII�� ZDVKHG�� DQG GULHG� LQ�YDFXXP��7KH�JXHVW�FRQWHQW�ZDV�FDO� FXODWHG� IURP�WKH�HOHPHQWDO�DQDO\VLV�GDWD��7R SUHSDUH� WKH� ILOPV� IRU� SKRWRHOHFWULF� PHDVXUH� PHQWV�� WKH� VXVSHQVLRQV� RI� UHVWDFNHG� 0R6���Ü������LQ�DTXHRXV�39$OF�VROXWLRQ�ZHUH�GH� SRVLWHG� RQWR� ,72� VXSSRUW� IROORZHG�E\�GU\LQJ DW� ����&� GXULQJ� �� KRXUV�� 7R� REWDLQ� ELOD\HU VDPSOHV��WKH�ILUVW� OD\HU�ZDV�FRDWHG�E\�SKRWR� FRQGXFWLYH� OD\HU� FRQVLVWLQJ� RI� SRO\LPLGH EDVHG�RQ�WULSKHQ\ODPLQH�GHULYDWLYHV��3,����S� W\SH�� >�@� RU� E\� SRO\�HSR[\�SURS\O� FDUED]ROH GRSHG� ������� ZLWK� SHU\OHQH� GLLPLGH� GHULYD� WLYH� �3(3&�3',��Q�W\SH�� >�@�� 7KH� ILOP� WKLFN� QHVV� �G��YDULHG� LQ� WKH�UDQJH�RI��Ü��PLFURQV� 3KRWRHOHFWULF� VHQVLWLYLW\� 6� ZDV� PHDVXUHG� E\ HOHFWURSKRWRJUDSK\� RQ� WKH� ILOPV� FKDUJHG� LQ WKH� ILHOG� RI� SRVLWLYH� RU� QHJDWLYH� FRURQD� GLV� FKDUJH�� 7R� HYDOXDWH� WKH� HIIHFW� RI�0R6��FRQ�WDLQLQJ� OD\HU�� WKH� VHQVLWLYLW\� RI� WKH� EODQN VDPSOHV�ZLWKRXW�WKLV�OD\HU��6F��ZDV�PHDVXUHGDQG�WKH�GLIIHUHQFH�'� �6Ü6F�ZDV�GHWHUPLQHG�;�5D\� SRZGHU� GLIIUDFWLRQ� SDWWHUQV� ZHUH� UH� FRUGHG� XVLQJ� D� '521��� GLIIUDFWRPHWHU� �&X .D�UDGLDWLRQ�� 1L�ILOWHU��� $EVRUSWLRQ� VSHFWUDZHUH� UHFRUGHG� XVLQJ� D� �6SHFRUG�� VSHFWUR� SKRWRPHWHU� 7KH� H[IROLDWLRQ� SURFHVV� RI� EXON� 0R6�FU\VWDOV�LQFOXGHV�OLWKLDWLRQ�RI�WKH�LQLWLDO�PD� WHULDO�IROORZHG�E\�K\GUDWLRQ�RI�WKH�UHVXOWLQJ FRPSRXQG�ZLWK�WKH�DVVLVWDQFH�RI�XOWUDVRXQG �(TV�������>����@� 0R6����o�Q�%X/L /L0R6�� ��� /L0R6��o +�2 >/L�����0R6��[���������[�2+�@DT�� �������[��e��+�� � � ��� 7KH�VR�FDOOHG�VLQJOH�OD\HU�GLVSHUVLRQV�RE� WDLQHG� LQ� WKLV�ZD\� DUH� LRQLF� V\VWHPV�ZKLFK FRQWDLQ� VROYDWHG� OLWKLXP� FDWLRQV��K\GUR[LGH DQLRQV� DQG�PDFURDQLRQV� �0R6��[±�� UHWDLQLQJSDUWLDO� QHJDWLYH� FKDUJH�� $FFRUGLQJ� WR� WKH UHFHQW� VWXGLHV� >�@�� LQWURGXFWLRQ� RI� RUJDQLF VSHFLHV��FDWLRQLF��RU�FDSDEOH�WR�EH�SURWRQDWHG LQ� UHDFWLRQ�PHGLXP�� LQWR� WKH� GLVSHUVLRQV� LQ� GXFHV�DVVHPEOLQJ�RI�K\EULG�PDWHULDOV�FRQWDLQ� LQJ� WKH� RUJDQLF� OD\HUV� LQFOXGHG� EHWZHHQ� WKH LQRUJDQLF�OD\HUV�RI�WKH�KRVW��(T����� �0R6��[����$��o�$[0R6��� ��� +RZHYHU�� DFLGLI\LQJ� RI� WKH� UHDFWLRQ�PH� GLXP� FDXVHV� SUHFLSLWDWLRQ� RI� WKH� XOWUD�GLV� SHUVHG� SDUWLFOHV� RI� UHVWDFNHG�0R6�� �RU� SHU�KDSV�+[0R6�>�@��ZLWKRXW�WKH�JXHVW��(T����� >/L�����0R6��[�������[�2+�@DT�� ��+��o�±±+[0R6���p� ��� ,Q�RUGHU�WR�FRPSDUH�WKH�UHDFWLYLW\�RI�VLQ� JOH�OD\HU� GLVSHUVLRQV� DQG� UHVWDFNHG� 0R6��WKH�VROXWLRQV�RI�SRO\PHU�RU�G\HV�ZHUH�DGGHG GLUHFWO\� WR� WKH� GLVSHUVLRQV� �PHWKRG� $�� DV ZHOO� DV� WR� WKH� SRZGHUHG� UHVWDFNHG�PDWHULDO �PHWKRG� %��� $FFRUGLQJ� WR� GLIIUDFWRPHWU\ GDWD��LQWHUFDODWLRQ�RI�0R6��RFFXUUHG�LQ�ERWKSURFHGXUHV� �)LJ������ 7KH� FOHDUO\� VHHQ� VHW� RI ��O�UHIOHFWLRQV�LQ�WKH�;�UD\�GLIIUDFWLRQ�SDW� WHUQV� RI� WKH� VXEVWDQFHV� REWDLQHG� GLVSOD\V WKHLU� OD\HUHG� VWUXFWXUH� DQG� DOORZV� FDOFXOD� WLRQ�RI�WKH�LQWHUOD\HU�VSDFLQJ�H[SDQVLRQ��'F� ZLWK� UHVSHFW� WR� WKH� LQLWLDO�0R6�� LQWHUOD\HUGLVWDQFH� �F� ������c�� �7DEOH���1RWH� WKDW� WKH VWDUWLQJ� FU\VWDOOLQH� 0R6�� GLG� QRW� UHDFWXQGHU�WKHVH�FRQGLWLRQV� $V� FDQ� EH� VHHQ� LQ� 7DEOH�� ERWK� LQWHUFDOD� WLRQ� PHWKRGV� RI� WKH� G\HV� UHVXOW� LQ� QHDUO\ WKH� VDPH� ODWWLFH� H[SDQVLRQV� DQG� JXHVW� FRQ� WHQWV�� ,W� VKRXOG� EH� PHQWLRQHG� WKDW� WKH� &O FRQWHQW� GHWHUPLQHG� IRU� WKH� PDWHULDOV� RE� WDLQHG� XVLQJ� SHUFKORUDWH� VDOWV� �UKRGDPLQH� $�6�*ROXE�HW�DO����$VVHPEOLQJ�RI���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� R[D]LQH�� GRHV� QRW� H[FHHG� ����� PRO�PRO 0R6�� IRU� ERWK� PHWKRGV�� WKXV� LQGLFDWLQJWKDW�WKH�PDLQ�SDUW�RI�WKH�FDWLRQLF�JXHVW�G\H PROHFXOHV�FRQWDLQV�WKH��0R6��[±�DQLRQLF�OD\�HUV�DV�WKH�FRXQWHU�LRQV��7KLV�PHDQV�WKDW�WKH LQWHUFDODWLRQ� SURFHHGV� YLD� LRQLF� PHFKDQLVP �(T���� IRU� ERWK� WKH� GLVSHUVLRQV� DQG UHVWDFNHG�0R6�� DQG�� FRQVHTXHQWO\�� WKH� ODW�WHU� FRPSRXQG� VKRXOG� EH� LQ� LRQLF� IRUP�� ,W DSSHDUV�WKDW�WKHVH�UHVXOWV�SURYH�WKH�+[0R6�GHVFULSWLRQ�IRU�WKH�UHVWDFNHG�0R6���7KRXJKWKH� SUHFLSLWDWHG�0R6�� VKRZV� QR� YLVLEOH� LQ�WHUOD\HU� VSDFLQJ� H[SDQVLRQ� ZLWK� UHVSHFW� WR WKH� FU\VWDOOLQH� RQH�� WKLV� IDFW� GRHV� QRW� FRQ� WUDGLFW�WKH�SUHVHQFH�RI�K\GURJHQ�LRQV�LQ�LWV VWUXFWXUH� DV� LW� ZDV� GHPRQVWUDWHG� IRU� WKH UHODWHG�1E6H��VWUXFWXUH�>��@�7KH�LQWHUFDODWLRQ�RI�SRO\PHU�PROHFXOHV�LV DOVR� DFKLHYHG� E\� ERWK� SURFHGXUHV� VWXGLHG� EXW� WKH� 'F� YDOXHV� GLIIHU� E\� WZR� WLPHV� EH� WZHHQ� PHWKRGV� $� DQG� %�� %HVLGHV�� WKH PHWKRG�$�SURYLGHV�PRUH�XQLIRUP� ILOOLQJ�RI WKH� LQWHUOD\HU� VSDFHV� UHVXOWLQJ� LQ� WKH� DS� SHDUDQFH� RI� IRXU� ��O� UHIOHFWLRQV� LQ� WKH�GLI� IUDFWLRQ� SDWWHUQV�� ZKLOH� LQ� WKH� FDVH� RI PHWKRG� %�� RQO\� WZR� EURDG� UHIOHFWLRQV� DUH SUHVHQW�� RQH� �FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR� ���Ü���� c� FDQ�EH�DVVLJQHG�WR�D�WXUERVWUDWLFDOO\�VWDFNHG QRQ�LQWHUFDODWHG�0R6���DQG�WKH�RWKHU�VLQJOHUHIOHFWLRQ�LQ�D�ORZ�DQJOH�UHJLRQ�����c��LV�LQ� GLFDWLYH� RI�PHVRSRURXV� UDWKHU� WKDQ� UHJXODU LQWHUFDODWHG� VWUXFWXUH�� ,W� VKRXOG� EH� QRWHG WKDW� SRURXV� VWUXFWXUH� FRXOG� DXJPHQW� WKH FRQWDFW� VXUIDFH� DUHD� RI� WKH�0R6�� SDUWLFOHVZLWK� WKH� RWKHU� FRPSRQHQWV� RI� SKRWRYROWDLF FHOOV�� )RU� WKDW� UHDVRQ�� WKH� ILOPV� RI�0R6��39$OF�SUHSDUHG�DFFRUGLQJ�WR�PHWKRG�%�DQG FRPELQHG� ZLWK� WUDQVSRUW� SRO\PHUV� ZHUH WHVWHG�IRU�SKRWRHOHFWULF�VHQVLWLYLW\�� $EVRUSWLRQ� VSHFWUD� RI� WKH� 0R6��39$OFILOPV� REWDLQHG� IURP� DTXHRXV� VXVSHQVLRQV DQG� FRQWDLQLQJ�0R6�� SDUWLFOHV� LQ� GLIIHUHQWFRQFHQWUDWLRQV� �&� ��Ü���� �� Z�Z�� DUH VKRZQ� LQ� )LJ����� 7KH� VSHFWUXP� RI� WKH� ILOP FRQVLVWLQJ� RI� UHVWDFNHG� PRO\EGHQXP� GLVXO� ILGH�RQO\��&� ��������FRYHUV�D�EURDG�UHJLRQ )LJ����� ;�5D\� GLIIUDFWLRQ� SDWWHUQV� RI� LQLWLDO FU\VWDOOLQH� 0R6�� �D�� DQG� 0R6�� LQWHUFDODWHGZLWK� UKRGDPLQH� �E��� DQG� 39$OF� �F�� G�� SUH� SDUHG�E\�PHWKRG�$��F��DQG�%��E�G�� )LJ����� $EVRUSWLRQ� VSHFWUD� RI� 0R6��39$OFILOPV� ZLWK� YDULRXV�0R6�� FRQFHQWUDWLRQV� �SHUFHQW�������������������������� 7DEOH��7KLFNQHVV�RI�WKH�JXHVW�PRQROD\HUV��'F��DQG�FRPSRVLWLRQV�RI�WKH��JXHVW�[0R6��FRPSRXQGV� *XHVW 0HWKRG�$ 0HWKRG�% 'F��c *XHVW�KRVW�PRO�PRO 'F��c *XHVW�KRVW�PRO�PRO� 5KRGDPLQH��J ��� ���� ��� ���� 2[D]LQH�� ��� ���� ���Ü��� ����Ü���� 7KLRQLQH ��� ���� ��� ���� 3RO\YLQ\O�DOFRKRO �� �� ���� �WKH�GLIIHUHQFH�EHWZHHQ�LQWHUOD\HU�GLVWDQFH�RI�KLEU\G�FRPSRXQG�DQG�QRQ�LQWHUFDODWHG�0R6� �DGGLWLRQDO�SKDVH�RI�QRQ�LQWHUFDODWHG�0R6��LV�REVHUYHG� $�6�*ROXE�HW�DO����$VVHPEOLQJ�RI���� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� DV�LQ�WKH�FDVH�RI�EXON�FU\VWDOV��$V�FRPSDUHG WR�WKLV�VSHFWUXP��D�SURQRXQFHG�VKLIW�WR�WKH VKRUW�ZDYH� UHJLRQ� LV� REVHUYHG� ZKHQ� 0R6�SDUWLFOHV� REWDLQHG� IURP� GLVSHUVLRQV� DUH� LP� PHUVHG� LQ�39$OF�DQG�WKHLU�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�LV ORZHU�WKDQ�������7KLV�VKLIW�LV�LQGLFDWLYH�RI D� TXDQWXP�VL]H� HIIHFW� DQG� SRLQWV� WR� WKH SUHVHQFH� RI� 0R6�� SDUWLFOHV� RI� YHU\� VPDOOVL]HV� �U� ��Ü���QP�� LQ� WKH� ILOPV� >�����@��$E� VRUSWLRQ�RI�PRUH�YROXPLQRXV�SDUWLFOHV��U�! ���QP�� LV�NQRZQ� WR�EH� FORVHU� WR� WKDW�RI�EXON FU\VWDOV� >�����@�� )RU� WKDW� UHDVRQ�� WKH� DSSHDU� DQFH�RI�DGGLWLRQDO�VKRXOGHU�LQ�WKH����Ü����QP UHJLRQ� ZKHQ� &� LQFUHDVHV� WR� ��� �� LQGLFDWHV WKDW�� VWDUWLQJ� IURP� WKLV� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�� DJJUH� JDWLRQ�RI�WKH�SDUWLFOHV�LQ�WKH�ILOP�WDNHV�SODFH� 7DNLQJ�LQWR�DFFRXQW�VXFK�DEVRUSWLRQ�EHKDYLRU� WKH�ILOPV�ZLWK�D�KLJK�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�RI�0R6��LQ39$OF� ZHUH� FKRVHQ� IRU� WHVWLQJ� LQ� SKRWRVHQVL� WLYH�QDQR�KHWHURSKDVH�FRPSRVLWLRQV� 7KH�0R6��39$OF�ILOPV�WKHPVHOYHV�H[KLE�LWHG�D�YHU\�ORZ�SKRWRHOHFWULF�VHQVLWLYLW\��6�� +RZHYHU�� ELOD\HU� VDPSOHV� SUHSDUHG� E\� FRY� HULQJ�0R6��FRQWDLQLQJ�ILOP�GHSRVLWHG�RQ�WKH,72� VXSSRUW� E\� D� OD\HU� RI� SKRWRFRQGXFWLYH SRO\PHU� �3,��� RU� 3(3&�3',�� VKRZHG� D� VLJ� QLILFDQW� VHQVLWLYLW\� ZKLFK� H[FHHGHG� QRWLFH� DEO\�WKDW�SURYLGHG�E\�SKRWRFRQGXFWLYH�SRO\� PHU� LWVHOI� �6F�� �)LJV���Ü���� 7KH� VHQVLWLYLW\ZDV� IRXQG� WR� GHSHQG� RQ� WKH� VLJQ� RI� WKH FDUULHUV� JHQHUDWHG� XQGHU� FRURQD� GLVFKDUJH DQG� LWV� YDOXH� LQFUHDVHV�ZKHQ� WKH� VDPSOH� LV FKDUJHG� FRUUHVSRQGLQJO\� WR� WKH� VLJQ� RI� WKH PDMRU�FDUULHUV�RI�WUDQVSRUW�SRO\PHU��)RU�LQ� VWDQFH�� LQ� WKH� FDVH� RI� IURQWDO� �WKURXJK� WKH DGGLWLRQDO� SRO\PHU� OD\HU�� H[FLWDWLRQ� RI� WKH VDPSOH� FRYHUHG� E\� Q�W\SH� SRO\PHU� �3(3&� 3',��� WKH� QHJDWLYH� FKDUJLQJ� �ZKLFK� LPSOLHV WKH� GULIW� RI� HOHFWURQV�� UHVXOWV� LQ� DQ� LQ� FUHDVHG� 6� �FD�� ���� P��-�� DQG� '� �FD� ����P��-�� YDOXHV� DV� FRPSDUHG� WR� WKH� SRVL� WLYH� FKDUJLQJ�� ZKLFK� SURYLGHV� WKH� VHQVLWLY� LW\� 6|���P��-� DQG� '|���P��-� �)LJV����� ��� )LJ����� 6SHFWUDO� GHSHQGHQFHV� RI� SKRWRHOHFWULF VHQVLWLYLW\� IRU� ELOD\HU� VDPSOH� 0R6�������� 39$OF���3(3&�3',� �6�� �EODFN� FLUFOHV��� IRU 3(3&�3',� �6F�� �RSHQ� FLUFOHV�� XQGHU� IURQWDOH[FLWDWLRQ� DQG�QHJDWLYH�FKDUJLQJ�� WKH�GLIIHU� HQFH�VSHFWUXP��GDVKHG�OLQH����DQG�DEVRUSWLRQ VSHFWUXP�RI�3(3&�3',��GRWWHG�OLQH���� )LJ����� 6SHFWUDO� GHSHQGHQFHV� RI� SKRWRHOHFWULF VHQVLWLYLW\� IRU� ELOD\HU� VDPSOH� 0R6�������� 39$OF���3,����6���EODFN�FLUFOHV���IRU�3,����6F��RSHQ� FLUFOHV�� XQGHU� IURQWDO� H[FLWDWLRQ� DQG SRVLWLYH� FKDUJLQJ� DQG� WKH� GLIIHUHQFH� VSHF� WUXP��GDVKHG�OLQH�� )LJ����� 6SHFWUDO� GHSHQGHQFHV� RI� SKRWRHOHFWULF VHQVLWLYLW\� IRU� ELOD\HU� VDPSOH� 0R6�������� 39$OF���3(3&�3',� �6�� �EODFN� FLUFOHV��� IRU 3(3&�3',� �6F�� �RSHQ� FLUFOHV�� XQGHU� IURQWDOH[FLWDWLRQ� DQG� SRVLWLYH� FKDUJLQJ�� WKH� GLIIHU� HQFH�VSHFWUXP��GDVKHG�OLQH����DQG�DEVRUSWLRQ VSHFWUXP�RI�3(3&�3',��GRWWHG�OLQH���� $�6�*ROXE�HW�DO����$VVHPEOLQJ�RI���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� 1RWH� WKDW� WKH� PD[LPXP� '� YDOXHV� DUH� DW� WDLQHG� DW� H[FLWDWLRQ� LQ� WKH� SRO\PHU� DEVRUS� WLRQ� EDQG� XQGHU� WKH� FRQGLWLRQ�'O� �NOG�a���ZKHUH� 'O� DQG� NO� DUH� RSWLFDO� GHQVLW\� DQGDEVRUSWLRQ� FRHIILFLHQW� RI� WKH� FRQGXFWLYH SRO\PHU�� UHVSHFWLYHO\���ZKHQ� WKH� H[FLWDWLRQ LQWHQVLW\�DW�WKH�LQWHUIDFH�EHWZHHQ�0R6��FRQ�WDLQLQJ� OD\HU� DQG� WUDQVSRUW� SRO\PHU� LV� HV� VHQWLDO��7KHVH� IDFWV� DUH� FRQVLVWHQW�ZLWK� WKH SKRWRJHQHUDWLRQ� RI� FKDUJH� FDUULHUV� DW� WKH LQWHUIDFH� EHWZHHQ� 0R6��FRQWDLQLQJ� SKDVHDQG� WUDQVSRUW� OD\HU�� IRU� LQVWDQFH�� GXH� WR IRUPDWLRQ� RI� WKH� K\EULG� HOHFWURQ�KROH� SDLUV ZKLFK� FDQ� WKHQ� GLVVRFLDWH�� SURYLGLQJ� WKH FKDUJHV�UHPDLQHG�LQ�WKH�0R6��SDUWLFOHV�DQGWKRVH� FDSDEOH� RI� GULIW� WKURXJK� D� SRO\PHU OD\HU��1RWHZRUWK\�� WKH� VLJQLILFDQW�'� YDOXHV DUH�REVHUYHG�IRU�WKH�V\VWHPV�FRQWDLQLQJ�QRW RQO\�Q���EXW�DOVR�S�W\SH�SRO\PHUV�DORQJ�ZLWK D�0R6�� OD\HU�� ,Q� WKH� ODWWHU� FDVH�� WKH�PD[L�PXP� 6� DQG� '� YDOXHV� DUH� LQFUHDVHG� WR� FD� ����P��-� DQG� ���P��-�� UHVSHFWLYHO\� �)LJ����� ,Q�WKH�IUDPHZRUN�RI�K\EULG�SDLUV�PRGHO��WKLV PHDQV�WKDW�0R6��SDUWLFOHV�FDQ�DFFHSW�KROHV�RUHOHFWURQV�� GHSHQGLQJ� RQ� WKH� WUDQVSRUW� DJHQW QDWXUH�� 7KRXJK� WKH� UHDVRQ� RI� VXFK� GXDO� EH� KDYLRU� LV� H[SHFWHG� WR� EH� FODULILHG� LQ� IXUWKHU LQYHVWLJDWLRQV��LW�FDQ�EH�VXSSRVHG�WKDW�LW�PD\ EH�FDXVHG�E\�GLIIHUHQW�SURSHUWLHV�RI�WKH�SDUWL� FOHV�RI�GLIIHUHQW�VL]HV�RU�SHUKDSV�E\�WKH�SUHV� HQFH� RI� 0R6�� SDUWLFOHV� LQWHUFDODWHG� ZLWK39$OF� DORQJ� ZLWK� QRQ�LQWHUFDODWHG� RQHV�� DV IROORZV�IURP�;�UD\�GLIIUDFWLRQ�GDWD� 7KXV��WKH�H[IROLDWLRQ�UHVWDFNLQJ�RI�VHPL� FRQGXFWRU� EXON� 0R6�� FU\VWDOV� SURYLGHVSUHSDUDWLRQ� RI� XOWUD�GLVSHUVHG� SDUWLFOHV� RI WKLV� PDWHULDO� DV� ZHOO� DV� D� ODUJH� YDULHW\� RI WKH� 0R6��EDVHG� KHWHUROD\HUHG� VWUXFWXUHVZKLFK� LQFOXGH� WKH�RUJDQLF�FRPSRQHQWV� VXLW� DEOH� IRU� GHVLJQLQJ� QDQR�JHWHURSKDVH� SKRWR� YROWDLF�FHOOV��,Q�WHVWLQJ�WKH�ELSKDVH�V\VWHPV FRQWDLQLQJ� 0R6�� QDQRSDUWLFOHV� LQWHUFDODWHGZLWK� SRO\YLQ\O� DOFRKRO� DQG� SKRWRFRQGXFWLYH SRO\PHUV��WKHVH�V\VWHPV�H[KLELWHG�D�VLJQLIL� FDQW� SKRWRHOHFWULF� VHQVLWLYLW\� �XS� WR ����P��-�� H[FHHGLQJ� WKH� SURSHU� VHQVLWLYLW\ RI�RUJDQLF�FRPSRQHQWV�E\�D�IDFWRU�RI����Ü�� 7KLV� ZRUN� ZDV� VXSSRUWHG� E\� 5XVVLDQ $FDGHP\� RI� 6FLHQFHV� �SURJUDP��)XQGDPHQ� WDO� SUREOHPV� RI� SK\VLFV� DQG� FKHPLVWU\� RI QDQRVL]HG� V\VWHP� DQG�PDWHULDOV��� DQG�5XV� VLDQ� )RXQGDWLRQ� IRU� )XQGDPHQWDO� 5HVHDU� °KHV��3URMHFW�������������� 5HIHUHQFHV � ���$�+DJIHOGW�� 0�*UDW]HO�� $FF��&KHP��5HV��� ��� ����������� � ���%�0�5XP\DQWVHY�� 9�,�%HUHQG\DHY�� $�<X�7VH� JHO�VND\D�HW�DO���6\QWK��0HW������������������ � ���1�&�*UHHQKDP�� ;�3HQJ�� $�3�$OLYLVDWRV� 6\QWK��0HW������������������ � ���-�3�:LOFR[RQ�� *�$�6DPDUD�� 3K\V��5HY��� %��� ������������ � ���$�6�*ROXE�� <D�9�=XEDYLFKXV�� <X�/�6ORYRNKR� WRY�HW�DO���5XVV��&KHP��5HY������������������ � ���$�6�*ROXE�� ,�%�6KXPLORYD�� <X�1�1RYLNRY� HW DO���6ROLG�6WDWH�,RQLFV����������������� � ���%�9�.RWRY��%�,�%HUHQG\DHY��%�0��5XP\DQWVHY HW� DO��� 'RNO��5$1�� 3K\V�� &KHP��� ����� ��� ������� � ���%�0�5XP\DQWVHY�� 7�6�=KXUDYOHYD�� ,�9�.OL� PHQNR� HW� DO���0RO��&U\VW��/LT��&U\VW�������� ��� �������� � ���3�-RHQVHQ�� 5�)�)ULQGW�� 6�5�0RUULVRQ��0DWHU� 5HV��%XOO������������������ ����/�0�.XOLNRY��$�$�6HPMRQRY�.RE]DU��0�0�$Q� WRQRYD� HW� DO��� -��$OOR\V� DQG� &RPS��� ����� �� ������� ����5�)�.KDLUXWGLQRY��1�$�5XEWVRYD��6�0�%�&RVWD� -��/XPLQHVFHQFH������������������ v}ãÈ�ÈÓÓ«�Áº�º���ãÒmÒ²�º¯�ÈÓL}º�Ó˺¯�ÈÓL�ÓÒ²ÓÈÓº}ºä¹ºÏÒ�Lm�ÓÈ�º°ÓºmL�0R6��äË�º�ºä¯ºÏ�ȯ�mÈÓÒ«�¹Ë¯Ë¹È}�mÈÓÓ«� k�v��ºã�­��s�i��ËÓËÓ}º����s�sºmÒ}ºm��r�l�c�ä«Ó�Ëm��v�r�rL­L}ºm����v�y�¯Èmã ºmÈ sºmL�ÓÈÓº}ºä¹ºÏÒ�ÓL�°¹ºã�}Ò��«}L�äL°�«� �¹Ë¯ËäLÎÓL��ȯÒ��Ò°�ã ÁL���äºãL­�ËÓ���È º¯�ÈÓL�ÓÒ²�°¹ºã�}��­È¯mÓÒ}Ò��¹ºãLmLÓLãºmÒ®�°¹Ò¯����°ÒÓ�ËϺmÈÓº�Ï�mÒ}º¯Ò°�ÈÓÓ«ä�äº� Óº�ȯºmÒ²� �Ò°¹Ë¯°L®�� º�˯ÎÈÓÒ²� ¯ºÏ�ȯ�mÈÓÓ«ä� äȰÒmÓÒ²� }¯Ò°�ÈãLm� 0R6��� |­�ºmº�¯ ¼� °«� ä˲ÈÓLÏä� ��mº¯ËÓÓ«� �È� ­��ºmÈ��Ò²� °¹ºã�}�� �º�ÈÓº� �ÈÓL� ¹¯º� Áº�ºËãË}�¯Ò�Ó� ���ãÒmL°� �°Ò°�Ëä���º�°}ãÈ�È � °«�Ï�ÓÈÓº}ºä¹ºÏÒ���0R6��¹ºãLmLÓLãºmÒ®�°¹Ò¯���È��Ë«�}Ò²�Áº�º¹¯ºmL�ÓÒ²�¹ºãLä˯Lm� $�6�*ROXE�HW�DO����$VVHPEOLQJ�RI���� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������