Automated ESR spectrometer for various applications
The paper presents a З-cm automated ESR spectrometer providing measurements be done in the temperature range 4.2 to З00 K. The spectrometer is designed according to a standard scheme with a superhet SHF radiation receiver and magnetic field modulation. The software for the spectrometer is designed a...
Збережено в:
Дата: | 2004 |
---|---|
Автори: | , , |
Формат: | Стаття |
Мова: | English |
Опубліковано: |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
2004
|
Назва видання: | Functional Materials |
Онлайн доступ: | http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135249 |
Теги: |
Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
|
Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
Цитувати: | Automated ESR spectrometer for various applications / I. Ivanchenko, S. Karelin, N. Popenko // Functional Materials. — 2004. — Т. 11, № 1. — С. 125-130. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraineid |
irk-123456789-135249 |
---|---|
record_format |
dspace |
spelling |
irk-123456789-1352492018-06-15T03:09:58Z Automated ESR spectrometer for various applications Ivanchenko, I. Karelin, S. Popenko, N. The paper presents a З-cm automated ESR spectrometer providing measurements be done in the temperature range 4.2 to З00 K. The spectrometer is designed according to a standard scheme with a superhet SHF radiation receiver and magnetic field modulation. The software for the spectrometer is designed as a single program module guaranteeing performance of all types of experiments and based on the principles of structural program -ming and elements of object-oriented programming assuring mutual independence of algorithms and the possibility to expand the software support. Advantages of the spectrometer are illustrated taking investigations of characteristics of diluted magnetic semiconduc tors as an example. Preliminary investigations of both organic and inorganic substances that have been carried out on the spectrometer testify to possibilities of its effective applic a-tion not only in physics but also in medicine and biology. B статье описан автоматизированный ЭСР-спектрометр З-см диапазона, обеспечивающий проведение измерений в температурном диапазоне 4,2-300 K. Спектрометр построен по стандартной схеме с супергетеродинным приемником СВЧ излучения и модуляцией магнитного поля. Программное обеспечение для спектрометра разработано в форме единого модуля программ, гарантирующего выполнение всех типов экспериментов и основанного на принципах структурного программирования и элементов объектно-ориентированного программирования, обеспечивающего взаимную независимость алгоритмов и возможность расширения программной поддержки. Преимущества разработанного спектрометра показаны на примере исследования функций разбавленных магнитных полупроводников. Предварительные исследования как органических, так и неорганических веществ, выполненные с помощью данного спектрометра, свидетельствуют о возможности его эффективного применения не только в физике, но также в медицине и биологии. У статті представлений автоматизований ЕСР спектрометр. Спектрометр дозволяє проводити вимірювання в iнтервалi температур 4,2-300 К. ЕСР спектрометр створений за стандартною схемою із супергетеродинним НВЧ приймачем та модуляцією магнітного поля. Програмне забезпечення для ЕСР спектрометра розроблено у вигляді єдиного програмного модуля, який дозволяє проводити усі види експериментів. Його структура базується на принципах структурного програмування та елементах об’єктно-орієнтова-ного програмування, які забезпечують взаємну незалежність алгоритмів та можливість розширення програмного забезпечення. Переваги спектрометра продемонстровано на прикладі досліджень характеристик напівмагнітних напівпровідників. Проведені на спектрометрі попередні дослідження різноманітних речовин органічної та неорганічної природи свідчать про можливість його ефективного використання також у медицині та біології. 2004 Article Automated ESR spectrometer for various applications / I. Ivanchenko, S. Karelin, N. Popenko // Functional Materials. — 2004. — Т. 11, № 1. — С. 125-130. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. 1027-5495 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135249 en Functional Materials НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
collection |
DSpace DC |
language |
English |
description |
The paper presents a З-cm automated ESR spectrometer providing measurements be done in the temperature range 4.2 to З00 K. The spectrometer is designed according to a standard scheme with a superhet SHF radiation receiver and magnetic field modulation. The software for the spectrometer is designed as a single program module guaranteeing performance of all types of experiments and based on the principles of structural program -ming and elements of object-oriented programming assuring mutual independence of algorithms and the possibility to expand the software support. Advantages of the spectrometer are illustrated taking investigations of characteristics of diluted magnetic semiconduc tors as an example. Preliminary investigations of both organic and inorganic substances that have been carried out on the spectrometer testify to possibilities of its effective applic a-tion not only in physics but also in medicine and biology. |
format |
Article |
author |
Ivanchenko, I. Karelin, S. Popenko, N. |
spellingShingle |
Ivanchenko, I. Karelin, S. Popenko, N. Automated ESR spectrometer for various applications Functional Materials |
author_facet |
Ivanchenko, I. Karelin, S. Popenko, N. |
author_sort |
Ivanchenko, I. |
title |
Automated ESR spectrometer for various applications |
title_short |
Automated ESR spectrometer for various applications |
title_full |
Automated ESR spectrometer for various applications |
title_fullStr |
Automated ESR spectrometer for various applications |
title_full_unstemmed |
Automated ESR spectrometer for various applications |
title_sort |
automated esr spectrometer for various applications |
publisher |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
publishDate |
2004 |
url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135249 |
citation_txt |
Automated ESR spectrometer for various applications / I. Ivanchenko, S. Karelin, N. Popenko // Functional Materials. — 2004. — Т. 11, № 1. — С. 125-130. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. |
series |
Functional Materials |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT ivanchenkoi automatedesrspectrometerforvariousapplications AT karelins automatedesrspectrometerforvariousapplications AT popenkon automatedesrspectrometerforvariousapplications |
first_indexed |
2025-07-09T22:55:11Z |
last_indexed |
2025-07-09T22:55:11Z |
_version_ |
1837211804405596160 |
fulltext |
$XWRPDWHG�(65�VSHFWURPHWHU�IRU�YDULRXV�DSSOLFDWLRQV
,�,YDQFKHQNR��6�.DUHOLQ��1�3RSHQNR�
$��8VLNRY�,QVWLWXWH�IRU�5DGLRSK\VLFV�DQG�(OHFWURQLFV��1DWLRQDO�$FDGHP\RI�6FLHQFHV�RI�8NUDLQH�����3URVNXUD�6W���������.KDUNLY��8NUDLQH
7KH� SDSHU� SUHVHQWV� D� ��FP� DXWRPDWHG� (65� VSHFWURPHWHU� SURYLGLQJ� PHDVXUHPHQWV� EHGRQH�LQ�WKH�WHPSHUDWXUH�UDQJH�����WR�����z��7KH�VSHFWURPHWHU�LV�GHVLJQHG�DFFRUGLQJ�WR�DVWDQGDUG� VFKHPH�ZLWK� D� VXSHUKHW�6+)�UDGLDWLRQ� UHFHLYHU� DQG�PDJQHWLF� ILHOG�PRGXODWLRQ�7KH� VRIWZDUH� IRU� WKH� VSHFWURPHWHU� LV� GHVLJQHG�DV� D� VLQJOH� SURJUDP�PRGXOH� JXDUDQWHHLQJSHUIRUPDQFH�RI�DOO�W\SHV�RI�H[SHULPHQWV�DQG�EDVHG�RQ�WKH�SULQFLSOHV�RI�VWUXFWXUDO�SURJUDP �PLQJ�DQG�HOHPHQWV�RI�REMHFW�RULHQWHG�SURJUDPPLQJ�DVVXULQJ�PXWXDO�LQGHSHQGHQFH�RI�DOJR �ULWKPV�DQG�WKH�SRVVLELOLW\�WR�H[SDQG�WKH�VRIWZDUH�VXSSRUW��$GYDQWDJHV�RI�WKH�VSHFWURPHWHUDUH�LOOXVWUDWHG�WDNLQJ�LQYHVWLJDWLRQV�RI�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�RI�GLOXWHG�PDJQHWLF�VHPLFRQGXF WRUVDV�DQ� H[DPSOH��3UHOLPLQDU\� LQYHVWLJDWLRQV� RI�ERWK�RUJDQLF� DQG� LQRUJDQLF� VXEVWDQFHV� WKDWKDYH�EHHQ�FDUULHG�RXW�RQ�WKH�VSHFWURPHWHU�WHVWLI\�WR�SRVVLELOLWLHV�RI� LWV�HIIHFWLYH�DSSOLF D�WLRQ�QRW�RQO\�LQ�SK\VLFV�EXW�DOVR�LQ�PHGLFLQH�DQG�ELRORJ\��
{� °�È� Ë� º¹Ò°ÈÓ� Èm�ºäÈ�ÒÏÒ¯ºmÈÓÓ©®� w&c�°¹Ë}�¯ºäË�¯� ��°ä� �ÒȹÈϺÓÈ�� ºË°¹Ë�Ò�mÈ
�Ò®� ¹¯ºmË�ËÓÒË� ÒÏä˯ËÓÒ®� m� �Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯Óºä� �ÒȹÈϺÓË� ���Ü���� z�� v¹Ë}�¯ºäË�¯¹º°�¯ºËÓ� � ¹º� °�ÈÓ�ȯ�Óº®� °²ËäË� °� °�¹Ë¯�Ë�˯º�ÒÓÓ©ä� ¹¯ÒËäÓÒ}ºä� v{ � ÒÏã��ËÓÒ«� Òäº��ã«�ÒË®�äÈ�ÓÒ�Óº�º�¹ºã«���¯º�¯ÈääÓºË�ºË°¹Ë�ËÓÒË��ã«�°¹Ë}�¯ºäË�¯È�¯ÈϯȺ�ÈÓºm�Áº¯äË� Ë�ÒÓº�º� äº��ã«� ¹¯º�¯Èää�� �ȯÈÓ�Ò¯�
�Ë�º� m©¹ºãÓËÓÒË� m°Ë²� �Ò¹ºm� ª}°¹Ë¯Ò�äËÓ�ºm�Ò�º°ÓºmÈÓÓº�º�ÓÈ�¹¯ÒÓ�ҹȲ�°�¯�}��¯Óº�º�¹¯º�¯ÈääÒ¯ºmÈÓÒ«�Ò�ªãËäËÓ�ºm�º��Ë}�Óº�º¯ÒËÓ�Ò¯ºmÈÓÓº�º�¹¯º�¯ÈääÒ¯ºmÈÓÒ«��ºË°¹Ë�ÒmÈ
�Ë�º�mÏÈÒäÓ�
ÓËÏÈmÒ°Ò亰� Èã�º¯Ò�äºm�Ò�mºÏäºÎÓº°� ¯È°�Ò¯ËÓÒ«�¹¯º�¯ÈääÓº®�¹º��˯Î}Ò�� ��¯ËÒä��˰�mÈ�¯ÈÏ�¯Èº�ÈÓÓº�º� °¹Ë}�¯ºäË�¯È�¹º}ÈÏÈÓ©�ÓÈ�¹¯Òä˯Ë�Ò°°ãË�ºmÈÓÒ«�Á�Ó}�Ò®�¯ÈÏÈmãËÓÓ©²äÈ�ÓÒ�Ó©²�¹ºã�¹¯ºmº�ÓÒ}ºm���¯Ë�mȯÒ�Ëã Ó©Ë�Ò°°ãË�ºmÈÓÒ«�}È}�º¯�ÈÓÒ�˰}Ò²���È}�ÒÓ˺¯�ÈÓÒ�˰}Ò²�mË�˰�m��m©¹ºãÓËÓÓ©Ë�°�¹ºäº�
��ÈÓÓº�º�°¹Ë}�¯ºäË�¯È��°mÒ�Ë�Ëã °��m�
�� º� mºÏäºÎÓº°�Ò� Ë�º� ªÁÁË}�ÒmÓº�º� ¹¯ÒäËÓËÓÒ«� ÓË� �ºã }º� m� ÁÒÏÒ}Ë�� Óº� �È}ÎË� mäË�Ò�ÒÓË�Ò�Òºãº�ÒÒ�
$V� D� UXOH�� PRVW� RI� SDUDPDJQHWLFV� DUHVWXGLHG� ��FP� (65� VSHFWURPHWHUV�� RQO\� LQIHZ� FDVHV�� WKH�SDUWLFXODU� LQWHUHVW� LQ�KLJKHUUHVROXWLRQ� RI� (65� VSHFWUD� QHFHVVLWDWHV� WKHGHYHORSPHQW�RI�KLJKHU�IUHTXHQF\�VSHFWURPH �WHUV�>�@��'HYHORSPHQW�RI�DQ�(65�VSHFWURPH �WHU� ZLWK� KLJK� VHQVLWLYLW\� DQG� IXOO\� DXWR �PDWHG�GDWD�UHWULHYLQJ�DQG�SURFHVVLQJ�LV�RI�DJDLQLQJ� LPSRUWDQFH�� 7KLV� SDSHU� SUHVHQWV� D��FP� (65� VSHFWURPHWHU� ZLWK� IXOO\� DXWR �PDWHG� SURFHVV� PHDVXULQJ� RI� (65� OLQH� SD �UDPHWHUV�� ZKLFK� UHWULHYHV� LQIRUPDWLRQ� RQPDJQHWLF� SURSHUWLHV� RI� VXEVWDQFHV� DW� ORZFRQFHQWUDWLRQV�RI�SDUDPDJQHWLF�FHQWHUV��(65� VSHFWURPHWHU� LV� D� SDUW� RI� D� VHW�XSIRU� VWXG\LQJ� GLIIHUHQW� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� RIVXEVWDQFHV�� VXFK� DV� FRQGXFWLYLW\�� VXUIDFH
FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�� DQG� PDJQHWLF� VXVFHSWLELOLW\LQ�WKH�WHPSHUDWXUH�UDQJH�����WR�����z��7KHVSHFWURPHWHU�FDQ�EH�WHQWDWLYHO\�SUHVHQWHG�DVGLYLGHG� LQWR� IRXU� IXQFWLRQDO� EORFNV�� WHP �SHUDWXUH��PDJQHWLF�ILHOG�FRQWUROOLQJ��VFKHPH�RI(65� OLQH� UHFRUGLQJ� DQG� VRIWZDUH� �VHH�)LJ�����7KH� WHPSHUDWXUH� VWDELOL]DWLRQ� FLUFXLW� LQ �FOXGHV� WKUHH� WHPSHUDWXUH� VHQVRUV�� D� WHP �SHUDWXUH�PHDVXULQJ� EORFN�� D� FRPSXWHU�� DQGWZR� KHDWHUV� ZLWK� D� SRZHU� VXSSO\� XQLW�� 7RDWWDLQ� D� GHVLUDEOH� WHPSHUDWXUH�� D� FRROLQJOLTXLG��QLWURJHQ�RU�KHOLXP��LV�SXPSHG�XQGHUSUHVVXUH�LQWR�WKH�ORZHU�SDUW�RI�FU\RVWDW��$VWKH� FRROLQJ� PHGLXP� HYDSRUDWHV�� D� IORZ� RIFROG�JDV� LV� IRUPHG��ZKLFK� FDQ�EH�UHJXODWHGE\�D�WKURWWOH��7KLV�SURYLGHV�ZLGH�UDQJH�WHP �SHUDWXUH�UHJXODWLQJ�ZLWKLQ�WKH�FU\RVWDW��7R
)XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� ��������,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
FRQWURO� WKH� RSHUDWLQJ� FKDPEHU� WHPSHUDWXUHPRUH� SUHFLVHO\�� ZH� XVH� DQ� DXWRPDWLF� VWDEL �OL]LQJ�FLUFXLW��7KH�SUHFLVLRQ�RI�WHPSHUDWXUHVWDELOL]DWLRQ�±����z�LV�DFKLHYHG�XVLQJ�D�SUR�SRUWLRQDO� LQWHJUDO�GLIIHUHQWLDO� �3,'�� FRQWURODOJRULWKP�� 7KH� UHVRQDQFH� FHOO� LV� SODFHG� LQ �VLGH� D� FRSSHU� F\OLQGHU� VR� WKDW� WKH� WHPSHUD �WXUH� DURXQG� LW� LV� GLVWULEXWHG� KRPRJHQH �RXVO\�� 8QGHU� WKH� WHPSHUDWXUH� VWDELOL]DWLRQUHJLPH�� WKH� UHVRQDQFH� FHOO� WHPSHUDWXUHUHDFKHV� WKH� SUHVHW� YDOXH� LQ� ��Ü���PLQXWHVDQG�UHPDLQV�VWDEOH�WR�ZLWKLQ� ±����z�GXULQJWKH�ZKROH�H[SHULPHQW��7KH� PDJQHWLF� ILHOG� FRQWURO� FLUFXLW� LQ �FOXGHV�D�+DOO�VHQVRU��D�PDJQHWLF�ILHOG�PHDV �XULQJ� EORFN�� DQG� DQ� HOHFWURPDJQHW� ZLWK� DFRPSXWHU�FRQWUROOHG�SRZHU�VXSSO\�XQLW��7KHVLJQDO�IURP�WKH�+DOO�VHQVRU�HQWHUV�WKH�FRP �SXWHU� ZKLFK� SURGXFHV� D� PRQLWRULQJ� VLJQDOIRU� WKH� HOHFWURPDJQHW� EDVLQJ� RQ� WKH� 3,'DOJRULWKP��7KH�PDJQHWLF� ILHOG� FDQ�EH� UHJX �ODWHG� ERWK�ZLWK� DQG�ZLWKRXW� IHHGEDFN�� 7KHODWWHU� UHJLPH� LV� XVHG� IRU� D� SUHOLPLQDU\� UH �FRUGLQJ�RI�(65�OLQH��LQ�WKLV�FDVH��WKH�GHWHU �PLQDWLRQ� SUHFLVLRQ� RI� WKH� PDJQHWLF� ILHOGYDOXH� LV� ±���*DXVV�EHFDXVH�RI�K\VWHUHVLV� LQWKH� PDJQHW� FRUH��:KHQ� WKH� IHHGEDFN� DOJR �ULWKP�LV�XVHG�LQ�WKH�PDJQHWLF�ILHOG�UDQJH��WR� ����� *DXVV�� WKH�PDJQHWLF� ILHOG� VWDELOLV �LQJ� DQG� PHDVXULQJ� SUHFLVLRQ� LV� ���� *DXVV�:KHQ�GHWHUPLQLQJ�J�IDFWRU�DV�ZHOO�DV�PHDV �
XULQJ� QDUURZ� OLQHV�� WKH� PDJQHWLF� ILHOG� LQ �WHUYDO� FDQ� EH� FRQVLGHUDEO\� UHGXFHG� DQG�WKHUHIRUH�� WKH� PDJQHWLF� ILHOG� VWDELOLVDWLRQDQG� PHDVXUHPHQWV� FDQ� EH� DV� H[DFW� DV
±�����*DXVV�7KH�(65�VSHFWURPHWHU�LV�GHVLJQHG�EDVLQJRQ�D�VXSHUKHWHURG\QH�UHFHLYHU�RI�6+)�UDGLD �WLRQ��PDJQHWLF�ILHOG�PRGXODWLRQ�DQG�UHFRUG �LQJ�RI�WKH�ILUVW�GHULYDWLYH�RI�DEVRUSWLRQ�OLQHDW� WKH�PDJQHWLF�ILHOG�PRGXODWLRQ� IUHTXHQF\�)LJ������ 7KH� NO\VWURQ� IUHTXHQF\� LV� VWDEL �OL]HG�XVLQJ�D�VFKHPH�RI�DXWRPDWLF�IUHTXHQF\FRQWURO� WR�WKH�ZRUNLQJ�UHVRQDWRU��D�YROWDJHPRGXODWLRQ�VFKHPH�RQ�WKH�NO\VWURQ�UHIOHFWRUDW�����N+]�IUHTXHQF\�LV�XVHG��7KH�V\QFKUR �QRXV�GHWHFWRU�WKDW�LV�XVHG�LQ�WKH�VSHFWURPH �WHU�FDQ�EH� RSHUDWHG�E\�KDUGZDUH�DV�ZHOO�DVE\�VRIWZDUH��7KH�IRUPHU�ZD\�SURYLGHV�D�EHW �WHU�QRLVH�UHGXFWLRQ�GXULQJ�WKH�(65�OLQH�UH �FRUGLQJ�� 7KH� FKRLFH� RI� WLPH� FRQVWDQW� LVVWLSXODWHG� E\� WKH�ZLGWK� RI� WKH� LQLWLDO� VSHF �WUXP�� 7KH� ODWWHU� ZD\� LV� PRUH� VXLWDEOH� IRUQDUURZ�LQWHQVH�OLQHV�7KH�RSHUDWLRQ�RI�WKH�VHWXS�DQG�WKH�PHDV �XULQJ� RI� DQDORJ� VLJQDOV� DUH� PRQLWRUHGWKURXJK� DQDORJ�WR�GLJLWDO� FRQYHUWHU�GLJLWDO�WR�DQDORJ�FRQYHUWHU�/����RI�/�&DUG��&RQWURORYHU�WKH�H[SHULPHQW�DQG�GDWD�UHFRUGLQJ�DUHVXSSRUWHG� E\� WKH� VRIWZDUH� ZULWWHQ� LQ� %RU �ODQG� &��� ����� XVLQJ� WKH� OLEUDU\� RI� $3,IXQFWLRQV� RI� D� GULYHU� IURP�/���� FDUG�� 7KH
)LJ�����%ORFN�GLDJUDP�RI�(65�VSHFWURPHWHU�
,�,YDQFKHQNR�HW�DO����$XWRPDWHG�(65�VSHFWURPHWHU����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
VRIWZDUH� RSHUDWHV� XQGHU�:LQGRZV� ���� WKXVKDV� H[SDQGLQJ� WKH� SRVVLELOLWLHV� IRU� GDWDYLVXDOL]DWLRQ�DQG�SURYLGLQJ�D�FRQYHQLHQW�LQ �WHUIDFH�� 7KH� VRIWZDUH� IXOILOV� WKUHH� IXQF �WLRQV�� VWDELOL]DWLRQ� DQG� PHDVXUHPHQW� RIWHPSHUDWXUH� LQVLGH� WKH� FU\RVWDW�� PHDVXUH �PHQW� DQG� FRQWURO� RYHU� WKH� PDJQHWLF� ILHOG�DQG�DXWRPDWLF�UHFRUGLQJ�RI�(65�OLQHV��7HP �SHUDWXUH�VWDELOL]DWLRQ�LV�SHUIRUPHG�VLPXOWD �QHRXVO\�ZLWK�FRQWURO�RYHU�WKH�PDJQHWLF�ILHOGDQG�UHJLVWHULQJ�RI�(65�OLQH��:KHQ�VWXG\LQJVXEVWDQFHV� ZLWK� ORZ� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� RISDUDPDJQHWLF� FHQWHUV�� WKH� VHQVLWLYLW\� LV� LQ �FUHDVHG�WKURXJK�WKH�UHJLPH�RI�DFFXPXODWLQJGDWD� IURP� PXOWLSOH� PHDVXUHPHQWV� RI� WKH(65� OLQH� �)LJ������:H�KDYH� DOVR� LQWURGXFHGDQ�DGGLWLRQDO�GLJLWDO� LQWHJUDWLRQ�RI�WKH�VLJ �QDO� IURP� WKH� V\QFKURQRXV� GHWHFWRU�� :KHQWKH� (65� OLQH� LV� UHFRUGHG�� WKH� SURJUDPVKRZV� WKH� PHDVXUHG� YDOXHV� RI� WKH� DEVRUS �WLRQ�VLJQDO�LQ�JUDSKLF�IRUP�RQ�WKH�VFUHHQ�LQUHDO�WLPH��7KH�VRIWZDUH�XVHV�DXWRPDWLF�GHIL �QLWLRQ�DOJRULWKPV�RI�(65�OLQH�ZLGWK�DQG�LWVFHQWHU��7KH�(65�FXUYH�ZLGWK� LV�GHWHUPLQHGDV� WKH� GLVWDQFH� EHWZHHQ� WKH�PD[LPXP� DQGWKH� PLQLPXP� RI� WKH� ILUVW� GHULYDWLYH� IURPWKH� DEVRUSWLRQ� OLQH�� ZKHUHDV� LWV� FHQWHU� LVGHILQHG�DV�D�SRLQW�ZKHUH�WKH�OLQH�LQWHUVHFWVZLWK�[�FRRUGLQDWH�D[LV��6RIWZDUH�DXWRPDWHGUHJLPH�RI�WKH�LQWHJUDWLQJ�YROWPHWHU�LV�XVHGWR�FRPSHQVDWH�IRU�WKH�FLUFXLW�HUURU��,Q� FDVHV� ZKHQ� WKH� (65� VSHFWUXP� LV� DEURDG��ORZ�LQWHQVLW\�OLQH��WKH�FXUYH�SDUDPH �WHUV� FDQQRW� EH� GHWHUPLQHG� SUHFLVHO\� XVLQJQXPHULFDO� PHWKRGV� EHFDXVH� RI� WKH� QRLVHVWKDW�RYHUODS�ZLWK�WKH�(65�FXUYH��7KH�DOJR �ULWKP� RI� ILWWLQJ� WKH� H[SHULPHQWDO� FXUYH� WRWKHRUHWLFDO� RQH� LV� XVHG� WR� REWDLQ� D� VPRRWKFXUYH�� ,I� D� UHDO� (65� VSHFWUXP� FDQQRW� EHGHVFULEHG� E\� HLWKHU� /RUHQW]� RU�*DXVV� IXQF �WLRQV��WKH�FHQWUDO�SDUW�RI�LQLWLDO�H[SHULPHQ �WDO� (65� VSHFWUD� LV� DSSUR[LPDWHG� ZLWK� DSRO\QRPLDO�RI�KLJKHVW�SRZHU��ZKLFK�ORRNV�DVIROORZV� I(+) = D� + D�(+� − +) +��D�(+� − +)+��� + DQ(+� − +)�� ���
ZKHUH� +� LV� WKH� OLQH� FHQWHU� GHILQHG� DV� DSRLQW� ZKHUH� WKH� ILUVW� GHULYDWLYH� RI� DEVRUS �WLRQ� OLQH� LQWHUVHFWV� ]HUR�� DL DUH� FRHIILFLHQWVRI�SRO\QRPLDO�GHWHUPLQHG�E\�DSSUR[LPDWLRQ�Q��WKH�RUGHU�RI�WKH�SRO\QRPLDO��7KH�GHWHUPL �QDWLRQ�DOJRULWKP�RI�WKH�(65�OLQH�ZLGWK�DQGFHQWHU� LV� DV� IROORZV�� )LUVW�� WKH� FHQWHU� RIH[SHULPHQWDO� FXUYH� LV� GHWHUPLQHG� DQG� WKHDSSUR[LPDWLRQ�E\�IRUPXOD�����LV�FDUULHG�RXW�7KHQ�� WKH�FHQWHU�RI�(65� OLQH� LV�GHWHUPLQHGIURP�WKH�DSSUR[LPDWHG�FXUYH�DW�D�KLJKHU�SUH �
FLVLRQ�� DQG� WKH� VHFRQG� DSSUR[LPDWLRQ� RI� WKHH[SHULPHQWDO� OLQH� LV� FRQGXFWHG�� 7KH� ILQDOZLGWK� DQG� FHQWHU� RI� WKH� OLQH� DUH� GHWHUPLQHGEDVLQJ� RQ� WKH� ODVW� DSSUR[LPDWHG� FXUYH�:H� KDYH� LQYHVWLJDWHG� D� VHULHV� RI&G�±[0Q[7H VDPSOHV� ZLWK� PDQJDQHVH� FRQ�FHQWUDWLRQ�[ YDU\LQJ�RI������WR������DV�ZHOODV�0Q GRSHG�&G7H �&G7H�0Q��FU\VWDOV�JURZQE\� %ULGJPDQ� PHWKRG� RI� PDQJDQHVH� VXEVWL �WXWLRQ� IRU� FDGPLXP�� 7KH� FU\VWDO� XQGHUVWXG\� KDV� WKH� VWUXFWXUH� RI� D� ]LQF� EOHQGH�7KH� PDLQ� SDUWLFXODULWLHV� RI� (65� VSHFWUXPRI�&G�±[0Q[7H DW�ORZ�PDQJDQHVH�FRQFHQWUD�WLRQV�DUH�DV�IROORZV��J\URPDJQHWLF�UDWLR� J LVDOPRVW� HTXDO� WR� J�IDFWRU� RI� IUHH� HOHFWURQ��������J ���������LVRWURSLF�K\SHUILQH�VWUXF �WXUH�FRQVLVWLQJ�RI�VL[�OLQHV�FDQ�EH�REVHUYHGDV� D� UHVXOW� RI� LQWHUDFWLRQ� EHWZHHQ� � V��G�DQG� �V�G��V FRQILJXUDWLRQV�� D� ILQH� VWUXF�WXUH�LV�DOVR�YLVLEOH�DV�D�UHVXOW�RI�DQLVRWURSLFLQIOXHQFH�� 7KH� OLQH� VKDSH� LV� VLPLODU� WR*DXVVLDQ�� $V� WKH� PDQJDQHVH� FRQFHQWUDWLRQLQFUHDVHV�� WKH� VSHFWUXP� ILQH� VWUXFWXUH� GLV �DSSHDUV� �DW� [ !������� DQG� WKH� OLQH� VKDSHFKDQJHV�WR�WKH�/RUHQW]�RQH��$W�KLJK�FRQFHQ �WUDWLRQV�� FRQVLGHUDEOH� EURDGHQLQJ� RI� (65OLQH�FDQ�EH�REVHUYHG�DV�WKH�WHPSHUDWXUH�GH �FUHDVHV��ZKLFK� LV� WKH� UHVXOW� RI� WKH� LQWHUQDOILHOG�LQFUHDVH�GXH�WR�ILQDO�FOXVWHUV�RI�DQWLI �HUURPDJQHWLF�RUGHULQJ��7KH�(65� OLQHV� IRU� DOO� WKH� DERYH� VDPSOHVDUH�V\PPHWULFDO�WKURXJKRXW�WKH�ZKROH�WHP �SHUDWXUH� LQWHUYDO� DQG� VKDSHG� VLPLODU� WR/RUHQW]�W\SH��ZKLFK�FRUUHODWHV�ZHOO�ZLWK�WKHSUHYLRXV� UHVXOWV� >�@�� 7KH� DEVRUSWLRQ� OLQH� LVGHILQHG� E\� WKH� PDQJDQHVH� LRQ� 0Q���� $Q\H[SOLFLW�PDJQHWLF�DQLVRWURS\�D[HV�FDQQRW�EHREVHUYHG� LQ� WKHVH� VDPSOHV�� )LJ���� VKRZV
)LJ����� (65� VSHFWUXP� RI� WKH� VDPSOH� RI+J�±[&U[6H W\SH� ZLWK� [ ������ DW� WKH� WHP�SHUDWXUH� 7 ������� z�� IRU� WKH� RQO\� UHDOL]D�WLRQ��D���DQG�IRU����UHDOL]DWLRQV��E���
,�,YDQFKHQNR�HW�DO����$XWRPDWHG�(65�VSHFWURPHWHU����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
WHPSHUDWXUH�GHSHQGHQFHV�RI�(65�OLQH�ZLGWKIRU�PDQJDQHVH� FRQWHQW� �²�� RI� ����� WR� �����7KH� PDQJDQHVH� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� UDQJH� IURPWKH�PLQLPXP�WR�² �����VKRZV�RQO\�D�VOLJKWWHPSHUDWXUH� GHSHQGHQFH� LQ� WKH� UDQJH� IURPURRP� WHPSHUDWXUH� WR�KHOLXP�RQH��+RZHYHU�DV�WKH�0Q�� LQFUHDVHV�IXUWKHU��WKH�(65�OLQHZLGWK� LQFUHDVHV�� DQG� WKH� WHPSHUDWXUH� GH �SHQGHQFH� RI� (65� OLQH� ZLGWK� VKRZV� DQ� DUHDZLWK� DQRPDORXVO\� KLJK� JURZWK� UDWH� DW� HDFKFRPSRVLWLRQ�� 7KLV� IDFW� UHVXOWV� IURP� WKH� LQ �FUHDVLQJ� LQWHUQDO� PDJQHWLF� ILHOG� GHILQHG� E\WKH�SUHVHQFH� RI� ILQDO� DQWLIHUURPDJQHWLF� FOXV �WHUV�>�@��,Q�WKLV�FDVH��EURDGHQLQJ�RI�(65�OLQHFDQ� EH� REVHUYHG� ORQJ� EHIRUH� WKH� WUDQVLWLRQWHPSHUDWXUH�WR�WKH�VSLQ�JODVV�SKDVH��7J���,W�LVMXVW� WKLV� IDFW� WKDW� IRUPV� D� EDVH� IRU� WKHPHWKRG�RI�GHWHUPLQDWLRQ�WKH�VSLQ�JODVV�WUDQ �VLWLRQ�WHPSHUDWXUH�7J XVLQJ�(65�PHWKRG�,Q�RUGHU�WR�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�VSLQ�JODVV�WUDQ �VLWLRQ� WHPSHUDWXUH� 7J�� H[SHULPHQWDO� GDWDKDYH�EHHQ�DSSUR[LPDWHG�E\�WKH�IRUPXOD�����ZKLFK� GHVFULEHV� WKH� OLQH� ZLGWK� LQFUHDVH� DWWKH�WHPSHUDWXUH�GHFUHDVH�>�@��
∆+SS = $
7J7 − 7J
α
+ %
Θ7 + �
�� ���
ZKHUH�% LV�WKH�WHPSHUDWXUH�LQGHSHQGHQW�OLQHZLGWK�� D�� D� FULWLFDO� LQGLFDWRU�� θ LV� D�&XULH�:HLVV�WHPSHUDWXUH��7KH�HPSLULFDO�SLFWXUH�RIWKH� VSLQ� JODVV� IRUPDWLRQ� IRU� WKHVH� VDPSOHVKDV� EHHQ� UHFRQVWUXFWHG� EDVLQJ� RQ� WKH� FRQ �FHSW� RI� VSRQWDQHRXV� IRUPDWLRQ� RI� FOXVWHUVZLWK� DQWLIHUURPDJQHWLF� RUGHULQJ�� $V� WKHWHPSHUDWXUH� GHFUHDVHV�� WKH� YROXPH� RI� FOXV �WHUV� LQFUHDVHV�� 7KH� KLJKHU� PDQJDQHVH� FRQ �FHQWUDWLRQ� LQ�D� VDPSOH� LV�� WKH�KLJKHU� LV�WKHWHPSHUDWXUH�DW�ZKLFK�WKH�YROXPH�RI�FOXVWHUVLQFUHDVHV�WR�WKH�SRLQW�RI�WKHLU�FRQWDFW��,W�LVEHORZ� WKLV� WHPSHUDWXUH� WKDW� WKH�ZKROH� VXE �VWDQFH� WUDQVLWV� LQWR� WKH� VSLQ� JODVV� SKDVH�8QOLNH� WKH� SDUDPDJQHWLF� SKDVH�ZKHUH�PDJ �QHWLF� PRPHQWV� IOXFWXDWH� LQ� WLPH�� WKH� VSLQJODVV�SKDVH�LV�FKDUDFWHULVHG�E\�WKH�SUHVHQFHRI� �IUR]HQ�� PDJQHWLF� PRPHQWV� >�@�� 7KLVPHDQV� WKDW� DWRPLF�PDJQHWLF�PRPHQWV� KDYHQRQ�]HUR�WLPH�DYHUDJHG�YHFWRU�YDOXHV��7KH�SURSHUWLHV�RI�&G7H�0Q VDPSOHV�GLIIHUIURP�WKRVH�GHVFULEHG�DERYH��:H�KDYH�PHDV �XUHG� (65� VSHFWUD� RI� &G7H�0Q LQ� WKH� WHP�SHUDWXUH� UDQJH� ��Ü���� .�� $Q� H[SOLFLW� DQ �LVRWURS\� LQ� WKH� VDPSOH�PDJQHWLF� SURSHUWLHVFDQ� EH� REVHUYHG� DW� URRP� WHPSHUDWXUH�� DW� DFHUWDLQ�VDPSOH�RULHQWDWLRQ��D�VLQJOH�V\PPHW �ULF� OLQH� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR� 0Q�� FDQ� EH� RE�VHUYHG�� $V� WKH� VDPSOH� LV� URWDWHG�� DQ� XQUH �
VROYHG� K\SHUILQH� VWUXFWXUH� DSSHDUV� ZKLFKUHVROYHV� DW� WKH� WHPSHUDWXUH�GHFUHDVH��%LYD �OHQW� 0Q�� LRQV� KDYH� �G��FRQILJXUDWLRQ� DQGWKH� EDVLF� VWDWH� �6����� 7KH� FU\VWDO� ILHOG� UH�YRNHV� SDUWLDOO\� WKH� ��IROG� GHJHQHUDWLRQ� RIWKH�JURXQG�VWDWH��KRZHYHU��LW�FDQQRW�UHYRNHLW� IXOO\�� DW� EHVW�� WKLV� VWDWH� FDQ� EH� GLYLGHGLQWR�WKUHH�&UDPPHUV�GRXEOHWV��,Q�WKLV�FDVH�WKH� 0Q�� (65� VSHFWUXP� FRQVLVWV� RI� ILYHUHVRQDQFH� OLQHV� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR� WKH� WKLQWUDQVLWLRQ� VWUXFWXUH� IRU� ∆0 ����� 7KHVFKHPH� RI� HQHUJ\� OHYHOV� GHSHQGV� RQ� WKHDQJOH� EHWZHHQ� PDJQHWLF� ILHOG� DQG� FU\VWDO �ORJUDSKLF� D[HV�� $V� WKH� 0Q�� QXFOHXV� KDVPDJQHWLF� PRPHQW� , ������ WKH� LQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQ� WKH� HOHFWURQ� DQG� QXFOHDU� PDJQHWLFPRPHQWV�UHVXOWV�LQ�VSOLWWLQJ�RI�HDFK�HQHUJ\OHYHO� RI� WKH� ILQH� VWUXFWXUH� LQWR� VL[� DGGL �WLRQDO�OHYHOV��7KH�VLPSOHVW�VSLQ�+DPLOWRQLDQIRU�0Q�� LQ�D�FXELF�FU\VWDO�ORRNV�DV�IROORZV�
+ = Jβ+⋅⋅6 + D�(6[� + 6\� + 6]�) + $, ⋅ 6� ����
ZKHUH�J LV�WKH�VSHFWURVFRSLF�VSOLWWLQJ�IDFWRU�
� WKH� %RKU� PDJQHWRQ�� D LV� D� FXELF� ILHOGFRQVWDQW��$��WKH�FRQVWDQW�RI�K\SHUILQH�LQWHU �DFWLRQ�ZLWK�0Q�� QXFOHXV��$V� WKH� WHPSHUDWXUH� GHFUHDVHV�� WKH� VSHF �WUXP� VWUXFWXUH� EHFRPHV� PRUH� UHVROYHG� EH �FDXVH� RI� WKH� QDUURZLQJ� RI� VLQJOH� UHVRQDQFHOLQHV�GXH�WR�UHOD[DWLRQ�SURFHVVHV��7KH�YDOXHRI�K\SHUILQH� VSOLWWLQJ� LV������*DXVV��:KHQWKH�DQJOH�EHWZHHQ�WKH�GLUHFWLRQ�RI�PDJQHWLFILHOG�+ DQG�WKH�SRODU�D[LV�RI�WKH�FU\VWDO� LV
ϕ ������ D� FKDUDFWHULVWLF� OLQH� VXSHUSRVLWLRQWDNHV� SODFH�� ZLWK� OLQHV� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WRWUDQVLWLRQV�ZLWK� WKH� VDPH�SURMHFWLRQ�RI�QX �FOHDU�VSLQ�RQWR�WKH�GLUHFWLRQ�+��$V�WKLV�FDVHLV� HTXLYDOHQW� WR� WKH� FU\VWDO� ILHOG� DEVHQFH�
)LJ�����7HPSHUDWXUH�GHSHQGHQFHV�RI�(65�OLQHZLGWK�IRU�&G�±[0Q[7H VDPSOHV�ZLWK�GLIIHUHQWPDQJDQHVH�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ��[���������������������������������������������������������
,�,YDQFKHQNR�HW�DO����$XWRPDWHG�(65�VSHFWURPHWHU����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
WKH� REVHUYHG� VL[� SHDNV� FRUUHVSRQG� WR� WKHWUDQVLWLRQV� EHWZHHQ� WKH� OHYHOV� RI� K\SHUILQHVWUXFWXUH� �)LJ������ )RU� RWKHU� DQJOHV� ϕ�� WKHVSHFWUXP� VWUXFWXUH� FKDQJHV� FRQVLGHUDEO\GXH� WR� FRPELQDWLRQV� RI� GLIIHUHQW� K\SHUILQHVWUXFWXUH� OLQHV� EHORQJLQJ� WR� GLIIHUHQW� HOH �PHQWV�RI�WKLQ�VWUXFWXUH����)RU�WKH�RULHQWDWLRQ
ϕ ������ZH�KDYH�GHWHUPLQHG�OLQH�SDUDPHWHUV�$V� WKH� VSHFWUXP� LV� QRW� IXOO\� UHVROYHG�� ZHKDYH� DSSUR[LPDWHG� WKH� H[SHULPHQWDO� VSHFWUDZLWK�WKH�IROORZLQJ�IXQFWLRQ�
,(+) = ∑L=�
� I(+ − +� + (L − ���)∆+S)�� ����
ZKHUH�+� LV� D� PDJQHWLF� ILHOG� YDOXH� FRUUH �VSRQGLQJ�WR�WKH�FHQWHU�RI�(65�VLJQDO�� ∆+S�WKH� K\SHUILQH� VSOLWWLQJ�YDOXH�� I�+��� D� IXQF�WLRQ�GHVFULELQJ�WKH�OLQH�VKDSH�RI�D�K\SHUILQHVWUXFWXUH�VLQJOH�FRPSRQHQW�$V�I�+���ZH�WDNH�*DXVVLDQ�IXQFWLRQ�
I(K) = −
+
∆+
H−( +
∆+)��� ����
RU�WKDW�RI�/RUHQW]�
I(+) = −
+
∆+
� +
+
∆+
�
�
����
IRU� WKH� ILUVW� GHULYDWLYH� RQ� WKH� DEVRUSWLRQOLQH��+HUH��∆+ LV�WKH�OLQH�ZLGWK��$V�D�UHVXOW��ZH�KDYH�GHWHUPLQHG�WKH�YDO �XHV� ∆+S�� ∆+ DQG�+��� 7KH� YDOXHV� RI� UHVR�QDQFH�PDJQHWLF�ILHOG�DQG�RI�K\SHUILQH�VSOLW �WLQJ�GR�QRW�FKDQJH�DV�WKH�WHPSHUDWXUH�GHFUHDVHDQG� UHPDLQ� +� ������ *DXVV� �FRUUHVSRQGVWR J ����������∆+S ������*DXVV� 7KH�ZLGWKRI�D�VLQJOH�UHVRQDQFH�OLQH�GHFUHDVHV�PRQRWR �QRXVO\�ZLWK�GHFUHDVLQJ�WHPSHUDWXUH��DQG�LWVVKDSH� UHPDLQV� WKH� *DXVVLDQ�� 0Q�� (65VSHFWUD� LQ� &G�±[0Q[7H ZLWK� [ ������� KDYHEHHQ�VWXGLHG�LQ�GHWDLO�LQ�>�Ü�@��7R�FRQFOXGH��WKH���FP�(65�VSHFWURPHWHUSUHVHQWHG� KHUH� KDV� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� FRPSDW �LEOH�ZLWK�WKRVH�RI�ZHOO�NQRZQ�DQDORJXHV��,WVNH\� SDUWLFXODULW\�� KRZHYHU�� LV� WKH� XVH� RIVRIWZDUH� PDNLQJ� LW� SRVVLEOH� WR� VWXG\� VXE �VWDQFHV�ZLWK�ORZ�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�RI�SDUDPDJ �QHWLF�FHQWHUV��7KH�SURJUDPV�RI�H[SHULPHQWDO
(65� VSHFWUD� SURFHVVLQJ� SURYLGH� GHWHUPLQD �WLRQ�RI�WKH�ZLGWK�DQG�WKH�FHQWHU�RI�(65�OLQHDV�ZHOO�DV�WKH�IXQFWLRQ�FRUUHVSRQGLQJ�WR�WKH(65�OLQH�VKDSH�RI�ERWK�IRU�VLQJOH�DQG�FRP �SOH[�DEVRUSWLRQ�OLQHV�WKDW�GHVFULEH�ILQH�DQGK\SHUILQH� VWUXFWXUHV�� 7KH� DGYDQWDJHV� RIWKLV�VSHFWURPHWHU�DUH�H[SOLFDWHG�LQ�WKH�SUH �VHQWHG�(65�VSHFWUD� RI� D� QXPEHU� RI�GLOXWHGPDJQHWLF� VHPLFRQGXFWRUV� RI� &G�±[0Q[7HW\SH�ZLWK�PDQJDQHVH� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� [ UDQJ�LQJ�IURP������WR�������([SHULPHQWDO�UHVXOWVDUH� DQDO\VHG� EDVLQJ� RQ� H[LVWLQJ� SK\VLFDOPRGHOV�WKDW�GHVFULEH�GLOXWHG�PDJQHWLF�VHPL �FRQGXFWRU� SURSHUWLHV� LQ� WKH� JLYHQ� WHPSHUD �WXUH� UDQJH�� 3UHOLPLQDU\� LQYHVWLJDWLRQV� RIGLIIHUHQW� VXEVWDQFHV� RI� RUJDQLF� DQG� LQRU �JDQLF� QDWXUH� VKRZ� WKDW� WKH� VSHFWURPHWHUFDQ� EH� DSSOLHG� LQ� D�QXPEHU� RI� H[SHULPHQWVLQ�PHGLFLQH�DQG�ELRORJ\��6DPSOHV� RI� &G�±[0Q[7H W\SH� KDYH� EHHQVXSSOLHG�E\�RXU�FROOHDJXHV�IURP�WKH�)DFXOW\RI� 0LFURHOHFWURQLFV� DW� &KHUQLYWVL� 1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\�� 5HIHUHQFHV���$�$�9HUWL\�� ,�9�,YDQFKHQNR�� 1�$�3RSHQNR� HWDO���,QW��-��RI�, 00:���������������������-�.�)XUG\QD��-��$SSO��3K\V�������5�������������*�k�3HWUDNRYVNLL��6RURV�(GXF��-�������������������0�)�'HLJHQ��9�<D�=HYLQ�� ,�0�0DHYVNLL� HW� DO��6ROLG�6WDWH�3K\V���������������������-�/DPEH�� &�.LNXFKL�� 3K\V��5HY��� ����� ��������������7�3�3�+DOO�� :�+D\HV�� 7�-�5�:LOOLDPV�� 3URF�3K\V��6RF������������������
)LJ����� (65� VSHFWUXP� RI� &G7H�0Q� FU\VWDO� IRU
ϕ ���� DW�7 �����z��
,�,YDQFKHQNR�HW�DO����$XWRPDWHG�(65�VSHFWURPHWHU����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
km�ºäÈ�ÒϺmÈÓÒ®�pvc�°¹Ë}�¯ºäË�¯�ã«�¯LÏÓºäÈÓL�ÓÒ²�ÏȰ�º°�mÈÓ
,�{�,mÈÓ�ËÓ}º��v���zȯËãLÓ��s�|��º¹ËÓ}º
�� °�È��L� ¹¯Ë�°�ÈmãËÓÒ®� Èm�ºäÈ�ÒϺmÈÓÒ®� pvc� °¹Ë}�¯ºäË�¯�� v¹Ë}�¯ºäË�¯� �ºÏmºã«¼¹¯ºmº�Ò�Ò�mÒäL¯
mÈÓÓ«�m�LÓ�˯mÈãL��Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯����Ü����z��pvc�°¹Ë}�¯ºäË�¯�°�mº¯ËÓÒ®ÏÈ�°�ÈÓ�ȯ�Óº
°²Ëäº
LÏ�°�¹Ë¯�Ë�˯º�ÒÓÓÒä�s{ �¹¯Ò®äÈ�Ëä��È�äº��ã«�L¼
äÈ�ÓL�Óº��º�¹ºã«����¯º�¯ÈäÓË�ÏÈËϹË�ËÓÓ«��ã«�pvc�°¹Ë}�¯ºäË�¯È�¯ºÏ¯ºãËÓº���mÒ�ã«�L�¼�ÒÓº�º¹¯º�¯ÈäÓº�º�äº��ã«��«}Ò®��ºÏmºã«¼�¹¯ºmº�Ò�Ò��°L�mÒ�Ò�Ë}°¹Ë¯ÒäËÓ�Lm��qº�º�°�¯�}��¯ÈÈÏ�¼� °«�ÓÈ�¹¯ÒÓ�ҹȲ�°�¯�}��¯Óº�º�¹¯º�¯Èä�mÈÓÓ«��È�ËãËäËÓ�Ȳ�º�¼}�Óº�º¯L¼Ó�ºmÈ�Óº�º�¹¯º�¯Èä�mÈÓÓ«��«}L�ÏÈËϹË��
� mÏȼäÓ��ÓËÏÈãËÎÓL°� �Èã�º¯Ò�äLm��È�äºÎãÒmL°� ¯ºÏ�Ò¯ËÓÓ«� ¹¯º�¯ÈäÓº�º� ÏÈËϹË�ËÓÓ«�� �˯ËmÈ�Ò� °¹Ë}�¯ºäË�¯È� ¹¯º�ËäºÓ°�¯ºmÈÓº� Óȹ¯Ò}ãÈ�L� �º°ãL�ÎËÓ ²È¯È}�˯Ұ�Ò}� ÓȹLmäÈ�ÓL�ÓÒ²� ÓȹLm¹¯ºmL�ÓÒ}Lm�� �¯ºmË�ËÓL� ÓȰ¹Ë}�¯ºäË�¯L�¹º¹Ë¯Ë�ÓL��º°ãL�ÎËÓÓ«�¯LÏÓºäÈÓL�ÓÒ²�¯Ë�ºmÒÓ�º¯�ÈÓL�Óº���È�Ó˺¯�ÈÓL�Óº�¹¯Ò¯º�Ò�°mL��È� ¹¯º�äºÎãÒmL°� ®º�º�ËÁË}�ÒmÓº�º�mÒ}º¯Ò°�ÈÓÓ«��È}ºÎ���äË�Ò�ÒÓL��ÈLºãº�L��
,�,YDQFKHQNR�HW�DO����$XWRPDWHG�(65�VSHFWURPHWHU����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
|