Substitution of samarium for strontium in the structure of hydroxyapatite

Збережено в:
Бібліографічні деталі
Дата:2010
Автори: Getman, E.I., Ignatov, A.V., Loboda, S.N., Zhegailo, A.O., Gluhova, A.S., Mohammed A.B. Abdul Jabar
Формат: Стаття
Мова:English
Опубліковано: НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України 2010
Назва видання:Functional Materials
Теми:
Онлайн доступ:http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135138
Теги: Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
Назва журналу:Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Цитувати:Substitution of samarium for strontium in the structure of hydroxyapatite / E.I. Getman, A.V. Ignatov, S.N. Loboda, Mohammed A.B. Abdul Jabar, A.O. Zhegailo, A.S. Gluhova // Functional Materials. — 2010. — Т. 17, № 3. — С. 293-297. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ.

Репозитарії

Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
id irk-123456789-135138
record_format dspace
spelling irk-123456789-1351382018-06-15T03:08:36Z Substitution of samarium for strontium in the structure of hydroxyapatite Getman, E.I. Ignatov, A.V. Loboda, S.N. Zhegailo, A.O. Gluhova, A.S. Mohammed A.B. Abdul Jabar Characterization and properties 2010 Article Substitution of samarium for strontium in the structure of hydroxyapatite / E.I. Getman, A.V. Ignatov, S.N. Loboda, Mohammed A.B. Abdul Jabar, A.O. Zhegailo, A.S. Gluhova // Functional Materials. — 2010. — Т. 17, № 3. — С. 293-297. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. 1027-5495 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135138 en Functional Materials НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
institution Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
collection DSpace DC
language English
topic Characterization and properties
Characterization and properties
spellingShingle Characterization and properties
Characterization and properties
Getman, E.I.
Ignatov, A.V.
Loboda, S.N.
Zhegailo, A.O.
Gluhova, A.S.
Mohammed A.B. Abdul Jabar
Substitution of samarium for strontium in the structure of hydroxyapatite
Functional Materials
format Article
author Getman, E.I.
Ignatov, A.V.
Loboda, S.N.
Zhegailo, A.O.
Gluhova, A.S.
Mohammed A.B. Abdul Jabar
author_facet Getman, E.I.
Ignatov, A.V.
Loboda, S.N.
Zhegailo, A.O.
Gluhova, A.S.
Mohammed A.B. Abdul Jabar
author_sort Getman, E.I.
title Substitution of samarium for strontium in the structure of hydroxyapatite
title_short Substitution of samarium for strontium in the structure of hydroxyapatite
title_full Substitution of samarium for strontium in the structure of hydroxyapatite
title_fullStr Substitution of samarium for strontium in the structure of hydroxyapatite
title_full_unstemmed Substitution of samarium for strontium in the structure of hydroxyapatite
title_sort substitution of samarium for strontium in the structure of hydroxyapatite
publisher НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
publishDate 2010
topic_facet Characterization and properties
url http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135138
citation_txt Substitution of samarium for strontium in the structure of hydroxyapatite / E.I. Getman, A.V. Ignatov, S.N. Loboda, Mohammed A.B. Abdul Jabar, A.O. Zhegailo, A.S. Gluhova // Functional Materials. — 2010. — Т. 17, № 3. — С. 293-297. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ.
series Functional Materials
work_keys_str_mv AT getmanei substitutionofsamariumforstrontiuminthestructureofhydroxyapatite
AT ignatovav substitutionofsamariumforstrontiuminthestructureofhydroxyapatite
AT lobodasn substitutionofsamariumforstrontiuminthestructureofhydroxyapatite
AT zhegailoao substitutionofsamariumforstrontiuminthestructureofhydroxyapatite
AT gluhovaas substitutionofsamariumforstrontiuminthestructureofhydroxyapatite
AT mohammedababduljabar substitutionofsamariumforstrontiuminthestructureofhydroxyapatite
first_indexed 2025-07-09T22:45:18Z
last_indexed 2025-07-09T22:45:18Z
_version_ 1837211184641605632
fulltext 6XEVWLWXWLRQ�RI�VDPDULXP�IRU�VWURQWLXPLQ�WKH�VWUXFWXUH�RI�K\GUR[\DSDWLWH� (�,�*HWPDQ��$�9�,JQDWRY��6�1�/RERGD�0RKDPPHG�$�%�$EGXO�-DEDU��$�2�=KHJDLOR��$�6�*OXKRYD 'RQHWVN�1DWLRQDO�8QLYHUVLW\�����8QLYHUVLWHWVND\D�6WU�� ������'RQHWVN��8NUDLQH� 5HFHLYHG�$SULO�������� 6XEVWLWXWLRQ�RI�VDPDULXP�IRU�VWURQWLXP�LQ�K\GUR[\DSDWLWH�FRUUHVSRQGHG�WR�WKH�VFKHPH 6U�����2+±�o�6P�����2�±�KDV�EHHQ�LQYHVWLJDWHG�E\�;�UD\�SRZGHU�GLIIUDFWLRQ�DQG�,5�VSHF� WURVFRS\�� ,W� ZDV� HVWDEOLVKHG� WKDW� VROLG� VROXWLRQV�6U��±[6P[�32����2+��±[2[� DUH� IRUPHG� LQWKH� UDQJH� RI� [� ��Ü���� DW� �����&� LQ� DLU�� &U\VWDO� IHDWXUHV� RI� VRPH� VDPSOHV� KDYH� EHHQ UHILQHG�E\�5LHWYHOG�PHWKRG��,W�ZDV�VKRZQ�WKDW�6P���SUHIHUDEO\�RFFXS\�WKH�6U����VLWH��7KH K\GUR[\DSDWLWH� GHK\GUDWLRQ� RFFXUULQJ� XQGHU� WKH� VFKHPH� �2+±�o�2�±�����ZDV� FRQILUPHG E\�,5�VSHFWUD�RI�REWDLQHG�VDPSOHV� lË�º�ºä� ¯ËÓ��ËÓºÁÈϺmº�º� ÈÓÈãÒÏÈ� Ò�jz�°¹Ë}�¯º°}º¹ÒÒ�ÒÏ��ËÓº�ÒϺ亯ÁÓºË� ÏÈäË� �ËÓÒË� °�¯ºÓ�Ò«� ÓÈ� °ÈäȯҮ� m� �Ò�¯º}°ÒȹÈ�Ò�Ë� m� °ºº�mË�°�mÒÒ� °º� °²Ë亮� ÏÈäË�ËÓÒ« 6U�����2+±�o�6P�����2�±�� �°�ÈÓºmãËÓº�� ��º� º�ÓºÁÈÏÓ©Ë� �m˯�©Ë� ¯È°�mº¯©� °º°�ÈmÈ 6U��±[6P[�32����2+��±[2[�� °ÒÓ�ËÏÒ¯ºmÈÓÓ©Ë� ¹¯Ò� �Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯Ë� �����&�� º­¯ÈÏ� �°«� m� º­� ãȰ�Ò�°º°�Èmºm�[� ��Ü�����z¯Ò°�ÈããÒ�˰}È«�°�¯�}��¯È�ÓË}º�º¯©²�º­¯ÈÏ�ºm���º�Ó«ãȰ �° ¹ºäº� �Èã�º¯Ò�äÈ�cÒ�mËã �È���°�ÈÓºmãËÓº����º�ÒºÓ©�6P���¹¯ËÒä��˰�mËÓÓº�ÏȰËã«� ��¹ºÏÒ�Ò �6U����°�¯�}��¯©�ȹÈ�Ò�È��lË�º�ºä�jz�°¹Ë}�¯º°}º¹ÒÒ��°�ÈÓºmãËÓº�¹¯º�Ë}È� ÓÒË��Ë�Ò�¯È�È�ÒÒ��Ò�¯º}°ÒȹÈ�Ò�È�m�¹ºã��ËÓÓ©²�º­¯ÈÏ�Ȳ�¹º�°²ËäË��2+±�o�2�±����� ���,QWURGXFWLRQ 7KH�LQWHUHVW�RI�UHVHDUFKHUV�WR�FRPSRXQGV ZLWK�WKH�VWUXFWXUH�RI�DSDWLWH�LV�FDXVHG�E\�DQ RSSRUWXQLW\� RI� WKHLU� SUDFWLFDO� DSSOLFDWLRQ� 6R� WKH\� DUH� XVHG� DV� DUWLILFLDO� ELRPDWHULDOV FRPSDWLEOH� ZLWK� D� ERQH� WLVVXH�� OXPLQRSKRU PDWHULDOV�� VHQVRU� FRQWUROV� RI� PRLVWXUH� DQG DOFRKROV��DGVRUEHQWV�RI�HFRORJLFDOO\�KDUPIXO DQG� UDGLRDFWLYH� VXEVWDQFHV�� FDWDO\VWV� RI� DO� FRKROV�GHK\GUDWLRQ�UHDFWLRQV�DQG�K\GURO\VLV RI�FKORUEHQ]HQH��FRQYHUVLRQ�RI�PHWKDQH�DQG RWKHU� FDVHV� >�Ü�@�� ,Q� DGGLWLRQ�� LW� VKRXOG� EH QRWHG� WKDW� WKHUH� H[LVWV� D� SRVVLELOLW\� RI VWUXFWXUH�XQLWV�UHSODFHPHQW�E\�RWKHUV�LQ�WKH FRPSRXQGV� ZLWK� WKH� VWUXFWXUH� RI� DSDWLWH� 7KH� VROLG� VROXWLRQV� IRUPHG� LQ� WKLV�ZD\� FDQ HVVHQWLDOO\� HQODUJH� WKH� ZLGH� DUHD� RI� WKHLU SUDFWLFDO�DSSOLFDWLRQ�LQDVPXFK�DV�WKH�LQFRU� SRUDWLRQ� RI� PRGLI\LQJ� LRQV� LQWR� WKH� VWUXF� WXUH�RI�DSDWLWH�FDQ�UHVXOWV�LQ�DQ�DSSHDUDQFH RI� QHZ� XVHIXO� SK\VLFRFKHPLFDO� SURSHUWLHV� 7KHUHIRUH�� LW� LV�QRW� VXUSULVLQJ� WKDW�D�JUHDW QXPEHU� RI� UHVHDUFK� ZRUNV� GHYRWHG� WR� WKH LQYHVWLJDWLRQ� RI� VXEVWLWXWLRQV� LQ� WKH� VWUXF� WXUH�RI�DSDWLWH�KDV�EHHQ�UHSRUWHG�LQ�WKH�OLW� HUDWXUH� LQ� UHFHQW� \HDUV�� +RZHYHU�� WKH� VXE� VWLWXWLRQV� LQ� FDOFLXP� K\GUR[\DSDWLWH� ZHUH PDLQO\�LQYHVWLJDWHG��ZKLOH�WKH�VXEVWLWXWLRQV LQ� VWURQWLXP� K\GUR[\DSDWLWH� YLUWXDOO\� KDYH QRW� EHHQ� H[DPLQHG�� 7KHUHIRUH�� WKH� SXUSRVH RI�WKLV� VWXG\� LV�WR� LQYHVWLJDWH�WKH�VXEVWLWX� WLRQ� RI� VDPDULXP� IRU� VWURQWLXP� LQ� WKH VWUXFWXUH� RI� K\GUR[\DSDWLWH��$V� WKH� FKDUJH RI�VXEVWLWXHQW�6P���GLIIHUV�IURP�WKH�FKDUJH RI� VXEVWLWXWHG� 6U���� WKH� VLPXOWDQHRXV� UH� SODFHPHQW�RI�2+±�JURXSV�E\�2�±�LRQV�ZRXOG WDNH�SODFH�WR�NHHS�WKH�FKDUJH�EDODQFH�LQ�WKH PRGLILHG� DSDWLWH�� ,Q� WKLV� FRQQHFWLRQ�� WKH VXEVWLWXWLRQ�RI�VDPDULXP�IRU�VWURQWLXP�FDQ EH� GHVFULEHG� E\� WKH� IROORZLQJ� VFKHPH� )XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� �������Û�67&��,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� 6U�����2+±�o�6P�����2�±�� %DVHG� RQ� WKLV VFKHPH� WKH� SUREDEOH� FRPSRVLWLRQ� RI� WKH IRUPHG�VROLG� VROXWLRQV�ZRXOG�EH�H[SUHVVLEOH E\�WKH�FKHPLFDO�IRUPXOD�� 6U��±[6P[�32����2+��±[2[����d�[�d���� ���([SHULPHQWDO 7KH� VDPSOHV� ZHUH� SUHSDUHG� IURP� PL[� WXUHV�RI� VWURQWLXP�QLWUDWH�� VDPDULXP�R[LGH DQG� GLEDVLF� DPPRQLXP� SKRVSKDWH�� ZKLFK ZHUH� FRPSRVHG� DFFRUGLQJ� WR� WKH ���±[�6U�12�������[���6P�2������1+���+32�VWRLFKLRPHWU\� IRU� [� UDQJLQJ� IURP� �� WR� ��� E\� VWHS� RI������7KH�PL[WXUHV�ZHUH�KRPRJH� QL]HG�LQ�DQ�DJDWH�PRUWDU�IRU����PLQ��SODFHG LQ� DQ� DOXPLQD� FUXFLEOH� DQG� FDOFLQHG� DW� ��� DQG� ���� �&� IRU� �� K� DW� HDFK� WHPSHUDWXUH� 7KH� UHVXOWLQJ� FDNHV� ZHUH� JURXQG� DQG� KR� PRJHQL]HG�IRU����PLQ��SHOOHWL]HG�DQG�KHDWHG LQ�DQ�HOHFWULF� IXUQDFH�DW������&�IRU��Ü��K� $IWHU� VLQWHULQJ� WKH� VDPSOHV� ZHUH� TXHQFKHG LQ� DLU�� SRZGHUHG�� DQG� DQDO\]HG� E\� ;�UD\ SRZGHU� GLIIUDFWLRQ�� 7KDQ� WKH� VDPSOHV� ZHUH SHOOHWL]HG�DQG�VLQWHUHG�DJDLQ��7KLV�VWHS�ZDV UHSHDWHG� VHYHUDO� WLPHV� XQWLO� D� FRQVWDQW SKDVH� FRPSRVLWLRQ� KDV� EHHQ� REWDLQHG��7RWDO WLPH�RI�VLQWHULQJ�DW������&�FDPH�WR����K� ;�UD\�SRZGHU�GLIIUDFWLRQ�SDWWHUQV�RI�WKH VDPSOHV�ZHUH�UHFRUGHG�DW�URRP�WHPSHUDWXUH� XVLQJ� D� SRZGHU� GLIIUDFWRPHWHU� '521�� ZLWK�WKH�1L�ILOWHUHG�FRSSHU�.D�UDGLDWLRQ��7KHVFDQQLQJ� UDWH� ZDV� ���PLQ�� 6L� XVHG� DV� DQ H[WHUQDO� VWDQGDUG�� 7KH� D� DQG� F� SDUDPHWHUV RI�WKH�KH[DJRQDO�XQLW�FHOO�RI�K\GUR[\DSDWLWH ZHUH� FDOFXODWHG� IURP� WKH� SRVLWLRQV� RI� �� PRVW�LQWHQVH�DQG�VKDUS�UHIOHFWLRQV�E\�XVLQJ D�OHDVW�VTXDUHV�UHILQHPHQW�SURJUDP�� ;�UD\�SRZGHU�GLIIUDFWLRQ�GDWD�IRU�FU\VWDO VWUXFWXUH� UHILQHPHQW� ZHUH� FROOHFWHG� LQ� D VWHS� UHJLPH�� VWHS� ������ ��T��� LQWHUYDO ������d��T�d��������� VFDQQLQJ�UDWH����V�SHU VWHS�� 7KH� SURILOH� DQDO\VLV� RI� WKH� GDWD� ZDV SHUIRUPHG� XVLQJ� WKH�PHWKRG� RI� DSSUR[LPD� WLRQ� RI� ;�UD\� UHIOHFWLRQV� E\� SVHXGR�9RLJW SURILOH�IXQFWLRQ��7KH�ODWWLFH�SDUDPHWHUV�DQG FU\VWDO�VWUXFWXUH�RI�WKH�SKDVHV�ZHUH�UHILQHG XVLQJ� 5LHWYHOG� PHWKRG� ZLWK� WKH� SURJUDP )8//352)� ,5� VSHFWUD� RI� WKH� VDPSOHV� GLVSHUVHG� LQ .%U� WDEOHWV� ZHUH� UHFRUGHG� XVLQJ� D� 3HUNLQ� (OPHU� )RXULHU� WUDQVIRUP� LQIUDUHG� VSHFWUR� SKRWRPHWHU�LQ�WKH�UDQJH����Ü�����FPÜ��� ���5HVXOWV�DQG�GLVFXVVLRQ 7KH� SHDNV� LQ� WKH� ;�UD\� GLIIUDFWLRQ� SDW� WHUQV� RI� WKH� VDPSOHV� ZLWK� [� ��Ü���� DUH VKDUS�DQG�ZHOO�UHVROYHG�DQG�DOO�RI�WKHP�FDQ EH�DWWULEXWHG�WR�WKH�KH[DJRQDO�FU\VWDO�IRUP RI� K\GUR[\DSDWLWH�� ,Q� WKH� SDWWHUQV� RI� WKH VDPSOHV� ZLWK� [� ����Ü����� DSDUW� IURP� WKH SHDNV� RI� K\GUR[\DSDWLWH�� RQH� FDQ� REVHUYH VHYHUDO�DGGLWLRQDO�UHIOHFWLRQV��:H�FRXOG�QRW PDWFK�WKRVH�ZLWK�D�SKDVH�EHFDXVH�RQO\�VRPH IHZ�PLQRU�SHDNV�PD\�EH�YLVLEOH�ZKLFK�LV�QRW HQRXJK� IRU� WKH� FRUUHFW� LGHQWLILFDWLRQ�� 7KH ODWWLFH�SDUDPHWHUV�RI�WKH�KH[DJRQDO�XQLW�FHOO DUH� SORWWHG� DJDLQVW� [� LQ� )LJ����� ,W� LV� VHHQ WKDW�ERWK�D�DQG�F�SDUDPHWHUV�GHFUHDVH�OLQH� DUO\� DV� [� LQFUHDVHV� IURP� [� ���� REWDLQ� D PLQLPXP� DW� [� ������ DQG� WKHQ� UHPDLQ� XQ� FKDQJHG� DV� [� LQFUHDVHV� XS� WR� ����� 7KH� RE� WDLQHG� UHVXOWV� VKRZ� WKDW� WKH� VXEVWLWXWLRQ XQGHU� WKH� VXSSRVHG� VFKHPH��QDPHO\��6U���� 2+±�o�6P�����2�±�� WDNH�SODFH� LQ� WKH� UDQJH RI�[� ��Ü�����$�GHFUHDVH�RI�WKH�FHOO�SDUDPH� WHUV� ZLWK� LQFUHDVH� RI� GRSDQW� OHYHO� RI� WKH PRGLILHG� K\GUR[\DSDWLWH� LV� LQ� DJUHHPHQW ZLWK� WKH� IDFW� WKDW� WKH� VWURQWLXP� LRQLF� UD� GLXV� LV� ODUJHU� WKDQ� WKH� VDPDULXP� RQH ������c�DQG�������c��UHVSHFWLYHO\��>�@��� 7KH� DOORFDWLRQV� RI� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� DWRPV E\�WKH�FU\VWDOORJUDSKLF�VLWHV�DQG�WKHLU�FRRU� GLQDWHV� LQ� WKH� FDOFLXP�K\GUR[\DSDWLWH��SUH� YLRXVO\� UHSRUWHG� LQ� >�@��ZHUH�XVHG�DV� VWDUW� LQJ�GDWD�IRU�WKH�5LHWYHOG�UHILQHPHQW�RI�WKH VWUXFWXUH� RI� WKH� DSDWLWH� SKDVHV� REWDLQHG� LQ WKH�ZRUN��$WRPLF�SDUDPHWHUV�RI�WKH�VDPSOH )LJ�����'HSHQGHQFH�RI�WKH�XQLW�FHOO�GLPHQVLRQV�RI�VWURQWLXP�K\GUR[\DSDWLWH�PRGLILHG�E\�VDPDULXP YHUVXV�FRPSRVLWLRQ� (�,�*HWPDQ�HW�DO����6XEVWLWXWLRQ�RI�VDPDULXP�IRU���� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� 6U���6P����32����2+����2���� �[� ������ DV� H[�DPSOHV�DUH�UHSUHVHQWHG�LQ�7DEOH����2EWDLQHG YDOXHV�RI�DWRPLF�FRRUGLQDWHV�HQDEOH�FDOFXOD� WLRQ� RI� WKH� LQWHUDWRPLF� GLVWDQFHV�� VRPH� RI WKHP�DUH�JLYHQ�LQ�7DEOH��� ,5� VSHFWUD� RI� WKH� VWURQWLXP� K\GUR[\DSD� WLWH�VROLG�VROXWLRQV�DUH�UHSUHVHQWHG�LQ�)LJ���� 8QVXEVWLWXWHG� VWURQWLXP� K\GUR[\DSDWLWH 6U���32����2+���GLVSOD\V�W\SLFDO�DEVRUSWLRQV DULVLQJ� IURP� 32��±� �����Q��� ����Q��� ���� DQG� �����Q��� ���� DQG� ���� FPÜ��Q���� DE�VRUEHG� ZDWHU� �EURDG� SHDN� LQ� WKH� UDQJH� RI ����Ü�����FPÜ�� GXH� WR� 2+±� FRQQHFWHG� E\ K\GURJHQ� ERQGV�� DQG� ����� FPÜ���� K\GUR[\O JURXS� ZKLFK� DUH� QRW� LQFOXGHG� LQ� ZDWHU ������FPÜ��VWUHWFKLQJ� YLEUDWLRQ� DQG ����FPÜ��OLEUDWLRQDO� PRGH�� >�����@�� ,Q� WKH VSHFWUD� RI� WKH� VDPSOHV� RI� VXEVWLWXWHG� K\� GUR[\DSDWLWH�� WKH� SRVLWLRQV� DQG� LQWHQVLWLHV RI� DEVRUSWLRQV� DULVLQJ� IURP� 32��±� DUH� WKHVDPH�� 7KHUH� LV� RQO\� DQ� DSSDUHQW� UHGXFWLRQ RI� WKH� DEVRUSWLRQ� DW� ���� FPÜ��� ZKLFK� LV SUREDEO\�FDXVHG�E\�H[SDQVLRQ�RI�WKH�DEVRUS� WLRQ� DW������ FPÜ��� ,QFUHDVH� RI� WKH�[� YDOXH LV� DFFRPSDQLHG� E\� GHFUHDVH� RI� WKH� DEVRUS� WLRQ�EDQGV�DULVLQJ�IURP�DEVRUEHG�ZDWHU�DQG WKH� DEVRUSWLRQ� DW� ����� FPÜ�� DQG� ���� FPÜ� UHIOHFWLQJ�YLEUDWLRQV�RI�2+±�JURXS��7KH�DE� VRUSWLRQ� EDQGV� RI�2+±� YLUWXDOO\� GR� QRW� EH GHWHFWHG� HYHQ�DW�[� ������$W� WKH� VDPH�WLPH WKH�DEVRUSWLRQ�LQ�WKH�UDQJH�RI����Ü����FPÜ� UHIOHFWLQJ� YLEUDWLRQ� RI� 6P±2� ERQG� DSSHDUV LQ� WKH� VSHFWUD� RI� VWURQWLXP� K\GUR[\DSDWLWH PRGLILHG�E\�VDPDULXP��,Q�WKH�VDPSOHV�ZLWK KLJKHU� VDPDULXP� FRQWHQW�� WKLV� EDQG� LV 7DEOH���� 3RVLWLRQDO�� LVRWURSLF� WKHUPDO� SDUDPHWHUV� �%LVR�� DQG� RFFXSDWLRQV� �*�� IRU 6U���6P����32����2+����2���� �VSDFH�JURXS�3���P��D� ������������F ������������5%� ���������5)� ��������53� ���������5:3� ���������F�� ������ $WRP 6LWH [ \ ] %LVR��c� * 6U��� �I ��� ��� �������� ������� �������� 6P��� �I ��� ��� �������� ������� �������� 6U��� �K ��������� ��������� ��� ������� ��������� 6P��� �K ��������� ��������� ��� ������� �������� 3 �K �������� �������� ��� ������ �� 2��� �K �������� �������� ��� ������ � 2��� �K �������� �������� ��� ������ � 2��� ��L �������� �������� �������� ������ � 2��� �H � � �������� ���� ���� 2+ �H � � �������� ���� ��� 7DEOH����6HOHFWHG�ERQG�GLVWDQFHV��c� &RPSRVLWLRQ��[ � ��� ��� ��� ��� 3±2��� ������� ������� ������� ������� ������� 3±2��� ������� ������� ������� ������� ������� 3±2���u� ������� ������� ������� ������� ������� �3±2! ���� ���� ���� ���� ����� 6U��6P���±2���u� ������� ������� ������� ������� ������� 6U��6P���±2���u� ������� ������� ������� ������� ������� 6U��6P���±2���u� ������� ������� ������� ������� ������� 6U��6P���±2��� ������� ������� ������� ������� ������� 6U��6P���±2��� ������� ������� ������� ������� �������� 6U��6P���±2���u� ������� ������� ������� ������� ������� 6U��6P���±2���u� ������� ������� ������� ������� ������� 6U��6P���±2�����2+ �������� �������� �������� �������� �������� 6U��6P���±6U��6P��� �������� �������� �������� �������� �������� (�,�*HWPDQ�HW�DO����6XEVWLWXWLRQ�RI�VDPDULXP�IRU���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� VKLIWHG�WR�WKH�ODUJHU�ZDYHQXPEHU��7KLV�IDFW LV�VLPLODU�WR�WKDW�REWDLQHG�>������@�IURP�WKH LQIUDUHG� VSHFWUD� RI� FDOFLXP� K\GUR[\DSDWLWH PRGLILHG�E\�ODQWKDQXP�DQG�HXURSLXP� 7KH� VWUXFWXUH� RI� K\GUR[\DSDWLWH� FDQ� EH GHVFULEHG�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�3���P�VSDFH�JURXSZKHUH� WZR�� 6U���� DQG� 6U���� GLIIHUHQW� VLWHV IRU�6U���FDQ�EH�GLVWLQJXLVKHG��7KH�6U����VLWH LV� ��IROG� FRRUGLQDWHG� E\� R[\JHQ� DWRPV� DQG LWV�VL]H�LV� ODUJHU�WKDQ�WKH�VL]H�RI�6U����VLWH� 7KH�6U���� VLWH� LV� FRRUGLQDWHG� E\� VL[� R[\JHQ DWRPV�DQG�WKH�2+±�JURXS�� 3UHYLRXV� LQYHVWLJDWLRQV� RI� VXEVWLWXWLRQV LQ� FDOFLXP�K\GUR[\DSDWLWH�KDYH� VKRZQ� WKDW WKH�VLWH�SUHIHUHQFH�RI�WKH�VXEVWLWXHQW�FDWLRQ GHSHQG�RQ�LWV�HIIHFWLYH�FKDUJH��,W�ZDV�HVWDE� OLVKHG��WKDW�LRQ�ZLWK�D�FKDUJH�OHVVHU�WKDQ�D FKDUJH�RI�FDOFLXP�PDLQO\�RFFXS\�WKH� ODUJHU &D���� VLWH�ZKHUHDV� LRQ�ZLWK�D�KLJKHU�RQH�RF� FXS\�WKH�PRUH�FRPSDFW�&D����VLWH�>��@��7KLV�LV WKH� FDVH� IRU� WKH� 6U��±[6P[�32����2+��±[2[V\VWHP�XQGHU�VWXG\�DV�ZHOO��7KH�UHILQHPHQW RI�WKH�FU\VWDO�VWUXFWXUH�E\�5LHWYHOG�PHWKRG KDV� VKRZQ� WKDW� 6P��� KDYLQJ� D� FKDUJH KLJKHU� WKDQ� WKDW� RI�6U��� SUHIHUDEO\� RFFXS\ WKH�6U����VLWH��,Q�WKH�VWUXFWXUH�RI�K\GUR[\D� SDWLWH�� WKH� 2+±� JURXSV� RFFXU� LQ� FROXPQV SDUDOOHO� WR� F�D[LV�� 7KH� PDLQ� OLQHV� RI� WKH FROXPQV� SDVV� WKURXJK� WKH� FHQWUHV� RI� WULDQ� JOHV��ZKLFK�DUH� IRUPHG�E\�6U��� LQ� WKH�6U��� SRVLWLRQ�� ,QFRUSRUDWLRQ� RI� VDPDULXP� LRQV LQWR�WKH�VWUXFWXUH�RI�K\GUR[\DSDWLWH�UHVXOWV LQ�HYLGHQW�GHFUHDVH�RI�WKH�6P�6U���±6P�6U��� GLVWDQFH�LQ�WKH�WULDQJOH��7DEOH����� $FFRUGLQJ�WR�WKH�VFKHPH�RI�VXEVWLWXWLRQ� WKH� LQFRUSRUDWLRQ� RI� VDPDULXP� LQWR� WKH VWUXFWXUH� RI� K\GUR[\DSDWLWH� JHQHUDWHV� WKH VLPXOWDQHRXV� VXEVWLWXWLRQ� RI� 2�±� IRU� 2+± JURXS�� DQG�6P��� RQ� WKH�6U���� VLWH� EHFRPHV WKH� QHDUHVW� QHLJKERXU� RI� WKH� 2�±�� 7KLV FDXVHV� D� VWUHQJWKHQLQJ� RI� HOHFWURVWDWLF IRUFHV� EHWZHHQ� LRQV� DUUDQJHG� RQ� WKH 6P�6U����DQG�2+�2����VLWHV��$V�D�UHVXOW��WKH WRWDO�HQHUJ\�RI�WKH�V\VWHP�GHFUHDVHV��DQG�LW SURPRWHV� D� SURFHVV� RI� WKH� VXEVWLWXWLRQ� %RQG� GLVWDQFH� RI� 6P�6U���±2+�2���� HYL� GHQWO\�GHFUHDVHV�ZLWK� LQFUHDVH�RI�VDPDULXP FRQWHQW�LQ�WKH�DSDWLWH��7DEOH���� 7KH� VXEVWLWXWLRQ� RI� 6P��� RQWR� WKH� 6U��� VLWH�VKRXOG�OHDG�WR�GHFUHDVH�RI�WKH�6P�6U���± 2������������ GLVWDQFHV� VLQFH� 6U��� LV� ODUJHU WKDQ� 6P���� %XW�� DV� VKRZQ� LQ� 7DEOH���� WKH GLVWDQFHV� UHPDLQ� XQFKDQJHG� LQ� VSLWH� RI ZKDWHYHU� LV� [�� $SSDUHQWO\� WKLV� IDFW� LV� WKH UHVXOW� RI� D� EDODQFH� EHWZHHQ� LQFUHDVLQJ IRUFHV�RI���,��DWWUDFWLRQ�RI�WKH�6P�6U����FDW� LRQ� WR� VXUURXQGLQJ� 2���������������� DQLRQV DQG� �,,�� UHSXOVLRQ� RI�2������������ IURP�2��� ZLWKLQ�WKH�FRRUGLQDWLRQ�SRO\KHGURQ�� ,Q� WKH� ,5�VSHFWUD�RI�VROLG�VROXWLRQV�ZLWK [�!����� QR�2+±� EDQGV� DUH� REVHUYHG�� ZKLFK LQGLFDWH� WKH� DEVHQFH� RI� WKH�2+±� JURXSV� LQ WKH� VDPSOHV�� 7DNLQJ� LQWR� DFFRXQW� WKH� KLJK WHPSHUDWXUH� XVHG� IRU� WKH� V\QWKHVLV� RI� WKH VDPSOHV�� LW� LV� VDIH� WR� VD\� WKDW� WKH�2+±� DE� VHQFH�LV�FDXVHG�E\�GHK\GUDWLRQ�RI�K\GUR[\D� SDWLWH�� 7KH� VLPLODU� SURFHVV� KDV� EHHQ� RE� VHUYHG� LQ�WKH�FDVH�RI�FDOFLXP�K\GUR[\DSDWLWH DV�ZHOO�>��@��6R��UHDVRQLQJ�IURP�WKH�IDFW�WKDW WKH�EDVH�VFKHPH�RI�WKH�6U�����2+±��o�6P���� 2�±�VXEVWLWXWLRQ�LV�DFFRPSDQLHG�E\�GHK\GUD� WLRQ� RI� K\GUR[\DSDWLWH�� WKH� IRUPXOD��ZKLFK GHVFULEH� WKH� FRPSRVLWLRQ� RI� WKH� REWDLQHG VROLG�VROXWLRQV��UHTXLUHV�PRUH�DFFXUDWH�GHIL� QLWLRQ�� 7KDW� FDQ� EH� IRUPXODWHG� DV 6U��±[6P[�32���� �2+��±�[�\�2[�\���\��� �ZKHUH�[���\d��� LQ� WKH� UDQJH� RI� ��d�²�d����� DQG 6U��±[6P[�32���2��[����Ü[��� LQ� WKH� UDQJH� RI²�!������,W�VKRXOG�EH�QRWHG�WKDW�H[LVWHQFH�RI 6P��� VXEVWLWXWLRQ� IRU� 6U��� LQ� WKH� UDQJH� RI [�!������ZKHUH�QR�2+±� JURXS� DUH� GHWHFWHG� LQGLFDWHV� WKDW� WKHUH� FDQ� DOVR� EH� D� VXEVWLWX� WLRQ� XQGHU� WKH� VFKHPH�� 6U����������o� 6P��������2�±�� 7KH� ODWWHU� VFKHPH� LV� D� UH� VLGXDO�EHWZHHQ�WKH�EDVH�VFKHPH�RI�VXEVWLWX� )LJ�����,5�VSHFWUD�RI�WKH�VDPSOHV�RI�VWURQWLXP�K\GUR[\DSDWLWH�PRGLILHG�E\�VDPDULXP�LQ�WKH�UDQJH ���Ü�����FPÜ��DQG�����Ü�����FPÜ�� (�,�*HWPDQ�HW�DO����6XEVWLWXWLRQ�RI�VDPDULXP�IRU���� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� WLRQ� DQG� WKH� VFKHPH� RI� GHK\GUDWLRQ� RI� K\� GUR[\DSDWLWH�� 3URYLGHG� WKDW� VLPXOWDQHRXV VXEVWLWXWLRQ� XQGHU� WKUHH� DERYH�PHQWLRQHG VFKHPHV�UHDOO\�WDNHV�SODFH�EXW�WR�D�YDULDEOH H[WHQW� DW� GLIIHUHQW� [� YDOXHV�� GHILQLWLRQ� RI FRUUHFW�IRUPXOD��ZKLFK�GHVFULEHV�WKH�FRPSR� VLWLRQ�RI�REWDLQHG�VROLG�VROXWLRQV��LV�QRW�SRV� VLEOH�DW�WKLV�MXQFWXUH� ���&RQFOXVLRQ ,W� ZDV� HVWDEOLVKHG� E\� ;�UD\� SRZGHU� GLI� IUDFWLRQ� WKDW� WKH� OLPLW� IRU� VXEVWLWXWLRQ� RI VWURQWLXP�IRU�VDPDULXP�LQ�WKH�VWUXFWXUH�RI DSDWLWH� LV� LQ� WKH� UDQJH� RI� [� ��Ü����� 7KH VXEVWLWXWLRQ� RI� 6P���� ZKLFK� KDV� D� PXFK VPDOOHU�FU\VWDO�LRQLF�UDGLXV�IRU�6U����FDXVHG D� GHFUHDVH� RI� XQLW� FHOO� SDUDPHWHUV� LQ� WKH KRPRJHQHLW\� UHJLRQ�� 7KH� UHILQHPHQW� E\ 5LHWYHOG� PHWKRG� RI� FU\VWDO� VWUXFWXUH� RI VROLG� VROXWLRQ� ZDV� VKRZQ� WKDW� LRQV� 6P�� SUHIHUDEO\�RFFXS\�WKH�6U����VLWH�LQ�WKH�VWUXF� WXUH�RI�DSDWLWH�DQG�DV�D�UHVXOW�WKH�GLVWDQFH 6P�6U���±6P�6U���� LV� GLPLQLVKHG��$FFRUGLQJ WR�,5�VSHFWURVFRS\��WKH�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�VROLG�VR� OXWLRQ�XQGHU�WKH�PDLQ�VFKHPH�RI�VXEVWLWXWLRQ� 6U�����2+±�o�6P��� ���2�±� DUH� DFFRPSDQLHG E\� GHK\GUDWLRQ� RI� K\GUR[\DSDWLWH� XQGHU� WKH IROORZLQJ�VFKHPH���2+±�o�����+�2� 5HIHUHQFHV � ���7�.DQD]DZD�� ,QRUJDQLF� 3KRVSKDWH� 0DWHULDOV� (OVHYLHU��$PVWHUGDP�������� � ���6�6XJL\DPD�� .�$EH�� 7�0LQDPL� HW� DO��� $SSO� &DW��$�*HQHUDO����������������� � ���6�6XJL\DPD�� 7�0LQDPL�� 7�+LJDNL� HW� DO��� ,QG� (QJ��&KHP��5HV������������������� � ���5�5DPHVK�� 5�-�-DJDQQDWKDQ�� 3K\V��&KHP��%� ����������������� � ���-�6�$UH\��-�&�6HDPDQ��3�0�%HUWVFK��(QYLURQ� 6FL��7HFKQRO������������������ � ���;�&KHQ��-�9�:ULJKW��-�9�&RQFD��/�0�3HXUUXQJ� (QYLURQ��6FL���7HFKQRO������������������ � ���5�'�6KDQQRQ��$FWD�&U\VW���$��������������� � ���5�0�:LOVRQ�� -�&�(OOLRW�� 6�(�3�'RZNHU��$PHU� 0LQHUDORJLVW������������������ � ���*�(QJHO�� :�(�.OHH�� -��6ROLG� 6WDWH� &KHP��� �� ���������� ���:�(�-�.OHH��*�(QJHO��-��,QRUJ��1XFO��&KHP������ ������������ ����$�6HUUHW��0�9�&DEDQDV��0�9DOOHW�5HJL��&KHP� 0DWHU������������������� ����7DLWDL�� -�/�/DFRXW�� -��3K\V��&KHP��6ROLGV�� �� ����������� ����9�2�+\GRORJNLQ�� 9�6�8UXVRY�� .�,�7REHONR� *HRFKHPLVWU\������������������� ����/LDR�&KXQ�-HQ��/LQ�)HQJ�+XFL��&KHQ�.R�6KDR� %LRPDWHULDOV������������������� ~ÈäL�ËÓÓ«�°�¯ºÓ�L �ÓÈ�°ÈäȯL®�m�°�¯�}��¯L�L�¯º}°ÒȹÈ�Ò�� ��,��Ë� äÈÓ��|�{�,�ÓÈ�ºm��v�l��º­º�È�l�²ÈäË��k�r�k­��ã �iÎȭȯ��k�|�yË�È®ãº��k�v��ã�²ºmÈ lË�º�ºä� ¯ËÓ��ËÓºÁÈϺmº�º� ÈÓÈãLÏ�� �È� , �°¹Ë}�¯º°}º¹L�� �º°ãL�ÎËÓº� LϺ亯ÁÓË� ÏÈ� äL�ËÓÓ«� °�¯ºÓ�L � ÓÈ� °ÈäȯL®� m� �L�¯º}°ÒȹÈ�Ò�L� �� mL�¹ºmL�Óº°�L� �º� °²ËäÒ� ÏÈäL�ËÓÓ« 6U�����2+±�o�� 6P�����2�±�� {°�ÈÓºmãËÓº�� �º� º�ÓºÁÈÏÓL� �m˯�L� ¯ºÏ�ÒÓÒ� °}ãÈ�� 6U��±[6P[�32����2+��±[2[�� °ÒÓ�ËϺmÈÓL� ÏÈ� �Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯Ò� �����&�� ��mº¯ � °«� m� º­ãȰ�L [� ��Ü�����z¯Ò°�ÈãL�Ó��°�¯�}��¯���Ë«}Ò²�ϯÈÏ}Lm���º�Ó mÈãÒ�ÏÈ��º¹ºäº�º �Èã�º¯Ò�ä� cL�mËã �È��{°�ÈÓºmãËÓº���º�LºÓÒ�6P���¹Ë¯ËmÈÎÓº�ãº}ÈãLÏ� � °«���¹ºÏÒ�L��6U����°�¯�}� ��¯Ò� ȹÈ�Ò���� lË�º�ºä� , �°¹Ë}�¯º°}º¹L�� m°�ÈÓºmãËÓº� �Ë�L�¯È�È�L � �L�¯º}°ÒȹÈ�Ò��� m º�¯ÒäÈÓÒ²�ϯÈÏ}Ȳ���mL�¹ºmL�Óº°�L��º�°²ËäÒ��2+±�o��2�±����� (�,�*HWPDQ�HW�DO����6XEVWLWXWLRQ�RI�VDPDULXP�IRU���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���