Electron structure of calcium and cadmium apatites

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Datum:2010
Hauptverfasser: Soroka, A.P., Karbovskiy, V.L., Kasianenko, V.H.
Format: Artikel
Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України 2010
Schriftenreihe:Functional Materials
Schlagworte:
Online Zugang:http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135146
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
Назва журналу:Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Zitieren:Electron structure of calcium and cadmium apatites / A.P. Soroka, V.L. Karbovskiy, V.H. Kasianenko // Functional Materials. — 2010. — Т. 17, № 3. — С. 347-354. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ.

Institution

Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
id irk-123456789-135146
record_format dspace
spelling irk-123456789-1351462018-06-15T03:05:22Z Electron structure of calcium and cadmium apatites Soroka, A.P. Karbovskiy, V.L. Kasianenko, V.H. Modeling and simulation 2010 Article Electron structure of calcium and cadmium apatites / A.P. Soroka, V.L. Karbovskiy, V.H. Kasianenko // Functional Materials. — 2010. — Т. 17, № 3. — С. 347-354. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ. 1027-5495 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135146 en Functional Materials НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
institution Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
collection DSpace DC
language English
topic Modeling and simulation
Modeling and simulation
spellingShingle Modeling and simulation
Modeling and simulation
Soroka, A.P.
Karbovskiy, V.L.
Kasianenko, V.H.
Electron structure of calcium and cadmium apatites
Functional Materials
format Article
author Soroka, A.P.
Karbovskiy, V.L.
Kasianenko, V.H.
author_facet Soroka, A.P.
Karbovskiy, V.L.
Kasianenko, V.H.
author_sort Soroka, A.P.
title Electron structure of calcium and cadmium apatites
title_short Electron structure of calcium and cadmium apatites
title_full Electron structure of calcium and cadmium apatites
title_fullStr Electron structure of calcium and cadmium apatites
title_full_unstemmed Electron structure of calcium and cadmium apatites
title_sort electron structure of calcium and cadmium apatites
publisher НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
publishDate 2010
topic_facet Modeling and simulation
url http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135146
citation_txt Electron structure of calcium and cadmium apatites / A.P. Soroka, V.L. Karbovskiy, V.H. Kasianenko // Functional Materials. — 2010. — Т. 17, № 3. — С. 347-354. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ.
series Functional Materials
work_keys_str_mv AT sorokaap electronstructureofcalciumandcadmiumapatites
AT karbovskiyvl electronstructureofcalciumandcadmiumapatites
AT kasianenkovh electronstructureofcalciumandcadmiumapatites
first_indexed 2025-07-09T21:09:57Z
last_indexed 2025-07-09T21:09:57Z
_version_ 1837205184621576192
fulltext (OHFWURQ�VWUXFWXUH�RI�FDOFLXP�DQG�FDGPLXP�DSDWLWHV $�3�6RURND��9�/�.DUERYVNL\��9�+�.DVLDQHQNR *�.XUG\XPRY�,QVWLWXWH�IRU�0HWDO�3K\VLFV��1DWLRQDO�$FDGHP\�RI�6FLHQFHV RI�8NUDLQH�����9HUQDGVN\�EOYG���������.\LY��8NUDLQH 5HFHLYHG�1RYHPEHU��������� (OHFWURQ� VWUXFWXUHV� RI� FRPSRXQGV�0H���32���;���ZKHUH�0H� �&D� RU�&G� DQG�;� �)��&O�%U��2+�ZHUH�LQYHVWLJDWHG�XVLQJ�IXOO�SRWHQWLDO�$3:�OR�PHWKRG��7KH�VWUXFWXUH�DQG�HQHUJ\ ORFDWLRQ�RI�SHFXOLDULWLHV�RI�WRWDO�DQG�SDUWLDO�GHQVLWLHV�RI�VWDWHV�IRU�FDGPLXP�DSDWLWHV�ZHUH HVWDEOLVKHG� WR� EH� PRUH� VHQVLWLYH� WR� LVRPRUSKLF� VXEVWLWXWLRQ� RI� DQLRQ� IOXRU� IRU� FKORU� RU EURPLQH�RU�2+�JURXS�WKDQ�IRU�FDOFLXP�RQHV��7KH�3���P�VSDFH�ZHUH�VKRZQ�WR�EH�SUHIHUDEOHIRU�&D���32���)��DQG�&D���32���&O��WKDQ�3����7KH�GHSHQGHQFH�RI�WRWDO�HQHUJ\�SHU�XQLW�FHOORQ�WKH�GLVSODFHPHQW�DORQJ�F�D[LV�ZLWKLQ�WKH�OLPLWV�RI�VSDFH�JURXS�3���IRU�&D���32���)��DQG&Z���32���&O��ZDV�SURYHQ�WR�EH�H[WUHPHO\�VPDOO� WKDW�MXVWLILHV�WKH�ODELOLW\�RI�VWUXFWXUH�RIFDOFLXP�DSDWLWHV�ZLWK�UHVSHFW�WR�WKLV�SRVLWLRQ�� �ºãÓº¹º�ËÓ�ÒÈã Ó©ä�äË�º�ºä���{� Ò°°ãË�ºmÈÓº� ªãË}�¯ºÓÓºË� °�¯ºËÓÒË� °ºË�ÒÓËÓÒ® 0H���32���;��� ��Ë� 0H &D� ÒãÒ� &G�� ;� �)�� &O�� %U�� 2+�� �°�ÈÓºmãËÓº�� ��º� °�¯�}��¯È� ÒªÓ˯�Ë�Ò�˰}ºË� ¹ºãºÎËÓÒË� º°º­ËÓÓº°�Ë®�¹ºãÓ©²�Ò�¹È¯�ÒÈã Ó©²�¹ãº�Óº°�Ë®� ªãË}�¯ºÓ� Ó©²� °º°�º«ÓÒ®� }È�äÒËm©²� ȹÈ�Ò�ºm� ÏÓÈ�Ò�Ëã Óº���m°�mÒ�Ëã ÓËË� }� ÒϺ亯ÁÓ©ä� ÏÈäË� �ËÓÒ«ä�ÈÓÒºÓÈ�Á�º¯È�ÓÈ�²ãº¯��­¯ºä�Ò��Ò�¯º}°Òã��m�°¯ÈmÓËÓÒÒ�°�}Èã �ÒËm©äÒ�ȹÈ�Ò� �ÈäÒ���º}ÈÏÈÓÈ�¹¯Ë�¹º��Ò�Ëã Óº°� �°�¯�}��¯©�3���P��ã«�&D���32���)��Ò�&D���32���&O�m� °¯ÈmÓËÓÒÒ� °�3����iã«� ²ãº¯º�� Ò�Á�º¯ºÈ¹È�Ò�ºm� }Èã �Ò«�ÓÈ­ã �ÈãȰ � °ãÈ­È«� ÏÈmÒ°Ò�亰� � °�ääȯӺ®�ªÓ˯�ÒÒ�ªãËäËÓ�ȯӺ®�«�Ë®}Ò�º��¹ºãºÎËÓÒ«�ÈÓÒºÓÈ�m�¹¯Ë�ËãȲ�¹¯º� °�¯ÈÓ°�mËÓÓº®��¯�¹¹©�3������º�¹º��m˯Î�ÈË��ãÈ­Òã Óº°� �°�¯�}��¯©�ȹÈ�Ò�ºm�}Èã �Ò«º�Óº°Ò�Ëã Óº�ª�º®�¹ºÏÒ�ÒÒ� ���,QWURGXFWLRQ $SDWLWH�JURXS� FRPSRXQGV� �0H���=2���;��ZKHUH�0HQ���Q� ��Ü���=P���P� ��Ü���;N±� LV DQ� HOHFWURQHJDWLYH� HOHPHQW�� DWWUDFW� DWWHQ� WLRQ� RI� VFLHQWLVWV� IRU� D� ORQJ� WLPH� GXH� WR� D ODUJH�ILHOG�RI�WKHLU�DSSOLFDWLRQV��,Q�SDUWLFX� ODU�� WKH\� FDQ�EH�XVHG� DV� DUWLILFLDO� ELRDFWLYH FRPSRXQGV� FRPSDWLEOH� ZLWK� ERQH� WLVVXH� PRLVWXUH� DQG� DOFRKRO� VHQVRUV�� PDWULFHV� IRU UDGLRDFWLYH�ZDVWH�EXULDO��DFFXPXODWRUV�RI�HQ� YLURQPHQWDOO\� KD]DUGRXV� VXEVWDQFHV�� 6XFK� D YDULHW\� RI� SK\VLFDO� SURSHUWLHV� RI� DSDWLWHV� LV GXH� WR� WKHLU� FDSDELOLW\� WR� LVR�� DQG� KHWHURYD� OHQW� VXEVWLWXWLRQV� GHILQHG� E\� DQRPDORXV� OLP� LWV�RI�QRQVWRLFKLRPHWU\�RI�WKHLU�FRPSRVLWLRQ� 7KHUH� DUH� QXPHURXV� VWXGLHV� DLPHG� DW HOHFWURQ� VWUXFWXUH� LQYHVWLJDWLRQV� WR� GDWH� KRZHYHU�� D� WKRURXJK� GHVFULSWLRQ�RI� LVRPRU� SKLVP� ODZV� FDQ� EH� DWWDLQHG� E\� FRPSDULQJ H[SHULPHQWDO� UHVXOWV�ZLWK� WKHRUHWLFDO� FDOFX� ODWLRQV�� 0RVW� WKHRUHWLFDO� HOHFWURQ� VWUXFWXUH FDOFXODWLRQV�DUH�EDVHG�RQ�WKH�PHWKRGV�ZKLFK GR� QRW� JLYH� JRRG� DJUHHPHQW� ZLWK� H[SHUL� PHQW�IRU�SRURXV�FRPSRXQGV�>�Ü�@�� ,Q� WKLV� ZRUN�� VWXGLHG� KDV� EHHQ� WKH� HOHF� WURQ� VWUXFWXUH� RI�0H���32���;�� FRPSRXQGV�ZKHUH�0H� �&D�RU�&G�DQG�;� �)��&O��%U��2+� 7KH� FDOFXODWLRQV� ZHUH� IXOILOOHG� XVLQJ� IXOO SRWHQWLDO� DXJPHQW� SODQH� ZDYH� PHWKRG� WKDW LV� PRVW� DSSOLFDEOH� IRU� SRURXV� FRPSRXQGV DQG� SURYLGHV� WKH� JHRPHWU\� RSWLPL]DWLRQ� RI DWRPLF�SRVLWLRQV�� ���&RPSXWDWLRQDO�SURFHGXUH 7KH� FDOFXODWLRQV� RI� WRWDO� DQG� DWRP�SUR� MHFWHG� GHQVLWLHV� RI� VWDWHV� ZHUH� SHUIRUPHG )XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� �������Û�67&��,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� XVLQJ� IXOO� SRWHQWLDO� DXJPHQW� SODQH� ZDYH PHWKRG� ZLWK� $3:�OR�/2� EDVLV� VHW� ZLWK PDNLQJ�DOORZDQFH� IRU�UHOD[DWLRQV�RI�DWRPLF SRVLWLRQV��&D� �V��&D� �S��3� �S�ZHUH� WUHDWHG DV�/2��7KH�**$�IXQFWLRQDO�RI��3%(��>�@�ZDV XVHG� IRU� H[FKDQJH�FRUUHODWLRQ�SRWHQWLDO�� ,Q� WHJUDWLRQV�RYHU�%ULOORXLQH�]RQH�ZHUH�DFFRP� SOLVKHG� XVLQJ� ������ N�SRLQW� VDPSOLQJ� FHQ� WHUHG� DW� *� SRLQW� ��� LQHTXLYDOHQW� N�SRLQWV� >�@��)RU�K\GUR[\DSDWLWHV��WKH�������JULG�ZDV XVHG� WKDW� FRUUHVSRQGV� WR� WKH� VDPH� GHQVLW\ RI� N�SRLQWV� LQ� UHFLSURFDO� VSDFH� &D���32���)���&D���32���&O���&D���32���%U��&G���32���)��� &G���32���&O��� &G���32���%U�ZHUH� FRQVLGHUHG� WR� EHORQJ� WR� 3���P� VSDFHJURXS�DQG�&D���32����2+����&G���32����2+���WR�3���E�RQH��7KH�LQLWLDO�DWRPLF�SRVLWLRQV�LQWKH� XQLW� FHOO� IRU� JHRPHWU\� RSWLPL]DWLRQ� ZDV WDNHQ�IURP� >�@��7KH�XQLW� FHOO�ZDV�FRQVLGHUHG WR�EH�FXELF�ZLWK�XQLW�FHOO�SDUDPHWHU�D� ����c LQ�RUGHU�WR�FDOFXODWH�PROHFXODU�OHYHOV�RI�LVR� ODWHG�32��±�DQLRQ�� ���5HVXOWV�DQG�GLVFXVVLRQ (OHFWURQ� VWUXFWXUH� RI� 32��WHWUDKHGUD� LQDSDWLWHV��7HWUDKHGUDO�32��±�DQLRQ�LV�D�VWUXF�WXUH� FRQVWLWXHQW� RI� PDQ\� FU\VWDOOLQH� FRP� SRXQGV� LQFOXGLQJ� DSDWLWHV�� $V� D� ILUVW� DS� SUR[LPDWLRQ�� WKH� 32��±� WHWUDKHGUD� FDQ� EHFRQVLGHUHG� DV� LQGLYLGXDO� PROHFXOHV� ZLWK V\PPHWU\� LQIOXHQFHG� E\� ODWWLFH� IRUFH� ILHOG� ,Q� WKH� IUHH� VWDWH�� WKH� 3Ü2� ERQG� OHQJWK� LV HTXDO�WR������c�DQG�WKH�SRLQW�JURXS�7G��7RLQYHVWLJDWH�WKH�EDVLF�HOHFWURQ�VWUXFWXUH�IHD� WXUHV� RI�32�� FRPSOH[� LQ� DSDWLWHV�� ZH� KDYHFDOFXODWHG� WKH�WRWDO�DQG�SDUWLDO�GHQVLWLHV�RI VWDWHV� IRU� LVRODWHG�32��±� DQLRQ� DQG� IRU� LQ�YHVWLJDWHG� DSDWLWHV� DQG� WKH� FRPSDUDWLYH DQDO\VLV�ZDV�IXOILOOHG�� 7KH� WRWDO� DQG� SDUWLDO� GHQVLWLHV� RI� VWDWHV IRU� LVRODWHG�32��±� WHWUDKHGUD� DUH� VKRZQ� LQ)LJ�����7KH�PRVW�VXEVWDQWLDO�FRQWULEXWLRQ�WR GHQVLWLHV�RI� VWDWHV�ZDV�REVHUYHG� WR�EH� IURP �V�DQG��S�VWDWHV�RI�R[\JHQ��&RPSRVLWLRQ�RI WKRVH�SDUWLDO�GHQVLWLHV�RI� VWDWHV�GHILQHV� WKH VKDSH� RI� WRWDO� '26� FXUYH�� 7KH� FXUYH� RI� �V VWDWH�RI�R[\JHQ� LQFOXGHV�WZR�LQWHQVH�SHDNV� 7KH�ILUVW�RQH�LV�ORFDWHG�DW����H9�DQG�FRUUH� VSRQGV�WR�WKH�DWRPLF�VWDWH��7KH�VHFRQG�LV�DW ���H9�DQG�FRQIRUPV�WR�K\EULGL]DWLRQ��V�RU� ELWDO� RI� SKRVSKRUXV�ZLWK��V� RUELWDO� RI� R[\� JHQ�� VLQFH� 3� �V� KDV� D� VLQJXODULW\� DW� WKDW HQHUJ\��7KH�2��S�VWDWHV�FXUYH�KDV���SHFXOL� DULWLHV� �)LJ������ WKH� ILUVW� DQG� WKH� VHFRQG SHDNV� FRUUHVSRQG� WR� K\EULGL]DWLRQ� RI� �S R[\JHQ�VWDWHV�ZLWK��S�DQG��V�VWDWHV�RI�SKRV� SKRUXV�� UHVSHFWLYHO\�� 7KH� SHFXOLDULWLHV� �Ü� LQGLFDWH� WKH� K\EULGL]DWLRQ� ZLWK� G� VWDWHV� RI SKRVSKRUXV� WKDW� DSSHDUHG� LQ� 32��±� DQLRQPROHFXOH�� 7KH� ILIWK� SHDN� FRUUHVSRQGV� WR DWRPLF�2� �S� VWDWH�ZKLFK� LV�D� FKDUDFWHULVWLF IHDWXUH� RI� DOO� WKH� FDOFXODWHG� DSDWLWHV�� 7KH VDPH� SLFWXUH� ZDV� REVHUYHG� IRU� DOO� VWXGLHG )LJ�����7RWDO�DQG�SDUWLDO�GHQVLWLHV�RI�VWDWHV�IRU�LVRODWHG�32��±�WHWUDKHGURQ��� $�3�6RURND�HW�DO����(OHFWURQ�VWUXFWXUH�RI�FDOFLXP���� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� DSDWLWHV� �GDWD� DUH� QRW� SUHVHQWHG��� 7KH� HOHF� WURQ�GHQVLW\�RQ�WKH�G�RUELWDO�RI�SKRVSKRUXV IRU� LVRODWHG�32��±� WHWUDKHGURQ� LV�DERXW����RI��V�GHQVLW\�ZKLOH�LQ�DSDWLWHV��WKLV�FRQFHQ� WUDWLRQ�UDWLR�LQFUHDVHV�DQG�FDQ�UHDFK������ &RPSDULQJ� WKH� 2� �V� VWDWHV� FXUYHV� IRU LVRODWHG� 32��±� DQLRQ� DQG� IRU� 32��� LQ� FDO�FLXP�DSDWLWHV��ZH�REVHUYHG�DQ�DGGLWLRQDO�SH� FXOLDULW\�RI�2��V�IRU�FDOFLXP�DSDWLWHV�GXH�WR LQWHUDFWLRQ� ZLWK� &D� �S� RUELWDO�� 7KXV�� DQD� O\]LQJ� WKH� UHVXOWV� RI� FDOFXODWLRQV�� ZH� FDQ VXSSRVH�WKDW�FKDUDFWHULVWLF�IHDWXUH�RI�LQYHV� WLJDWHG� FDOFLXP� DSDWLWHV� LV� DQ� HQHUJ\� ORFD� WLRQ� RI� &D� �S� OHYHO� LQ� WKH� YDOHQFH� EDQG �)LJ�� ���� ,Q� SDUWLFXODU�� WKLV� IDFW�ZDV� HVWDE� OLVKHG�IRU�FDOFLXP�K\GUR[\DSDWLWHV�LQ�>�@� 7KH�2��S�VWDWH�FXUYH�IRU�&D���32���)��LVZLGHQHG� D� OLWWOH� ZLWK� UHVSHFW� WR� WKDW� IRU LVRODWHG� PROHFXOH� �)LJV����� ���� &RQVLGHULQJ WKH� VKDSH� RI� R[\JHQ� �S� VWDWHV� IRU &D���32���)���ZH�FDQ�FRQFOXGH�WKDW�ERWK�IRU&D���32���)��DQG�IRU�&D���32����2+���LW�KDV�� SHFXOLDULWLHV� �GDWD� DUH� QRW� SUHVHQWHG�� 7KHVH� GDWD� FRUUHODWHG� ZLWK� WKRVH� IRU� LVR� ODWHG�32��±� WHWUDKHGURQ� �)LJ������ 7KH�2� �SVWDWH� FXUYHV� IRU� &D���32���%U�� DQG &D���32���&O��FRQWDLQ�VL[�SHFXOLDULWLHV�ZKLOHIRU� DOO� WKH� FDOFXODWHG� FDGPLXP� DSDWLWHV� WKHVH� FXUYHV� LQFOXGH� PRUH� WKDQ� VL[� SHFXOL� DULWLHV��)LJ����� $ORQJ�ZLWK� DERYH�PHQWLRQHG� H[WUD�SHDNV LQ� 2� �S� FXUYHV� IRU� FDGPLXP� DSDWLWHV�� WKH VSOLWWLQJ� RI� 3� �S� SHFXOLDULWLHV� ZDV� HVWDE� OLVKHG� IRU� DOO� WKH� FDGPLXP� DSDWLWHV� FDXVHG E\�LQWHUDFWLRQ��S�RUELWDO�RI�SKRVSKRUXV�ZLWK �G�RUELWDO�RI�FDGPLXP��&G��G�o�2��So3��S K\EULGL]DWLRQ���)LJ������ 7KH� UHOD[DWLRQV� RI� DWRPLF� SRVLWLRQV� IRU LQYHVWLJDWHG�DSDWLWHV�ZHUH�SHUIRUPHG�ZLWKLQ WKH� OLPLWV� RI� 3���P� VSDFH� JURXS�� FRQVH�TXHQWO\�� WKH�SRLQW�JURXS�RI�32�� WHWUDKHGUDZDV�&V��$Q�H[FHSWLRQ�IRUP�WKH�K\GUR[\DSD�WLWHV� EHORQJLQJ� WR� 3���E� VSDFH� JURXS� WKDW )LJ�����3DUWLDO�GHQVLW\�RI�VWDWHV�IRU�&D���32���)�� )LJ�����3DUWLDO�GHQVLWLHV�RI�VWDWHV�RI�2��S�IRU�&G���32���)���OHIW��DQG�&D���32���%U���ULJKW�� )LJ����� 3DUWLDO� GHQVLWLHV� RI� VWDWHV� IRU &G���32����2+���� $�3�6RURND�HW�DO����(OHFWURQ�VWUXFWXUH�RI�FDOFLXP���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� UHVXOWV�LQ�WKH�UHGXFWLRQ�RI�32��±�DQLRQ�V\P�PHWU\� IURP� &V� SRLQW� JURXS� WR� &��� 7KH� UH�VXOWV� REWDLQHG� VKRZ� HTXDO� 3Ü2���� DQG 3Ü2���� ERQG� OHQJWKV� �7DEOH���� IRU 0H���32���;��FRPSRXQGV��ZKHUH�0H� �&D�RU &G�DQG�;� �)�RU�&O��WKDW�MXVWLILHV�WKH�DWWUL� EXWLRQ�RI�32��±� WHWUDKHGURQ�WR�SRLQW�JURXS&V�� 7KH� GLIIHUHQFH� EHWZHHQ� 3Ü2���� DQG 3Ü2���� ERQG� OHQJWKV� LQGLFDWHG� WKDW� WKH SRLQW�JURXS�RI�32��WHWUDKHGUD�LV�&���7KH�QDWXUH�RI�3Ü2�ERQGV�LQ�32��±�WHWUD�KHGURQ� FDQ� EH� FRQVLGHUHG� LQ� WKH� OLJKW� RI FKDQJHV� LQ� HQHUJ\� GLIIHUHQFH� EHWZHHQ�3� �V DQG�2� �V� OHYHOV� �7DEOH���� DQG� FKDUJH� UHGLV� WULEXWLRQ�FDXVHG�E\�K\EULGL]DWLRQ��7KH�FRQ� FHQWUDWLRQ�UDWLR�2�V�2�S� IRU� LVRODWHG�32��±WHWUDKHGURQ� LV� ODUJHU�WKDQ� WKRVH� IRU�DOO� WKH LQYHVWLJDWHG�DSDWLWHV��7KH�HQHUJ\�OHYHOV�SUR� GXFHG�E\�3��S�K\EULGL]DWLRQ�ZLWK�2��V�DQG 3��V�ZLWK�2��S�ZHUH�SURYHQ�WR�EH�FRPSDUD� EOH� LQ� WKHLU� LQWHQVLWLHV� WR� WKHLU� DWRPLF� OHY� HOV�� WKDW� PHDQV� WKH� FRYDOHQW� FKDUDFWHU� RI 3±2�ERQGV� 7KH�FKDQJH�RI�HOHFWURQ�GHQVLWLHV�3��V��3 �S� DQG�2� �V� ZDV� SURYHQ� WR� EH� PRUH� VXIIL� FLHQW� IRU� FDGPLXP� DSDWLWHV� &G���32����)�2+�� &O�� %U��� WKDQ� IRU� FDOFLXP� RQHV� ZKHQYDU\LQJ� WKH� DQLRQ� RQ� F�D[LV� �7DEOH���� 7KHUHE\��ZH� FDQ� DVVHUW� WKH� SDUWLDO� HOHFWURQ GHQVLWLHV�RI� VWDWHV�3��V��3��S�DQG�2��V� IRU FDGPLXP�DSDWLWHV�WR�EH�PRUH�VHQVLWLYH�ZLWK UHVSHFW� WR� LVRPRUSKLF� VXEVWLWXWLRQ� LQ� DQLRQ JURXS�WKDQ�FDOFLXP�RQHV� (OHFWURQ� GHQVLW\� RI� DQLRQ� ORFDWHG� RQ� F D[LV�� 7KH� FDOFXODWHG� HQHUJ\� GLIIHUHQFH� EH� WZHHQ� �V� DQG� �S� VWDWHV� RI� R[\JHQ� IRU� FDO� FLXP�DQG�FDGPLXP�K\GUR[\DSDWLWHV�DUH�SUH� VHQWHG�LQ�7DEOH����7KH�GDWD�IRU�LVRODWHG�LRQ 2+±� DUH� SUHVHQWHG� IRU� FRPSDULVRQ�� ,W� KDV EHHQ� HVWDEOLVKHG� WKDW� HQHUJ\� GLIIHUHQFH� EH� WZHHQ� 2� �S� DQG� 2� �V� OHYHOV� IRU� FDGPLXP K\GUR[\DSDSWLWH� LV� ������ H9� ODUJHU� WKDQ WKDW�IRU�&G���32����2+���DQG�+��V���2��V�LV������ � H9� ORZHU��7KH� HQHUJ\�GLIIHUHQFH� EH� WZHHQ�2� �V�32��� DQG� �2� �V�2+��� OHYHOV� IRU&G���32����2+��� LV� ����� H9� �7DEOH���� ZKLOH 7DEOH����3�ERQG�OHQJWKV�LQ��32����WHWUDKHGUD�REWDLQHG�E\�UHOD[DWLRQ�RI�DWRPLF�DUUDQJHPHQW &RPSRXQG 3±2�����c 3±2�����c 3±2�����c 3±2�����c &D���32���)� ������� ������� ������� ������� &D���32���&O� ������� ������� ������� ������� &D���32����2+�� ������� ������� ������� ������� &G���32���)� ������� ������� ������� ������� &G���32���&O� ������� ������� ������� ������� 7DEOH����(QHUJ\�GLIIHUHQFHV�EHWZHHQ�3��V�DQG�2��V�VWDWHV���3��V�D��LV�3��V�DWRPLF�OHYHO���3��V�J�� HQHUJ\�OHYHO�SURGXFHG�E\�K\EULGLVDWLRQ� &RPSRXQG 3��V�D�Ü2��V��H9 3��V�J�Ü2��V��H9 3��SÜ2��V��H9� &D���32���)� Ü����� ������ ������ &D���32���&O� Ü����� ������ ������ &D���32���%U� Ü����� ������ ������ &D���32����2+�� Ü����� ������ ������ &G���32���)� Ü����� ������ ������ &G���32���&O� Ü����� ������ ������ &G���32���%U� Ü����� ������ ������ &G���32����2+�� Ü����� ������ ������ ,VRODWHG��32���±�WHWUDKHGURQ Ü����� ������ ������ 7DEOH����(QHUJ\�VHSDUDWLRQV�RI�VWDWHV�IRU�LQYHVWLJDWHG�FRPSRXQGV� &RPSRXQG 2��SÜ2��V��H9 +��VÜ2��V��H9 2��V�32��Ü2��V�2+���H9� &G���32����2+�� ������ ������ ���� &D���32����2+�� ������ ������ ���� LVRODWHG�2+± ������ ������ Ü $�3�6RURND�HW�DO����(OHFWURQ�VWUXFWXUH�RI�FDOFLXP���� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� IRU� &D���32����2+���� VXFK� VKLIW� RI� 2 �V�32��� ZLWK� UHVSHFW� WR� 2� �V�2+�� LV �����H9� 7KH� FRPSDULVRQ� RI� SDUWLDO� GHQVLWLHV� RI VWDWHV� IRU� &D���32����2+��� DQG &G���32����2+���LQGLFDWHV�WKH�GLIIHUHQFH�EH�WZHHQ�FKDUJH�GHQVLWLHV�IRU�WKHVH�FRPSRXQGV �)LJ������ 7KH� FXUYHV� RI� �V� VWDWHV� RI� R[\JHQ DQG� �V� VWDWHV� RI� K\GURJHQ� IRU� FDOFLXP� K\� GUR[\DSDWLWH� DUH� REVHUYHG� WR�KDYH� D�SHFXOL� DULW\� DW� Ü��� H9�� 6XFK� SHFXOLDULW\� ZDV� QRW REVHUYHG� IRU� FDGPLXP� DSDWLWH�� WKDW� PHDQV WKH� SUHVHQFH� RI� 2� �V�32�V�Ü2� �V�2+�Ü3� �VLQWHUDFWLRQ� IRU� FDGPLXP� DSDWLWHV� DQG� DE� VHQFH�RI�VXFK�LQWHUDFWLRQ�IRU�FDGPLXP�RQHV� 7KLV�LV�GXH�WR�WKH�EHWWHU�PHWDOOLF�SURSHUWLHV RI� FDGPLXP� WKDQ� FDOFLXP�� DQG� WKXV�� WKH FKDUJH� RXWIORZ� IURP� FDGPLXP� WR� R[\JHQ WHWUDKHGUD�LV�ODUJHU�WKDQ�WKDW�IRU�FDOFLXP� WKXV� UHVXOWLQJ� LQ� D� VWURQJHU� LQWHUDFWLRQ 2� �V�32��Ü2� �V�2+�Ü3� �V� IRU� FDOFLXP� DSD�WLWHV� 7KH�VDPH�SLFWXUH�ZDV�REVHUYHG�IRU�DOO�WKH LQYHVWLJDWHG� DSDWLWHV� �)LJ����� 7DEOH����� 7KH SUHVHQFH�RI�;V�Ü�2��V�32���DQG�;S�Ü�2��S�32��LQWHUDFWLRQV� IRU� FDOFLXP� DSDWLWHV� KDV� EHHQ )LJ�����3DUWLDO�GHQVLWLHV�RI�VWDWHV�IRU�&D���32����2+����OHIW��DQG�&G���32����2+����ULJKW�� 7DEOH���� (QHUJ\� GLVWDQFHV� IRU� LQYHVWLJDWHG DSDWLWHV� &RPSRXQG 2��SÜ2 �V��H9 ;�V�Ü�2 �V��H9 ;�SÜ2��V� H9� &D���32���)� ������ Ü����� ������� &G���32���)� ������ Ü����� ������� &D���32���&O� ������ ����� ������� &G���32���&O� ������ ����� ������� &D���32���%U� ������ ����� ������� &G���32���%U� ������ ����� ������ )LJ�����3DUWLDO��S�GHQVLW\�RI�EURPLQH�VWDWHV�IRU�&D���32���%U���OHIW��DQG�&���32���%U���ULJKW�� $�3�6RURND�HW�DO����(OHFWURQ�VWUXFWXUH�RI�FDOFLXP���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� HVWDEOLVKHG�� 7KH� LQWHUDFWLRQ� ;�V�Ü�2��V�32��IRU�FDGPLXP�DSDWLWHV� LV�DSSUHFLDEO\�ZHDNHU IRU�FDOFLXP�DSDWLWHV�WKDQ�IRU�FDGPLXP�RQHV ZKLOH�;�S�Ü�2��S�32���RQH�LV�VWURQJHU�D�OLWWOH�&RPSDULQJ�WKH�VKDSH�RI�;�S�EDQG�IRU�FDOFLXP DQG� FDGPLXP� DSDWLWHV�� ZH� KDYH� IRXQG� WKDW WKH� ODWWHU� FRQWDLQV� DPRUH� SURQRXQFHG� SHDN FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR� DWRPLF� OHYHO� DQG� D� ODUJHU WDLO��)LJ����� 7KH�PDLQ�IHDWXUHV�RI�WKH�HOHFWURQ�FKDUJH GHQVLW\� EHKDYLRU� WUHQGV� KDYH� EHHQ� HVWDE� OLVKHG� �7DEOH����� 7KH� HQHUJ\� VHSDUDWLRQ� EH� WZHHQ�2��V�DQG�;�V�OHYHOV�KDV�ODUJHU�GLVSHU� VLRQ�IRU�FDGPLXP�DSDWLWHV�WKDQ�IRU�FDOFLXP RQHV�� 2Q� WKH� FRQWUDU\�� WKH� GLVSHUVLRQ� RI�2 �S� Ü� 2� �V� LV� ODUJHU� IRU� FDOFLXP� DSDWLWHV� 7KH�UHODWLYHO\�ODUJH�GLIIHUHQFH�2��S�Ü�2��V EHWZHHQ� FDGPLXP� EURPDSDWLWH� DQG� FDOFLXP EURPDSDWLWH�FDQ�EH�H[SODLQHG�E\�GLVWLQFWLRQ RI�2��S�EDQG�IRU�&G���32���%U���$�GHYLDWLRQIURP�WKH�FRPPRQ�WUHQG�ZH�REVHUYHG�IRU�;�S Ü�2��V�VWDWHV��7KH�UHGXFWLRQ�RI�;�S�Ü�2��V ZDV�REVHUYHG�IRU�IOXRUDSDWLWHV�ZKHQ�FDOFLXP ZDV� VXEVWLWXWLQJ� IRU� FDGPLXP�� )RU &D���32���&O��DQG�IRU�&D���32���%U���DQ�LQ�FUHDVH�RI�WKLV�GLVWDQFH�ZDV�REVHUYHG�� 7RWDO� GHQVLW\� RI� VWDWHV�� &RPSDULVRQ� RI FDOFXODWLRQ�GDWD�IRU�WKH�VHW�RI�0H���32���;�DSDWLWHV� ZKHUH� 0H� �&D� RU� &G� DQG� ;� �)� &O��%U��2+��)LJ�����VKRZV�D�FRPPRQ�IHDWXUH RI� ILOOHG� SDUW� RI� YDOHQFH� EDQG�� ZKLFK� KDV VWURQJO\� SURQRXQFHG� EDQG� FKDUDFWHU� ZLWK GLIIHUHQW� ZLGWKV� RI� LQGLYLGXDO� VXEEDQGV� 7ZR�EDQGV�VHSDUDWHG�E\�HQHUJ\�ZHUH� IRXQG IRU�DOO� WKH� LQYHVWLJDWHG�DSDWLWHV��7KH�XSSHU EDQG� LV� ORFDWHG� QHDU� �)HUPL� OHYHO�� DQG� WKH ORZHU� RQH� LV� VXEYDOHQFH� VWDWHV��7DNLQJ� LQWR FRQVLGHUDWLRQ� SDUWLDO� GHQVLWLHV� RI� VWDWHV PHQWLRQHG� DERYH� �)LJV���Ü��� DQG� WKH� QXP� EHU� RI� LQGLYLGXDO� DWRPLF� VSHFLHV�� ZH� FDQ FRQFOXGH�WKDW�WKH�PDLQ�FRQWULEXWLRQ�WR�WRWDO 7DEOH����%DQG�JDSV�ZLGWKV�IRU�LQYHVWLJDWHG DSDWLWHV &RPSRXQG %DQG�JDS�ZLGWK��H9 &D���32���)� ���� &D���32���&O� ���� &D���32���%U� ���� &D���32����2+�� ���� &G���32���)� ���� &G���32���&O� ���� &G���32���%U� ���� &G���32����2+�� ���� 7DEOH����/DWWLFH�FRQVWDQWV�IRU�LQYHVWLJDWHG�FRPSRXQGV &RPSRXQG &DOFXODWLRQ ([SHULPHQW D��c F��c F�D 9 c� D��c F��c F�D &D���32���&O� ���� ���� ���� ������ ���� ���� ���� ������� &D���32���)� ���� ���� ���� ������ ���� ���� ���� ������ )LJ����� 7RWDO� GHQVLWLHV� RI� VWDWHV� IRU� LQYHVWL� JDWHG�FRPSRXQGV� $�3�6RURND�HW�DO����(OHFWURQ�VWUXFWXUH�RI�FDOFLXP���� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� GHQVLWLHV�RI�VWDWHV�DUH�2��V�DQG�2��S�VWDWHV RI� WHWUDKHGUDO� VXEODWWLFH�� 7KXV�� R[\JHQ VWDWHV�RI�WHWUDKHGUDO�VXEODWWLFH�PDLQO\�VSHF� LI\�WKH�VKDSH�DQG�SHFXOLDULWLHV�RI�WRWDO�GHQ� VLW\� RI� VWDWHV� FXUYH� IRU� DOO� WKH� FDOFXODWHG FDOFLXP�DSDWLWHV��$�OLWWOH�ZLGHQLQJ�RI�EDQGV QHDU� �)HUPL� OHYHO��ZDV�HVWDEOLVKHG� IRU�FDG� PLXP� DSDWLWHV� FDXVHG� E\� FRQWULEXWLRQ� RI FDGPLXP� �G� VWDWHV�� 6RPH� PRGLILFDWLRQV� RI VXEYDOHQFH�EDQGV�ZHUH�REVHUYHG�IRU�FDOFLXP DQG� FDGPLXP� EURPDSDWLWHV�� 7KRVH� DUH� GXH WR�VXIILFLHQW�HQHUJ\�VHSDUDWLRQV�RI�2��V�OHY� HOV�RI�GLIIHUHQW�QRQHTXLYDOHQW�R[\JHQ�DWRPV LQ�32��WHWUDKHGUD��%DQG�JDSV�� ,Q�RUGHU� WR�GHVFULEH�HOHFWURQ VWUXFWXUH�RI�LQYHVWLJDWHG�DSDWLWHV�WRWDOO\��DQ DQDO\VLV�RI�EDQG�JDS�ZLGWKV�ZDV�SHUIRUPHG �7DEOH�����7KH�DQDO\VLV�RI�REWDLQHG�GDWD�GLV� SOD\HG� WKDW� EDQG� JDS� ZLGWKV� IRU� FDOFLXP DSDWLWHV� DUH� FORVH� WR� H[SHULPHQWDO� YDOXHV DQG� WKRVH� IRU� FDGPLXP� DSDWLWHV� DSSHDUHG� WR EH�PXFK�VPDOOHU��7KLV�LV�GXH�WR�WKH�ZHOO�NQRZ SUREOHP�IRU�DOO�FDOFXODWLRQV�RI�H[FLWLQJ�VWDWHV DQG� EDQG� JDSV� LQ� WKH� IUDPHZRUN� RI� GHQVLW\ IXQFWLRQDO�WKHRU\�>�@� 7KH� VWUXFWXUH� FDOFXODWLRQ� RI� WKH� DSDWLWHV EDVHG�RQ�WRWDO�HQHUJ\�SHU�XQLW�FHOO��7KH�VSDFH JURXS� RI� DSDWLWHV� LV� VSHFLILHG� E\� DQLRQ� ORFD� WLRQ� RQ� F�D[LV�� ,I� WKH� DQLRQV� KDYH� UHODWLYH FRRUGLQDWHV� =�� ����� DQG� =�� ����� RU� =�� �����DQG�=�� �������WKHQ�WKH�DSDWLWH�EHORQJVWR�VSDFH�JURXS�3���P��,I�=�Ü=�� �����DQG�=�LV� QRW� HTXDO� WR� DQ\� DERYH�PHQWLRQHG� YDOXH� WKHQ� WKH�DSDWLWH�EHORQJV�WR�3��� VSDFH�JURXS�2WKHUZLVH�� WKH� DSDWLWH� VSDFH� JURXS� LV�3���E�&RQVHTXHQWO\�� FKORURDSDWLWH�� IOXRURDSDWLWH DQG�EURPRDSDWLWH�FDQ�IRUPDOO\�EHORQJ�WR�DQ\ RI�WKH�DERYH�PHQWLRQHG�VSDFH�JURXSV�DQG�K\� GUR[\DSDWLWH�� WR� 3��� RU� 3���E�� :H� WULHG� WR LGHQWLI\� WKH� DQLRQ� SRVLWLRQ� IRU�&D���32���)�DQG� &D���32���&O�� IURP� HQHUJ\� FRQVLGHUD�WLRQV��$QLRQV�ZHUH�PRYHG�ZLWKLQ�WKH�UDQJH�RI 3���� L�H�� WKH� FRQGLWLRQ� =�Ü=�� ����� LV� QRWEUHDFKHG��7KH�H[WUHPHO\�ZHDN�GHSHQGHQFH�RI WRWDO� HQHUJ\� SHU� XQLW� FHOO� LV� UHYHDOHG� ZKHQ DQLRQV�DUH�PRYHG��7KH�WRWDO�HQHUJ\�DPSOLWXGH IOXFWXDWLRQ� LV� HTXDO� WR� ������� 5\� IRU &D���32���)�� DQG� ������� 5\� IRU &D���32���&O��� 7KH�PLQLPXP�RI� WRWDO� HQHUJ\SHU�XQLW�FHOO�LQ�ERWK�FDVHV�IDOOV�RQ�=�� ������=�� �������WKXV�PHDQLQJ�WKDW�WKH�VSDFH�JURXS3���P� LV� SUHIHUDEOH� RYHU� 3��� IRU &D���32���)�� DQG� &D���32���&O��� +RZHYHU�H[WUHPHO\� ZHDN� GHSHQGHQFH� RI� WRWDO� HQHUJ\ XSRQ�WKH�DQLRQ�GLVSODFHPHQW�PHDQV�WKDW�DQL� RQV�NHHS�WKH� ODELOLW\�ZLWK�UHVSHFW�WR�ORFDWLRQ RQ� F�D[LV�� 7KH� ODUJHU� IOXFWXDWLRQ� DPSOLWXGH IRU�&D���32���&O�� WKDQ� IRU�&D���32���)�� FDQ EH� H[SODLQHG� E\� ORZHU� QHJDWLYLW\� RI� FKORULQH WKDQ� IOXRULQH�� � � 7KH� ODWWLFH�FRQVWDQWV�KDYH�EHHQ�FDOFXODWHG IRU�&D���32���&O��DQG�&D���32���)���7DEOH����7KH�FDOFXODWLRQ�VKRZV�D�JRRG�DJUHHPHQW�ZLWK H[SHULPHQWDO�UHVXOWV�>��@�� ���&RQFOXVLRQV 7KH� HQHUJ\� ORFDWLRQ� RI� SHFXOLDULWLHV� LQ WRWDO�DQG�SDUWLDO�GHQVLWLHV�RI�VWDWHV�IRU�FDG� PLXP�DSDWLWHV�KDYH�EHHQ�VKRZQ�WR�EH�PRUH VHQVLWLYH�WR�LVRPRUSKLF�VXEVWLWXWLRQ�RI�IOXR� ULQH� DQLRQ� IRU� � FKORULQH��2+� JURXS�RU� EUR� PLQH�WKDQ�IRU�FDOFLXP�RQHV��7KH�LQWHUDFWLRQ ;� V� Ü�2� �V�� ZKHUH� ;� LV� D� KDORJHQ�� ZDV� RE� VHUYHG�IRU�FDOFLXP�DSDWLWHV�LQ�FRQWUDVW�WR�FDG� PLXP� RQHV� EHFDXVH� RI� OHVV� FKDUJH� RXWIORZ IURP�&D�WR�2�DQG�;�IRU�FDOFLXP�DSDWLWHV�DQG WKHUHIRUH�� D� VWURQJHU� LQWHUDFWLRQ� EHWZHHQ� 2 DQG� ;�� )RU� FDGPLXP� DSDWLWHV�� 2� �S� EDQGV �DQG� WKHUHIRUH� WRWDO� GHQVLWLHV� RI� VWDWHV�� DUH VPHDUHG� D� OLWWOH� ZLWK� UHVSHFW� WR� FDOFLXP RQHV�GXH�WR�K\EULGL]DWLRQ�&G��G�Ü�2��S��7KH VSDFH� JURXS�3���P� KDV� EHHQ� HVWDEOLVKHG� WREH�SUHIHUDEOH�RYHU�3���IRU�&D���32���)��DQG&D���32���&O���+RZHYHU��H[WUHPHO\�ZHDN�GH�SHQGHQFH�RI�WRWDO�HQHUJ\�XSRQ�WKH�DQLRQ�GLV� SODFHPHQW� MXVWLILHV� WKDW� DQLRQV� NHHS� WKH ODELOLW\� ZLWK� UHVSHFW� WR� ORFDWLRQ� RQ� F�D[LV� 7KH� FDOFXODWLRQV� XVLQJ� **$� �3HUGHZ� %XUNH�� (UQ]HUKRI�� IXQFWLRQDO� JDYH� EDQG JDSV�IRU�FDOFLXP�DSDWLWHV�DJUHHLQJ�ZHOO�ZLWK H[SHULPHQWDO� YDOXHV�� 7KH� FDOFXODWLRQV� DOVR \LHOGHG� ODWWLFH� FRQVWDQWV� IRU� &D���32���)�DQG�&D���32���&O��FORVH�WR�WKH�H[SHULPHQWDOYDOXHV�� 5HIHUHQFHV � ���/�&DOGHULQ�� 0�-�6WRWW�� $�5XELR�� 3K\V��5HY��%� ������������������� � ���3�5XOLV�� /�2X\DQJ�� :�<�&KLQJ�� 3K\V��5HY��%� ������������������ � ���5�$VWDOD�� /�&DOGHULQJ�� ;�<LQ�� 0�-�6WRWW� &KHP��0DWHU������������������ � ���.�0DWVXQDJD�� .�.XZDEDUD�� 3K\V��5HY��%�� ��� �������������� � ���.�0DWVXQDJD�� 3K\V��5HY��%�� ���� ������ ������� � ���-�3�3HUGHZ��.�%XUNH��0�(UQ]HUKRI��3K\V��5HY� /HWW��������������� � ���+�-�0RQNKRUVW�� -�'�3DFN�� 3K\V��5HY��%�� ��� ������������ � ���1�/HUR\��(�%UHV��(XURSHDQ�&HOOV�DQG�0DWHUL� DOV�����S����������� � ���1�1�/DWKLRWDNLV�� 6�6KDUPD�� 1�+HOELJ� HW� DO�� 3K\V��5HY��%�������������5��������� ����3�:X�� <�=HQJ�� &�:DQJ�� %LRPDWHULDOV�� ��� ������������ $�3�6RURND�HW�DO����(OHFWURQ�VWUXFWXUH�RI�FDOFLXP���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� pãË}�¯ºÓÓÈ�°�¯�}��¯È�ȹÈ�Ò�Lm�}Èã �L �L�}È�äL k���vº¯º}È��{���zȯ­Lm° }Ò®��{�t�zȰL«ÓËÓ}º �ºmÓº¹º�ËÓ�LÈã ÓÒä� äË�º�ºä� ��t� �º°ãL�ÎËÓº� ËãË}�¯ºÓÓ�� °�¯�}��¯�� °¹ºã�} 0H���32���;��� �Ë� 0H� �&D� �È� &G�� ;� �)�� &O�� %U�� 2+�� {°�ÈÓºmãËÓº�� �º� °�¯�}��¯È� �ÈËÓ˯�Ë�Ò�ÓË� ¹ºãºÎËÓÓ«� º°º­ãÒmº°�Ë®� ¹ºmÓÒ²� L� ¹È¯�LÈã ÓÒ²� ��°�ÒÓ� °�ÈÓLm� ȹÈ�Ò�Lm }È�äL �ÏÓÈ�Óº����ãÒmL�L��º�LϺ亯ÁÓÒ²�ÏÈäL�ËÓ �Á�º¯È�ÓÈ�²ãº¯��­¯ºä�È­º��L�¯º}°Òã�� ¹º¯LmÓ«ÓÓL� Ï� ȹÈ�Ò�ÈäÒ� }Èã �L �� �º}ÈÏÈÓº� ¹¯Lº¯Ò�Ë�� °�¯�}��¯Ò� 3���P� �ã« &D���32���)�� L�&D���32���&O�� �� ¹º¯LmÓ«ÓÓL� Ï�3���� iã«� ²ãº¯º�� L� Á�º¯ºÈ¹È�Ò�Lm� }Èã �L °¹º°�˯L�ÈãȰ«�°ãÈ­}È�ÏÈãËÎÓL°� �°�äȯӺ��ËÓ˯�L��ËãËäËÓ�ȯӺ��}ºäL¯}Ò�mL��¹ºãºÎËÓÓ« ÈÓLºÓÈ���äËÎȲ�¹¯º°�º¯ºmº���¯�¹Ò�3�����º�¹L��m˯�Î�¼�ãÈ­Lã ÓL°� �°�¯�}��¯Ò�ȹÈ�Ò�Lm}Èã �L �mL�Óº°Óº��L¼��¹ºÏÒ�L�� $�3�6RURND�HW�DO����(OHFWURQ�VWUXFWXUH�RI�FDOFLXP���� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������