On the formation of oxide species in melts of CsCl-LiCl-YCl₃ system
Gespeichert in:
Datum: | 2011 |
---|---|
Hauptverfasser: | , , , |
Format: | Artikel |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
2011
|
Schriftenreihe: | Functional Materials |
Schlagworte: | |
Online Zugang: | http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135406 |
Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
Zitieren: | On the formation of oxide species in melts of CsCl-LiCl-YCl₃ system / V.L. Cherginets, T.P. Rebrova, T.V. Ponomarenko, Yu.I. Dolzhenko // Functional Materials. — 2011. — Т. 18, № 1. — С. 84-88. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. |
Institution
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraineid |
irk-123456789-135406 |
---|---|
record_format |
dspace |
spelling |
irk-123456789-1354062018-06-16T03:04:21Z On the formation of oxide species in melts of CsCl-LiCl-YCl₃ system Cherginets, V.L. Rebrova, T.P. Ponomarenko, T.V. Dolzhenko, Yu.I. Characterization and properties 2011 Article On the formation of oxide species in melts of CsCl-LiCl-YCl₃ system / V.L. Cherginets, T.P. Rebrova, T.V. Ponomarenko, Yu.I. Dolzhenko // Functional Materials. — 2011. — Т. 18, № 1. — С. 84-88. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. 1027-5495 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135406 en Functional Materials НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
collection |
DSpace DC |
language |
English |
topic |
Characterization and properties Characterization and properties |
spellingShingle |
Characterization and properties Characterization and properties Cherginets, V.L. Rebrova, T.P. Ponomarenko, T.V. Dolzhenko, Yu.I. On the formation of oxide species in melts of CsCl-LiCl-YCl₃ system Functional Materials |
format |
Article |
author |
Cherginets, V.L. Rebrova, T.P. Ponomarenko, T.V. Dolzhenko, Yu.I. |
author_facet |
Cherginets, V.L. Rebrova, T.P. Ponomarenko, T.V. Dolzhenko, Yu.I. |
author_sort |
Cherginets, V.L. |
title |
On the formation of oxide species in melts of CsCl-LiCl-YCl₃ system |
title_short |
On the formation of oxide species in melts of CsCl-LiCl-YCl₃ system |
title_full |
On the formation of oxide species in melts of CsCl-LiCl-YCl₃ system |
title_fullStr |
On the formation of oxide species in melts of CsCl-LiCl-YCl₃ system |
title_full_unstemmed |
On the formation of oxide species in melts of CsCl-LiCl-YCl₃ system |
title_sort |
on the formation of oxide species in melts of cscl-licl-ycl₃ system |
publisher |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
publishDate |
2011 |
topic_facet |
Characterization and properties |
url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135406 |
citation_txt |
On the formation of oxide species in melts of CsCl-LiCl-YCl₃ system / V.L. Cherginets, T.P. Rebrova, T.V. Ponomarenko, Yu.I. Dolzhenko // Functional Materials. — 2011. — Т. 18, № 1. — С. 84-88. — Бібліогр.: 8 назв. — англ. |
series |
Functional Materials |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT cherginetsvl ontheformationofoxidespeciesinmeltsofcsclliclycl3system AT rebrovatp ontheformationofoxidespeciesinmeltsofcsclliclycl3system AT ponomarenkotv ontheformationofoxidespeciesinmeltsofcsclliclycl3system AT dolzhenkoyui ontheformationofoxidespeciesinmeltsofcsclliclycl3system |
first_indexed |
2025-07-09T23:14:20Z |
last_indexed |
2025-07-09T23:14:20Z |
_version_ |
1837213012332642304 |
fulltext |
2Q�WKH�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�R[LGH�VSHFLHVLQ�PHOWV�RI�&V&O±/L&O±<&O� V\VWHP
9�/�&KHUJLQHWV��7�3�5HEURYD��7�9�3RQRPDUHQNR��<X�,�'RO]KHQNR
,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6FLQWLOODWLRQ�0DWHULDOV��67&��,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV���1DWLRQDO
$FDGHP\�RI�6FLHQFHV�RI�8NUDLQH�����/HQLQ�$YH���������.KDUNLY��8NUDLQH
1DWLRQDO�7HFKQLFDO�8QLYHUVLW\��.KDUNLY�3RO\WHFKQLFDO�,QVWLWXWH��
���)UXQ]H�6W���������.KDUNLY��8NUDLQH
5HFHLYHG�1RYHPEHU��������
,QWHUDFWLRQV�RI�R[LGH�LRQV�ZLWK�/L���&V&O�/L&O�V\VWHP��DQG�<����&V&O±/L&O�<&O��V\VWHP�DW� ����&� KDYH� EHHQ� VWXGLHG� E\� SRWHQWLRPHWULF� PHWKRG� XVLQJ� D� 3W�2��_=U2��<�2��� R[\JHQHOHFWURGH� WR� GHWHUPLQH� WKH� HTXLOLEULXP� 2�±� PRODOLW\�� 7KH� DGGLWLRQ� RI� /L�� WR� &V&O� PHOW
UHVXOWV�LQ�2�±�IL[DWLRQ�LQ�/L�2�FRPSOH[��./L��� ������r���������� �PRODOLW\�VFDOH���7KH�VROX�ELOLW\� SURGXFW� RI� /L�2� LQ� �&V&O±/L&O� PHOW� LV� .V� ������PRO��NJÜ��� $GGLWLRQ� RI� <��� WR
�&V&O±/L&O�FDXVHV�WKH�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�<2��FRPSOH[��.<��� ������r�����������7KH�IRUPDWLRQ�RI<2��UHWDUGV� WKH�SXULILFDWLRQ�RI�&V&O±/L&O�<&O��PHOW�IURP�R[LGH� LPSXULWLHV�ZKLFK�ZRUVHQWKH�TXDOLW\�RI�UDUH�HDUWK�EDVHG�VFLQWLOODWLRQ�VLQJOH�FU\VWDOV�
{ÏÈÒäº�Ë®°�mÒ«� º}°Ò��ÒºÓºm� °� }È�ÒºÓÈäÒ� /L�� �°Ò°�ËäÈ� &V&O�/L&O�� Ò� <��� �°Ò°�ËäÈ
&V&O±/L&O�<&O��� ¹¯Ò� ����&� ÒÏ��ËÓ©� ¹º�ËÓ�ÒºäË�¯Ò�˰}Òä� äË�º�ºä� °� Ò°¹ºã ϺmÈÓÒËä}Ұ㺯º�Óº�º� ªãË}�¯º�È� 3W�2��_=U2��<�2��� �ã«� º¹¯Ë�ËãËÓÒ«� ¯ÈmÓºm˰Ӻ®� äºã«ã Óº°�Ò2�±�� �¯ÒÈmãËÓÒË� /L�� }� ¯È°¹ãÈm��&V&O� mË�Ë�� }� °m«Ï©mÈÓÒ
�2�±� m� }ºä¹ãË}°©� °º°�ÈmÈ
/L�2�� ./L��� ������r���������� �äºã«ã ÓÈ«� �}ÈãÈ��� �¯ºÒÏmË�ËÓÒË� ¯È°�mº¯Ò亰�Ò� /L�2� m¯È°¹ãÈmË��&V&O±/L&O�¯ÈmÓº�.V� ������äºã ��}�Ü���{mË�ËÓÒË�<���m�¯È°¹ãÈm��&V&O±/L&O�¹¯Ò�
mº�Ò��}�º¯ÈϺmÈÓÒ
�}ºä¹ãË}°ºm�<2���.<��� ������r�����������|¯ÈϺmÈÓÒË�<2��ÏÈäË�ã«�
Ë�� ¹¯º�˰°� º�Ò°�}Ò� ¯È°¹ãÈmÈ�&V&O±/L&O�<&O�� º�� }Ұ㺯º�°º�˯ÎÈ�Ò²� ¹¯Òä˰ˮ�� �²����È
�Ò²� }È�˰�mº� °�ÒÓ�Òãã«�ÒºÓÓ©²� äºÓº}¯Ò°�Èããºm� ÓÈ� º°ÓºmË� �Èãº�ËÓÒ�ºm� ¯Ë�}º�
ÏËäËã Ó©²�äË�Èããºm�
���,QWURGXFWLRQ
6FLQWLOODWRUV� EDVHG� RQ� DONDOL� DQG� UDUH�
HDUWK� �5(�� PHWDO� KDOLGHV� DUH� DPRQJ� WKH
PRGHUQ�PDWHULDOV�EHLQJ�XQGHU�H[WHQVLYH�GH�
YHORSPHQW�� 7KHUH� DUH� D� ORW� RI� SXEOLFDWLRQV
GHYRWHG�WR�VXFK�PDWHULDOV�RI�GLIIHUHQW�FRP�
SRVLWLRQV�� WKH� SDSHUV� >����@� VKRXOG� EH�PHQ�
WLRQHG�DV�WKH�PRVW�UHFHQW�RQHV��7KHVH�PDWH�
ULDOV� FDQ�EH�REWDLQHG�E\�WZR�ZD\V��7KH�GU\
ZD\� LQFOXGHV� RQO\� PL[LQJ� XOWUDSXUH� DQK\�
GURXV� KDOLGHV� DQG� WKH� FU\VWDO� JURZWK�� 7KH
ZHW� PHWKRG� FRQVLVWV� LQ� GLVVROXWLRQ� RI� 5(
R[LGHV� �WKH�PRVW�DYDLODEOH�FRPPHUFLDO�IRUP
RI�5(� FRPSRXQGV�� DQG� DONDOL�PHWDO� KDOLGHV
LQ�WKH�FRUUHVSRQGLQJ�DFLG��HYDSRUDWLRQ��GU\�
LQJ�� DQG� FDOFLQDWLRQ� RI� WKH� UDZ�� 7KH� UDZ
PDWHULDO� VR� REWDLQHG� LV� XVHG� WR� JURZ� FU\V�
WDOV�� )URP� WKH� YLHZSRLQW� RI� H[SHQVHV�� WKH
ODWWHU� ZD\� LV� FRQVLGHUDEO\� FKHDSHU� EXW� LWV
XVH� UHVXOWV� RIWHQ� LQ� WKDW� WKH� REWDLQHG� VFLQ�
WLOODWRUV� DUH� ZRUVH� LQ� TXDOLW\� WKDQ� LQ� WKH
FDVH�RI�WKH�GU\�PHWKRG��7KH�PDLQ�UHDVRQ�IRU
WKLV� LV� FRQQHFWHG� ZLWK� WKH� GLIILFXOWLHV� RI
SXULILFDWLRQ�RI� WKH�UDZ�IURP�WUDFHV�RI�R[\�
JHQ�FRQWDLQLQJ�DGPL[WXUHV�DQG�PRLVWXUH��7R
VROYH� WKLV� SUREOHP�� LW� LV� QHFHVVDU\� WR� NQRZ
FHUWDLQ�SURSHUWLHV�RI�FRUUHVSRQGLQJ�UDZ�DQG
JURZWK�PHOW��H�J���WKHLU�DELOLW\�WR�IL[�R[LGH
LRQV�DQG�TXDQWLWDWLYH�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�RI�WKDW
SURFHVV� >�@��6XFK�LQIRUPDWLRQ�LV�DEVHQW��H[�
FOXGLQJ� >�@� ZKHUH� VRPH� SURSHUWLHV� RI
.&O±1D&O±&H&O�� V\VWHP� DUH� UHSRUWHG�� KRZ�
)XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� ��������67&��,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV�
�� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
HYHU��WKH�VDLG�V\VWHP�LV�QRW�RI�DQ\�SUDFWLFDO
LPSRUWDQFH�
&/<&��RU�&V�/L<&O��&H��LV�QRZ�RQH�RI�WKHPRVW� DWWUDFWLYH� PL[HG� VFLQWLOODWRUV�� 7KRU�
RXJK� LQYHVWLJDWLRQV� RI� WKDW� PDWHULDO� VKRZV
WKDW�LWV�OLJKW�\LHOG�YDULHV�EHWZHHQ�������>�@
DQG��������SKRWRQV�SHU�0H9� >�@� DQG� LW� GH�
SHQGV� RQ� WKH� ZD\� RI� WKH� FU\VWDO� REWDLQLQJ�
0RVW� SUREDEOH� UHDVRQ� RI� VXFK� YDULDWLRQ� LV
WKH� IRUPDWLRQ� RI� OLWKLXP� DQG� \WWULXP� R[R
FRPSRXQGV�LQ�PHOW�DQG��KHQFH��WKH�SUHVHQFH
WKHUHRI�LQ�WKH�VROLG�FU\VWDO��+RZHYHU��WKHUH
LV� QR� LQIRUPDWLRQ� DERXW� LQWHUDFWLRQV� RI� /L�
DQG� <��� FDWLRQV� ZLWK� R[R� DQLRQV� LQ� &V&O±
/L&O±<&O��V\VWHP�7KH� VWXG\� RI� LQWHUDFWLRQ� RI� &V&O�[/L&O
�[� ��Ü�����DQG��&V&O±/L&O�\<&O�� �\� ��Ü��PROWHQ� V\VWHPV� ZLWK�2�±� WR� GHWHUPLQH� WKH
PDLQ� IRUPV�RI�R[RFRPSOH[HV�DQG� WKH�FRUUH�
VSRQGLQJ� HTXLOLEULXP� FRQVWDQWV� LV� WKH� SXU�
SRVH�RI�WKLV�ZRUN�
���([SHULPHQWDO
&V&O� RI� UHDJHQW� TXDOLW\� ZLWK� WKH� WRWDO
PRODOLW\� RI� R[\JHQ�FRQWDLQLQJ� DGPL[WXUHV
��Ü��PRO�NJÜ�� RI� 2�±� �DIWHU� PHOWLQJ�� ZDV
XVHG� IRU� WKH� H[SHULPHQWV� ZLWKRXW� SXULILFD�
WLRQ��/L&O�ZDV�REWDLQHG�E\�GLVVROXWLRQ�RI�H[�
FHVV�/L�&2���H[WUD�SXUH����������/L�&2���LQDTXHRXV�+&O�RI�UHDJHQW�TXDOLW\��7KHQ��DIWHU
DGGLWLRQ� RI� 1+�&O� �����PROH� SHU� ��PROH� RI/L&O���WKH�VROXWLRQ�ZDV�HYDSRUDWHG��GULHG�DQG
FDOFLQHG�LQ�YDFXXP�DW�VWHSZLVH�WHPSHUDWXUH
LQFUHDVH�XS�WR�����&��<&O��ZDV�SUHSDUHG�E\GLVVROXWLRQ� RI� <�2�� �SXUH�� LQ� H[FHVV� �����
RI�K\GURFKORULF�DFLG�DQG�1+�&O� ���PROH�SHU�� PROH� RI� <&O��� ZDV� DGGHG� WR� WKH� IRUPHGVROXWLRQ��7KLV�VROXWLRQ�ZDV�GULHG�DQG�KHDWHG
LQ�YDFXXP�XS�WR�����&�ZLWK�KROGLQJ�DW����
DQG� ����&� IRU� �� K�� .2+� ZDV� RI� UHDJHQW
TXDOLW\�� SULRU� WR� WKH� H[SHULPHQW� LW� ZDV
PHOWHG�DQG�NHSW�LQ�$U�DWPRVSKHUH�IRU���K�DW
����&�
7KH� LQWHUDFWLRQ� RI� /L�� DQG�<��� ZLWK�2�±
LQ� WKH� DERYH�PHQWLRQHG� PHOWV� ZHUH� VWXGLHG
E\� GHWHUPLQDWLRQ� RI� HTXLOLEULXP�PRODO� FRQ�
FHQWUDWLRQ� RI� R[LGH� LRQ� LQ� WKH� PHOW�� 7KH
SRWHQWLRPHWULF� FHOO� IRU�WKRVH�VWXGLHV� LV�SUH�
VHQWHG�E\�WKH�IROORZLQJ�VFKHPH�
���3W_$J_$J����PHOW__PHOW���2��_<6=_3W�2������ ���
�ZKHUH� <6=� LV� ���� =U2�������� <�2�� FHUDP�LFV��DQG� LWV� FRQVWUXFWLRQ� LV�GHVFULEHG� LQ�GH�
WDLO� HOVHZKHUH� >�@�� 7KH� GHVFULSWLRQV� RI� WKH
SRWHQWLRPHWULF� WLWUDWLRQ�URXWLQH�DQG� WKH�VH�
TXHQWLDO� DGGLWLRQ� PHWKRG� �6$0�� DUH� SUH�
VHQWHG� WKHUH�� WRR�� 7R� SURYLGH� LQHUW� DWPRV�
SKHUH� LQ� WKH� FHOO�� KLJK�SXUH� ��������$U�ZDV
XVHG�
���5HVXOWV�DQG�GLVFXVVLRQ
6LQFH��&V&O±/L&O�PHOW� LV�DQ� LQWHUPHGLDWH
LQ� WKH� &V&Oo�&V&O±/L&Oo�&V&O±/L&O±<&O�VHTXHQFH��ZH�FKRVH�WKLV�PHOW�DV�D�UHIHUHQFH
RQH��7KH�SORW� RI� HPI� �(�� RI� WKH� FHOO� ���� YV�
S2��S2�{����ORJD2���|����ORJP2����D2���DQG�P2��
DUH� DFWLYLW\� DQG� PRODOLW\� RI� 2�±�� UHVSHF�
WLYHO\�� LV� SUHVHQWHG� LQ� )LJ����� 7KH� VORSH� RI
WKH� (ÜS2� FDOLEUDWLRQ� SORW� LV� QHFHVVDU\� WR
FDOFXODWH� WKH� WKHUPRG\QDPLF� SDUDPHWHUV� RI
HTXLOLEULD� ZKLFK� LV� GLVFXVVHG� LQ� ZKDW� IRO�
ORZV�
$V� LV�VHHQ��WKH�(ÜS2�SORW�FRQWDLQV� VRPH
IHDWXUHV��7KH�SRLQWV�FKRVHQ�IRU�WKH�FDOFXOD�
WLRQV� OLH� LQ� OLQH� ��� %HVLGH� RI� WKHVH� SRLQWV�
WKHUH� DUH� VRPH� IHDWXUHV� LQ� WKH� FDOLEUDWLRQ
GDWD�� 7KH� LQLWLDO� SRLQW� �GHVLJQDWHG� E\� ��
IDOOV�RXW�IURP�WKH�SORW�VLQFH�WKH��SXUH��PHOW
FRQWDLQV�R[LGH�LRQ�DGPL[WXUHV��RI�WKH�RUGHU
RI�����PRO�NJ���DQG�WKLV�UHDVRQ�FDXVHV�GHYLDWLRQV
RI�WKH�DFWXDO�2�±�PRODOLW\�IURP�DGGHG�DPRXQW
RI�R[LGH�LRQ�GRQRU��HVSHFLDOO\�DW�ORZ�FRQFHQWUD�
WLRQV��KHUH�����������PRO�NJ����7ZR�SRLQWV�LQ
RYDO��GHVLJQDWHG�E\����EHORQJ�WR�WKH�VDWXUDWHG
VROXWLRQ�UHJLRQ��WKH�DYHUDJH�HPI�YDOXH�LV�HTXDO
WR�������9�DQG�S2� �������7KLV�PHDQV�WKDW�WKH
�&V&O±/L&O� PHOW� LV� FKDUDFWHUL]HG� E\� XSSHU
EDVLFLW\�OLPLW�RI����������PRO�NJ��� LW� LV� LPSRV�
VLEOH� WR� DFKLHYH� KLJKHU� 2�±� FRQFHQWUDWLRQV
LQ�PHOW� RI� VXFK� D� FRPSRVLWLRQ��7DNLQJ� LQWR
DFFRXQW� WKDW� /L�� PRODOLW\� LQ� VDLG� PHOW� LV
�����PRO�NJ��� LW� LV�SRVVLEOH�WR�HVWLPDWH�WKH
VROXELOLW\�SURGXFW�RI�/L�2�
)LJ�����'HSHQGHQFH� RI� HPI� �(�� RI� FHOO� ����YV�
S2� LQ� �&V&O±/L&O�PHOW� DW� ����&����� WKH� FDOL�
EUDWLRQ� SORW�� ��� D� SRLQW� REWDLQHG� DW� ORZ�2�±
PRODOLW\�����WKH�VDWXUDWHG�VROXWLRQ�UHJLRQ�
9�/�&KHUJLQHWV�HW�DO����2Q�WKH�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�R[LGH����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��
.V�/L�2� �P/L�� ���P2���
���������������� �����PRO����NJ���
���
7KH� WUHDWPHQW�RI� WKH�SORW���E\�WKH� OHDVW
VTXDUHV� PHWKRG� JLYHV� WKH� IROORZLQJ� HTXD�
WLRQ�
(�
�������r��������������r��������S2�3� ��������
���
,QWHUDFWLRQV� LQ� &V&O±/L&O� V\VWHP� ZHUH
VWXGLHG� E\� VHTXHQWLDO� DGGLWLRQV� RI� /L&O
DPRXQWV� WR� PROWHQ�&V&O�� 7R� GHWHUPLQH� WKH
HTXLOLEULXP� FRQVWDQWV�� ZH� VXSSRVH� WKDW� WKH
DGGLWLRQ�RI�/L��WR�&V&O�PHOW�UHVXOWV�LQ�LQWHU�
DFWLRQV�
Q/L����2���#�/LQ2Q���./L�Q��Q� ��������� ���
DQG�WKH�EDODQFH�RI�2�±�PD\�EH�SUHVHQWHG�DV
P2��� � �P2��
§
¨
©
¨
¨
����¦�
L �
�
./L�L���P/L�Q
·
¸
¹
¸
¸
�
���
,W� LV� LPSRUWDQW�WKDW�WKLV�HTXDWLRQ�DOORZV
WR� REWDLQ� SRO\QRPLDO� GHSHQGHQFH�ZKLFK� FDQ
EH�HDVLO\�WUHDWHG�WDNLQJ�LQWR�DFFRXQW�WKDW
P2���
P2��� ���
(
���(&V&O
�
����� �
���
ZKHUH� (
� LV� HPI� YDOXH� RI� PHOW� DIWHU� /L�
DGGLWLRQ� WR� SXUH�&V&O��(&V&O� � LV� WKH� HPI� RI
�SXUH��&V&O�DQG�������LV�WKH�VORSH�RI�(ÜS2
SORW�����
��
(
���(&V&O
�
����� �{�P2���
P2��� �����¦./L�L
L �
�
���P/L�Q �
���
3ULQFLSDO� GHSHQGHQFH� RI� HPI� YV�� ORJD�
ULWKP�RI�/L��PRODOLW\� LV� SUHVHQWHG� LQ�)LJ���
�SORW� ���� 7KH� VORSH� RI� WKLV� SORW� LV� HTXDO� WR
�����r������ 9�� L�H�� H[FHHGV� WZLFH� WKDW� RI
WKH� FDOLEUDWLRQ� SORW�� 7KLV� FDQ� EH� H[SODLQHG
E\� WKH� IRUPDWLRQ�RI�/L�2� DV�WKH�PDLQ�SURG�XFW� RI� /L�±2�±� LQWHUDFWLRQV� LQ� WKH� FKORULGH
PHOW�� ,QGHHG�� DW� WKH� FRQVLGHUDEOH� H[FHVV� RI
/L�� �LWV� PRODOLW\� LQ� WKH� PHOW� LV�� DW� OHDVW�
�����WLPHV�KLJKHU�WKDQ�WKDW�RI�2�±��
7KH� H[SUHVVLRQ� IRU�./L�Q� FRQVWDQW� LV� H[�SUHVVHG�DV
./L�Q�� � �P/L�Q ���P2��
P/LQ2Q�� � ���
7DNLQJ� LQWR� DFFRXQW� WKDW� /L�� GHPRQ�
VWUDWHV� UHODWLYHO\� VWURQJ� DFLGLF� SURSHUWLHV�
ZH� FDQ� DVVXPH� WKDW� P/LQ2Q±��|�P2��� �
/LQ2Q�� FRQVW�� 7KLV� DOORZV� WR� UHZULWH� WKH
(T�����LQ�ORJDULWKPLF�IRUP�DV
ORJ./L�Q�� � �
� �QORJP/L����ORJP2�����ORJP/LQ2�Q�����
���
6LQFH� S2� �ÜORJP2���� ZH� JHW� D� UHODWLRQ
EHWZHHQ�S2�DQG�ORJP/L��
S2� �FRQVWc���QORJP/L�� ����
6R��WKH�VORSH�RI�OLQH���§̈
©
w(
wORJP/L�
·̧
¹7
��)LJ����
GHSHQGV� RQ� WKH� FDOLEUDWLRQ� SORW� VORSH
§̈
©
w(
wS2
·̧
¹7
��������9��LQ�VXFK�D�PDQQHU�
§̈
©
w(
wORJP/L�
·̧
¹7
� �Q§̈
©
w(
wS2
·̧
¹7
� �Q��������� ����
7KH�VDPH�FRQFOXVLRQ�FRXOG�EH�PDGH�DIWHU
FDOFXODWLRQV�DFFRUGLQJ�(T������./L���DQG�./L��DUH� VWDWLVWLFDOO\� LQVLJQLILFDQW� PDJQLWXGHV�
7KH�GHSHQGHQFH�RI�P2��� �P2���YV��P/L���SRLQWV�
DQG� LWV� SRO\QRPLDO� DSSUR[LPDWLRQ� �FXUYHG
OLQH�� DUH� SUHVHQWHG� LQ� )LJ���D�� $V� LV� VHHQ�
WKH\� DUH� LQ� D� JRRG� DJUHHPHQW� DQG�./L��� LVFDOFXODWHG�WR�EH������r�����������3� �������
7KH�VLPLODU�FRQVLGHUDWLRQV�ZHUH�XVHG�IRU
WKH� FDOFXODWLRQ� RI� HTXLOLEULXP� FRQVWDQWV� LQ
�&V&O±/L&O�<&O�� V\VWHP�� 7KH� VORSH� RI� (� ORJP<���SORW��)LJ�����SORW����LV�OHVV�WKDQ�WKDW
RI�(� �ORJP/L��DQG�LV�HTXDO�WR������r������9�
7KLV� PHDQV� WKDW� WKH� PDLQ� SURGXFW� RI� WKH
LQWHUDFWLRQ�LV�<2��
7KH�FDOFXODWLRQV�RI�HTXLOLEULXP�FRQVWDQWV
ZHUH�FDUULHG�RXW�IRU�WKH�IROORZLQJ�HTXLOLEULD
)LJ����� 'HSHQGHQFHV� RI�(�� 9� YV�� ORJDULWKP� RI
/L�� PRODOLW\� LQ� &V&O�/L&O� V\VWHP� ���� DQG� <��
PRODOLW\�LQ�&V&O±/L&O�<&O��V\VWHP�����DW�����&�
9�/�&KHUJLQHWV�HW�DO����2Q�WKH�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�R[LGH����
�� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
Q<�����2���#�<Q2�Q����.<�Q��Q� ���e��������������
PHDQLQJ� <���2� ����<�2��� 7KH� EDODQFH� RI
2�±�PRODOLW\��ZLWK�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ��Pc� �P<����e���
PD\�EH�SUHVHQWHG�DV
��
(
���(&V&O�/L&O
�
����� � �P2���
P2��
�����.<��e����Pc����.<�����Pc�� ����
7KH� GHSHQGHQFH� RI� P2��� �P2��� YV�� P<����e��
�SRLQWV�� DQG� LWV� SRO\QRPLDO� DSSUR[LPDWLRQ
�FXUYHG� OLQH�� DUH� SUHVHQWHG� LQ� )LJ���E�� 7KH
FDOFXODWHG� DQG� H[SHULPHQWDO� GDWD� DUH� LQ� D
JRRG�DJUHHPHQW�DQG� LV� �����r���������� �3�
������ ZKHUHDV�.<����� LV� VWDWLVWLFDO� ]HUR�� 6R�<��� GHPRQVWUDWHV� VWURQJHU� DFLGLF�SURSHUWLHV
DV� FRPSDUHG� WR� /L��� $W� FRQVLGHUDEOH� H[FHVV
RI� <��� DV� FRPSDUHG� WR�P2��� �� <2�� EHFRPHV
WKH�PDLQ�IRUP�RI�WKH�R[LGH�LRQ�H[LVWHQFH�LQ
<&O��FRQWDLQLQJ�PHOWV�7KH�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�<2��DV�DQ�LQWHUPHGLDWH
VXEVWDQFH� LQ� <�2�o�2
���<2��o��2���<��� VHTXHQFH
H[SODLQV� WKH� GLIILFXOWLHV� DULVLQJ� DW� &/<&
PHOW�SXULILFDWLRQ��,QGHHG��WKH�ILUVW�VWDJH�RI
SXULILFDWLRQ� LV� WKH� GHFRPSRVLWLRQ� RI� <�2�DFFRPSDQLHG� E\� WKH� IRUPDWLRQ� RI� <2�
�<2&O��LQ�WKH�VROXWLRQ��$IWHU�WKLV�VWDJH��WKH
PHOW� EHFRPHV� WUDQVSDUHQW� DQG� FRORUOHVV�
KRZHYHU�� WKH� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� RI� R[LGH� LRQV
WKHUHLQ�UHPDLQV�KLJK�HQRXJK��7KH�IROORZLQJ
UHPRYDO�RI�QHJDWLYHO\�FKDUJHG�2�±�LRQ�IURP
SRVLWLYHO\�FKDUJHG�<2��LV�PRUH�GLIILFXOW�DQG
MXVW� WKLV� VWDJH�UHWDUGV�FRQVLGHUDEO\� WKH�SX�
ULILFDWLRQ�SURFHVV�
$QRWKHU� UHDVRQ� LV� HVVHQWLDO� IRU� WKH�5HG�
2[�SXULILFDWLRQ�SURFHVVHV�� ,QGHHG��WKH�HTXL�
OLEULXP� RI� WKH� PDLQ� VWDJH� IRU� VXFK� SURF�
HVVHV�
&O�n���2���#���2�n����&O�� ����
GHSHQGV� RQ� HOHFWURFKHPLFDO� SRWHQWLDOV� RI
FKORULQH�DQG�R[\JHQ�HOHFWURGHV��QDPHO\�
&O�n����H
B
�#��&O���M&O��e�&O�� ����
�
�2�n����H
B
�#�2����M2��e�2��� ����
7KH� SRWHQWLDO� RI� HOHFWURGH� UHDFWLRQ� ����
DJDLQVW� $J�_$J� HOHFWURGH� LV� DSSUR[LPDWHO\
HTXDO� WR� ������9� >�@�� 3RWHQWLDO� RI� UHDFWLRQ
�����DJDLQVW�$J�_$J�HOHFWURGH�LV�VHHQ�IURP�)LJ�
��DV�(��7KH�FRQGLWLRQ�RI�UHDFWLRQ������UXQQLQJ
WR�WKH�ULJKW��M&O��e�&O��!�M2��e�2����LV�YDOLG�IRU�DOO
WKH�VWXGLHG�FRPSRVLWLRQV�H[FOXGLQJ�&V&O±/L&O±
<&O�� �������� PHOW� �M2��e�2��� �������9��� 7KLV
PHDQV� WKDW� WKLV� PHOW� FDQQRW� EH� SXULILHG
IURP� R[LGH� LRQ� WUDFHV�� VLQFH� WKH� GLUHFW
FKORULQDWLRQ� DQG� FDUERKDORJHQDWLRQ� SURF�
HVVHV� DUH� UHWDUGHG� HVVHQWLDOO\� DV� FRPSDUHG
WR�PHOWV�EDVHG�RQO\�RQ�WKH�DONDOL�PHWDO�FKOR�
ULGHV�
���&RQFOXVLRQV
,QWHUDFWLRQ�RI�PROWHQ�&V&O±/L&O�PHOW�ZLWK
R[LGH�LRQ�UHVXOWV�LQ�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�/L�2�LQ�WKHVROXWLRQ�� ./L��� ������r���������� �PRODOLW\VFDOH��� 7KH� VROXELOLW\� SURGXFW� RI� /L�2� LQ�&V&O±/L&O�PHOW�LV������PRO��NJÜ���7KH�PDLQ
IRUP�RI�R[LGH�LRQ�IL[DWLRQ�LQ�PHOWV�RI�&V&O±
)LJ�����'HSHQGHQFH�RI�P2��� �P2���YV��PRODOLWLHV�RI�/L���P/L���LQ�&V&O�/L&O�V\VWHP��D��DQG�<����P<����LQ
&V&O±/L&O�<&O��V\VWHP��E��DW�����&��7KH�H[SHULPHQWDO�YDOXHV�DUH�GHVLJQDWHG�E\�UKRPEV��WKH�FRUUH�VSRQGLQJ�SRO\QRPLDO�DSSUR[LPDWLRQV�DUH�SUHVHQWHG�E\�FXUYHG�OLQHV�
9�/�&KHUJLQHWV�HW�DO����2Q�WKH�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�R[LGH����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��
/L&O±<&O�� LV� <2�� FRPSOH[�� .<��� �����r����������� 7KH� IRUPDWLRQ� RI� <2�� UH�
WDUGV� WKH� PHOW� SXULILFDWLRQ� IURP� R[LGH� LP�
SXULWLHV�� 2ZLQJ� WR� IRUPDWLRQ� RI�<2��� YLVX�
DOO\� WUDQVSDUHQW� JURZWK�PHOWV� FRQWDLQ� FRQ�
VLGHUDEOH�DPRXQWV�RI�R[LGH�WUDFHV�
5HIHUHQFHV
� ���*�5RRK�� +�-�.LP�� 6�.LP��5DGLDW��0HDV��� ���
�����������
� ���:�0�+LJJLQV�� -�*ORGR�� 8�6KLUZDGNDU� HW� DO��
-��&U\VW��*URZWK�������������������
� ���9�/�&KHUJLQHWV�� 2�9�'HPLUVND\D�� 7�3�5HEURYD�
0ROWHQ�6DOWV�)RUXP����������������
� ���5�&RPEHV��0�1�/HYHOXW��%�7UHPLOORQ��(OHFWURFKLP�
$FWD������������������
� ���/�7UHILORYD��9�&KHUJLQHWV��$�*HNWLQ�HW�DO���5DGLDW�
0HDV������������������
� ���$�%HVVLHUH��3�'RUHQERV��&�:�(�YDQ�(LMN�HW�DO��
1XFO��,QVWU��0HWK��3K\V��5HV��$������������������
� ���9�/�&KHUJLQHWV��2[RDFLGLW\��5HDFWLRQV�RI�2[R�
FRPSRXQGV� LQ� ,RQLF�0HOWV�� (OVHYLHU��$PVWHU�
GDP��������
� ���<X�.�'HOLPDUVN\�� &KHPLVWU\� RI� ,RQLF� 0HOWV�
1DXNRYD�'XPND��.LHY��������>LQ�5XVVLDQ@�
�¯º���mº¯ËÓÓ«�}Ò°ËÓ mäL°ÓÒ²�°¹ºã�}��¯ºÏ¹ãÈmȲ�°Ò°�ËäÒ�&V&O±/L&O±<&O�{��� ˯�ÒÓË� ������c˯ºmÈ����{��ºÓºäȯËÓ}º����,�iºãÎËÓ}º
iº°ãL�ÎËÓº�mÏȼäº�L��º}°Ò��LºÓLm�Ï�}È�LºÓÈäÒ�/L���°Ò°�ËäÈ�&V&O�/L&O���È�<����°Ò°�ËäÈ
&V&O±/L&O�<&O��� ¹¯Ò� ����&� ¹º�ËÓ�LºäË�¯Ò�ÓÒä� äË�º�ºä� Ï� mÒ}º¯Ò°�ÈÓÓ«ä� }Ò°ÓËmº�ºËãË}�¯º�È�3W�2��_=U2��<�2����ã«�mÒÏÓÈ�ËÓÓ«�¯LmÓºmÈÎÓº��äºã«ã Óº°�L�2�±��iº�ÈmÈÓÓ«�/L�
�º� ¯ºÏ¹ãÈm�� &V&O� mË�Ë� �º� Ïm�«Ï�mÈÓÓ«� 2�±� m� }ºä¹ãË}°Ò� °}ãÈ��� /L�2�� ./L��� �����r���������� �äºã«ã ÓÈ��}ÈãÈ���iº��º}� ¯ºÏ�ÒÓÓº°�L�/L�2� �� ¯ºÏ¹ãÈmL� �&V&O±/L&O��º�¯LmÓ
¼�.V� ������äºã ��}�Ü���{mË�ËÓÓ«�<�����¯ºÏ¹ãÈm��&V&O±/L&O�¹¯ÒÏmº�Ò� ��º���mº¯ËÓ�
Ó«�}ºä¹ãË}°Lm�<2���.<��� ������r�������������mº¯ËÓÓ«�<2��°¹ºmLã Ó
¼�¹¯º�˰�º�Ò�ËÓÓ«
¯ºÏ¹ãÈm�� &V&O±/L&O�<&O�� mL�� }Ò°ËÓ mäL°ÓÒ²� �ºäL�º}�� �º� ¹º�L¯��
� � «}L°� � °�ÒÓ�Ò�ã«�L®ÓÒ²�äºÓº}¯Ò°�ÈãLm�ÓÈ�º°ÓºmL��Èãº�ËÓL�Lm�¯��}�°ÓºÏËäËã ÓÒ²�äË�Èã�m�
9�/�&KHUJLQHWV�HW�DO����2Q�WKH�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�R[LGH����
�� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
|