HCP and FCC phases in Ni-Pd laser thin films

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Datum:2011
Hauptverfasser: Bagmut, A.G., Shipkova, I.G., Zhuchkov, V.A.
Format: Artikel
Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України 2011
Schriftenreihe:Functional Materials
Schlagworte:
Online Zugang:http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135469
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
Назва журналу:Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Zitieren:HCP and FCC phases in Ni-Pd laser thin films / A.G. Bagmut, I.G. Shipkova, V.A. Zhuchkov // Functional Materials. — 2011. — Т. 18, № 1. — С. 12-17. — Бібліогр.: 19 назв. — англ.

Institution

Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
id irk-123456789-135469
record_format dspace
spelling irk-123456789-1354692018-06-16T03:04:07Z HCP and FCC phases in Ni-Pd laser thin films Bagmut, A.G. Shipkova, I.G. Zhuchkov, V.A. Characterization and properties 2011 Article HCP and FCC phases in Ni-Pd laser thin films / A.G. Bagmut, I.G. Shipkova, V.A. Zhuchkov // Functional Materials. — 2011. — Т. 18, № 1. — С. 12-17. — Бібліогр.: 19 назв. — англ. 1027-5495 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135469 en Functional Materials НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
institution Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
collection DSpace DC
language English
topic Characterization and properties
Characterization and properties
spellingShingle Characterization and properties
Characterization and properties
Bagmut, A.G.
Shipkova, I.G.
Zhuchkov, V.A.
HCP and FCC phases in Ni-Pd laser thin films
Functional Materials
format Article
author Bagmut, A.G.
Shipkova, I.G.
Zhuchkov, V.A.
author_facet Bagmut, A.G.
Shipkova, I.G.
Zhuchkov, V.A.
author_sort Bagmut, A.G.
title HCP and FCC phases in Ni-Pd laser thin films
title_short HCP and FCC phases in Ni-Pd laser thin films
title_full HCP and FCC phases in Ni-Pd laser thin films
title_fullStr HCP and FCC phases in Ni-Pd laser thin films
title_full_unstemmed HCP and FCC phases in Ni-Pd laser thin films
title_sort hcp and fcc phases in ni-pd laser thin films
publisher НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
publishDate 2011
topic_facet Characterization and properties
url http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135469
citation_txt HCP and FCC phases in Ni-Pd laser thin films / A.G. Bagmut, I.G. Shipkova, V.A. Zhuchkov // Functional Materials. — 2011. — Т. 18, № 1. — С. 12-17. — Бібліогр.: 19 назв. — англ.
series Functional Materials
work_keys_str_mv AT bagmutag hcpandfccphasesinnipdlaserthinfilms
AT shipkovaig hcpandfccphasesinnipdlaserthinfilms
AT zhuchkovva hcpandfccphasesinnipdlaserthinfilms
first_indexed 2025-07-09T23:21:50Z
last_indexed 2025-07-09T23:21:50Z
_version_ 1837213486517583872
fulltext +&3�DQG�)&&�SKDVHV�LQ�1L±3G ODVHU�WKLQ�ILOPV $�*�%DJPXW��,�*�6KLSNRYD��9�$�=KXFKNRY 1DWLRQDO�7HFKQLFDO�8QLYHUVLW\��.KDUNLY�3RO\WHFKQLFDO�,QVWLWXWH�� ���)UXQ]H�6WU���������.KDUNLY��8NUDLQH 5HFHLYHG�$SULO��������� 8VLQJ� WUDQVPLVVLRQ� HOHFWURQ� PLFURVFRS\�� HOHFWURQ� GLIIUDFWLRQ�� DQG� YLEUDWLQJ� VDPSOH PDJQHWRPHWU\� WHFKQLTXHV�� VWXGLHG� KDYH� EHHQ� WKH� ILOPV� RI� 3G�� 1L�� DQG� D� 1L±3G� DOOR\ GHSRVLWHG�E\�SXOVHG�ODVHU�DEODWLRQ�ERWK�RI�VLQJOH�HOHPHQW�DQG�FRPSRVLWH�WZR�HOHPHQW�1L±3G WDUJHWV��,W�ZDV�HVWDEOLVKHG�WKDW�DW�DOWHUQDWH�GHSRVLWLRQ�RI�ODVHU�HURVLRQ�1L�DQG�3G�SODVPD� ILOPV� ZLWK� PHWDVWDEOH� KH[DJRQDO� �KFS�� FU\VWDO� ODWWLFH� FDQ� EH� IRUPHG�� &U\VWDOORJUDSKLF SDUDPHWHUV�RI�WKLV�ODWWLFH�JURZ�PRQRWRQLFDOO\�ZLWK�LQFUHDVLQJ�3G�FRQWHQW��$IWHU�DQQHDOLQJ� WKHVH� ILOPV� WDNH� WKH� HTXLOLEULXP� FXELF� �IFF�� VWUXFWXUH� DQG� WUDQVIRUP� WR� IHUURPDJQHWLF VWDWH�� 7KH� GHSHQGHQFH� RI� WKH� VROLG� VROXWLRQ� ODWWLFH� FRQVWDQW� RI� 1L±3G� DOOR\� RQ� WKH� 3G FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�H[KLELWV�D�SRVLWLYH�GHYLDWLRQ�IURP�WKH�9HJDUG�V�ODZ� lË�º�ÈäÒ�¹¯º°mË�ÒmÈ �Ë®�ªãË}�¯ºÓÓº®�äÒ}¯º°}º¹ÒÒ��ªãË}�¯ºÓº�¯ÈÁÒÒ�Ò�mÒ­¯È�ÒºÓ� Óº®� äÈ�ÓÒ�ºäË�¯ÒÒ� Ò°°ãË�ºmÈÓ©� ¹ãËÓ}Ò� 1L� Ò� °¹ãÈmºm� 1L±3G�� º°ÈÎ�ËÓÓ©Ë� Òä¹�ã °Ó©ä ãÈÏ˯өä�¯È°¹©ãËÓÒËä�}È}�º�ÓºªãËäËÓ�Ó©²�� �È}�Ò� °º°�ÈmÓ©²��m�²ªãËäËÓ�Ó©²�äÒ�ËÓË® 1L±3G���°�ÈÓºmãËÓº����º�¹¯Ò�¹º¹Ë¯ËäËÓÓºä�º°ÈÎ�ËÓÒÒ�ãÈÏ˯Ӻ®�ª¯ºÏÒºÓÓº®�¹ãÈÏä©�1L�Ò 3G�ÓÈ�¹º�ãºÎ}Ȳ�äº����Áº¯äÒ¯ºmÈ� °«�¹ãËÓ}Ò�°�äË�Ȱ�È­Òã Óº®�}¯Ò°�ÈããÒ�˰}º®�¯Ë�Ë�� }º®������¹È¯ÈäË�¯©�}º�º¯º®�äºÓº�ºÓÓº�mºÏ¯È°�È ��°��mËãÒ�ËÓÒËä�°º�˯ÎÈÓÒ«�3G���º°ãË º�ÎÒ�È�¹ãËÓ}Ò�¹¯Òº­¯Ë�È ��¯ÈmÓºm˰Ó� � °�¯�}��¯���¡z�Ò�¹Ë¯Ë²º�«��m�Á˯¯ºäÈ�ÓÒ�ÓºË °º°�º«ÓÒË��sÈ­ã �ÈË�°«�¹ºãºÎÒ�Ëã ÓºË�º�}ãºÓËÓÒË�º��ÏÈ}ºÓÈ�{Ë�ȯ�È�ÏÈmÒ°Ò亰�Ò�¹º°�º� «ÓÓº®�¯Ë�Ë�}Ò��m˯�º�º�¯È°�mº¯È�°¹ãÈmÈ�1L±3G�º��}ºÓ�ËÓ�¯È�ÒÒ�3G� ���,QWURGXFWLRQ ,Q�EXON�VWDWH��1L��3G�DQG�DOOR\V�RI�1L±3G V\VWHP� ZKLFK� LV� FKDUDFWHUL]HG� E\� WKH� FRP� SOHWH� PXWXDO� VROXELOLW\� RI� FRPSRQHQWV� LQ ERWK� VROLG� DQG� OLTXLG� VWDWHV� KDYH� IDFH�FHQ� WHUHG� FXELF� �IFF�� FU\VWDO� ODWWLFH� >�@�� :KLOH KH[DJRQDO�FORVH�SDFNHG��KFS��VWUXFWXUH��D�1L SKDVH��DORQJ�ZLWK�HTXLOLEULXP�IFF�VWUXFWXUH �E�1L� SKDVH�� LV� SRVVLEOH� LQ� WKLQ� ILOP� DQG QDQRFU\VWDOOLQH� VWDWHV�� 7KH� D�1L� SKDVH� KDV EHHQ� REVHUYHG� DW� HOHFWURQ� GLIIUDFWLRQ� SDW� WHUQV�UHVHDUFK�RI�1L�ILOPV�GHSRVLWHG�E\�WKHU� PDO� HYDSRUDWLRQ� LQ� YDFXXP��$Q� LQWHUSUHWD� WLRQ�RI�KFS�1L�IRUPDWLRQ�EDVHG�RQ�WKH�SKDVH VL]H�HIIHFW�KDV�EHHQ�SURSRVHG�>�@��7KLV�HIIHFW LV�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�WKH�IUHH�HQHUJ\�FKDQJH�RI WKH�ILOP�VXEVWUDWH�V\VWHP�DW�LQFUHDVLQJ�UHOD� WLYH�IUDFWLRQ�RI�VXUIDFH�ZKHQ�WKH�ILOP�WKLFN� QHVV� GHFUHDVHV�� 7KH� FU\VWDOORJUDSKLF� SD� UDPHWHUV� RI�D�1L� DQG�E�1L� SKDVHV� DFFRUGLQJ WR�WKH�WDEOHV�RI�,QWHUQDWLRQDO�&HQWHU�IRU�'LI� IUDFWLRQ�'DWD�Û�-&3'&�DUH�FLWHG�LQ�>����@� ,Q� UHFHQW� \HDUV�� WKH� LQWHUHVW� LQ� WKH� 1L ILOPV� DQG� QDQRSDUWLFOHV� DV� ZHOO� DV� 1L±3G RQHV� ULVHV� VKDUSO\�� ,W� LV� GXH� WR� WKHLU� PDJ� QHWLF�� HOHFWURSK\VLFDO�� DQG� FDWDO\WLF� SURSHU� WLHV�� 0RUHRYHU�� WKH� 1L±3G� DOOR\V� DUH� YHU\ SURPLVLQJ�IRU�PHGLFDO�SXUSRVHV�DV�WKH�PDWH� ULDOV�IRU�VHOI�FRQWUROOHG�K\SHUWKHUPLD�>�@��1L QDQRSDUWLFOHV� RI� ERWK� KFS� DQG� IFF� SKDVHV KDYH� EHHQ� REWDLQHG� E\� FKHPLFDO� V\QWKHVLV >�@��7KH�SUHSDUDWLRQ�RI�1L�QDQRSDUWLFOHV�KDY� LQJ� QRQHTXLOLEULXP� KFS� ODWWLFH� E\� VRO�JHO PHWKRG� ZDV� GHVFULEHG� LQ� >�@�� 7KH� VRO� �WKH VROXWLRQ� RI� 1L�12���� DQG� &�+�2��� ZDVKHDWHG�WR�IRUP�JHO��7KH�ODWWHU�ZDV�XVHG�DV�D SUHFXUVRU� IRU� V\QWKHVLV� RI� 1L� SDUWLFOHV� DW KHDW�WUHDWPHQW� LQ� DUJRQ� DWPRVSKHUH�� 7KH SRZGHUV� FRQVLVWLQJ� RI� 1L� SDUWLFOHV� RI� KFS VWUXFWXUH� RQO\� RU� IFF�RQH�DV�ZHOO� DV�D�PL[� )XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� �������Û�67&��,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV� �� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� WXUH�RI�WZR�W\SHV�RI�SDUWLFOHV�ZHUH�REWDLQHG GHSHQGLQJ�RQ�KHDW�WUHDWPHQW�WHPSHUDWXUH� 7KH�GDWD�FRQFHUQLQJ�WR�PDJQHWLF�SURSHU� WLHV� RI� D�1L� QDQRSDUWLFOHV� DUH� DPELJXRXV� $FFRUGLQJ� WR� >�@�� WKH� QDQRSDUWLFOHV� RI� GL� DPHWHU�'� UDQJLQJ� IURP����� WR����QP�VKRZ DQWLIHUURPDJQHWLF� EHKDYLRU� ZKLOH� E�1L QDQRSDUWLFOHV�RI���Ü���QP�GLDPHWHUV�UHYHDO IHUURPDJQHWLF� SURSHUWLHV�� ,Q� D� QXPEHU� RI ZRUNV��WKHUH�DUH�WKH�GDWD�WKDW�D�1L�QDQRSDU� WLFOHV�PD\�EH�LQ�QRQPDJQHWLF��DQWLIHUURPDJ� QHWLF��DQG�IHUURPDJQHWLF�VWDWHV�>�@� 7KH� LVODQG�1L� ILOPV�ZLWK�KFS�FU\VWDO� ODW� WLFH� KDYH� EHHQ� REWDLQHG� GXULQJ� KHWHURHSL� WD[LDO�JURZWK�RI�1L�RQWR� ������0J2�VXUIDFH DW� WKH� VXEVWUDWH� WHPSHUDWXUH� 7V� �����.>�@��+RZHYHU��WKH�WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ�RI�KFS�ODW� WLFH� WR� IFF� RQH� RFFXUUHG� E\� PDUWHQVLWH PHFKDQLVP�ZKHQ� WKH� LVODQG� ODWHUDO� VL]H� LQ� FUHDVHG� �DERYH�a��QP���7KH�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�1L LVODQGV� KDYLQJ� XQVWDEOH� KFS� ODWWLFH�ZDV� H[� SODLQHG�LQ�E\�SVHXGRPRUSKLVP��$FFRUGLQJ�WR WKLV� SKHQRPHQRQ�� DW� DQ� LQLWLDO� VWDJH� RI JURZWK� WKH� FU\VWDOOLQH� ODWWLFH� RI� ILOP� ZDV DUUDQJHG�WR�WKDW�RI�VXEVWUDWH� 7RGD\�� WKH� IRUPDWLRQ� RI� PHWDVWDEOH� KFS SKDVH� LQ�1L� ILOPV� LV� D� ZHOO�HVWDEOLVKHG� IDFW >��@�� &RQWLQXRXV� ILOPV� RI� ERWK� D�1L� DQG� E�1L ZHUH� REWDLQHG� E\� SXOVHG� SODVPD� HYDSRUDWLRQ WHFKQLTXH�LQ�>������@��2QO\�WKH�E�1L�ILOPV�KDYH UHYHDOHG� IHUURPDJQHWLF� SURSHUWLHV�� 7KH� D�1L ILOPV�DQG�KFS�ILOPV�RI�D�1L�1�SKDVH�ZKLFK�ZDVIRUPHG� LQ� QLWURJHQ� DWPRVSKHUH� RI� ��Ü��7RUU KDG�QR�IHUURPDJQHWLF�SURSHUWLHV�>��@� $�VSHFLILF�IHDWXUH�RI�SXOVHG�ODVHU�GHSRVL� WLRQ� �3/'�� PHWKRG� FRQVLVWV� LQ� WKH� GLVFUHWH GHOLYHU\� RI� SHULRGLF� IOX[� RI� ODVHU� HURVLRQ SODVPD�FRPSULVLQJ�HOHFWURQ��LRQ�DQG�QHXWUDO FRPSRQHQWV� WR� VXEVWUDWH�� 7KH� QXFOHDWLRQ DQG�JURZWK�RI�FOXVWHUV�RQ�WKH�VXEVWUDWH�SUR� FHHGV�LQ�QRQHTXLOLEULXP�FRQGLWLRQV�SUHGHWHU� PLQLQJ� WKH� IRUPDWLRQ� SRVVLELOLW\� RI� PHWDV� WDEOH� VWUXFWXUDO� VWDWHV�� 7KDW� PHWKRG� ZDV XVHG� WR�REWDLQ�WKH�FRQWLQXRXV�1L� ILOPV�RI�D PHWDVWDEOH� KFS� VWUXFWXUH� >��Ü��@�� 7KH� YRO� XPH� FKDQJHV� >��@� DQG� RULHQWDWLRQDO� UHODWLRQV >��@� EHWZHHQ� FU\VWDOOLQH� ODWWLFHV� ZHUH� HVWDE� OLVKHG� LQ�WKH�FRXUVH�RI�WKH�KFS�IFF�WUDQVLWLRQ DW� DQQHDOLQJ�� ,W�ZDV� FRQILUPHG�WKDW�RQO\� IFF 1L�ILOPV�SRVVHVV�WKH�IHUURPDJQHWLF�SURSHUWLHV� $FFRUGLQJ� WR� >��@�� WKH� IRUPDWLRQ� RI� KFS SKDVH� LV� SRVVLEOH� QRW� RQO\� LQ� 1L� ILOPV� EXW DOVR�LQ�1L±3G�DOOR\�RQHV�LI� WKH�3/'�PHWKRG LV� XVHG�� 7KH� DLP� RI� WKLV� ZRUN� LV� WR� REWDLQ DQG�WR�LQYHVWLJDWH�WKH�VWUXFWXUH��SKDVH�FRP� SRVLWLRQ� DQG� PDJQHWLF� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� RI ILOPV� GHSRVLWHG�E\� ODVHU� VSXWWHULQJ� RI� FRP� ELQHG�WDUJHWV�RI�1L�DQG�3G� ���7HFKQLTXHV 7KH�ILOPV�ZHUH�GHSRVLWHG�LQ�YDFXXP�RQWR WKH� ������ .&O� VXEVWUDWHV� GLVSRVHG� RQ� WKH SDWK� RI� YDSRXU� SODVPD� IOX[�� 7KH� IOX[� ZDV IRUPHG�E\�VSXWWHULQJ�RI�WDUJHW�XVLQJ�SXOVHV RI�DQ�/7,�3&K���RSWLFDO�TXDQWXP�JHQHUDWRU RSHUDWLQJ� LQ� D�4�VZLWFKHG� PRGH�� 7KH� ODVHU ZDYHOHQJWK� DQG� WKH� SXOVH� UHSHWLWLRQ� UDWH ZHUH� ����� PP� DQG� ��� +]�� UHVSHFWLYHO\� 'XULQJ�GHSRVLWLRQ��WKH�UHVLGXDO�JDV�SUHVVXUH LQ�YDFXXP�FKDPEHU�ZDV���Ü��7RUU��7KH�VXE� VWUDWH� WHPSHUDWXUH� 7V� ZDV� DERXW� ���Ü����.� 7KH� URWDWLQJ� GLVNV� FRQVLVWLQJ� RI� VHFWRUV PDGH�RI�KLJK�SXULW\�1L�DQG�3G�ZHUH�XVHG�DV WDUJHWV� VXEMHFWHG� WR� VSXWWHULQJ�� 7KH� URWD� WLRQ� IUHTXHQF\� ZDV� ��Ü��� VÜ��� 7KLV� WHFK� QLTXH� DOORZHG� XV� WR� GHSRVLW� ODVHU� HURVLRQ SODVPD� RI� 1L� RU� 3G� RQWR� VXEVWUDWH� DOWHU� QDWHO\�� 7KH� UDWLR� &0� �63G�6�� RI� WKH� DUHDVFDQQHG� E\� WKH� ODVHU� EHDP� RYHU� WKH� SDOOD� GLXP� VXUIDFH�63G� WR� WKH� WRWDO� GLVN� VXUIDFHDUHD� 6�� ZDV� YDULHG� EHWZHHQ� ��� ������ ��������� DQG� ��� 7KLV� ZD\� DOORZHG� XV� WR� REWDLQ ERWK� VLQJOH�HOHPHQW� ILOPV�RI�1L� �&0� ���� RU3G� �&0� ���� DQG� WKH� ILOPV� RI�1L±3G� DOOR\V�7KH� ILOP� WKLFNQHVV� ZDV� DERXW� ��Ü��� QP� 6WUXFWXUH� DQG� SKDVH� WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV� ZHUH LQLWLDWHG� E\� DQQHDOLQJ� RI� WKH� ILOPV� LQ� YDF� XXP� ZLWKRXW� VHSDUDWLRQ� IURP� VXEVWUDWHV� 7KH�WHPSHUDWXUH�7��DQG�DQQHDOLQJ�SHULRG�W�ZHUH����Ü����.�DQG���K��UHVSHFWLYHO\� 7KH�ILOPV�ZHUH�VHSDUDWHG�IURP�VXEVWUDWHV LQ�GLVWLOOHG�ZDWHU�DQG�WUDQVIHUUHG�RQWR�FRS� SHU�JULGV�IRU�HOHFWURQ�PLFURVFRSLF�LQYHVWLJD� WLRQV��7KH�VWUXFWXUH�ZDV�VWXGLHG�E\�HOHFWURQ GLIIUDFWLRQ� DQG� WUDQVPLVVLRQ� HOHFWURQ� PL� FURVFRS\� XVLQJ� 3(0�������� DQG� (0����/ HOHFWURQ�PLFURVFRSHV��7KH� VFDOH� RI� WKH� HOHF� WURQ� GLIIUDFWLRQ� SDWWHUQV� ZDV� HVWLPDWHG� E\ WKH� WUDGLWLRQDO� WHFKQLTXH� XVLQJ� FDOLEUDWLRQ WKLQ� ILOP� RI� SRO\FU\VWDOOLQH� $O�� %DVLQJ� RQ EULJKW� ILHOG� HOHFWURQ� PLFURJUDSKV� RI� WKH ILOPV��WKH�PHDQ�YDOXHV�RI�JUDLQ�VL]HV�'�ZHUH GHWHUPLQHG�SULRU�WR�DQG�DIWHU�WKH�DQQHDOLQJ� 7KH� PDJQHWLF� SURSHUWLHV� RI� WKH� ILOPV� LQ DV�GHSRVLWHG� VWDWH� DQG�DIWHU� DQQHDOLQJ�ZHUH VWXGLHG� XVLQJ� D� KLJK� VHQVLWLYH� YLEUDWLQJ VDPSOH�PDJQHWRPHWHU��+\VWHUHVLV�ORRSV�ZHUH PHDVXUHG�DW�URRP�WHPSHUDWXUH�IRU�WKH�VDP� SOHV�RI�VTXDUH�VKDSH�ZLWK�DQ�DUHD�RI�a��FP� LQ�PDJQHWLF�ILHOGV�XS�WR������2H�DSSOLHG�DW WZR� PXWXDOO\� SHUSHQGLFXODU� GLUHFWLRQV� LQ WKH� ILOP� SODQH�� 7KH� PHDQ� VDWXUDWLRQ� PDJ� QHWL]DWLRQ�,6�ZHUH�GHWHUPLQHG�E\�FRPSDULQJVLJQDOV� RI� WKH� UHIHUHQFH� VDPSOH� DQG� WHVWHG RQH�RI�NQRZQ�DUHD�DQG�WKLFNQHVV� $�*�%DJPXW�HW�DO����+&3�DQG�)&&�SKDVHV�LQ���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� �� ���5HVXOWV�DQG�GLVFXVVLRQ )LJ��D�VKRZV�WKH�HOHFWURQ�GLIIUDFWLRQ�SDW� WHUQ�� LWV� VFKHPH� DQG� WKH� HOHFWURQ� PL� FURJUDSK�RI� WKH� ILOP�GHSRVLWHG�DW� VXEVWUDWH WHPSHUDWXUH�7V� �����.�E\�SXOVH�ODVHU�VSXW�WHULQJ� RI� 1L� WDUJHW� �&0� ����� 7KH� ILOP� LVSRO\FU\VWDOOLQH�� WKH� PHDQ� JUDLQ� VL]H� ' BB DPRXQWV�����QP��7KH�H[SHULPHQWDO�HOHFWURQ GLIIUDFWLRQ� SDWWHUQ� �VHH� OHIW� XSSHU� SDUW� RI WKH�)LJXUH��LV�FRPELQHG�ZLWK�WKHRUHWLFDO�RQH �VHH�OHIW�ERWWRP�SDUW�RI�)LJXUH��IRU�WKH�SRO\� FU\VWDO�RI�KFS�VWUXFWXUH��7KH�FLUFOH�UDGLL�RI WKH� WKHRUHWLFDO� HOHFWURQ� GLIIUDFWLRQ� SDWWHUQ VDWLVI\�WKH�HTXDWLRQ�� 5� �*�CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC� ��K����KN���N����� � �O� � ��� ,W�LV�WDNHQ�LQWR�DFFRXQW�LQ�WKH�(T����WKDW IRU�KFS�VWUXFWXUH�WKH�UDWLR�RI�SDUDPHWHUV�RI FU\VWDO�ODWWLFH�XQLW�FHOO�*� �F�D� ��CCC�e� ���*�LV WKH� VFDOH� IDFWRU�� K�� N�� O� DUH� WKH� 0LOOHU�V LQGLFHV� IRU� FU\VWDO� SODQHV�� )RU� KFS� VWUXF� WXUH�� WKH� UHIOH[HV� ZLWK� RGG� YDOXH� RI� ��K�� �N��O���� DUH� IRUELGGHQ�� 7KHUHIRUH�� WKH� FLU� FOHV�ZLWK�GLDPHWHUV�VDWLVI\LQJ�WR�VXFK�HTXD� WLRQ�GR�QRW�VKRZ�LQ�WKH�WKHRUHWLFDO�HOHFWURQ GLIIUDFWLRQ� SDWWHUQ�� ,I� WKH� H[SHULPHQWDO HOHFWURQ� GLIIUDFWLRQ� SDWWHUQ� FRUUHVSRQGV� WR WKDW� RI� KFS� ILOP�� LW� LV� SRVVLEOH� WR� REWDLQ FRPSOHWH�FRLQFLGHQFH�RI�WKH�ULQJV�RI�WKH�H[� SHULPHQWDO�HOHFWURQ�GLIIUDFWLRQ�SDWWHUQ�ZLWK WKH� FLUFOHV� RI� WKH� WKHRUHWLFDO� RQH�E\� FKDQJ� LQJ�WKH�VFDOH�IDFWRU�*��6LQFH�WKLV�LV�REVHUYHG IRU� H[SHULPHQWDO� HOHFWURQ� GLIIUDFWLRQ� SDW� WHUQ�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJ��D��ZH�KDYH�DWWULEXWHG�WR WKH�UHIOH[HV�QXPEHUHG�DV���������DQG�VR�RQ WKH�K��N��O�LQGLFHV�RI�KFS�ODWWLFH� 7KH� LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ�RI�WKH�HOHFWURQ�GLIIUDF� WLRQ� SDWWHUQ� VKRZQ� LQ� )LJ��D� HYLGHQFHV� WKDW WKH�PHWDVWDEOH�D�1L� SKDVH�ZLWK� SDUDPHWHUV D� ������r������QP��F� ������r������QP�DQG J� �����r����� LV�IRUPHG�GXULQJ� ODVHU�GHSRVL� WLRQ� RI� 1L� RQWR� .&O� VXEVWUDWH� DW� 7V� �����.�7KHVH� YDOXHV� DUH� FORVH� WR� GDWD� IURP� >����@ REWDLQHG� E\� ;�UD\� GLIIUDFWLRQ� DQDO\VLV� RI KFS�1L�QDQRSDUWLFOHV� $V�D�UHVXOW�RI�DQQHDOLQJ��W�� ���K��7�� �����.�WKH� FU\VWDOOLQH� ODWWLFH� RI�1L� ILOPV� LV� WUDQV� IRUPHG��7KH�HOHFWURQ�GLIIUDFWLRQ�SDWWHUQ��LWV VFKHPH�� DQG� WKH� HOHFWURQ� PLFURJUDSK� DUH VKRZQ�LQ�)LJ��E��$IWHU�DQQHDOLQJ��D�ORZ�RU� GHULQJ�RI�1L�OD\HU�DULVHV�LQ�SDUDOOHO�RULHQWD� WLRQ� UHODWLYH� WR� ������ .&O� VXEVWUDWH�� 7KH PHDQ� JUDLQ� VL]H� ' BB � RI� 1L� LQFUHDVHG� WR �����QP�DIWHU�DQQHDOLQJ��7KH�FLUFOH�UDGLL�RI WKH� WKHRUHWLFDO� HOHFWURQ� GLIIUDFWLRQ� SDWWHUQ RI�IFF�SRO\FU\VWDO�VDWLVI\�WKH�HTXDWLRQ� 5� �*�CCCCCCCCCCCC�K����N����O�� �� ��� WKH� UHIOH[HV� RI� WKH� VDPH� HYHQQHVV� EHLQJ�DO� ORZHG�IRU�IFF�VWUXFWXUHV��6LQFH�LQ�)LJ��E�WKH ULQJV� RI� WKH� H[SHULPHQWDO� HOHFWURQ� GLIIUDF� WLRQ�SDWWHUQ�FRLQFLGH�ZLWK�WKH�FLUFOHV�RI�WKH WKHRUHWLFDO� HOHFWURQ� GLIIUDFWLRQ� SDWWHUQ� IRU IFF�VWUXFWXUH��ZH�KDYH�WR�DWWULEXWH�WKH�K��N� O�UHIOHFWLRQ�LQGLFHV�WR�IFF�ODWWLFH��$IWHU�DQQHDO� LQJ�WKH�ILOP�DFTXLUHV�WKH�IFF�VWUXFWXUH�ZLWK�WKH ODWWLFH�SDUDPHWHU�D�� ������r������QP�$V� WKH� UHVXOW� RI� WKH� VSXWWHULQJ� RI� FRP� SRVLWH� ����1LÜ����3G� �&0� ������� WDUJHW )LJ���� (OHFWURQ� GLIIUDFWLRQ� SDWWHUQV� ZLWK VFKHPHV� DQG� HOHFWURQ� PLFURJUDSKV� RI� VWUXF� WXUH�RI�WKH�ILOPV�GHSRVLWHG�DW�7V� �����.�E\SXOVH� ODVHU� VSXWWHULQJ�� �D�� 6SXWWHULQJ� RI� 1L �&0� ����� DV�SUHSDUHG� VWDWH�� �E�� 7KH� VDPHDIWHU�DQQHDOLQJ�RI�WKH�ILOP���F��6SXWWHULQJ�RI FRPSRVLWH����1LÜ���3G� WDUJHW� �&0� �������DV�SUHSDUHG� VWDWH�� �G��7KH� VDPH�DIWHU�DQQHDOLQJ RI� WKH� ILOP��7KH� HOHFWURQ� GLIIUDFWLRQ� SDWWHUQ FRQWUDVW�LV�LQYHUWHG�� $�*�%DJPXW�HW�DO����+&3�DQG�)&&�SKDVHV�LQ���� �� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� DQG� ���1LÜ���3G� �&0� ������ RQH�� WKH�1L±3GDOOR\� ILOPV� DUH� IRUPHG� RQWR� VXEVWUDWHV� 7KHLU� FU\VWDO� ODWWLFHV� FRUUHVSRQGHG� WR� KFS VWUXFWXUH�� WRR�� ,Q� )LJ��F�� WKH� HOHFWURQ� GLI� IUDFWLRQ� SDWWHUQ�� LWV� VFKHPH�� DQG� WKH� HOHF� WURQ� PLFURJUDSK� RI� WKH� ILOP� GHSRVLWHG� DW VXEVWUDWH� WHPSHUDWXUH� 7V� ����� .� XVLQJODVHU� VSXWWHULQJ� RI� FRPSRVLWH� ���1LÜ���3G WDUJHW�DUH� VKRZQ��7KH� ILOP�LV�SRO\FU\VWDOOLQH ZLWK� WKH� PHDQ� JUDLQ� VL]H� ' BB � ����� QP�� 7KH IRUPDWLRQ�RI�1L±3G�DOOR\�ILOP�ZLWK�PHWDVWDEOH KFS� FU\VWDO� ODWWLFH� WDNHV� SODFH�� 7KH� ILOP� SD� UDPHWHUV�DUH�DV�IROORZV��D� ������r������QP� F� ������r������QP�DQG� J� �����r������$V� D UHVXOW� RI� WKH� DQQHDOLQJ�� WKH� ILOP� FU\VWDO� ODW� WLFH� LV� WUDQVIRUPHG� WR� IFF� VWUXFWXUH�ZLWK�SD� UDPHWHU� D�� ������r������ QP�� 7KH� � � YDOXHLQFUHDVHV�XS�WR������QP� )LJ���VKRZV�WKH�KLVWRJUDPV�ZKLFK�FKDUDF� WHUL]H�WKH�GLVWULEXWLRQ�RI�'�PHDVXULQJ�GDWD�LQ DV�SUHSDUHG� ILOPV� DQG� DQQHDOHG� RQHV��2Q� WKH DOO�GLDJUDPV��WKH�YDOXHV�RI�I�FRUUHVSRQGLQJ�WR UHODWLYH� IUHTXHQF\� GHQVLW\� RI� '� YDOXHV� DUH H[SRVHG�RQ�WKH�RUGLQDWH�D[LV��%\�GHILQLWLRQ�� I� � QL 1''� ��� ZKHUH� QL� LV� WKH� IUHTXHQF\� RI� YDOXHV� RI� ' O\LQJ�LQ�WKH�L�WK�LQWHUYDO��''�LV�WKH�ZLGWK�RI WKH�LQWHUYDO��1�LV�WKH�WRWDO�QXPEHU�RI�PHDV� XUHPHQWV��)RU� UHIHUHQFH�� WKH�EURNHQ�FXUYHV FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR� QRUPDO� GLVWULEXWLRQ� SURE� DELOLW\�GHQVLW\�IQ�DUH�VKRZQ�RQ�WKH�SORWV� IQ� � � V�CCC�S ��H[S §̈ © ���'���' BB �� �V� ·̧ ¹ �� ��� ZKHUH�V�LV�WKH�VWDQGDUG�GHYLDWLRQ�RI�'��V�LV HTXDO�WR�����DQG������QP�IRU�)LJ��D�DQG��E� UHVSHFWLYHO\��� &RPSDULQJ� WKH� IQ� FXUYH� DQGWKH� DUUDQJHPHQW� RI�KLVWRJUDP�FROXPQV� HYL� GHQFHV�WKDW�WKH�GLVWULEXWLRQ�RI�JUDLQ�VL]HV�LV VLPLODU�WR�WKH�QRUPDO�RQH� 7KH� ILOPV� ZLWK� KFS� ODWWLFH� DUH� IRUPHG RQWR� ������ .&O� VXEVWUDWH� DW� 7V� �����.� DWWKH� VSXWWHULQJ� RI� 1L�� ����1LÜ����3G�� DQG ���1LÜ���3G� WDUJHWV�� +RZHYHU�� DW� ����1LÜ ����3G� WDUJHW� VSXWWHULQJ� �&0� ������� WKHILOPV�RI�ERWK�KFS�DQG�IFF�SKDVH�DUH�IRUPHG� )RU�KFS�SKDVH��D� ������r������QP��F� �������r ������QP�DQG�J� �����r������)RU�IFF�RQH��D�� ������QP��3DUDPHWHU� J� LV� FORVH� WR� WKHRUHWL� FDO�YDOXH�IRU�FORVH�SDFNHG�VWUXFWXUH��YL]��WR ��������� ��������$W�WKH�VDPH�WLPH�� WKH�SD� UDPHWHUV�RI�KFS�VWUXFWXUH��D�DQG�F��LQFUHDVH PRQRWRQLFDOO\� ZKHQ� SDOODGLXP� FRQWHQW� LQ WKH� ILOP� LQFUHDVHV� �&0� LQFUHDVH� IURP� �� WR������� 7KLV� IDFW� LV� LOOXVWUDWHG� LQ� )LJ��� IRU WKH� SDUDPHWHU�D�� 7KH� VWUDLJKW� OLQH�� SORWWHG DFFRUGLQJ� WR� WKH� OHDVW�VTXDUHV�PHWKRG�� LV� D UHJUHVVLRQ� OLQH� RI� WKH� SDUDPHWHU� D� RI� KFS FHOO� RQ� &0�� 7KH� FRUUHODWLRQ� FRHIILFLHQW� GH�VFULELQJ�D�WLJKWQHVV�RI�OLQHDU�FRQQHFWLRQ�EH� WZHHQ�&0�DQG�D�YDOXHV�LV�FORVH�WR���LQ�WKLV�FDVH�,Q� DOO� FDVHV�� WKH� ILOP� DIWHU� DQQHDOLQJ JDLQV� WKH� IFF� VWUXFWXUH�� 8QGHU� DVVXPSWLRQ WKDW�&0�FRLQFLGHV�ZLWK�WKH�PRODU�FRQFHQWUD�WLRQ� RI� 3G� LQ� WKH� ILOP�� RXU� H[SHULPHQWDO GDWD� DJUHH� VDWLVIDFWRULO\� ZLWK� GDWD� IURP RWKHU�DXWKRUV�IRU�1L±3G�DOOR\V�LQ�EXON�VWDWH >�@�� ,Q� )LJ��E� WKH� GHSHQGHQFH� RI� WKH� FRQ� VWDQW� D�� YHUVXV� &0� IRU� WKH� VROLG� VROXWLRQKDYLQJ� LQWHUPHGLDWH� FRQWHQW� LV� VKRZQ�� 7KH VROLG�FXUYH�LV�WKH�UHVXOW�RI�ILWWLQJ�RI�H[SHUL� PHQWDO�SRLQWV�E\�OHDVW�VTXDUHV�PHWKRG�XVLQJ WKH� SRO\QRPLDO� RI� GHJUHH� ��� ,Q� DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK�9HJDUG� ODZ� >��@�� LQ� WKH�VLPSOHVW� FDVH� WKH�D��YDOXH�GHSHQGV�OLQHDUO\�RQ�PRODU�FRQ�FHQWUDWLRQ� RI� RQH� RI� WKH� FRPSRQHQWV�� )RU FRPSDULVRQ�� LQ� )LJ��E� WKH� EURNHQ� FXUYH� LV SORWWHG�XVLQJ�WKH�HTXDWLRQ�� )LJ����+LVWRJUDPV�RI�JUDLQ�VL]H�GLVWULEXWLRQ�LQ WKH�ILOPV�REWDLQHG�E\�SXOVH�ODVHU�GHSRVLWLRQ���D� 6SXWWHULQJ� RI� 1L� �&0� ����� DV�SUHSDUHG� VWDWH��E��7KH�VDPH�DIWHU�DQQHDOLQJ�RI�WKH�ILOP��'� LV WKH�JUDLQ�VL]H��I�LV�WKH�IUHTXHQF\�IXQFWLRQ��'RW� WHG�FXUYH�FRUUHVSRQGV�WR�SUREDELOLW\�GHQVLW\�RI QRUPDO�GLVWULEXWLRQ�RI�'� $�*�%DJPXW�HW�DO����+&3�DQG�)&&�SKDVHV�LQ���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� �� D�� �D��1L���������&0����D��3G����&0� ��� ZKHUH�D��1L�� DQG�D��3G��DUH�WKH�ODWWLFH�SD� UDPHWHUV�RI�SXUH�1L�DQG�3G�FRPSRQHQWV��UH� VSHFWLYHO\��$�FRPSDULVRQ�EHWZHHQ�OLQH���DQG OLQH� �� HYLGHQFHV� SRVLWLYH� GHYLDWLRQ� RI� WKH D��&0�� GHSHQGHQFH� IURP� 9HJDUG� ODZ�� VLQFH FXUYH� �� MRLQLQJ� WKH� H[SHULPHQWDO� SRLQWV� RI ODWWLFH� SDUDPHWHU� YDOXHV� OLHV� DERYH� OLQH� �� 7KH� SRVLWLYH� GHYLDWLRQ� IURP� 9HJDUG� ODZ� LV W\SLFDO� RI� WKH� DOOR\V� ZLWK� FRQFDYH� OLTXLGXV LQ�SKDVH�GLDJUDP�WKDW�LV�WKH�FDVH�IRU�1L±3G V\VWHP�>��@��$W�WKH�VDPH�WLPH��D�OLQHDU�GH� SHQGHQFH�RI�ODWWLFH�SDUDPHWHUV�RI�VROLG�VROX� WLRQ� �ERWK�D� DQG�F��YHUVXV�&0� �VHH� VWUDLJKW OLQH�LQ�)LJ��D��SUHVXSSRVHV�WKDW�9HJDUG�ODZ LV� UHDOL]HG� ZLWKLQ� D� OLPLWHG� LQWHUYDO� RI� 3G FRQFHQWUDWLRQV� ZKHUH� WKH� ILOPV� EHIRUH� DQ� QHDOLQJ�KDG�KFS�FU\VWDOOLQH�ODWWLFH� 7KH� PHDVXUHPHQWV� RI� PDJQHWLF� FKDUDF� WHULVWLFV�KDV�VKRZQ�WKDW�1L��DQG�1L±3G�DOOR\ ILOPV�ZLWK�PHWDVWDEOH�KFS�VWUXFWXUH�PDJQHW� L]HG� LQ� WKH� ILHOGV� XS� WR� ����� 2H� GLG� QRW H[KLELW� PDJQHWLF� PRPHQW� DERYH� WKH� VHQVL� WLYLW\�WKUHVKROG�RI�PDJQHWRPHWHU�XVHG��7KLV VHQVLWLYLW\� WKUHVKROG� IRU� DERYH� PHQWLRQHG VL]HV� RI� WKH� VDPSOHV� XQGHU� VWXG\� FRUUH� VSRQGV� WR�PDJQHWL]DWLRQ� YDOXHV�QRW� H[FHHG� LQJ� �Ü�� *�� $IWHU� WKH� DQQHDOLQJ� WKDW� LQLWL� DWHG�WKH�KFSoIFF�SKDVH�WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ��WKH PDJQHWLF�VWDWH�RI�1L±3G�ILOPV�ZLWK�&0� ��Ü���FKDQJHG� VKDUSO\�� 7KH�PDJQHWLF�PRPHQW� LQ� FUHDVHG� FRQVLGHUDEO\� DQG� WKH� K\VWHUHVLV� LV REVHUYHG� DW� PDJQHWL]DWLRQ� UHYHUVDO� �VHH )LJ��D���E���F���7KH�LQ�SODQH�DQLVRWURS\�ZDV DEVHQW�� )RU� 1L� ILOPV�� WKH� FRHUFLYH� IRUFH +&|����2H�� WKH� VDWXUDWLRQ� ILHOG�+6|����2H� )LJ����'HSHQGHQFH�RI�WKH� ODWWLFH�SDUDPHWHUV�RI 1L±3G� VROLG� VROXWLRQ� RQ� WKH� VSXWWHUHG� WDUJHW FRPSRVLWLRQ���D��'HSHQGHQFH�RI�WKH�SDUDPHWHU�D IRU�KFS�FHOO�YV�3G�FRQWHQW�LQ�VSXWWHUHG�WDUJHW� �E�� 'HSHQGHQFH� RI� WKH� ODWWLFH� SDUDPHWHU� D�� RI1L±3G�VROLG�VROXWLRQ�YV�VSXWWHUHG�WDUJHW�FRPSR� VLWLRQ��VROLG�OLQH���'RWWHG�VWUDLJKW�OLQH�LV�GUDZQ DFFRUGLQJ�WR�9HJDUG�ODZ�XVLQJ�UHODWLRQ������x�Û (OHFWURQ� GLIIUDFWLRQ� GDWD� RI� WKLQ� ILOP� VWDWH PHDVXULQJ�LQ�SUHVHQW�ZRUN��q�Û�'DWD�FRQFHUQ� LQJ�WR�EXON�1L±3G�V\VWHP�>�@� )LJ����0DJQHWL]DWLRQ� FXUYHV� RI� WKH� ILOPV� RE� WDLQHG� E\� SXOVH� ODVHU� GHSRVLWLRQ� DQG� WKRVH DQQHDOHG� RQ� VXEVWUDWH�� �D�� 6SXWWHULQJ� RI� 1L �&0� ������E��6SXWWHULQJ�RI�FRPSRVLWH�����1LÜ����3G� WDUJHW� �&0� �������� �F�� 6SXWWHULQJ� RIFRPSRVLWH����1LÜ���3G� WDUJHW� �&0� ������� �G�6SXWWHULQJ� RI� FRPSRVLWH� ����1LÜ����3G� WDU� JHW��&0� ������� $�*�%DJPXW�HW�DO����+&3�DQG�)&&�SKDVHV�LQ���� �� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� 7KH� VLPLODU� GDWD� IRU� ����1LÜ����3G� ILOPV ZHUH�+&|���� 2H��+6|���� 2H� �)LJ��E��� )RU���1LÜ���3G� ILOPV��+&�ZDV� ����2H� DQG�+6ZDV� ���� 2H�� 6LPLODU� FKDQJHV� RI� PDJQHWLF PRPHQWV�RI�1L�ILOPV�DIWHU�DQQHDOLQJ�DFFRP� SDQLHG� E\� VWUXFWXUH� WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ� IURP KFS�WR�IFF�ODWWLFH�KDYH�EHHQ�REVHUYHG�LQ�>��� ��Ü��@��7KH�ILOPV�ZLWK�D�KLJK�3G�FRQFHQWUD� WLRQ� �&0t������ GLG� QRW� SRVVHVVHG� PDJQHWLFPRPHQW�QHLWKHU�EHIRUH�QRU�DIWHU�WKH�DQQHDO� LQJ��)LJ��G��� ,W�VKRXW�EH�QRWHG�WKDW�LQ�EXON VWDWH�DW�URRP�WHPSHUDWXUH�WKH�UDQJH�RI�IHU� URPDJQHWLF� DOOR\V� >�@� LV� OLPLWHG� ZLWK� WKH VDPH� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� UDQJH� DV� LQ� H[DPLQHG 1LÜ3G�ILOPV�DIWHU�DQQHDOLQJ� ���6XPPDU\ ,W�ZDV� HVWDEOLVKHG� WKDW� SXOVH� ODVHU� GHSR� VLWLRQ� PHWKRG� PDNHV� LW� SRVVLEOH� WR� REWDLQ QRW� RQO\� WKH� 1L� ILOPV� RI� PHWDVWDEOH� KFS VWUXFWXUH� EXW� DOVR�1L±3G� DOOR\� ILOPV� LQ� WKH FRXUVH� RI� DOWHUQDWLQJ� VSXWWHULQJ� RI� WKH� 1L DQG�3G�FRPSRQHQWV�RI�FRPSRVLWH�WDUJHW��7KH KFS� ODWWLFH� SDUDPHWHUV� �D� DQG� F�� RI� 1L±3G DOOR\� ILOPV� LQFUHDVH� PRQRWRQLFDOO\� ZLWK� LQ� FUHDVLQJ�SDOODGLXP�FRQWHQW�LQ�VSXWWHUHG�WDU� JHW�IURP���WR�������$W�WKH�VDPH�WLPH��WKH UDWLR� F�D� LV� FORVH� WR� WKH� WKHRUHWLFDO� YDOXH ����� ZLWKLQ� WKH� H[SHULPHQWDO� HUURU�� $V� D UHVXOW� RI� WKH� DQQHDOLQJ�� WKH� 1L� DQG� 1L±3G DOOR\� ILOPV� DFTXLUH� WKH� HTXLOLEULXP� IFF VWUXFWXUH�� $� SRVLWLYH� GHYLDWLRQ� RI� WKH� GH� SHQGHQFH� RI� VROLG�VROXWLRQ� ODWWLFH� FRQVWDQW RQ�3G�FRQWHQW�IURP�9HJDUG�ODZ�WDNHV�SODFH� ,Q� DV�SUHSDUHG� VWDWH�� 1L� DQG� 1L±3G� DOOR\ ILOPV� ZLWK� WKH� KFS� VWUXFWXUH� DUH� FKDUDF� WHUL]HG� E\� DEVHQFH� RI� PDJQHWLF� PRPHQW� $IWHU�DQQHDOLQJ��WKH�WUDQVLWLRQ�WR�IHUURPDJ� QHWLF�VWDWH�RFFXUV��WKH�K\VWHUHVLV�LV�REVHUYHG DW�PDJQHWL]DWLRQ�UHYHUVDO� 5HIHUHQFHV � ���2�0�%DUDEDVK�� <X�1�.RYDO�� 6WUXFWXUH� DQG 3URSHUWLHV�RI�0HWDOV�DQG�$OOR\V��$�5HIHUHQFH %RRN��1DXNRYD�'XPND��.\LY��������>LQ�5XVVLDQ@� � ���$�,�%XEOLN��%�<D�3LQHV��'RNO��$NDG��1DXN�6665� ��������������� � ���,QWHUQDWLRQDO� &HQWUH� IRU� 'LIIUDFWLRQ� 'DWD� Ü -&3'&��������FDUG�1R��������� � ���,QWHUQDWLRQDO� &HQWUH� IRU� 'LIIUDFWLRQ� 'DWD� Ü -&3'&��������FDUG�1R��������� � ���-�*�0HLMHU��1�YDQ�:LHULQJHQ�HW�DO���0HG��3K\V������ ����������� � ���<RRQ�7DH�-HRQ��-H�<RQJ�0RRQ��*DQJ�+R�/HH�HW�DO�� -��3K\V��&KHP��%������������������� � ���/�/�*RQJ��<�/LX�:DQJ��-�+�<DQJ�HW�DO���-���$OOR\V DQG�&RPS����������������� � ���<XDQ]KL�&KHQ��'RQJ�/LDQJ�3HQJ��'RQJ[LQJ�/LQ HW�DO���1DQRWHFKQRORORJ\��������������� � ���:�7LDQ��+�3�6XQ��;�4�3DQ�HW�DO���$SSO��3K\V��/HWW�� ������������������ ����6�0�=KDUNRY��9�6�=KLJDORY��*�,�)URORY��)L]��0HWDO� 0HWDOORYHG������������������ ����9�6�=KLJDORY��*�,�)URORY��9�*�0\DJNRY��=K��7HNKQ� )L]������������������ ����-�9HUJDUD��9�0DGXUJD��-��0DWHU��5HV���������������� ����$�*�%DJPXW�� ,�*�6KLSNRYD�� 9�$�=KXFKNRY� )XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV����������������� ����$�*�%DJPXW��9�$�=KXFKNRY��,�*�6KLSNRYD�HW�DO�� 3RYHUNKQRVW�� ;�UD\�� 6\QFKURWURQRXV�� DQG 1HXUWRQ�5HV���1R��������������� ����$�*�%DJPXW�� ,�*�6KLSNRYD�� 9�$�=KXFKNRY� 0HWDOORIL]��1RYH\VK��7HFKQRORJLL�� ���� ��� ������� ����$�*�%DJPXW�� ,�*�6KLSNRYD�� 9�$�=KXFKNRY� )XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV����������������� ����$�*�%DJPXW��,�*�6KLSNRYD��9�$�=KXFKNRY��3LV±PD =K��7HNKQ��)L]����������������� ����/�9HJDUG��=HLWVFKULIW�IXU�3K\VLN��������������� ����*�%�%RNL\�� &U\VWDO� &KHPLVWU\�� 0*8� 3XEO�� 0RVFRZ��������>LQ�5XVVLDQ@� �u���È��¡z�ÁÈÏÒ����ºÓ}º¹ãLm}ºmÒ²�ãÈÏ˯ÓÒ²}ºÓ�ËÓ°È�Ȳ�1L±3G |���rÈ�ä����,���bÒ¹}ºmÈ��{�k�y��}ºm lË�º�ÈäÒ� ¹¯º°mL��mÈÓº�� ËãË}�¯ºÓÓº�� äL}¯º°}º¹L��� ËãË}�¯ºÓº�¯ÈÁL�� �È� mL­¯È�L®Óº� äÈ�ÓL�ºäË�¯L�� �º°ãL�ÎËÓº� ¹ãLm}Ò�1L� �È� °¹ãÈmLm�1L±3G�� º°È�ÎËÓL� Lä¹�ã °ÓÒä� ãÈÏ˯ÓÒä ¯ºÏ¹Òã mÈÓÓ«ä�«}�º�ÓºËãËäËÓ�ÓÒ²���È}�L�}ºä¹ºÓºmÈÓÒ²��mºËãËäËÓ�ÓÒ²�äL�ËÓË®�1L±3G� �°�ÈÓºmãËÓº���º�¹¯Ò�¹º¹Ë¯ËäLÓÓºä��º°È�ÎËÓÓL�ãÈÏ˯Ӻ��˯ºÏL®Óº��¹ãÈÏäÒ�1L��È�3G�ÓÈ ¹L�}ãÈ�}Ȳ� äºÎ�� � Áº¯ä�mÈ�Ò°«� ¹ãLm}Ò� Ï� äË�Ȱ�È­Lã Óº � }¯Ò°�Èãã��Óº � ¯Ë�L�}º �u��� ¹È¯ÈäË�¯Ò� «}º�� äºÓº�ºÓÓº� ϯº°�È � � ÏL� Ï­Lã �ËÓÓ«ä� mäL°���3G���L°ã«� mL�¹Èã� ¹ãLm}Ò� º�¯Òä� � � ¯LmÓºmÈÎÓ�� °�¯�}��¯�� �¡z� �� ¹Ë¯Ë²º�«� � �� Á˯ºäÈ�ÓL�ÓÒ®� °�ÈÓ� v¹º°�˯L�ȼ� °«� ¹ºÏÒ�ÒmÓË� mL�²ÒãËÓÓ«� mL�� ÏÈ}ºÓ�� {Ë�ȯ�È� ÏÈãËÎÓº°�L� °�Èãº�� ¯Ë�L�}Ò �m˯�º�º�¯ºÏ�ÒÓ��°¹ãÈm��1L±3G�mL��}ºÓ�ËÓ�¯È�L��3G� $�*�%DJPXW�HW�DO����+&3�DQG�)&&�SKDVHV�LQ���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��