Investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials

Збережено в:
Бібліографічні деталі
Дата:2011
Автори: Sdobnyakov, N.Yu., Samsonov, V.M., Bazulev, A.N., Kulpin, D.A., Sokolov, D.N.
Формат: Стаття
Мова:English
Опубліковано: НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України 2011
Назва видання:Functional Materials
Теми:
Онлайн доступ:http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135429
Теги: Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
Назва журналу:Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Цитувати:Investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials / N.Yu. Sdobnyakov, V.M. Samsonov, A.N. Bazulev, D.A. Kulpin, D.N. Sokolov // Functional Materials. — 2011. — Т. 18, № 1. — С. 101-106. — Бібліогр.: 20 назв. — англ.

Репозитарії

Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
id irk-123456789-135429
record_format dspace
spelling irk-123456789-1354292018-06-16T03:04:21Z Investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials Sdobnyakov, N.Yu. Samsonov, V.M. Bazulev, A.N. Kulpin, D.A. Sokolov, D.N. Modeling and simulation 2011 Article Investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials / N.Yu. Sdobnyakov, V.M. Samsonov, A.N. Bazulev, D.A. Kulpin, D.N. Sokolov // Functional Materials. — 2011. — Т. 18, № 1. — С. 101-106. — Бібліогр.: 20 назв. — англ. 1027-5495 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135429 en Functional Materials НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
institution Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
collection DSpace DC
language English
topic Modeling and simulation
Modeling and simulation
spellingShingle Modeling and simulation
Modeling and simulation
Sdobnyakov, N.Yu.
Samsonov, V.M.
Bazulev, A.N.
Kulpin, D.A.
Sokolov, D.N.
Investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials
Functional Materials
format Article
author Sdobnyakov, N.Yu.
Samsonov, V.M.
Bazulev, A.N.
Kulpin, D.A.
Sokolov, D.N.
author_facet Sdobnyakov, N.Yu.
Samsonov, V.M.
Bazulev, A.N.
Kulpin, D.A.
Sokolov, D.N.
author_sort Sdobnyakov, N.Yu.
title Investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials
title_short Investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials
title_full Investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials
title_fullStr Investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials
title_full_unstemmed Investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials
title_sort investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials
publisher НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
publishDate 2011
topic_facet Modeling and simulation
url http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135429
citation_txt Investigation of size dependences of surface tension and evaporation heat of aluminum droplets using different pair potentials / N.Yu. Sdobnyakov, V.M. Samsonov, A.N. Bazulev, D.A. Kulpin, D.N. Sokolov // Functional Materials. — 2011. — Т. 18, № 1. — С. 101-106. — Бібліогр.: 20 назв. — англ.
series Functional Materials
work_keys_str_mv AT sdobnyakovnyu investigationofsizedependencesofsurfacetensionandevaporationheatofaluminumdropletsusingdifferentpairpotentials
AT samsonovvm investigationofsizedependencesofsurfacetensionandevaporationheatofaluminumdropletsusingdifferentpairpotentials
AT bazulevan investigationofsizedependencesofsurfacetensionandevaporationheatofaluminumdropletsusingdifferentpairpotentials
AT kulpinda investigationofsizedependencesofsurfacetensionandevaporationheatofaluminumdropletsusingdifferentpairpotentials
AT sokolovdn investigationofsizedependencesofsurfacetensionandevaporationheatofaluminumdropletsusingdifferentpairpotentials
first_indexed 2025-07-09T23:17:06Z
last_indexed 2025-07-09T23:17:06Z
_version_ 1837213184666107904
fulltext ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ�RI�VL]H�GHSHQGHQFHV�RI�VXUIDFHWHQVLRQ�DQG�HYDSRUDWLRQ�KHDW�RI��DOXPLQXPGURSOHWV�XVLQJ�GLIIHUHQW�SDLU�SRWHQWLDOV 1�<X��6GREQ\DNRY��9�0��6DPVRQRY��$�1��%D]XOHY�'�$��.XOSLQ��'�1��6RNRORY 7YHU�6WDWH�8QLYHUVLW\�����6DGRY\L�SHU����������7YHU��5XVVLD� 7KH�VXUIDFH�WHQVLRQ�DQG�WKH�HYDSRUDWLRQ�KHDW�RI�DOXPLQXP�QDQRGURSOHWV�DUH�FDOFXODWHG RQ� WKH� EDVLV� RI� WKH� WKHUPRG\QDPLF� SHUWXUEDWLRQ� WKHRU\�� 7KH� VL]H� GHSHQGHQFHV� RI� WKH VXUIDFH� WHQVLRQ� DQG� RI� WKH� HYDSRUDWLRQ� KHDW� REWDLQHG� XVLQJ� 6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO� ZHUH FRPSDUHG� ZLWK� WKH� UHVXOWV� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR� RWKHU� HIIHFWLYH� SDLU� SRWHQWLDOV�� ,W� KDV� EHHQ IRXQG�WKDW�6FKRPPHUV�SRWHQWLDO�SURYLGHV�D�EHWWHU�DJUHHPHQW�EHWZHHQ�FDOFXODWHG�DV\PSWRWL� FDO�YDOXHV�RI�WKH�VXUIDFH�WHQVLRQ�DQG�WKH�HYDSRUDWLRQ�KHDW�ZLWK�WKH�DYDLODEOH�H[SHULPHQWDO GDWD� sÈ�º°ÓºmË��˯äº�ÒÓÈäÒ�˰}º®��˺¯ÒÒ�mºÏä��ËÓÒ®�¹¯ºmË�ËÓ©�¯È°�Ë�©�¹ºm˯²Óº°�Óº� �º�ÓÈ�«ÎËÓÒ«�Ò��˹ãº�©�Ò°¹È¯ËÓÒ«��ã«�ÓÈÓº}ȹËã �Èã äÒÓÒ«��cÈÏä˯өË�ÏÈmÒ°Ò亰�Ò �ã«� ¹ºm˯²Óº°�Óº�º� ÓÈ�«ÎËÓÒ«� Ò� �˹ãº�©� Ò°¹È¯ËÓÒ«�� ¹ºã��ËÓÓ©Ë� °� Ò°¹ºã ϺmÈÓÒËä ¹º�ËÓ�ÒÈãÈ�bºää˯°È��°º¹º°�ÈmãËÓ©�°�¯ËÏ�ã �È�ÈäÒ��º�mË�È �ÒäÒ��¯��Òä�ªÁÁË}�Òm� Ó©ä�¹È¯Ó©ä�¹º�ËÓ�ÒÈãÈä���°�ÈÓºmãËÓº����º�ȰÒä¹�º�Ò�˰}ÒË�ÏÓÈ�ËÓÒ«�¹ºm˯²Óº°�Óº�º ÓÈ�«ÎËÓÒ«�Ò� �˹ãº�©�Ò°¹È¯ËÓÒ«�� º�mË�È �ÒË�­ºã �Òä�¯ÈÏä˯Èä�ÓÈÓº}ȹËã � Ò�¹ºã�� �ËÓÓ©Ë� °� Ò°¹ºã ϺmÈÓÒËä� ¹º�ËÓ�ÒÈãÈ� bºää˯°È�� ã���Ë� °º�ãȰ� �°«� °� ÒäË �ÒäÒ°« ª}°¹Ë¯ÒäËÓ�Èã Ó©äÒ��ÈÓÓ©äÒ�� ���,QWURGXFWLRQ 7KHUH� LV� DQ�RSLQLRQ� WKDW� FRUUHFW� FDOFXOD� WLRQ�RI�VRPH�SURSHUWLHV�RI�PHWDOV�LV�QRW�SRV� VLEOH�XVLQJ�HIIHFWLYH�SDLU�SRWHQWLDOV��5HVSHF� WLYHO\�� LQ� WKHVH� FDVHV�PDQ\� ERG\� SRWHQWLDOV VKRXOG� EH� XVHG�� )RU� H[DPSOH�� DQ\� SDLU� SR� WHQWLDO� ZLOO� LQHYLWDEO\� JLYH� QRWLFHDEOH� PLV� WDNHV�LQ�YDOXHV�RI�VRPH�HODVWLF�FRQVWDQWV�IRU PHWDOV� DQG� ZURQJ� FRUUHODWLRQ� EHWZHHQ� WKH HQHUJ\� RI� WKH� GHIHFW� �YDFDQF\�� IRUPDWLRQ DQG� WKH� FRKHVLRQ� HQHUJ\� >�@�� $W� WKH� VDPH WLPH�� WKHUH� LV� DQRWKHU� RSLQLRQ� >�@� WKDW� WKH SDLU� LQWHUDFWLRQ� PRGHO� LV� DGHTXDWH�� WR� D JUHDWHU� RU� OHVV� H[WHQW�� IRU� DQ\� VLPSOH� VXE� VWDQFHV� LQFOXGLQJ� PHWDOV� ZKLFK� KDYH� FORVH SDFNHG� VWUXFWXUH� LQ� WKHLU� VROLG� VWDWH�� $F� FRUGLQJ�WR�>�@��WKH�PDLQ�DGYDQWDJH�RI�PDQ\ ERG\�SRWHQWLDOV�LV�WKDW�WKH\�PDNH�LW�SRVVLEOH WR�GHVFULEH�SURSHUWLHV�RI�V\VWHPV�ZLWK�ORZHU GHQVLW\�� H�J�� VHPLFRQGXFWRUV� �JHUPDQLXP DQG� VLOLFRQ��� 6R�� WKH� SUREOHP� RI� XVLQJ� RI SDLU� DQG� PDQ\� ERG\� SRWHQWLDOV� IRU� PHWDOV KDYH�QRW�EHHQ�VROYHG�LQ�D�SURSHU�ZD\��6RPH PDQ\� ERG\� SRWHQWLDOV� DUH� UDWKHU� VRSKLVWL� FDWHG�� 6R�� WKH� FDVHV� ZKHQ� SURSHUO\� FKRVHQ SDLU� SRWHQWLDOV� PDNH� LV� SRVVLEOH� WR� SUHGLFW WKHUPRG\QDPLF� DQG� VRPH� RWKHU� FKDUDF� WHULVWLFV�RI�EXON�PHWDO�SKDVHV�DQG�WKHLU�VXU� IDFHV�H[DFWO\�HQRXJK�DUH�RI�VSHFLDO�LQWHUHVW� 7KH� 6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO� >�@� IRU� DOXPLQXP FDQ�EH�WUHDWHG�DV�DQ�H[DPSOH�RI�PRGHUQ�SDLU SRWHQWLDOV�IRU�PHWDOV��7KLV�SRWHQWLDO�ZDV�GH� YHORSHG� FRPELQLQJ� WKH� WKHRU\� RI� WKH SVHXGRSRWHQWLDO� ZLWK� D� SKHQRPHQRORJLFDO DSSURDFK� DQG� WKH� FRQFHSW� RI� WKH� HIIHFWLYH SDLU�SRWHQWLDO� 7KH�SXUSRVH�RI�6FKRPPHUV�LQYHVWLJDWLRQV ZDV�WR�LQFUHDVH�WKH�DFFXUDF\�RI�FDOFXODWLRQV DQG� WR� H[WHQG� WKH� DSSOLFDELOLW\� RI� HIIHFWLYH SDLU�SRWHQWLDOV�WR�PHWDO�VXUIDFHV�DQG�QDQRV� WUXFWXUHV�� 'XH� WR� DGGLWLRQDO� DGMXVWPHQW� RI IUHH�SDUDPHWHUV�RI�6FKRPPHUV�SRWHQWLDO�IRU YDULRXV�H[SHULPHQWDO�GDWD��WKH�PHOWLQJ�WHP� SHUDWXUH�� WKH� GLIIXVLRQ� FRHIILFLHQW� LQ� WKH OLTXLG�SKDVH��WKH�VWUXFWXUH�RI�VROLG�DQG�OLT� )XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� �������Û�67&��,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� XLG� SKDVHV�� WKH� SKRWRQ� GHQVLW\�� WKH� PHDQ VTXDUH�IOXFWXDWLRQ�RQ�VXUIDFHV�HWF���WKLV�SR� WHQWLDO�GHVFULEHV�DOO�EDVLF�SURSHUWLHV�RI�DOX� PLQXP�LQ�D�ZLGH�WHPSHUDWXUH�UDQJH�>���@� 2QH� RI� PDLQ� JRDOV� RI� WKLV� SDSHU� LV� WKH DSSUREDWLRQ� RI� 6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO� RQ� WKH FDOFXODWLRQ�RI�WKH�H[FHVV�IUHH�HQHUJ\�RI�DOX� PLQXP�QDQRGURSOHWV�XVLQJ� D�YHUVLRQ�RI� WKH WKHUPRG\QDPLF� SHUWXUEDWLRQ� WKHRU\� �737� SURSRVHG� LQ�����V�E\�/�0�6KFKHUEDNRY�� >�@ �VHH�DOVR�>�@��� ���&DOFXODWLRQ�SURFHGXUH %HVLGHV�� WKH� KHDW� RI� HYDSRUDWLRQ� DQG� LWV VL]H�GHSHQGHQFH�ZHUH�DQDO\]HG�DV�WKLV�TXDQ� WLW\� LV�FORVHO\� LQWHUUHODWHG�ZLWK�WKH�VL]H�GH� SHQGHQFH�RI�WKH�VSHFLILF�H[FHVV�IUHH�HQHUJ\� $FFRUGLQJ�WR�WKH�YHUVLRQ�RI�737�PHQWLRQHG DERYH�� WKH� H[FHVV� IUHH� HQHUJ\� RI� D� VPDOO REMHFW�<��LV�HTXDO�WR�WKH�KDOI�RI�WKH�SHUWXU� EDWLRQ� HQHUJ\�QHFHVVDU\� WR� FXW� RXW� WKH�YRO� XPH� 9�� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR� WKH� XQSHUWXUEHGGURSOHW� IURP� WKH� EXON� OLTXLG�� ,Q� RWKHU ZRUGV��WKH�GURSOHW�FRQVLVWLQJ�RI�1��DWRPV�LVFRPSDUHG�ZLWK� WKH� YROXPH�9�� LQ� WKH� FRUUH�VSRQGLQJ� EXON� SKDVH� FRQWDLQLQJ� 1��DWRPV�$FFRUGLQJ� WR�737� >�@�� WKH� SHUWXUEDWLRQ� HQ� HUJ\��<� VKRXOG�EH�FDOFXODWHG�XVLQJ�WKH�XQ� SHUWXUEHG� *LEEV� GLVWULEXWLRQ� DQG�� UHVSHF� WLYHO\�� WKH� XQSHUWXUEHG� ELQDU\� FRUUHODWLRQ IXQFWLRQ� LV� HTXDO� WR� WKH� UDGLDO� GLVWULEXWLRQ IXQFWLRQ�J��U���6R� �<� ������QO���QJ��³�9�G9��³G9� 9�J��U�)�U�� ��� ZKHUH� )�U�� LV� WKH� SDLU� SRWHQWLDO�� U� LV� WKH LQWHUPROHFXODU� GLVWDQFH�� 9�� LV� WKH� YROXPHDGMDFHQW�WR�WKH�VSKHUH�RI�YROXPH�9���FKRVHQ�LQ WKH� EXON� OLTXLG� SKDVH��QO� �DQG� �QJ�DUH�GHQVLWLHVRI�DWRPV� LQ� OLTXLG�DQG�YDSRU�SKDVHV��FRUUH� VSRQGLQJO\�� $V� ZH� KDYH� FKRVHQ� WKH� HTXL� PROHFXODU� GLYLGLQJ� VXUIDFH� �5��� WKH� VSHFLILF H[FHVV�IUHH�HQHUJ\ ���V�5�� �<�e��S5� ���� ZLOO�EH�HTXDO�WR�WKH�VXUIDFH�WHQVLRQ��ZKLFK� LQ�WXUQ��LV�GHILQHG�DV�WKH�ZRUN�RI�WKH�VPDOO REMHFW�IRUPDWLRQ�SHU�XQLW�DUHD�RI�WKH�GLYLG� LQJ�VXUIDFH�� 2QH� RI� WKH� DGYDQWDJHV� RI� WKH� 737� YDUL� DQW� LQ� TXHVWLRQ� LV� WKDW� LW� FDQ� EH� DSSOLHG ERWK� WR�PROHFXODU� V\VWHPV�DQG�PHWDO� SDUWL� FOHV�� ,Q� IDFW�� HIIHFWLYH� SDLU� SRWHQWLDOV� IRU PHWDO� PHOWV� ZHUH� REWDLQHG� IRU� EXON� SKDVH� DQG� IRU� WKLV� FDVH� WKH\� WDNH� LQWR� DFFRXQW FRQWULEXWLRQV� RI� HOHFWURQ�LRQ�� LRQ�LRQ� DQG HOHFWURQ�HOHFWURQ� LQWHUDFWLRQV� DGHTXDWHO\ HQRXJK��6R��GLUHFW� DSSO\LQJ�RI� WKHVH�SRWHQ� WLDOV� WR�YHU\� VPDOO� REMHFWV� LV�QRW�TXLWH� FRU� UHFW��+RZHYHU��DOJRULWKP�EDVHG�RQ�737�SUH� VXSSRVHV� WKDW� WKH� SHUWXUEDWLRQ� HQHUJ\� LV FDOFXODWHG�XVLQJ� WKH� QRQSHUWXUEHG� GLVWULEX� WLRQ� IXQFWLRQ� �L�H�� WKH� UDGLDO� GLVWULEXWLRQ IXQFWLRQ��� $V� WKH� UDGLDO� GLVWULEXWLRQ� IXQF� WLRQ� �5')�� GHSHQGV� RQ� WKH� SDLU� SRWHQWLDO� WKH� FRQGLWLRQ� RI� QRQSHUWXUEDQF\� RI� 5') JLYHV� DOVR� WKH� FRQGLWLRQ� RI� QRQSHUWXUEDQF\ RI� WKH� SDLU� SRWHQWLDO�� L�H�� WKH� SRWHQWLDO� IRU WKH� EXON� PHOW� SKDVH� VKRXOG� EH� XVHG�� 6R� FDOFXODWLRQ� RI� WKH� H[FHVV� IUHH� HQHUJ\�<�UH� GXFHV�WR�FDOFXODWLRQ�RI����GLPHQWLRQDO��LQWH� JUDO�ILJXULQJ�LQ�WKH�ULJKW�KDQG�VLGH�RI������ 7KLV� FDOFXODWLRQ� ZDV� FDUULHG� RXW� XVLQJ 0RQWH�&DUOR�PHWKRG� 7KH� VL]H� GHSHQGHQFH� RI� WKH� HYDSRUDWLRQ KHDW�O�5��ZDV� LQYHVWLJDWHG� LQ� >�@�XVLQJ� WKH VXUIDFH�HQWKDOS\�+6�LQWURGXFHG�E\�*XJJHQ�KHLP� >�@�� 7KH� GURSOHW� HYDSRUDWLQJ� HQWKDOS\ FDQ�EH�ZULWWHQ�DV�IROORZV �'+� �+cc����+c���+6�� ��� ZKHUH�+c� DQG�+cc� DUH� WKH� HQWKDOSLHV� RI� WKH EXON� YDSRU� DQG� OLTXLG� SKDVHV�� UHVSHFWLYHO\� $FFRUGLQJ� WR� >�@� WKH� VSHFLILF� HYDSRUDWLRQ KHDW�O�FDQ�EH�ZULWWHQ�DV �O� �Kcc���Kc���w+6�e�wP� ��� ZKHUH� Kcc� DQG� Kc� DUH� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� VSHFLILF HQWKDOSLHV�RI�EXON�SKDVHV��(TXDWLRQ� ���� FDQ EH�FRQVLGHUHG�DV�D�GHILQLWLRQ�RI�WKH�VSHFLILF HYDSRUDWLRQ� KHDW� IRU� D� VPDOO� GURSOHW�� 7KLV GHILQLWLRQ�JLYHV�WKH�H[SUHVVLRQ �'O� ���Qcf�ª«¬ �Z 5 ���wZw5 º»¼ ��� IRU�'O� �O�5����Of��ZKHUH�Of� �Kcc���Kc� LV� WKH VSHFLILF� HYDSRUDWLRQ� KHDW� IRU� EXON� SKDVH� Qcf� ���e�Uf� � �� LV� WKH� VSHFLILF� YROXPH� RI� OLTXLG �Uf� � �� LV� WKH� GHQVLW\� RI� OLTXLG���Z� LV� WKH� VSH� FLILF� WRWDO� VXUIDFH� HQHUJ\� �XVLQJ� WKH�*LEEV� +HOPKROW]� HTXDWLRQ� V� �Z���7GVG7��� ,Q� >��@ DQRWKHU� GHILQLWLRQ� RI� WKH� HYDSRUDWLRQ� KHDW O��5�� ZDV� SURSRVHG� IRU� D� VPDOO� GURSOHW� RI UDGLXV�5�DQG�PDVV�P�� O�� �Kcc���Kc���+6�e�P�� ���� 7KHQ��LQVWHDG�RI������ZH�ZLOO�KDYH 'O�� �O����Of� ��Qcf�Z�U�5 ���Qcf§̈© V 5��� wV w5 ·̧ ¹ �������� 1�<X��6GREQ\DNRY�HW�DO����,QYHVWLJDWLRQ�RI�VL]H���� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� $� FRQFOXVLRQ� FDQ� EH� PDGH� WKDW� ERWK� ��� DQG� ����� DUH� FRUUHFW� EXW� FRUUHVSRQG� WR� WKH GLIIHUHQW�GHILQLWLRQV�RI�WKH�VSHFLILF�HYDSRUD� WLRQ�KHDW��,Q�IDFW��O�VKRXOG�EH�LQWHUSUHWHG�DV WKH�TXDQWLW\�RI�KHDW�QHFHVVDU\�WR�UHGXFH�WKH GURSOHW�PDVV�E\�GP��,Q�WXUQ��O��LV�WKH�PHDQYDOXH� RI� O�� L�H�� LW� LV� HTXDO� WR� WKH� VSHFLILF KHDW�FRUUHVSRQGLQJ�WR�WKH�FRPSOHWH�HYDSRUD� WLRQ�RI�WKH�GURSOHW��6R� �O�� �O BB� � �P����³� � P�w+ wPGP� �Kcc���Kc���P����³� � P�w+6 wP GP� ��� 7DNLQJ� LQWR� DFFRXQW� WKDW� WKH� ODVW� WHUP� LQ WKH� ULJKW�KDQG� VLGH� RI� ���� FRUUHVSRQGV� WR� D VPDOO� FRUUHFWLRQ� WR� WKH� PDFURVFRSLF� YDOXH Of� �Kcc���Kc�� ZH� FDQ� FRQFOXGH� WKDW� WKH� GLI� IHUHQFH� EHWZHHQ� O�5�� DQG� O��5�� LV� YHU\VPDOO� ��5HVXOWV�DQG�GLVFXVVLRQ :H� KDYH� PDGH� FRPSDUDWLYH� FDOFXODWLRQV RI�WKH�VL]H�GHSHQGHQFH�RI�WKH�VSHFLILF�H[FHVV IUHH� HQHUJ\� IRU� DOXPLQXP� QDQRGURSOHWV� DW ����� .� XVLQJ� 6FKRPPHUV�� >�@�� 0RUVH�V� >�@ DQG� 6FKLII�V� >��@� SRWHQWLDOV�� 7KH� ILUVW� RI WKHP� LV� SUHVHQWHG� LQ� >�@� QXPHULFDOO\�� 7KH WZR�RWKHUV�FDQ�EH�ZULWWHQ�DV�IROORZV� )0RUVH��U� �H­®̄H[S>�D�U���UP�@����H[S>D�U���UP�@½¾¿��� ��� �)VFKLII�U�� � �H­®̄>FRV�����U�e�U�@�������������e�U���������e�U����� ­®̄ ��>VLQ�����U��e�U�@������� ������e�U����������e�U��½¾¿� ��� ZKHUH� D� LV� D� 0RUVH�V� FRQVWDQW�� UP� � LV� WKHGLVWDQFH� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR� WKH� PLQLPXP� RI WKH�SRWHQWLDOV�� ,W� LV� RI� LQWHUHVW� WR� FRPSDUH� 6FKRPPHU� SRWHQWLDO� ZLWK� 0RUVH�V� RQH� IRU� ZKLFK� WKH SRWHQWLDO� ZHOO� GHSWK� HF� LV� GHILQHG� IURP� WKHPHOWLQJ� WHPSHUDWXUH� 7P� �HF� �N7P�� DQGXVLQJ� DQRWKHU� 0RUVH�V� FXUYH� ILWWHG� WR 6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO�� &RQWUDU\� WR� 0RUVH�V SRWHQWLDO� 6FKRPPHUV� RQH� KDV� ODUJH� RVFLOOD� WLRQV� FDXVHG� E\� LRQ�HOHFWURQ� LQWHUDFWLRQ� LQ PHWDO� FU\VWDOV�� 7KH� FKRLFH� RI� WKH� WHPSHUD� WXUH� �7� � ����� .�� IRU� FRPSDULVRQ� RI� WKH DERYH� SRWHQWLDOV� DQG� RWKHU� FDOFXODWLRQV� LV GLFWDWHG�E\�WKH�GDWD�RQ�6FKRPPHUV�SRWHQWLDO ZKLFK�DUH�JLYHQ�LQ�>�@�MXVW�IRU�WKLV�WHPSHUD� WXUH��7KH�YDOXHV�RI�SDUDPHWHUV��ILJXULQJ�LQ WKH�DERYH�LQWHUDWRPLF�SRWHQWLDOV�ZHUH�WDNHQ IURP� >��� ��� ��@� ZLWK� QR� DGGLWLRQDO� ILWWLQJ XVLQJ� H[SHULPHQWDO� PDFURVFRSLF� YDOXHV� RI WKH�VXUIDFH�WHQVLRQ�DQG�WKH�KHDW�RI�HYDSRUD� WLRQ�� 7KH� SDUDPHWHUV� LQ� TXHVWLRQ� DUH� SUH� VHQWHG�LQ�7DEOH���� ,Q� WKLV� SDSHU�5')� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR� GLI� IHUHQW� SDLU� SRWHQWLDO� ZDV� FDOFXODWHG� XVLQJ WKH�IROORZLQJ�HTXDWLRQ� )LJ�� ��� 'HSHQGHQFHV� RI� WKH� VSHFLILF� H[FHVV IUHH� HQHUJ\� IRU� DOXPLQXP� QDQRGURSOHWV� RQ WKH�UHGXFHG�GURSOHW�UDGLXV�5 � �5�e�D�REWDLQHG XVLQJ� GLIIHUHQW� SDLU� SRWHQWLDO� XVLQJ� IRUPXOD ����� DW�7� ������.���FXUYH��� �DSSUR[LPDWLRQ GDWD� FXUYH�� FRUUHVSRQGV� WR�0RUVH�V� SRWHQWLDO ZLWK� UHYLVHG� YDOXH� RI� WKH� SRWHQWLDO� ZHOO GHSWK�� FXUYH� �� �DSSUR[LPDWLRQ� GDWD� FXUYH� KDYH� EHHQ� FDOFXODWHG� IRU� 0RUVH�V� SRWHQWLDO ILWWHG� WR� 6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO�� FXUYH� �� �DS� SUR[LPDWLRQ�GDWD�FXUYH��KDYH�EHHQ�IRXQG�IRU 6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO��� 3DUDPHWHUV� RI� DOO� WKH DERYH�SRWHQWLDOV�DUH�JLYHQ�LQ�7DEOH��� 7DEOH����3DUDPHWHUV�RI�XVHG�HIIHFWLYH�SDLU SRWHQWLDOV� IRU� $O� QDQRGURSOHWV�� +HUH� DQG ODWHU�LQGH[���FRUUHVSRQGV�WR�WKH�FDVH�ZKHQ 0RUVH�V� SRWHQWLDO� SDUDPHWHUV� ILWWHG� WR 6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO� DQG� LQGH[� �� Ü 0RUVH�V� SRWHQWLDO� SDUDPHWHUV� ILWWHG� WR 6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO� IRU�ZKLFK� WKH� SRWHQ� WLDO�ZHOO�GHSWK�YDOXH�KDYH�EHHQ�UHYLVHG�DF� FRUGLQJ�WR�WKH�PHOWLQJ�WHPSHUDWXUH��+HUH�D LV�WKH�HIIHFWLYH�GLDPHWHU�RI�DOXPLQXP� 3RWHQWLDO H����Ü���- D��c D��c�� UP��c 6FKRPPHUV ����� ���� Ü Ü 0RUVH� ����� ���� ���� ���� 0RUVH� ����� ���� ���� ���� 6FKLII ����� ���� Ü Ü 1�<X��6GREQ\DNRY�HW�DO����,QYHVWLJDWLRQ�RI�VL]H���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� J�U��e�J/'�U�� �H[S>��)�U����)/'�U���e�N7@� ��� ZKHUH�J/'�U��LV�WKH�UDGLDO�GLVWULEXWLRQ�IXQF�WLRQ� RI� WKH� /HQQDUG�-RQHV� IOXLG�� 7KH� ODVW RQH� ZDV� FDOFXODWHG� DFFRUGLQJ� WR� 0DWWHROL DQG�0DQVRRUL�>��@� 7KH� REWDLQHG� YDOXHV� RI� WKH� VXUIDFH� WHQ� VLRQ�IRU�DOXPLQXP�ZHUH�FRPSDUHG�ZLWK�7RO� PHQ�V�IRUPXOD�>��@ �V�e�Vf� �������G�e�5V���� ��� ZKHUH� 5V� LV� WKH� UDGLXV� RI� WKH� VXUIDFH� RIWHQVLRQ� �EHORZ�WKH� LQGH[�V�ZLOO�EH�RPLWWHG�� G�!��� LV� WKH� GLVWDQFH� EHWZHHQ� WKH� HTXL� PROHFXODU� VHSDUDWLQJ� VXUIDFH� DQG� WKH� VXU� IDFH� RI� WHQVLRQ� IRU� D� IODW� LQWHUIDFH�� 7KXV� WKH� SDUDPHWHU� G�� WKH� VR�FDOOHG� 7ROPHQ�V OHQJWK��VKRXOG�EH�FRPSDUDEOH�ZLWK�WKH�HIIHF� WLYH� PROHFXODU� GLDPHWHU� D�� )RU� VPDOO� 5� $�,��5XVDQRY�>��@�REWDLQHG�D�OLQHDU�GHSHQG� HQFH� V� �.5� ���� +HUH�.�LV�WKH�SURSRUWLRQDOLW\�FRHIILFLHQW�GH� SHQGLQJ� RQ� WKH� WHPSHUDWXUH�� WKH� SUHVVXUH DQG�WKH�OLTXLG�SKDVH�FRPSRVLWLRQ��5HVXOWV�RI FDOFXODWLRQV� IRU� WKH� VSHFLILF� H[FHVV� IUHH� HQ� HUJ\�VKRZ�WKDW�WKH�IRUP�RI�WKH�GHSHQGHQFHV GRHV�QRW�GHSHQG�RQ� WKH�FKRLFH�RI� WKH� LQWHU� PROHFXODU� LQWHUDFWLRQ� SRWHQWLDO�� 7KHQ�� LQ� D VDWLVIDFWRU\� DSSUR[LPDWLRQ�� WKH� IROORZLQJ IRUPXOD�FDQ�EH�XVHG �V�5�� �­®̄.5���LI�5�d5FVf���LI�5�!�5F� ���� L�H�� IRU� 5� �� 5F��5F� LV� D� FKDUDFWHULVWLF� UD�GLXV�� WKH� VXUIDFH� WHQVLRQ� LV� GHVFULEHG� E\ 5XVDQRY�V� OLQHDU�IRUPXOD��DQG��IRU�5�!�5F� LW�LV�QHDUO\�HTXDO�WR�WKH�PD[LPXP�YDOXH�Vf RI� V�5��� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR� WKH� IOÈW� PDFUR� VFRSLF� VXUIDFH�� 7DEOH� �� GHPRQVWUDWHV� WKH FDOFXODWLRQ�UHVXOWV� IRU� WKH�PDFURVFRSLF� VXU� IDFH� WHQVLRQ� Vf�� 7KH� 7ROPHQ�V� SDUDPHWHU� G DQG� WKH� FRHIILFLHQW�.� IRU� DOXPLQXP� QDQR� GURSOHWV�DW������.�KDYH�EHHQ�REWDLQHG�XVLQJ GLIIHUHQW� SDLU� SRWHQWLDOV�� 2QH� FDQ� VHH� WKDW FDOFXODWLRQ�UHVXOWV� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR�6FKRP� PHUV�SRWHQWLDO�DJUHH�ZLWK�H[SHULPHQWDO�GDWD >�����@�PRUH�VDWLVIDFWRULO\� )LJ�� �� GHPRQVWUDWHV� WKH� VL]H� GHSHQGHQFH RI�WKH�HYDSRUDWLRQ�KHDW�IRU�DOXPLQXP�QDQR� GURSOHWV�REWDLQHG�XVLQJ�6FKLII�V�DQG�6FKRP� PHUV� SRWHQWLDOV�� 2QH� FDQ� VHH� WKDW� WKH� VL]H GHSHQGHQFH�RI�WKH�VSHFLILF� HYDSRUDWLRQ�KHDW O�5��FDQ�EH�GHVFULEHG��LQ�D�JRRG�DSSUR[LPD� WLRQ��E\�D�IRUPXOD�DQDORJRXV�WR�(T��������,Q RWKHU� ZRUGV�� LI� 5�d�5F� HYDSRUDWLRQ� KHDW O�5�� OLQHDUO\� GHFUHDVHV� ZKHQ� WKH� SDUWLFOH VL]H�GHFUHDVHV��DQG� LI�5�!�5F�O�5�� LV�QHDUO\HTXDO�WR�WKH�PD[LPXP�YDOXH�Of�FRUUHVSRQG� LQJ� WR�5�o�f�L�H��WR�WKH�PDFURVFRSLF�OLTXLG SKDVH� 7KH�OLQHDU�DSSUR[LPDWLRQ�IRU�WKH�HYDSR� UDWLRQ� KHDW� RI� QDQRSDUWLFOHV� DW�5�o�� JLYHV WKH�QH[W�UHODWLRQVKLS� �Of� ��.ZQcf� ���� ZKHUH�.Z� �.Z�S��7��LV�SURSRUWLRQDOLW\�FRHI� ILFLHQW�IRU�WKH�VSHFLILF�WRWDO�VXUIDFH�HQHUJ\� 7KLV� FRHIILFLHQW� LV�DQDORJRXV� WR� WKH�SURSRU� WLRQDOLW\�FRHIILFLHQW�LQ������ 7KH�PDFURVFRSLF�YDOXH�RI� VSHFLILF� HYDSR� UDWLRQ�KHDW�FDQ�EH�FDOFXODWHG�XVLQJ� WKH� IRO� ORZLQJ�IRUPXOD�>��@ �Of� ��QJ�e�QO�����X����N7� ���� ZKHUH� X�� ��SQO�³� � f J��U�)�U�U�GU� LV� WKH� LQWHU� QDO� HQHUJ\�RI� OLTXLG�SHU� DQ�DWRP��:H�KDYH FDOFXODWHG� WKH� PRODU� HYDSRUDWLRQ� KHDW� YDO� XHV�IRU�DOXPLQXP�XVLQJ�GLIIHUHQW�SRWHQWLDOV )LJ�� ��� 'HSHQGHQFHV� RI� WKH� HYDSRUDWLRQ� KHDW IRU� DOXPLQXP� RQ� WKH� UHGXFHG� GURSOHW� UDGLXV 5 � �5�e�D�REWDLQHG�IRU�GLIIHUHQW�HIIHFWLYH�SDLU SRWHQWLDOV� XVLQJ� IRUPXOD� ����� DW�7� ������. �FXUYH� �� �DSSUR[LPDWLRQ� GDWD� FXUYH�� FRUUH� VSRQGV� WR� 6FKLII�V� SRWHQWLDO�� FXUYH� �� �DS� SUR[LPDWLRQ� GDWD� FXUYH�� ZDV� REWDLQHG� XVLQJ 6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO��� 3DUDPHWHUV� RI� SRWHQ� WLDOV�DUH�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�7DEOH��� 1�<X��6GREQ\DNRY�HW�DO����,QYHVWLJDWLRQ�RI�VL]H���� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� �VHH� 7DEOH� ���� $� GLIIHUHQFH� EHWZHHQ� FDOFX� ODWHG� DQG� H[SHULPHQWDO� >��@� YDOXHV� FDQ� EH FDXVHG� E\� WKH� GLIIHUHQFH� LQ� WHPSHUDWXUHV �ZH�FRXOG�QRW�ILQG�H[SHULPHQWDO�GDWD�RQ�Of IRU�7� � �����.��� 2QH� FDQ� VHH� WKDW� WKH� UH� VXOWV� IRU� WKH� HYDSRUDWLRQ� KHDW� FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ�GLIIHUHQW�SRWHQWLDOV�DJUHH�ZLWK�H[SHUL� PHQWDO� GDWD�� 2QH� FDQ� QRWH� WKDW� FDOFXODWHG YDOXHV�RI�Vf��DQG�Of�IRU�DOXPLQXP�REWDLQHG XVLQJ� 0RUVH�V� HIIHFWLYH� SDLU� SRWHQWLDO� ��� ZLWK� QR� ODUJH�VFDOH� RVFLOODWLRQV�� 6FKRPPHUV SRWHQWLDO� DQG� 6FKLII�V� SRWHQWLDO� ����� VKRZ�D VDWLVIDFWRU\� DJUHHPHQW�� 6L]H� GHSHQGHQFHV �)LJ�� ��� DOVR� GHPRQVWUDWH� DJUHHPHQW� ZLWK H[SHULPHQWDO�YDOXHV�Of� ���&RQFOXVLRQ :H� PXVW� HPSKDVL]H� WKDW� WKH� FKRLFH� RI WKH� GHILQLWH� WHPSHUDWXUH� IRU� FRPSDULVRQ� RI WKH� DERYH� SRWHQWLDOV� ZDV� GLFWDWHG� E\� WKH DYDLODEOH� GDWD� RQ� 6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO ZKLFK�DUH�JLYHQ�LQ�>�@�MXVW�IRU�WKLV�WHPSHUD� WXUH��+RZHYHU�WKH�PHWKRG�RI�WKH�WKHUPRG\� QDPLF� SHUWXUEDWLRQ� WKHRU\� ZDV� DSSOLHG� IRU LQYHVWLJDWLRQ� VXUIDFH� WHQVLRQ� RI� WKH� PHWDO QDQRGURSOHWV� IRU� WKH� GLIIHUHQW� SDLU� SRWHQ� WLDOV� LQ� RXU� SUHYLRXV� ZRUNV� >��Ü��@� LQ� D ZLGH� WHPSHUDWXUH� UDQJH� IURP� WKH� PHOWLQJ SRLQW� WR� WKH� FULWLFDO� WHPSHUDWXUH�� ,Q� DGGL� WLRQ�WR�WKH�SUREOHP�RI�FXUYDWXUH�FRUUHFWLRQV WR� WKH� PDFURVFRSLF� YDOXH� RI� WKH� KHDW� RI HYDSRUDWLRQ�Of� RI� � OLTXLG�PHWDOV�ZDV� LQYHV� WLJDWHG� RQ� WKH� EDVLV� RI� WKHUPRG\QDPLF DQDO\VLV� DQG�0RQWH�&DUOR� FRPSXWHU� VLPXOD� WLRQ� RI�PHWDO�QDQRGURSOHWV� >��@�� ,Q� >��@�ZH FRQFOXGH� WKDW� WKH� WKHUPRG\QDPLF� UHVXOWV DUH� LQ� JRRG� DJUHHPHQW� ZLWK� 0RQWH� &DUOR FDOFXODWLRQV�RI�WKH�HYDSRUDWLRQ�HQWKDOS\�IRU DOXPLQXP�QDQRGURSOHWV�� 7KH� 6FKRPPHUV� SDLU� SRWHQWLDO� IRU� DOX� PLQLXP�DW������.�LV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJ�����,W� LV FRPSDUHG� ZLWK� WKH� UHVSHFWLYH�0RUVH� SRWHQ� WLDO�� IRU� ZKLFK� WKH� SRWHQWLDO� ZHOO� GHSWK ZKLFK� ZDV� IRXQG� E\� WKH� PHOWLQJ� WHPSHUD� WXUH� DQG�ZLWK� WKH�0RUVH�SRWHQWLDO� DGMXVWHG WR� WKH�6FKRPPHUV�SRWHQWLDO��7KH�GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ� WKH� SRWHQWLDOV� LV� FOHDU�� DSDUW� IURP WKH�GLIIHUHQW�GHSWK�DQG�ORFDWLRQ�RI�WKH�PLQL� PXP�� WKH�0RUVH� SRWHQWLDO� GRHV�QRW� FRQWDLQ DQ\� ODUJH�VFDOH� RVFLOODWLRQV� GHWHUPLQHG� E\ LRQ�HOHFWURQ�LRQ�LQWHUDFWLRQ�LQ�PHWDOOLF�FU\V� WDOV� �VXFK� RVFLOODWLRQV� KDV� 6FKLII�V� SRWHQ� WLDO��� )RU� WKLV� UHDVRQ�� LW� LV� VWLOO� RSHQ� WR TXHVWLRQ� LI� RQH� FDQ� DSSO\� WKH� SKHQR� PHQRORJLFDO� 0RUVH�� /HQQDUG�-RQHV� DQG� HWF� SRWHQWLDOV� WR� GHVFULEH� WKH� LQWHUDFWLRQ� LQ PHWDOV�� ,Q� WKLV� ZRUN� ZH� KDYH� VKRZQ� WKDW HIIHFWLYH� SDLU� SRWHQWLDOV�ZLWK� SURSHUO\� FKR� VHQ� SDUDPHWHUV� JLYH� DGHTXDWH� YDOXHV� RI� HQ� HUJHWLF�SURSHUWLHV�RI�PHWDO�QDQRSDUWLFOHV�DV ZHOO�DV�RI�VRPH�EXON�DQG�VXUIDFH�SURSHUWLHV IRU� OLTXLG� DOXPLQXP�� 6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO SURYLGHV�D�EHWWHU�DJUHHPHQW�ZLWK�WKH�DYDLO� DEOH� H[SHULPHQW� GDWD� RQ� WKH� HYDSRUDWLRQ )LJ�� ��� &RPSDULVRQ� RI� WKH� 6FKRPPHUV� DQG 0RUVH� SDLU� SRWHQWLDOV� IRU� DOXPLQLXP�� 7KH 6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQWLDO� ZDV� EXLOW� DW� WHPSHUD� WXUHV� RI� � ����.� � �WKH� GDUN� VROLG� FXUYH�� DQG �����.� �WKH� OLJKW� GDVKHG� FXUYH��� 7KH�0RUVH SRWHQWLDO� DGMXVWHG� WR� WKH� 6FKRPPHUV� SRWHQ� WLDO� �WKH� OLJKW� VROLG� FXUYH��� WKH�0RUVH�SRWHQ� WLDO�ZLWK�WKH�GHSWK�KDYH�EHHQ�UHYLVHG�DFFRUG� LQJ� WR� WKH� PHOWLQJ� WHPSHUDWXUH� �WKH� GDUN GDVKHG� FXUYH��� 7KH� PHOWLQJ� WHPSHUDWXUH� RI DOXPLQLXP�LV�����.��N�LV�WKH�%ROW]PDQQ�FRQ� VWDQW� 7DEOH� ��� &DOFXODWLRQ� UHVXOWV� IRU�Vf�� G� DQG.� � FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR�$O� QDQRGURSOHWV�� 7KH H[SHULPHQWDO�YDOXHV�RI�WKH�VXUIDFH�WHQVLRQ DW� WKH� ����� .� DUH� � ���� P-�P�� >��@� ����P-�P��>��@�DQG�����P-�P��>��@� 3RWHQWLDO Vf��c�� .�������P-�P� G��c�� 6FKRPPHUV ��� �� ���� 0RUVH� ��� �� ���� 0RUVH� ��� �� ���� 6FKLII ��� �� ���� 7DEOH� ��� &DOFXODWHG� PDFURVFRSLF� YDOXHV� RI WKH�KHDW�RI�HYDSRUDWLRQ�IRU�$O�QDQRGURSOHWV� 7KH� H[SHULPHQWDO� YDOXHV� RI� WKH� HYDSRUDWLRQ KHDW�DW�WKH������.�LV�����N-�PROÜ��>��@� 3RWHQWLDO Of�P-�PROÜ� 3RWHQWLDO Of�P-�PROÜ� 6FKRPPHUV ��� 0RUVH� ��� 6FKLII ��� 0RUVH� ��� 1�<X��6GREQ\DNRY�HW�DO����,QYHVWLJDWLRQ�RI�VL]H���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� KHDW� DQG� WKH� VXUIDFH� WHQVLRQ� RI� WKH� DOXPL� QXP� PHOW� DW� OHDVW� DW� WKH� WHPSHUDWXUH 7� � ����� .�� $V� ZDV� PHQWLRQHG� DERYH� 0RUVH�V���6FKLII�V�SDLU�SRWHQWLDOV�FDQ�EH�DOVR DSSOLHG� WR� GHVFULEH� WKHUPRG\QDPLF� SURSHU� WLHV�RI�RWKHU�OLTXLG�PHWDOV�LQFOXGLQJ�IRU�H[� DPSOH�VRGLXP�DQG�FRSSHU�>��@� $FNQRZOHGJPHQWV��7KH�UHVHDUFK�ZDV�VXS� SRUWHG� E\� 5XVVLDQ� )XQG� RI� %DVLF� 5HVHDUFK �JUDQWV�1R�������������È�DQG������������� UBFHQWUBD�� DQG� IHGHUDO� SURJUDP� �6FLHQWLILF DQG� SHGDJRJLFDO� VSHFLDOLVWV� RI� LQQRYDWLYH 5XVVLD�� 5HIHUHQFHV � ���)�&OHUL��9�5RVDWR��3K\V��5HY��%���������������� � ���-��7HUVRII��3K\V��5HY��%������������������� � ���:�6FKRPPHUV��&�0D\HU��+�&REHO�HW�DO���-��9DF��6FL� 7HFKQ���$�������������������� � ���0�5LHWK�� 1DQR�(QJLQHHULQJ� LQ� 6FLHQFH� DQG 7HFKQRORJ\��$Q�,QWURGXFWLRQ�WR�WKH�:RUOG�RI 1DQR�'HVLJQ�� :RUOG� 6FLHQWLILF�� 1HZ� -HUVH\ ������� � ���/�0�6KFKHUEDNRY��LQ��5HVHDUFK�LQ�6XUIDFH�)RUFHV� 9RO�����&RQVXOWDQWV�EXUHDX��1HZ�<RUN���������S����� � ���9�0�6DPVRQRY��1�<X�6GREQ\DNRY��$�1�%D]XOHY� &ROORLGV�DQG�6XUIDFHV�$��3K\VLFRFKHP�(QJ��$V� SHFWV������������������ � ���5�)H\QPDQ��6WDWLVWLFDO�0HFKDQLFV��:�$��%HQMDPLQ ,QF���0DVVDFKXVHWWV������� � ���/�0�6KFKHUEDNRY��9�,�5\NRY��&ROORLG��-���������� ������� � ���(�$�*XJJHQKHLP��0RGHUQ�7KHUPRG\QDPLFV�E\ WKH� 0HWKRGV� RI� :LOODUG� *LEEV�� 0HWKXHQ� /WG��/RQGRQ�������� ����9�0�6DPVRQRY��LQ��6HFRQG�,QWHUQ��&RQI��+LJK 7HPSHUDWXUH� &DSLOODULW\�� � )RXQGU\� 5HVHDUFK ,QVWLWXWH��&UDFRZ��3RODQG���������S������ ����'�6FKLII��3K\V��5HY������������������� ����(�0DWWHROL�� *�0DQVRRUL�� -�� RI� &KHP�� 3K\V�� ���������������������� ����5�v�7ROPDQ��-��&KHP��3K\V������������������� ����$�,�5XVDQRY��3KDVHQJOHLFKJHZLFKWH�XQG�*UHQ� ]IODHFKHQHUVFKHLQXQJHQ�� $FDGHPLH�9HUODJ�� %HU� OLQ�������� ����,�6�*ULJRU�HY��(�=��0HOLNKRY��3K\VLFDO�*XDQWL� WLHV��+DQGERRN��(QHUJ\��0RVFRZ�������� ����<X�9�1DLGLFK��&RQWDFW�3KHQRPHQD�LQ�WKH�0HWDO 0HOWV��1DXNRYD�'XPND��.LHY�������� ����(�$�%UDQGHV�� *�'�%URRN�� 6PLWKHOOV� 0HWDOV 5HIHUHQFH�%RRN��%XWWHUZRUWK�+HLQHPDQQ��2[� IRUG�������� ����1�<X�6GREQ\DNRY��9�0�6DPVRQRY��&(-3�������� ������� ����1�<X�6GREQ\DNRY��$�1�%D]XOHY��9�0�6DPVRQRY� =K��)L]��.KLP�����������6�������������� ����1�<X�6GREQ\DNRY�� $�1�%D]XOHY�� '�$�.XOSLQ� '�0�� 6RORY�HY�� LQ�� 3URF�� RI� WKH� 6FLHQWLILF ZRUNV��0HFKDQLFV�DQG�3K\VLFV�RI�WKH�6XUIDFH 3URFHVVHV�DQG�LQ�WKH�&RQWDFW�RI�WKH�6ROLG�6XE� VWDQFHV� DQG� WKH� 0DFKLQH� 3DUWV��� 7YHU� 6WDWH 7HFKQLFDO�8QLYHUVLW\��7YHU��5XVVLD������������ � iº°ã��ÎËÓÓ«�¯ºÏä�¯ÓÒ²�ÏÈãËÎÓº°�Ë®�¹ºm˯²ÓËmº�ºÓÈ�«������˹ãº�Ò�mҹȯºm�mÈÓÓ«�ÓÈÓº}¯È¹Ëã Èã ä�Ó� �Ï�mÒ}º¯Ò°�ÈÓÓ«ä�¯�ÏÓÒ²�¹º�ËÓ��Èã�m l���v�º­Ó«}ºm��{�l�vÈä°ºÓºm��k�s�rÈÏ�ãËm�i�|��z�ã ¹�Ó��i�s��vº}ºãºm �sÈ�º°Óºm���˯äº�ÒÓÈä��Óº���˺¯���Ï­�¯ËÓ �¹¯ºmË�ËÓº�¯ºÏ¯È²�Óº}�¹ºm˯²ÓËmº�º�ÓÈ�«� ��� �� �˹ãº�Ò� mҹȯºm�mÈÓÓ«� �ã«� ÓÈÓº}¯È¹Ëã � Èã ä�Ó� �� cºÏä�¯Ó�� ÏÈãËÎÓº°��� �ã«� ¹º� m˯²ÓËmº�º�ÓÈ�«������˹ãº�Ò�mҹȯºm�mÈÓÓ«�º�˯ÎÈÓ��Ï�mÒ}¯Ò°�ÈÓÓ«ä�¹º�ËÓ��Èã��bºä� ä˯°È�� ¹º¯�mÓ«Ó�� Ï� ¯ËÏ�ã �È�ÈäÒ�� �º� m��¹ºm��È � � �Ó�Òä� ËÁË}�ÒmÓÒä� ¹È¯ÓÒä� ¹º� �ËÓ��ÈãÈä�� {°�ÈÓºmãËÓº�� �º� ȰÒä¹�º�Ò�Ó�� ÏÓÈ�ËÓÓ«� ¹ºm˯²ÓËmº�º� ÓÈ�«��� �� �˹ãº�Ò mҹȯºm�mÈÓÓ«���º�m��¹ºm��È � �mËãÒ}Òä�¯ºÏä�¯Èä�ÓÈÓº}¯È¹Ëã ���º�˯ÎÈÓ��Ï�mÒ}º¯Ò°� �ÈÓÓ«ä� ¹º�ËÓ��Èã��bºää˯°È�� }¯È�Ë� �Ï�º�Î� � °«� Ï� ÓÈ«mÓÒäÒ� Ë}°¹Ë¯ÒäËÓ�Èã ÓÒäÒ �ÈÓÒäÒ� � 1�<X��6GREQ\DNRY�HW�DO����,QYHVWLJDWLRQ�RI�VL]H���� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������