Application of the self-organization methods to interpret the Mossbauer spectra of Fe-N and Fe-C austenites
Gespeichert in:
Datum: | 2010 |
---|---|
Hauptverfasser: | , , |
Format: | Artikel |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
2010
|
Schriftenreihe: | Functional Materials |
Schlagworte: | |
Online Zugang: | http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135194 |
Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
Zitieren: | Application of the self-organization methods to interpret the Mossbauer spectra of Fe-N and Fe-C austenites / A.N. Timoshevskii, V.I. Yeremin, S.O. Yablonovskii // Functional Materials. — 2010. — Т. 17, № 2. — С. 184-190. — Бібліогр.: 22 назв. — англ. |
Institution
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraineid |
irk-123456789-135194 |
---|---|
record_format |
dspace |
spelling |
irk-123456789-1351942018-06-15T03:04:04Z Application of the self-organization methods to interpret the Mossbauer spectra of Fe-N and Fe-C austenites Timoshevskii, A.N. Yeremin, V.I. Yablonovskii, S.O. Characterization and properties 2010 Article Application of the self-organization methods to interpret the Mossbauer spectra of Fe-N and Fe-C austenites / A.N. Timoshevskii, V.I. Yeremin, S.O. Yablonovskii // Functional Materials. — 2010. — Т. 17, № 2. — С. 184-190. — Бібліогр.: 22 назв. — англ. 1027-5495 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135194 en Functional Materials НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
collection |
DSpace DC |
language |
English |
topic |
Characterization and properties Characterization and properties |
spellingShingle |
Characterization and properties Characterization and properties Timoshevskii, A.N. Yeremin, V.I. Yablonovskii, S.O. Application of the self-organization methods to interpret the Mossbauer spectra of Fe-N and Fe-C austenites Functional Materials |
format |
Article |
author |
Timoshevskii, A.N. Yeremin, V.I. Yablonovskii, S.O. |
author_facet |
Timoshevskii, A.N. Yeremin, V.I. Yablonovskii, S.O. |
author_sort |
Timoshevskii, A.N. |
title |
Application of the self-organization methods to interpret the Mossbauer spectra of Fe-N and Fe-C austenites |
title_short |
Application of the self-organization methods to interpret the Mossbauer spectra of Fe-N and Fe-C austenites |
title_full |
Application of the self-organization methods to interpret the Mossbauer spectra of Fe-N and Fe-C austenites |
title_fullStr |
Application of the self-organization methods to interpret the Mossbauer spectra of Fe-N and Fe-C austenites |
title_full_unstemmed |
Application of the self-organization methods to interpret the Mossbauer spectra of Fe-N and Fe-C austenites |
title_sort |
application of the self-organization methods to interpret the mossbauer spectra of fe-n and fe-c austenites |
publisher |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
publishDate |
2010 |
topic_facet |
Characterization and properties |
url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135194 |
citation_txt |
Application of the self-organization methods to interpret the Mossbauer spectra of Fe-N and Fe-C austenites / A.N. Timoshevskii, V.I. Yeremin, S.O. Yablonovskii // Functional Materials. — 2010. — Т. 17, № 2. — С. 184-190. — Бібліогр.: 22 назв. — англ. |
series |
Functional Materials |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT timoshevskiian applicationoftheselforganizationmethodstointerpretthemossbauerspectraoffenandfecaustenites AT yereminvi applicationoftheselforganizationmethodstointerpretthemossbauerspectraoffenandfecaustenites AT yablonovskiiso applicationoftheselforganizationmethodstointerpretthemossbauerspectraoffenandfecaustenites |
first_indexed |
2025-07-09T21:15:36Z |
last_indexed |
2025-07-09T21:15:36Z |
_version_ |
1837205543842742272 |
fulltext |
$SSOLFDWLRQ�RI�WKH�VHOI�RUJDQL]DWLRQ�PHWKRGVWR�LQWHUSUHW�WKH�0|VVEDXHU�VSHFWUD�RI�)H±1DQG�)H±& DXVWHQLWHV
$�1�7LPRVKHYVNLL��9�,�<HUHPLQ��6�2�<DEORQRYVNLL
,QVWLWXWH�RI�0DJQHWLVP��1DWLRQDO�$FDGHP\�RI�6FLHQFHV�DQG�0LQLVWU\�IRU
(GXFDWLRQ�DQG�6FLHQFH�RI�8NUDLQH����E�9HUQDGVN\�EOYUG��������.\LY��8NUDLQH
5HFHLYHG�'HFHPEHU���������
7KH� H[SHULPHQWDO� 0|VVEDXHU� VSHFWUD� RI� QLWURJHQ� DQG� FDUERQ� DXVWHQLWHV� KDYH� EHHQ
WUHDWHG� WKHRUHWLFDOO\�� $� QHZ�PHWKRG� ZDV� XVHG� EDVHG� RQ� WKH� VHOI�RUJDQL]DWLRQ� SULQFLSOHV�
([SDQVLRQ�7KH�H[SHULPHQWDO�VSHFWUD�KDYH�EHHQ�H[SDQGHG�LQWR�WKH�FRPSRQHQWV��7KH�SDUDPH�
WHUV�RI�K\SHUILQH� LQWHUDFWLRQV� LQ�WKH�QLWURJHQ�DQG�FDUERQ�DXVWHQLWHV�KDYH�EHHQ�FDOFXODWHG
GRQH�� 7R� LQWHUSUHW� WKH� PHDVXUHPHQW� UHVXOWV�� WKH� DE�LQLWLR� )/$3:� FDOFXODWLRQV� RI� HOHF�
WURQLF� VWUXFWXUH� DQG� K\SHUILQH� LQWHUDFWLRQV� KDYH� EHHQ� SHUIRUPHG� IRU� WKH� )H��$��$ &�1�RUGHUHG�VWUXFWXUH� WKDW� VLPXODWHV�QLWURJHQ�DQG�FDUERQLF�DXVWHQLWH�� ,W� LV� VKRZQ�WKDW�D� ORZ
LQWHQVLW\� GRXEOHW� LQ� WKH� VSHFWUXP� RI� QLWURJHQ� DXVWHQLWH� LV� QRW� FDXVHG� E\� �GXPEEHOOV�
1±)H±1�FRQILJXUDWLRQV��EXW�LQVWHDG�FDQ�EH�UHIHUUHG�WR�WKH�)H�DWRPV�LQFOXGLQJ�RQH�1�DWRP
LQ� WKH� ILUVW� FRRUGLQDWLRQ� VSKHUH�� ,W� KDV� EHHQ� IRXQG� WKDW� D� VLPLODU� GRXEOHW� H[LVWV� LQ� WKH
FDUERQ�DXVWHQLWH�VSHFWUD�DV�ZHOO��7KH�GLIIHUHQFHV�LQ�0|VVEDXHU�VSHFWUD�RI�WKH�QLWURJHQ�DQG
FDUERQ� DXVWHQLWHV� DUH� FDXVHG� RQO\� E\� WKH� GLIIHUHQFH� LQ� WKHLU� HOHFWULF� ILHOG� JUDGLHQW� DQG
LVRPHU�VKLIW�YDOXHV��
�¯ºmË�ËÓÈ�º¯Èº�}È�ª}°¹Ë¯ÒäËÓ�Èã Ó©²�l£°°È�ª¯ºm°}Ò²�°¹Ë}�¯ºm���ã˯º�Ò°�º�º�Ò
ÈϺ�Ò°�º�º� È�°�ËÓÒ�ºm�� j°¹ºã ϺmÈÓ� Óºm©®� äË�º�� ÓÈ� º°ÓºmË� ¹¯ÒÓ�Ò¹ºm� °È人¯�ÈÓÒÏÈ�
�ÒÒ���¯ºmË�ËÓº�¯ÈÏãºÎËÓÒË�ª}°¹Ë¯ÒäËÓ�Èã Ó©²�°¹Ë}�¯ºm�ÓÈ�}ºä¹ºÓËÓ�©��cȰ°�Ò�ÈÓ©
¹È¯ÈäË�¯©� °m˯²�ºÓ}Ò²� mÏÈÒäº�Ë®°�mÒ®� m� ��ã˯º�Ò°�ºä� Ò� ÈϺ�Ò°�ºä� È�°�ËÓÒ�Ȳ��iã«
ÒÓ�˯¹¯Ë�È�ÒÒ� ª}°¹Ë¯ÒäËÓ�Èã Ó©²� ¯ËÏ�ã �È�ºm�� DE�LQLWLR� äË�º�ºä� )/$3:�� ¹¯ºmË�ËÓÈ
°Ë¯Ò«� ¯È°�Ë�ºm� ªãË}�¯ºÓÓº�º� °�¯ºËÓÒ«� Ò� ¹È¯ÈäË�¯ºm� °m˯²�ºÓ}º�º� mÏÈÒäº�Ë®°�mÒ«� m
�¹º¯«�º�ËÓÓº®� °�¯�}��¯Ë� �)H��$��$� �&�1��� äº�ËãÒ¯�
�Ë®� ��ã˯º�Ò°�©®� Ò� ÈϺ�Ò°�©®È�°�ËÓÒ�©���º}ÈÏÈÓº����º�äÈãºÒÓ�ËÓ°ÒmÓÈ«���ãË�ÓÈ«�ãÒÓÒ«��°º�˯ÎÈ�È«°«�m�°¹Ë}�¯Ë
ÈϺ�Ò°�º�º�È�°�ËÓÒ�È��ÓË�°m«ÏÈÓÈ�°�°��˰�mºmÈÓÒËä��ÈÓ�Ëã Ó©²�}ºÓÁÒ��¯È�Ò®�1±)H±1�
È�º�°ãºmãËÓÈ�È�ºäÈäÒ�ÎËãËÏÈ��°º�˯ÎÈ�ÒäÒ�º�ÒÓ�È�ºä�ÈϺ�È�m�¹Ë¯mº®�}ºº¯�ÒÓÈ�ÒºÓ�
Óº®� °Á˯Ë�� �°�ÈÓºmãËÓº�� ��º� ÈÓÈãº�Ò�ÓÈ«� ��ãË�ÓÈ«� ãÒÓÒ«� °º�˯ÎÒ�°«� Ò� m� °¹Ë}�¯Ë
��ã˯º�Ò°�º�º� È�°�ËÓÒ�È�� cÈÏãÒ�Ò«� m�l£°°È�ª¯ºm°}Ò²� °¹Ë}�¯È²� ��ã˯º�Ò°�º�º� Ò� ÈϺ�
�Ò°�º�º�È�°�ËÓÒ�È�°m«ÏÈÓ©��ºã }º�°�¯ÈÏãÒ�Ó©äÒ�mËãÒ�ÒÓÈäÒ��¯È�ÒËÓ�È�ªãË}�¯Ò�˰}º�º
¹ºã«�Ò�ÒϺä˯Ӻ�º�°�mÒ�È��
���,QWURGXFWLRQ
1LWURJHQ� DQG� R[\JHQ�DUH�ZLGHO\�XVHG� DV
DOOR\LQJ�HOHPHQWV�ZKHQ�REWDLQLQJ�DXVWHQLWLF
VWHHOV��,Q�FRQWUDVW�WR�FDUERQ�VWHHOV��QLWULGHG
RQHV�H[KLELW�XQLTXH�VWUHQJWK�SURSHUWLHV�DQG
FRUURVLRQ�UHVLVWDQFH��1XPHURXV�VWXGLHV�ZHUH
GRQH� IRU� JDLQLQJ� NQRZOHGJH� ZKDW� NLQG� RI
FKDQJHV�RFFXUULQJ�LQ�WKH�)&&�)H�PDWUL[�GXH
WR� LQWURGXFWLRQ� RI� FDUERQ� DQG� R[\JHQ
DWRPV�� 7KH� PDLQ� WRRO� LQ� WKRVH� UHVHDUFK
ZRUNV� LV� WKH� 0|VVEDXHU� VSHFWURVFRS\�� 0D�
MRULW\� RI� UHVHDUFKHUV� SURYLGH� LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ
RI� WKH� H[SHULPHQWDO� VSHFWUD� RI� QLWURJHQ
DXVWHQLWH� EHLQJ� EDVHG� RQ� WKH� PRGHO� ZKLFK
WDNHV� LQWR� FRQVLGHUDWLRQ� WKUHH� W\SHV� RI� )H
DWRPV��)H��DWRPV�WKDW�GR�QRW�LQFOXGH�QLWUR�JHQ� DWRPV� LI� WKH� ILUVW� FRRUGLQDWLRQ� VSKHUH�
DQG�)H��� DQG�)H�� DWRPV�KDYLQJ� LQ�WKH�ILUVW
)XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� ��������67&��,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV�
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
FRRUGLQDWLRQ� VSKHUH� RQH� DQG� WZR� QLWURJHQ
DWRPV��UHVSHFWLYHO\��,Q�)LJ�����VKRZQ�DUH�H[�
SDQVLRQV� RI� WKRVH� VSHFWUD� LQWR� HOHPHQWV
PDGH�E\�GLIIHUHQW�UHVHDUFKHUV��,Q�WKH�FDUERQ
DXVWHQLWH�� WKHUH� DUH� RQO\� WZR� FRPSRQHQWV
UHODWHG� WR�)H�� DQG�)H�� DWRPV��6DPH�UHVXOWVDUH� UHSRUWHG� LQ� PRVW� RI� SXEOLFDWLRQV� �)LJ�
���� 7KHUH� DUH� QXPHURXV� VWXGLHV� DLPHG� DW
LQYHVWLJDWLRQV� RI� D� VKRUW� UDQJH� RUGHU� DQG
SDUDPHWHUV�RI�K\SHUILQH�LQWHUDFWLRQV�LQ�)H±
&�DQG�)H±1�DXVWHQLWHV� >�Ü��@��$W�WKH�VDPH
WLPH��GLIIHUHQW�RSLQLRQV�H[LVW�RQ�KRZ�WR�LQ�
WHUSUHW�WKH�DYDLODEOH�H[SHULPHQWDO�GDWD��
,Q� WKLV� ZRUN�� ZH� KDYH� VROYHG� WZR� PDLQ
WDVNV�
Û� WKH� H[SHULPHQWDO�0|VVEDXHU� VSHFWUD� RI
)H��&� DQG�)H��1� DXVWHQLWH� KDYH� EHHQ� SURF�HVVHG� WR� JDWKHU�PD[LPXP� UHOLDEOH� LQIRUPD�
WLRQ�RQ�WKH�K\SHUILQH�LQWHUDFWLRQV�SDUDPHWHUV�
Û� WKH� K\SHUILQH� LQWHUDFWLRQ� SDUDPHWHUV
LQ� WKH� RUGHUHG� VWUXFWXUHV� VLPXODWLQJ�)H��&DQG� )H��1� DXVWHQLWH� KDYH� EHHQ� FDOFXODWHGXVLQJ� KLJK�DFFXUDF\� DE�LQLWLR� PHWKRG�� ([�
SHULPHQWDO� DQG� WKHRUHWLFDO� UHVXOWV� DUH� DQD�
O\]HG�LQ�GHWDLO�
���5HVXOWV�DQG�GLVFXVVLRQV
7R�DWWDLQ� WKH� ILUVW� WDVN��ZH�KDYH�XVHG�D
QHZ� PHWKRG� RI� H[SHULPHQWDO� VSHFWUD� SURF�
HVVLQJ� >��@� EDVHG� RQ� WKUHH� PDLQ� SULQFLSOHV
RI�VHOI�RUJDQLVDWLRQ�>��@�
�L�� V\QWKHVLV� RI� GLIIHUHQW� YDULDQWV� RI
PDWKHPDWLFDO� PRGHOV� RI� H[SHULPHQWDO� VSHF�
WUXP��7KLV�SULQFLSOH�ZDV�XVHG�WR�GHILQH�WKH
PRGHO�LQFOXGLQJ�DQ�RSWLPDO�QXPEHU�RI�UHVR�
QDQFH�OLQHV��,W�LV�DVVXPHG�WKDW�WKH�VSHFWUXP
HQYHORSH�FXUYH�FDQ�EH�SUHVHQWHG�DV�D�VXSHU�
SRVLWLRQ�RI�VHSDUDWH�FRPSRQHQWV�UHSUHVHQWHG
E\� /RUHQW]� IXQFWLRQ�� $� GHOLEHUDWHO\� ODUJH
QXPEHU� RI� FRPSRQHQWV� LV� FKRVHQ�� :KLOH
VHDUFKLQJ� WKH�PRGHOV� FRQWDLQLQJ� GHFUHDVLQJ
QXPEHUV�RI�FRPSRQHQWV��WKH�VHOHFWLRQ�FULWH�
ULD�WHQGV�WR�GHFUHDVH��WKHQ�UHDFKHV�LWV�PLQL�
PXP� DQG� WKHQ� VWDUWV� JURZLQJ�� $W� VXFK
VHDUFKLQJ�� WKH�PLQLPXP� FULWHULRQ� YDOXH� LQ�
GLFDWHV� WKH� PRGHO� RI� RSWLPDO� FRPSOH[LW\�
ZKLFK� GHVFULEHV� H[SHULPHQWDO� VSHFWUD� LQ
PRVW� UHOLDEOH� ZD\�� 7KXV�� ZH� SURSRVH� WKH
PHWKRG�RI�PDWKHPDWLFDO�PRGHOLQJ�ZKHUH�WKH
PRGHO� VWUXFWXUH� LV�GHILQHG� DXWRPDWLFDOO\� LQ
WKH�FRXUVH�RI�FDOFXODWLRQ�
�LL�� D� XQLIRUP� HVWLPDWLRQ� RI� WKH� DYHUDJH
ULVN�YDOXH� LV�XVHG�DV� WKH� VHOHFWLRQ�FULWHULRQ
LQ�WKH�PHWKRG�>��@�����
'� ��Q�¦�
L �
Q
� �\L���\AL��
����§̈©
U�OQQ���OQU������OQK
Q
·̧
¹
��e����
���
ZKHUH�\L� LV� WKH� WKHRUHWLFDO� VSHFWUXP��\A��H[�SHULPHQWDO� VSHFWUXP�� P�� WKH� QXPEHU� RI
/RUHQW]� OLQHV��Q�� WKH�QXPEHU�RI�H[SHULPHQ�
WDO�SRLQWV��U� ��P����WKH�QXPEHU�RI�GHJUHHV
RI� IUHHGRP��K�� SDUDPHWHU� RI� VWDWLVWLFDO� VLJ�
QLILFDQFH� ZKLFK� UHJXODWHV� WKH� QXPEHU� RI
FRPSHWLWLYH� PRGHOV�� :KLOH� SURFHVVLQJ� WKH
)LJ����� ([SHULPHQWDO�0|VVEDXHU� VSHFWUXP� RI
)H��1� DXVWHQLWH� >�@��7KH� UHVXOWV� RI� VSHFWUXPH[SDQVLRQ� LQWR� FRPSRQHQWV� REWDLQHG� LQ� WKLV
ZRUN�DQG�E\�RWKHU�UHVHDUFKHUV��
)LJ����� ([SHULPHQWDO�0|VVEDXHU� VSHFWUXP�RI
)H��&� DXVWHQLWH� >�@�� 7KH� UHVXOWV� RI� VSHFWUXPH[SDQVLRQ� LQWR� FRPSRQHQWV� REWDLQHG� LQ� WKLV
ZRUN�DQG�E\�RWKHU�UHVHDUFKHUV��
$�1�7LPRVKHYVNLL�HW�DO����$SSOLFDWLRQ�RI�WKH����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
H[SHULPHQWDO� VSHFWUD�� LW� ZDV� IRXQG� WKDW
VXFK� SDUDPHWHU� GRHV� QRW� LQIOXHQFH� VLJQLIL�
FDQWO\� WKH� YDOXH� RI� DQ� DYHUDJH� ULVN� FULWH�
ULRQ��,Q�WKLV�ZRUN��K� ������YDOXH�ZDV�XVHG�
�LLL�� WKH� SULQFLSOH� RI� QRQWHUPLQDO� GHFL�
VLRQ��$IWHU� WKH� FDOFXODWLRQV� DUH� SHUIRUPHG�
WKH� VHYHUDO� PRGHOV� DUH� SURSRVHG� WR� UH�
VHDUFKHU� IRU� WKH� VSHFWUXP� H[SDQVLRQ� LQWR
HOHPHQWV� ZKLFK� EHVW� GHVFULEH� H[SHULPHQWDO
VSHFWUXP�� 6R�� FHUWDLQ� URRP� IRU� GHFLVLRQ
PDNLQJ�LV�RIIHUHG�WR�WKH�UHVHDUFKHU���
([SHULPHQWDO� 0|VVEDXHU� VSHFWUD� RI
)H��&� DQG� )H��1� DXVWHQLWHV� >�@� ZHUH
SURVHVVHG� XVLQJ� WKH� DERYH� PHWKRG�� $W� WKH
ILUVW� VWDJH��D� VHW�RI� FRPSHWLWLYH�PRGHOV� IRU
WKH� VSHFWUXP� H[SDQVLRQ� LQWR� VLQJOHW� OLQHV
ZDV� REWDLQHG�� ,Q� )LJ����� WKH� GRWWHG� OLQH
VKRZV�KRZ� WKH� DYHUDJH� ULVN� FULWHULRQ�YDOXH
GHSHQGV� RQ� WKH� QXPEHU� RI� VLQJOHW� OLQHV� LQ
WKH� H[SHULPHQWDO� VSHFWUD� PRGHOV� RI� WKH
FDUERQ� �)LJ���D�� DQG� QLWURJHQ� �)LJ���E�
DXVWHQLWHV��)RU�)H��&�VSHFWUXP��WKH�GHSHQG�HQFH� RI� WKH� DYHUDJH� ULVN� FULWHULRQ� YDOXH� RQ
GLIIHUHQW� QXPEHU� RI� FRPSRQHQWV� VKRZV
ORZHU� VWDELOLW\� DV� FRPSDUHG� WR� )H��1� VSHF�WUXP�� 7KLV� UHVXOWV� IURP� WKH� QXPEHU� RI� H[�
SHULPHQWDO� SRLQWV� LQ� WKH� VSHFWUXP�� 7KHUH
DUH� ���� SRLQWV� IRU� WKH� FDUERQ� DXVWHQLWH
ZKLOH� ����� IRU� WKH� QLWURJHQ� DXVWHQLWH�� )RU
)H��&�VSHFWUXP��WKH�PLQLPXP�DYHUDJH�ULVNFULWHULRQ�FRUUHVSRQGV�WR�WKH�VHW�RI�HLJKW�VLQ�
JOHW� OLQH�� ZKLOH� IRU� )H��1� VSHFWUXP� WKHVDPH�FRUUHVSRQGV�WR�VL[�VLQJOHW�OLQHV��$W�WKH
VHFRQG� VWDJH� RI� VSHFWUXP� SURFHVVLQJ�� ZH
KDYH� DSSOLHG� DQ� DOJRULWKP� RI� VLQJOHW� OLQHV
FRPELQDWLRQ� ELQGLQJ�ZKLFK� UHVXOWHG� LQ� VXI�
ILFLHQW�GHFUHDVH�RI�DQ�DYHUDJH�ULVN�FULWHULRQ
YDOXH��:H�KDYH�REWDLQHG�WKH�VHWV�FRQVLVWLQJ
RI� ERWK� GRXEOHW� DQG� VLQJOHW� OLQHV�� 'HSHQG�
HQFH� RI� WKH� DYHUDJH� ULVN� FULWHULRQ� RQ� WKH
QXPEHU� RI� VLQJOHW� OLQHV� IRU� WKDW� VHW� LV
VKRZQ� LQ�)LJ���� E\� VROLG� OLQH�� ,Q� WKH� LQVHWV
LQ� )LJ����� LW� LV� FOHDU� WKDW� IRU� )H��&� DQG)H��1� VSHFWUD� WKH� DYHUDJH� ULVN� FULWHULRQYDOXH� GHPRQVWUDWHV� D� SURQRXQFHG�PLQLPXP
ZKLFK� FRUUHVSRQGV� WR� WKH� VHW� RI� VHYHQ� VLQ�
JOHW� OLQHV�� 7KLV� VHW� FRQVLVWV� RI� RQH� VLQJOHW
DQG� WKUHH� GRXEOHW� OLQHV�� )RU� )H��&� VSHF�WUXP�� WKH� FRPELQDWLRQ� ELQGLQJ� EHFDPH� WKH
UHDVRQ�IRU�PRUH�VWDEOH�EHKDYLRU�RI�WKH�DYHU�
DJH�ULVN�FULWHULRQ�YDOXH�DQG�RFFXUUHQFH�RI�D
ZHOO�GHILQHG�PLQLPXP�
7KXV�� WKH� FDOFXODWLRQV� KDYH� VKRZQ� WKDW
H[SHULPHQWDO� )H��&� DQG� )H��1� 0|VVEDXHUVSHFWUD� FRQVLVW� RI� WKH� VDPH� VHW� RI� FRPSR�
)LJ�����'HSHQGHQFH�RI� WKH�DYHUDJH�ULVN�FULWH�
ULRQ� RQ� WKH� QXPEHU� RI� VLQJOHW� OLQHV� IRU� WKH
H[SHULPHQWDO�0|VVEDXHU�VSHFWUD�RI�)H��&�DQG)H��1�>�@�DOOR\V��
7DEOH��5HVXOWV�RI�WKH�H[SHULPHQWDO�VSHFWUD�SURFHVVLQJ� >�@�DQG�WKHRUHWLFDO�YDOXHV�RI�WKH�LVRPHULF
VKLIW�G��TXDGUXSROH�VSOLWWLQJ�'�� OLQH�ZLGWK�*� LQ�PP�V�DQG�UHODWLYH�IUDFWLRQ�RI�LURQ�DWRPV�S� ���
IRU�WKH�PRGHO�VWUXFWXUHV�)&&�)H��$��$� �&�1���,VRPHULF�VKLIW�LV�VKRZQ�UHODWLYH�WR�DÜ)H��
)H����� )H����� )H
����� )H�����
G�����'�����*����S G�����'�����*����S G�����'�����*����S G�����'�����*���S
)H��& ([SDQVLRQ
LQWR
FRPSRQHQWV
������������������� �������������������� ��������������������� ��������������������
)H��&� 7KHRU\ ������������������� �������������������� �������������������� ��������������������
)H��1 ([SDQVLRQ
LQWR
FRPSRQHQWV
�������������������� �������������������� ������������������� ����������������������
)H��1� 7KHRU\ �������������������� �������������������� �������������������� ����������������������
$�1�7LPRVKHYVNLL�HW�DO����$SSOLFDWLRQ�RI�WKH����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
QHQWV��QDPHO\��WKUHH�GRXEOHW�DQG�RQH�VLQJOHW
OLQHV�� 7KH� UHVXOWV� RI� H[SHULPHQWDO� VSHFWUD
SURFHVVLQJ� DUH� VKRZQ� LQ� 7DEOH� DQG� )LJ���
DQG� )LJ����� 7KH� UHVXOWV� GLIIHU� HVVHQWLDOO\
IURP� WKRVH� REWDLQHG� E\� RWKHU� UHVHDUFKHUV
�)LJ����DQG�)LJ�����
7R� SURYLGH� D� GHWDLOHG� LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ� RI
H[SHULPHQWDO�VSHFWUD��DQG�FODULI\�ZKDW�NLQG
RI� )H� DWRPV� FRQWULEXWH� WR�0|VVEDXHU� VSHF�
WUD� DV� VLQJOHW� DQG� GRXEOHW� OLQHV�� ZH� KDYH
FDOFXODWHG�WKHRUHWLFDOO\�WKH�DWRPLF�DQG�HOHF�
WURQ� FRQILJXUDWLRQV� IRU� WZR� RUGHUHG� VWUXF�
WXUHV� VLPXODWLQJ� FDUERQ� DQG� QLWURJHQ
DXVWHQLWH��7KH�DOOR\LQJ�DWRPV�DUH�ORFDWHG�LQ
WKH�PRGHO�VWUXFWXUHV�DW�PRVW�ODUJH�GLVWDQFHV
IURP�HDFK�RWKHU��ZKLFK�PHDQV�WKHLU�PXWXDO
UHSXOVLRQ��,Q�>��@��WR�PRGHO�WKH�DXVWHQLWH�E\
WKH� )H�$� �$� �&�1�� VWUXFWXUHV�� ZH� KDYHVXFHVVIXOO\� XVHG� WKH� )/$3:� DE�LQLWLR
PHWKRG�UHDOL]HG�LQ�ZLHQ�N�VRIWZDUH�>��@��,Q
WKLV�ZRUN��WKLV�DE�LQLWLR�PHWKRG�ZDV�DSSOLHG
DV�ZHOO��:H�KDYH�FDOFXODWHG�HOHFWURQLF�VWUXF�
WXUH� DQG� SDUDPHWHUV� RI� K\SHUILQH� LQWHUDF�
WLRQV� LQ� WKH� PRGHO� VWUXFWXUHV� RI
)H��$��$ &�1�� VWRLFKLRPHWU\�� 6XFK� PRGHOVWUXFWXUH�LV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJ���E��7KH�VWUXFWXUH
LV�FRQVWUXVWHG�WR�LQFOXGH�)H�DWRPV�GHVFULEHG
E\�WKH�PRGHO�RI�WKUHH�FRRUGLQDWLRQ�VSKHUHV�
,Q� WKDW� DSSURDFK�� WKUHH� )H±1� FRRUGLQDWLRQ
VSKHUHV� DUH� XVHG�� IRU� H[DPSOH� )H������ DWRPKDV� RQH� 1� DWRP� LQ� WKH� ILUVW� FRRUGLQDWLRQ
VSKHUH�� 0RGHO� VWUXFWXUH� KDV� VWRLFKLRPHWU\
QRW�H[FHHGLQJ�PD[�VROXELOLW\�RI�QLWURJHQ� LQ
DXVWHQLWH�� ����� �� �)H���1�� >�@�� 7KH� H[�
FKDQJH�FRUUHODWLRQ� SRWHQWLDO� ZDV� FDOFXODWHG
LQ� WKH� JUDGLHQW� DSSUR[LPDWLRQ� �**$�� DF�
FRUGLQJ� WR� 3HUGXH�%XUNH�(UQ]HUKRI� PRGHO
>��@��7KH�DWRPLF�VSKHUH�UDGLL�ZHUH�FKRVHQ�WR
EH� WRXFKLQJ�� 5DGLXV� RI� QLWURJHQ� DWRP
VSKHUH� ZDV� ���� D�H�� WKXV� DOORZLJ� XV� WR� SXW
WKH� )H� DWRP� VSKHUH� UDGLXV� WR� ���� D�H�� $V
QLWURJHQ�LV�LQWHUVWLWLDO��D�IXUWKHU�LQFUHDVH�RI
)H�DWRP�VSKHUH�UDGLXV�UHVXOWV�LQ�GHFUHDVLQJ
QLWURJHQ�VSKHUH�UDGLXV�DQG� ORZHUHG�FDOFXOD�
WLRQ� DFFXUDF\�� 7KH� DFFXUDF\� RI� )/$3:
PHWKRG� UHVXOWV� GHSHQGV� RQ� WKH� IROORZLQJ
PDLQ�SDUDPHWHUV��WKH�QXPEHU�RI�N�SRLQWV�LQ
WKH�%ULOORXLQ� ]RQH�� WKH�QXPEHU� RI�/0�FRP�
SRQHQWV� DQG� )RXULHU� FRHIILFLHQWV� LQ� WKH� H[�
SDQVLRQ�RI�HOHFWURQ�GHQVLW\�DQG�SRWHQWLDO��DV
ZHOO� DV� WKH� QXPEHU� RI� WKH� SODQH� ZDYHV� LQ
WKH� LQWHUVSKHUH� UHJLRQ�� :H� KDYH� XVHG� ���
SODQH�ZDYHV� SHU� RQH� DWRP� LQ� WKH� EDVLV� VHW�
,QVLGH� RI� DWRPLF� VSKHUH�� WKH�ZDYH� IXQFWLRQ
ZDV�H[SDQGHG�XS�WR�OPD[� �����(OHFWURQ�GHQ�VLW\�DQG�SRWHQWLDO�ZHUH�H[SDQGHG�LQVLGH�WKH
VSKHUHV� E\� WKH� FU\VWDO� KDUPRQLFV� EDVLV� WLOO
/PD[� ���� 7KH� FDOFXODWLRQ� ZDV� SHUIRUPHGIRU� ���� N�SRLQWV� LQ� %ULOORXLQ� ]RQH�� 7KH� VH�
OHFWHG� SDUDPHWHUV� SURYLGHG� DFFXUDF\� RI� D
WRWDO� HQHUJ\� FDOFXODWLRQ� DW� ���� P5\� OHYHO�
�V�� DQG� �S�VWDWHV� RI� )H� DWRP� ZHUH� FRQVLG�
HUHG�DV�VHPLFRUH�E\�LQWURGXFLQJ��ORFDO�RUEL�
WDOV�� WKHUHIRU� >��@�� ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ� RI� WKH
ORFDO� RUELWDOV�PDGH� EDVLV� VHW�PRUH� IOH[LEOH�
DQG� LQFUHDVHG� FDOFXODWLRQV�DFFXUDF\��$V� WKH
DOOR\�XQGHU�VWXG\�LV�SDUDPDJQHWLF��DOO�FDOFX�
ODWLRQV� ZHUH� SHUIRUPHG� LQ� QRQ� VSLQ�SRODU�
L]HG�DSSURDFK��
)LJ����� �D�� 7KH� YDOXHV� RI� TXDGUXSROH� VSOLWWLQJV� DQG� LVRPHULF� VKLIWV� IRU� GLIIHUHQW� W\SHV� RI� )HP�Q�UDWRPV� LQ� )H��&�� DQG� )H��1�� PRGHO� VWUXFWXUHV�� �E�� 2UGHUHG� VWUXFWXUH� )H��&��$� �&�1�� VLPXODWLQJ)H��&�DQG�)H��1�DXVWHQLWHV�
$�1�7LPRVKHYVNLL�HW�DO����$SSOLFDWLRQ�RI�WKH����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
7KH�XQLW� FHOO�RI�WKH�PRGHO�VWUXFWXUH�KDV
D� PRQRFOLQLF� V\PPHWU\� �VSDFH� JURXS� 1R���
3��� >��@�� DQG� FRQWDLQV� ��� )H� DWRPV�� RI
ZKLFK���� DUH� QRQHTXLYDOHQW��)RU� WKH�PRGHO
VWUXFWXUH�� VWUXFWXUDO� RSWLPL]DWLRQ� FRUUH�
VSRQGLQJ�WR�LWV�VSDFH�JURXS�ZDV�GRQH��6XFK
RSWLPL]DWLRQ� LQFOXGHG� WKH� GHWHUPLQDWLRQ� RI
HTXLOLEULXP� YROXPH�� HTXLOLEULXP� WHWUDJRQDO
GHIRUPDWLRQ�DQG�HTXLOLEULXP�SRVLWLRQV�RI�)H
DQG�1�DWRPV�LQ�WKH�XQLW�FHOO�
8VLQJ�WKH�FDOFXODWHG�HTXLOLEULXP�SDUDPH�
WHUV�RI�WKH�PRGHO�VWUXFWXUH�ODWWLFH�DQG�SRVL�
WLRQV�RI�WKH�DWRPV�LQ�WKH�XQLW�FHOO��ZH�KDYH
FDOFXODWHG� WKH� FRPSRQHQWV� RI� HOHFWULF� ILHOG
JUDGLHQWV� �()*�� WHQVRU� DV�ZHOO� DV� WKH� HOHF�
WURQ� VWUXFWXUH� RQ� DOO�)H� DWRPV� QXFOHL�� 7KH
HOHFWULF�ILHOG�JUDGLHQWV�9LM�ZHUH�UHFDOFXODWHGWR� TXDGUXSROH� VSOLWWLQJV� RI� QXFOHRXV� OHYHOV
RI�)H�DWRPV�LQ�DFFRUGDQFH�ZLWK�WKH�IRUPXOD
IRU�SDUDPDJQHWLF�FDVH�
'>PP�e�V@� � HF�(J
49]]�
���������4>E@9]]>����YeP�@�
ZKHUH�F� LV�VSHHG�RI�OLJKW��(J��WKH�HQHUJ\�RI
J�TXDQWXPV�XVHG�E\���)H�QXFOHL��4��WKH���)H
QXFOHXV� TXDGUXSROH� PRPHQW�� ����E� YDOXH
ZDV�XVHG�DFFRUGLQJ�WR�>��@��(OHFWURQ�GHQVLW\
U� RQ� QXFOHL� ZDV� UHFDOFXODWHG� WR� LVRPHULF
VKLIW�RI�QXFOHDU�OHYHOV�G��UHODWLYH�WR�%&&�)H�
DFFRUGLQJ�WR�
G� �D>U���U�@�
ZKHUH� U�� LV� WKH� GHQVLW\� RI� HOHFWURQV� RQ� )H
DWRP� QXFOHXV� LQ� %&&� ODWWLFH��D�� FDOLEUDWLRQ
FRQVWDQW�FKDUDFWHUL]LQJ�WKH���)H�LVRWRSH�QX�
FOHXV�� $V� NQRZQ� YDOXHV� RI� FDOLEUDWLRQ� FRQ�
VWDQW� KDUGO\� PDWFK� ZLWK� HDFK� RWKHU�� ZH
KDYH� XVHG� ����D���PP�V� YDOXH� REWDLQHG� LQ
>��@�� 7KLV� YDOXH� FRUUHODWHV� EHWWHU� ZLWK� WKH
H[SHULPHQWDO� GDWD� Ü����r����� >��@� WKDQ� Ü
�����YDOXH�REWDLQHG�EHIRUH�E\�(ULNVVRQ�DQG
6YDQ�>��@�
7KH�FDOFXODWLRQV�KDYH�VKRZQ�WKDW�RQ�WKH
QXFOHL� RI�)H������ DWRPV� KDYLQJ� RQH� LQWHUVWL�WLDO� DWRP� LQ� WKH� QHDUHVW� QHLJKERUKRRG�� WKH
ODUJHVW� HOHFWULF� ILHOG� JUDGLHQW� RFFXUV�� ,Q
)LJ����� WKHUH�DUH�FDOFXODWHG�YDOXHV�RI�TXDG�
UXSROH�VSOLWWLQJV�DQG� LVRPHULF�VKLIWV�RQ�WKH
QXFOHL� RI� WKH� IRXU� )H� DWRP� W\SHV� LQ� WKH
PRGHO�VWUXFWXUH�)H��$���$� �&�1��/HW�XV�WR�FRPSDUH�WKH�()*�IRUPDWLRQ�RQ
)H������ QXFOHL� IRU� WKH� )H��1�� DQG� )H��&�VWUXFWXUHV�� )LJ���D� DQG� 7DEOH� VKRZ� WKDW
TXDGUXSROH�VSOLWWLQJ�RQ�)H������DWRP�QXFOHXVLQ�)H��&��VWUXFWXUH�H[FHHGV�WKULFH�WKH�VDPHLQ�)H��1��VWUXFWXUH��,Q�>��@��WKH�UHDVRQV�IRUVR�VLJQLILFDQW�GLIIHUHQFH�ZHUH�GHILQHG�� ,W� LV
VKRZQ�WKDW�WKH�WRWDO�FRQWULEXWLRQ�IURP��V��
�S�HOHFWURQLF� VKHOOV� RI� DOOR\LQJ� HOHPHQW� WR
()*�RQ�WKH�)H������DWRPV�QXFOHL�UHPDLQV�DO�PRVW�FRQVWDQW�ZKHQ�JRLQJ�IURP�QLWURJHQ�WR
FDUERQ�� 7KH� PDLQ� UHDVRQ� IRU� KLJKHU� ()*
YDOXH�LQ�FDUERQ�FDVH�LV�VXIILFLHQWO\�GLIIHUHQW
GLVWULEXWLRQ� RI� �G� HOHFWURQ� GHQVLW\� RQ
)H�������DWRPV�FRQWDLQLQJ�QLWURJHQ�DQG�FDUE�RQ�DWRPV�LQ�WKH�QHDUHVW�QHLJKERUKRRG��
7KH� FDOFXODWLRQV�KDYH� GHPRQVWUDWHG� WKDW
LQ� WKH�)H��$��$� �&�1��PRGHO� VWUXFWXUH�QRWDOO�)H������DWRPV�IRUPLQJ�RFWDKHGURQ�DURXQGWKH� LQWHUVWLWLDO� �)LJ���E�� DUH� HTXLYDOHQW� WR
HDFK� RWKHU�� 7KHUH� DUH� FHUWDLQ� )H������ DQG)H
������ DWRPV� ZLWK� FRQVLGHUDEO\� GLIIHUHQWHOHFWULF� ILHOG� JUDGLHQWV� DSSHDULQJ� RQ� WKHLU
QXFOHL��7DEOH���7KLV�UHVXOWV�IURP�WKH�GLIIHU�
HQW� DWRPLF� QHLJERUKRRG� LQ� WKH� ILUVW� FRRUGL�
QDWLRQ� VSKHUH�� ZKLFK� LV� VKRZQ� LQ� )LJ����
)H������DQG�)H
������QHLJERUKRRG�GLIIHU�VXIIL�FLHQWO\��$V� D� UHVXOW�� D� KLJKHU� HOHFWULF� ILHOG
JUDGLHQW� RFFXUV� RQ� )H
������ DWRPV� QXFOHL�7KHVH� DWRPV� PD\� FRQWULEXWH� WR� 0|VVEDXHU
)LJ�����1HDUHVW�QHLJKERUKRRG�RI�LURQ�DWRPV�KDYLQJ�LQWHUVWLWLDO�DWRPV��$� �&�1��LQ�WKH�ILUVW�FRRUGL�
QDWLRQ�VSKHUH���D��)H��������E��)H
������
$�1�7LPRVKHYVNLL�HW�DO����$SSOLFDWLRQ�RI�WKH����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
VSHFWUD� DV� D� ORZ� LQWHQVLW\� GRXEOHW� ZLWK� D
ODUJH�TXDGUXSROH�VSOLWWLQJ�DV�LW� LV�VKRZQ�LQ
)LJ���� DQG� )LJ����� 6PDOO� YDOXHV� RI� TXDGUX�
SROH� VSOLWWLQJV� RQ� WKH� )H������ DQG� )H�����DWRPV� QXFOHL� LQ� )H��$��$� �&�1�� VWUXFWXUHUHVXOW� IURP� V\PPHWULFDO� QHLJERUKRRG� RI
WKRVH� DWRPV� LQ� WKH� ILUVW� FRRUGLQDWLRQ
VSKHUH��
7KH� WKHRUHWLFDO� FDOFXODWLRQV� FRUUHODWH
ZHOO� ZLWK� WKH� DERYH� UHVXOWV� RI� WKH� H[SHUL�
PHQWDO� VSHFWUD� SURFHVVLQJ�� $Q� RUGHUHG
VWUXFWXUH� SUHVHQWHG� LQ� WKH� ZRUN� VHHPV� WR
VHUYH�DV�D�JRRG�PRGHO�RI�QLWURJHQ�DQG�FDUE�
RQ� DXVWHQLWHV�� ,W� IROORZV� IURP� WKH� VWXGLHV
WKDW�0|VVEDXHU�VSHFWUD�RI�)H��&�DQG�)H��1DXVWHQLWHV�FDQ�EH�SUHVHQWHG�E\�WKH�VDPH�VHW
RI� WKH� FRPSRQHQWV�� 7KLV� VHW� FRQVLVWV� RI� D
VLQJOHW�OLQH�RI�LURQ�DWRPV�KDYLQJ�V\PPHWULF
HQYLURQPHQW��WKH�GRXEOHW�ZLWK�D�VPDOO�TXDG�
UXSROH� VSOLWWLQJ� DQG� WZR� GRXEOHWV�ZLWK� VLJ�
QLILFDQWO\�ODUJHU�TXDGUXSROH�VSOLWWLQJ�ZKLFK
RFFXUV� RQ� WKH�)H������ DQG�)H
������ DWRPV�QX�FOHL�� ,W� LV� WR� QRWH� WKDW� WKHRUHWLFDO� UHVXOWV
WKDW� DUH� EDVHG�RQ� WKH� RQO\�PRGHO� VWUXFWXUH
DUH�LQVXIILFLHQW�WR�GHVFULEH�FRPSUHKHQVLYHO\
WKH� VKRUW� UDQJH� RUGHU� DQG� WKHUPRG\QDPLF
SURSHUWLHV� RI� )H±&� DQG� )H±1� DXVWHQLWHV�
7KHUH� LV� D� QHHG� LQ� D� VFUXSXORXV� VWXG\�RI� D
VKRUW� UDQJH� RUGHU� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� DQG� WHP�
SHUDWXUH�GHSHQGHQFHV�EDVHG�RQ�WKH�SRWHQWLDO
RI�1±1� DQG�&±&� LQWHUDWRPLF� LQWHUDFWLRQ� LQ
)&&�)H��2QO\�VXFK�DSSURDFK�DOORZV�WR�VWXG\
LQ�GHWDLO�WKH�FRQWULEXWLRQ�PDGH�E\�GLIIHUHQW
LURQ� DWRPV� LQWR� WKH� 0|VVEDXHU� VSHFWUD� RI
DXVWHQLWH�� 5HVXOWV� RI� VXFK� VWXGLHV� ZLOO� EH
SUHVHQWHG�LQ�RXU�IXUWKHU�SXEOLFDWLRQ���
���&RQFOXVLRQ
3URFHVVLQJ� RI� H[SHULPHQWDO� 0|VVEDXHU
VSHFWUD�RI�)H��&�DQG�)H��1�DXVWHQLWHV�XVLQJD�QHZ�PHWKRG�KDV�VKRZQ�WKDW�WKRVH�VSHFWUD
FRQVLVW� RQ� WKH� VDPH� VHW� RI� WKH� FRPSRQHQWV�
QDPHO\� RQH� VLQJOHW� DQG� WKUHH� GRXEOHWV�� ,Q
WKRVH�VSHFWUD��WZR�GRXEOHWV�KDYH�EHHQ�IRXQG
ZLWK� D� ODUJH� TXDGUXSROH� VSOLWWLQJ� �EHLQJ
VXEVWDQWLDOO\� ODUJHU� IRU� )H��&� DXVWHQLWH�DQG� FRQVLGHUDEO\� GLIIHUHQW� LQWHQVLW\�� 7KHR�
UHWLFDO�FDOFXODWLRQV�RI�WKH�VXSHUILQH�LQWHUDF�
WLRQ�SDUDPHWHUV�WKH�)H��$���$� �&�1��PRGHOVWUXFWXUH� FRUUHODWH� ZLWK� WKH� UHVXOWV� RI� WKH
H[SHULPHQWDO�VSHFWUD�SURFHVVLQJ��,W�KDV�EHHQ
VKRZQ� WKDW� WZR� GRXEOHWV� LQ� WKH� VSHFWUXP
FDQ�EH�UHODWHG�WR�WKH�SUHVHQFH�RI�)H������DQG)H
������ DWRPV�� 7KH� ORZ� LQWHQVLW\� GRXEOHWVSUREDEO\� DUH� QRW� UHODWHG� WR� H[LVWHQFH� RI
1±)H�±1� GXPEEHOO� FRQILJXUDWLRQV� EXW
UDWKHU� RFFXU� GXH� WR� WKH�SUHVHQFH� RI�)H
�����DWRPV��
5HIHUHQFHV
� ���9�1DGXWRY��0DWHU��6FLHQFH�DQG�(QJLQ��$������
�����������
� ���-�)RFW��3�5RFKHJXGH��$�+HQGU\��$FWD�0HWDOO��
���������������
� ���9�*�*DYULOMXN�� 9�0�1DGXWRY�� 2�1� *ODGXQ�
)L]��0HWDO��0HWWDORYHG������������������
� ���.�2GD�� .�8PH]X�� +�,QR�� -��3K\V��&RQGHQV
0DWWHU������������������
� ���$�*�%DODQ\XN�� 9�1�%XJDHY�� 9� 0�1DGXWRY�
$�/�6R]LQRY��3K\V��6WDW��6RO��%����������������
� ���,�)DOO�� -�0�5�*HQLQ�� +\S��,QWHUDFW��� ���� ���
�������
� ���9�*�*DYULOMXN��+�%HUQV��+LJK�1LWURJHQ�6WHHOV�
6SULQJHU��%HUOLQ��������
� ���.�2GD�� +�)XMLPXUD�� +�,QR�� -��3K\V��&RQGHQV
0DWWHU����������������
� ���1�'H&ULVWRIDUR��.DSORZ��0HWDOO��7UDQV��$���$�
����������
����.�/DQHUL�� -�'HVLPRQL�� *�-�=DUUDJRLFRHFKHD�
$�)HUQDQGH]� *XLOOHUPHW�� 3K\V��5HY��%�� ���
��������������
����2�1�&�8ZDNZHK��-�3�%DXHU�� -�0�*HQLQ��0HW�
DOO��7UDQV��$�����������������
����$�7LPRVKHYVNLL��9�$�<HUHPLQ��+\S��,QWHUDFW��
����������������
����$�*�,YDNKQHQNR�� /RQJ�7HUP� )RUHFDVWLQJ� DQG
&RQWURO�RI�&RPSOH[�6\VWHPV��7HNKQLND��.LHY
�������>LQ�5XVVLDQ@�
����9�9DSQLN�� 6WDWLVWLFDO� /HDUQLQJ� 7KHRU\�� -RKQ
:LOH\��1<��������
����$�1�7LPRVKHYVNLL��9�$�7LPRVKHYVNLL��%�=�<DQ�
FKLWVN\�� -��3K\V��&RQGHQV��0DWWHU�� ���� ����
�������
����3�%ODKD�� .�6FKZDU]�� *�.�+�0DGVHQ� HW� DO��
7HFK��8QLYHUVLWDW��:LHQ��$XVWULD��������
����-�3�3HUGHZ��.�%XUNH��0�(UQ]HUKRI��3K\V��5HY�
/HWW�������������������
����'�6LQJK��3K\V��5HY��%������������������
����,QWHUQDWLRQDO�7DEOHV�IRU�&U\VWDOORJUDSK\��9RO�
XPH�$��6SDFH�JURXS�6\PPHWU\��������
����3�'XIHN��3�%ODKD��.�6FKZDU]��3K\V��5HY��/HWW��
�����������������
����$�0H\NHQV�� 5�&RXVVHPHQW�� -�/DGULHUH� HW� DO��
3K\V��5HY��%������������������
����2�(ULNVVRQ�� $�6YDQH�� -��3K\V��&RQGHQV��0DW�
WHU�����������������
$�1�7LPRVKHYVNLL�HW�DO����$SSOLFDWLRQ�RI�WKH����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
~Ȱ�º°�mÈÓÓ«�äË�º�Lm�°È人¯�ÈÓLÏÈ�L��ã«�LÓ�˯¹¯Ë�È�L��l˰È�¯Lm° }Ò²�°¹Ë}�¯Lm�È�°�ËÓL�Lm)H±1��È�)H±&
k�s��Òäº�Ëm° }Ò®��{�,��¯ ºäLÓ��v�|�ÐãºÓºm° }Ò®
�¯ºmË�ËÓº� º¯º}�� Ë}°¹Ë¯ÒäËÓ�Èã ÓÒ²� l˰È�˯Lm° }Ò²� °¹Ë}�¯Lm� m��ãË�Ëmº�º� �È
ÈϺ�Ò°�º�º� È�°�ËÓL�Lm�� {Ò}º¯Ò°�ÈÓº� ÓºmÒ®�äË�º�� ÓÈ� º°ÓºmL� ¹¯ÒÓ�Ò¹Lm� °È人¯�ÈÓLÏÈ�L��
�¯ºmË�ËÓº�¯ºÏ}ãÈ�� Ë}°¹Ë¯ÒäËÓ�Èã ÓÒ²�°¹Ë}�¯Lm�ÓÈ�}ºä¹ºÓËÓ�Ò��|�Ò°ãËÓº�¹È¯ÈäË�¯Ò
ÓÈ��ºÓ}º�� mÏȼäº�L����m��ãË�Ëmºä�� �È� ÈϺ�Ò°�ºä��È�°�ËÓL�Ȳ��iã«� LÓ�˯¹¯Ë�È�L�� Ë}°¹Ë�
¯ÒäËÓ�Èã ÓÒ²�¯ËÏ�ã �È�Lm�¹¯ºmË�ËÓº�DE�LQLWLR�äË�º�ºä�)/$3:�°Ë¯L
�¯ºÏ¯È²�Ó}Lm�ËãË}�
�¯ºÓÓº����ºmÒ�L�¹È¯ÈäË�¯Lm�ÓÈ��ºÓ}º��mÏȼäº�L��m��¹º¯«�}ºmÈÓL®�°�¯�}��¯L�)H��$��$� &�1���«}È�äº�Ëã
¼�m��ãË�ËmÒ®��È�ÈϺ�Ò°�Ò®�È�°�ËÓL�Ò���º}ÈÏÈÓº���º���ãË�ÓÈ�ãLÓL«�Ï
äÈãº
� LÓ�ËÓ°ÒmÓL°�
�� «}È� äL°�Ò� °«� �� °¹Ë}�¯L� ÈϺ�Ò°�º�º� È�°�ËÓL���� ÓË� ¹ºm�«ÏÈÓÈ� Ï
L°Ó�mÈÓÓ«ä� ��ÈÓ�Ëã ÓÒ²�� }ºÓÁL��¯È�L®� 1±)H±1�� È� º�äºmãËÓÈ� È�ºäÈäÒ� ÏÈãLÏÈ�� «}L
äL°�«� � º�ÒÓ� È�ºä� ÈϺ��� �� ¹Ë¯�L®�}ºº¯�ÒÓÈ�L®ÓL®� °Á˯L��{°�ÈÓºmãËÓº���º�ÈÓÈãº�L�ÓÈ
��ãË�ÓÈ� ãLÓL«� ¹¯Ò°��Ó«� �È}ºÎ� �� °¹Ë}�¯L� m��ãË�Ëmº�º� È�°�ËÓL���� {L�äLÓÓL°� �l˰È��
˯Lm° }Ò²� °¹Ë}�¯Lm� m��ãË�Ëmº�º� �È� ÈϺ�Ò°�º�º� È�°�ËÓL�Lm� ¹ºm�«ÏÈÓÈ� �Lã }Ò� Ï� ¯LÏÓÒäÒ
ÏÓÈ�ËÓÓ«äÒ��¯È�L¼Ó�È�ËãË}�¯Ò�Óº�º�¹ºã«��È�LϺä˯Ӻ�º�ϰ�m��
$�1�7LPRVKHYVNLL�HW�DO����$SSOLFDWLRQ�RI�WKH����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
|