Conductivity anisotropy in Y₁₋zPrzBa₂Cu₃O₇₋delta single crystals with different praseodymium content
Gespeichert in:
Datum: | 2011 |
---|---|
Hauptverfasser: | , , , , |
Format: | Artikel |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
2011
|
Schriftenreihe: | Functional Materials |
Schlagworte: | |
Online Zugang: | http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135571 |
Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
Zitieren: | Conductivity anisotropy in Y₁₋zPrzBa₂Cu₃O₇₋delta single crystals with different praseodymium content / R.V. Vovk, Z.F. Nazyrov, M.A. Obolenskii , A.A. Zavgorodniy, V.M. Pinto Simoes // Functional Materials. — 2011. — Т. 18, № 4. — С. 423-427. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — англ. |
Institution
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraineid |
irk-123456789-135571 |
---|---|
record_format |
dspace |
spelling |
irk-123456789-1355712018-06-16T03:05:54Z Conductivity anisotropy in Y₁₋zPrzBa₂Cu₃O₇₋delta single crystals with different praseodymium content Vovk, R.V. Nazyrov, Z.F. Obolenskii, M.A. Zavgorodniy, A.A. Pinto Simoes, V.M. Characterization and properties 2011 Article Conductivity anisotropy in Y₁₋zPrzBa₂Cu₃O₇₋delta single crystals with different praseodymium content / R.V. Vovk, Z.F. Nazyrov, M.A. Obolenskii , A.A. Zavgorodniy, V.M. Pinto Simoes // Functional Materials. — 2011. — Т. 18, № 4. — С. 423-427. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — англ. 1027-5495 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135571 en Functional Materials НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
collection |
DSpace DC |
language |
English |
topic |
Characterization and properties Characterization and properties |
spellingShingle |
Characterization and properties Characterization and properties Vovk, R.V. Nazyrov, Z.F. Obolenskii, M.A. Zavgorodniy, A.A. Pinto Simoes, V.M. Conductivity anisotropy in Y₁₋zPrzBa₂Cu₃O₇₋delta single crystals with different praseodymium content Functional Materials |
format |
Article |
author |
Vovk, R.V. Nazyrov, Z.F. Obolenskii, M.A. Zavgorodniy, A.A. Pinto Simoes, V.M. |
author_facet |
Vovk, R.V. Nazyrov, Z.F. Obolenskii, M.A. Zavgorodniy, A.A. Pinto Simoes, V.M. |
author_sort |
Vovk, R.V. |
title |
Conductivity anisotropy in Y₁₋zPrzBa₂Cu₃O₇₋delta single crystals with different praseodymium content |
title_short |
Conductivity anisotropy in Y₁₋zPrzBa₂Cu₃O₇₋delta single crystals with different praseodymium content |
title_full |
Conductivity anisotropy in Y₁₋zPrzBa₂Cu₃O₇₋delta single crystals with different praseodymium content |
title_fullStr |
Conductivity anisotropy in Y₁₋zPrzBa₂Cu₃O₇₋delta single crystals with different praseodymium content |
title_full_unstemmed |
Conductivity anisotropy in Y₁₋zPrzBa₂Cu₃O₇₋delta single crystals with different praseodymium content |
title_sort |
conductivity anisotropy in y₁₋zprzba₂cu₃o₇₋delta single crystals with different praseodymium content |
publisher |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
publishDate |
2011 |
topic_facet |
Characterization and properties |
url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/135571 |
citation_txt |
Conductivity anisotropy in Y₁₋zPrzBa₂Cu₃O₇₋delta single crystals with different praseodymium content / R.V. Vovk, Z.F. Nazyrov, M.A. Obolenskii , A.A. Zavgorodniy, V.M. Pinto Simoes // Functional Materials. — 2011. — Т. 18, № 4. — С. 423-427. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — англ. |
series |
Functional Materials |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT vovkrv conductivityanisotropyiny1zprzba2cu3o7deltasinglecrystalswithdifferentpraseodymiumcontent AT nazyrovzf conductivityanisotropyiny1zprzba2cu3o7deltasinglecrystalswithdifferentpraseodymiumcontent AT obolenskiima conductivityanisotropyiny1zprzba2cu3o7deltasinglecrystalswithdifferentpraseodymiumcontent AT zavgorodniyaa conductivityanisotropyiny1zprzba2cu3o7deltasinglecrystalswithdifferentpraseodymiumcontent AT pintosimoesvm conductivityanisotropyiny1zprzba2cu3o7deltasinglecrystalswithdifferentpraseodymiumcontent |
first_indexed |
2025-07-09T23:37:14Z |
last_indexed |
2025-07-09T23:37:14Z |
_version_ |
1837214454812508160 |
fulltext |
&RQGXFWLYLW\�DQLVRWURS\�LQ�<�±]3U]%D�&X�2�±GVLQJOH�FU\VWDOV�ZLWK�GLIIHUHQW�SUDVHRG\PLXPFRQWHQW
5�9�9RYN��=�)�1D]\URY���0�$�2EROHQVNLL��$�$�=DYJRURGQL\��9�0�3LQWR�6LPRHV
.KDUNLY�1DWLRQDO�8QLYHUVLW\����6YRERGD�6T���������.KDUNLY��8NUDLQH
�,3$B,QVWLWXWR�6XSHULRU�$XWRQRPR�GH�(VWXGRV�3ROLWHFQLFRV��5XD�GH
%RDYLVWD���'����������/LVERD��3RUWXJDO��,QVWLWXWR�6XSHULRU�'RP�$IRQVR
,,,�&RQYHQWR�(VSLULWR�6DQWR�����������/RXOH��3RUWXJDO
5HFHLYHG�-XQH��������
7KH�WHPSHUDWXUH�GHSHQGHQFH�RI�ORQJLWXGLQDO�DQG�WUDQVYHUVH�FRQGXFWLYLW\�LV�LQYHVWLJDWHG
LQ� <�±]3U]%D�&X�2�±G� VLQJOH� FU\VWDOV� ZLWK� GLIIHUHQW� SUDVHRG\PLXP� FRQFHQWUDWLRQV�� ,W� LVVKRZQ��WKDW�WKH�LQFUHDVLQJ�RI�SUDVHRG\PLXP�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�LQ�VDPSOHV�RI�<�±]3U]%D�&X�2�±GOHDGV� WR� HQKDQFHPHQW� RI� WKH� ORFDOL]DWLRQ� HIIHFWV� DQG� VXSSUHVVLRQ� RI� WKH� VXSHUFRQGXFWLQJ
VWDWH�� )RU�<�±]3U]%D�&X�2�±G� �LQ� FRQWUDVW� WR�<%D�&X�2�±G�� FRPSRXQGV�� WKH� DQLVRWURS\� RIWKH� QRUPDO� UHVLVWLYLW\� UF�UDE�7�� LV� GHVFULEHG� ZHOO� LQ� WKH� IUDPHZRUN� RI� D� XQLYHUVDO� ����ODZ��IRU�WKHUPDOO\�DFWLYDWHG�KRSSLQJ�FRQGXFWLYLW\��
jÏä˯ËÓ©��Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯Ó©Ë� ÏÈmÒ°Ò亰�Ò�¹¯º�ºã Óº®�Ò�¹º¹Ë¯Ë�Óº®�¹¯ºmº�Ò亰�Ò�äº�
Óº}¯Ò°�Èããºm�<�±]3U]%D�&X�2�±G� °� ¯ÈÏãÒ�Ó©ä�°º�˯ÎÈÓÒËä�¹¯ÈÏ˺�ÒäÈ���º}ÈÏÈÓº����º�mËãÒ�ËÓÒË�}ºÓ�ËÓ�¯È�ÒÒ�¹¯ÈÏ˺�ÒäÈ�m�äºÓº}¯Ò°�ÈããȲ�<�±]3U]%D�&X�2�±G�¹¯Òmº�Ò��}�°ÒãËÓÒ
� ªÁÁË}�ºm� ãº}ÈãÒÏÈ�ÒÒ� Ò� ¹º�ÈmãËÓÒ
� °m˯²¹¯ºmº�«�Ë�º� °º°�º«ÓÒ«�� �¯Ò
ª�ºä��m�º�ãÒ�ÒË�º��äºÓº}¯Ò°�Èããºm�<%D�&X�2�±G��ÈÓÒϺ�¯º¹Ò«�Óº¯äÈã Óº�º�ªãË}�¯º°º¹�¯º�ÒmãËÓÒ«� UF�UDE�7�� ²º¯º�º� º¹Ò°©mÈË�°«� ¹º°¯Ë�°�mºä� �ÓÒm˯°Èã Óº�º� �ÏÈ}ºÓÈ� ����
�ã«��˯äºÈ}�ÒmÈ�ÒºÓÓº®�¹¯©Î}ºmº®�¹¯ºmº�Ò亰�Ò�
���,QWURGXFWLRQ
$� JHQHUDO� IHDWXUH� RI� KLJK�7F� VXSHUFRQ�GXFWLQJ� �+76&�� FRPSRXQGV� LV� WKHLU� SUR�
QRXQFHG� OD\HUHG�VWUXFWXUH��ZKLFK�UHVXOWV�LQ
VXEVWDQWLDO� DQLVRWURS\� RI� D� ZKROH� UDQJH� RI
SK\VLFDO� SURSHUWLHV�� LQFOXGLQJ� WKH� HOHFWULFDO
FRQGXFWLYLW\� >��@�� )RU� H[DPSOH�� IRU� FRP�
SRXQGV�RI�<%D�&X�2�±G�W\SH�WKHUH�LV�D�IXQ�GDPHQWDO� GLIIHUHQFH� LQ� WKH� EHKDYLRU� RI� WKH
UHVLVWLYLW\� WHPSHUDWXUH� GHSHQGHQFH� PHDV�
XUHG� LQ� GLUHFWLRQ� RI� WKH� EDVDO�� DE� SODQH�
UDE�7���DQG�DORQJ�WKH�F�D[LV��UF�7���:KHUHDV
HYHQ� D� VPDOO� GHYLDWLRQ� IURP� VWRLFKLRPHWU\
LQ�R[\JHQ�FRQWHQW�OHDGV�WR�D�WUDQVLWLRQ�IURP
TXDVLPHWDOOLF� WR� VHPLFRQGXFWRU� EHKDYLRU� RI
WKH� UF�7�� FXUYHV�� WKH� UDE�7�� FXUYHV� LQ� WKH
KLJK�WHPSHUDWXUH� UHJLRQ�� HYHQ� DW� DQ� DSSUH�
FLDEOH� R[\JHQ� GHILFLHQFLHV� G�!������ UHWDLQ� D
UDWKHU�ZLGH�OLQHDU�VHJPHQW�ZKLFK�DWWHVWV�WR
WKH� VWDELOLW\� RI� WKH� QRUPDO�FDUULHU� VFDWWHU�
LQJ� LQWHQVLW\� >�@�� 'HVSLWH� WKH� FRQVLGHUDEOH
QXPEHU� RI� SDSHUV� GHYRWHG� WR� VWXG\� RI� WKH
ORQJLWXGLQDO�DQG�WUDQVYHUVH�WUDQVSRUW�LQ�WKH
���� V\VWHP�� PDQ\� DVSHFWV� RI� WKLV� TXHV�
WLRQ� UHPDLQ� LQFRPSOHWHO\� FOHDU�� )RU� H[DP�
SOH�� D� PHFKDQLVP� RI� UHVRQDQW� WXQQHOLQJ� RI
FKDUJH� FDUULHUV� EHWZHHQ� &X2�� FRQGXFWLQJSODQHV�YLD�ORFDOL]HG�VWDWHV�LQ�WKH�&X2�FKDLQV
ZDV�SURSRVHG�LQ�D�WKHRUHWLFDO�SDSHU�>�@��$F�
FRUGLQJ� WR� >�@�� WKH� WHPSHUDWXUH� GHSHQGHQFH
RI� WKH� DQLVRWURS\� RI� UF�UDE�7�� UHVLVWLYLW\VKRXOG�EH�GHVFULEHG�E\�WKH�UHODWLRQ�
)XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� ��������67&��,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV�
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
UF�e�UDE�a�7FRVK��7��e�7�� ���
ZKHUH� 7�� LV� D� FHUWDLQ� DFWLYDWLRQ� HQHUJ\� RIWKH� SURFHVV�� $Q� H[SHULPHQWDO� FKHFN� RI� WKLV
PRGHO�ZDV�FDUULHG�RXW�LQ�>�@�RQ�VLQJOH�FU\V�
WDO� VDPSOHV� RI� <%D�&X�2�±G�� +RZHYHU�� LWZDV� VKRZQ� WKDW� DOWKRXJK� WKH� WKHRU\� RI� >�@
DJUHHG� TXDOLWDWLYHO\� ZLWK� H[SHULPHQW�� WKH
EHVW� GHVFULSWLRQ� RI� WKH� H[SHULPHQWDO� GDWD
ZDV�REWDLQHG� IRU�H[SRQHQWLDO�GHSHQGHQFH�RI
WKH�IRUP�
UF�e�UDE�a�H[S�'�e�7�� ���
$� VLPLODU� H[SUHVVLRQ� ZDV� MXVWLILHG� SUH�
YLRXVO\� LQ� D� WKHRUHWLFDO� PRGHO� RI� >�@� WKDW
SURSRVHG� D� SRODURQ� PHFKDQLVP� IRU� WUDQV�
YHUVH�WUDQVSRUW�LQ�+76&V�
$� FKDUDFWHULVWLF� IHDWXUH� RI� <%D�&X�2�±GFRPSRXQG�LV�WKH�UHODWLYH�VLPSOLFLW\�RI�FRP�
SOHWH� RU� SDUWLDO� VXEVWLWXWLRQ� RI� <� E\� LWV
LVRHOHFWURQLF� DQDORJV��PDNLQJ� LW� SRVVLEOH� WR
YDU\�WKH�FRQGXFWLQJ�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�WR�FKHFN
WKH� DGHTXDF\� RI� GLIIHUHQW� WKHRUHWLFDO� PRG�
HOV�� $� SDUWLDO� VXEVWLWXWLRQ� RI� <� E\� 3U� DW�
WUDFWV�WKH�SDUWLFXODU�LQWHUHVW�LQ�WKLV�DVSHFW�
7KH� VXEVWLWXWLRQ� RQ� WKH� RQH� KDQG�� OHDGV� WR
VXSSUHVVLRQ�RI�WKH�FU\VWDO�VXSHUFRQGXFWLYLW\
>����@� �XQOLNH� WKH� FDVH� ZKHQ� <� DUH� VXEVWL�
WXWHG�E\�RWKHU�UDUH�HDUWK�HOHPHQWV���DQG��RQ
WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��DOORZV�WR�UHPDLQ�SUDFWLFDOO\
XQFKDQJHG� WKH� ODWWLFH� SDUDPHWHUV� DQG� R[\�
JHQ� LQGH[� RI� WKH� FRPSRXQG� >�@�� ,Q�SDUWLFX�
ODU�� VWXG\� RI� DQ� LQIOXHQFH� RI�3U� LPSXULWLHV
RQ�WKH�FRQGXFWLYLW\�DQLVRWURS\�RI�VXFK�FRP�
SRXQGV�SOD\V�DQ� LPSRUWDQW�UROH�QRW�RQO\� LQ
HOXFLGDWLQJ� WKH� QDWXUH� RI� KLJK�WHPSHUDWXUH
VXSHUFRQGXFWLYLW\��+76&��EXW�DOVR�LQ�GHWHU�
PLQLQJ�HPSLULFDO�ZD\V�RI�UDLVLQJ�WKHLU�FULWL�
FDO� SDUDPHWHUV�� ,W� VKRXOG�EH�QRWHG� WKDW� WKH
H[LVWLQJ�GDWD�RQ�DQ�LQIOXHQFH�RI�GRSLQJ�ZLWK
3U� RQ� WKH� FRQGXFWLQJ� SURSHUWLHV� RI� <±%D±
&X±2� FRPSRXQG� UHPDLQ� VXEVWDQWLDOO\� FRQ�
WUDGLFWRU\� WLOO� QRZ�� 2EYLRXVO\� VRPH� UROH� LQ
WKLV�LW� LV�SOD\HG�E\�WKH�IDFW�WKDW�D�VXEVWDQ�
WLDO� IUDFWLRQ� RI� WKH� H[SHULPHQWDO� PDWHULDO
KDV� EHHQ� REWDLQHG� RQ� FHUDPLF� DQG� WH[WXUHG
VDPSOHV� ZLWK� GLIIHUHQW� WHFKQRORJLFDO� SUH�
KLVWRU\�DQG�KDYLQJ�D�KLJK�FRQWHQW�RI�LQWHU�
JUDQXODU� OLQNV�� 7DNLQJ� LQWR� DFFRXQW� WKH
PHQWLRQHG� DERYH�� LQ� WKH� SUHVHQW� SDSHU� ZH
KDYH�SHUIRUPHG�D� VWXG\�RI�WKH� ORQJLWXGLQDO
DQG� WUDQVYHUVH� FRQGXFWLYLW\� RI� VLQJOH�FU\V�
WDO�VDPSOHV�RI�WKH��Ü�Ü��<�±]3U]%D�&X�2�±GV\VWHP�ZLWK�GLIIHUHQW� FRQWHQW� RI� R[\JHQ�DW
UHSODFHPHQW� LWWULXP� E\� SUDVHRG\PLXP� LQ� D
ZLGH�LQWHUYDO�RI�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ����d]d����
���([SHULPHQWDO
<�±]3U]%D�&X�2�±G� VLQJOH� FU\VWDOV� ZHUHJURZQ�IURP�WKH�IOX[�LQ�D�JROG�FUXFLEOH�E\�D
WHFKQRORJ\� DQDORJRXV� WR� WKDW� XVHG� WR� V\Q�
WKHVL]H� <%D�&X�2�±G� VLQJOH� FU\VWDOV� >����@�7R� REWDLQ� FU\VWDOV� ZLWK� D� SDUWLDO� VXEVWLWX�
WLRQ� RI� <� E\� 3U�� <�±]3U]%D�&X�2�±G�� DQDPRXQW�RI�3U�2���ZDV�DGGHG�WR�WKH�PHOWLQJ
VWRFN� LQ� D� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� DWRPLF� UDWLR�� 7KH
UHJLPHV�RI�JURZWK�DQG�R[\JHQ�VDWXUDWLRQ�RI
WKH� <�±]3U]%D�&X�2�±G� FU\VWDOV� ZHUH� WKH
VDPH�DV� IRU�XQGRSHG�VLQJOH� FU\VWDOV� >�@��$V
LQLWLDO� FRPSRQHQWV� IRU� JURZWK� RI� WKH� FU\V�
WDOV� ZH� XVHG� WKH� FRPSRXQGV� RI� <�2��%D&2���&X2�� DQG�3U�2����)RU� WKH�PHDVXUH�
PHQWV�RI�UHVLVWLYLW\�ZH�VHOHFWHG�VLQJOH�FU\V�
WDOV�RI�UHFWDQJXODU�IRUP��RI�OHQJWK�����PP�
ZLGWK�����PP��DQG�WKLFNQHVV�����PP��(OHF�
)LJ�����7KH�WHPSHUDWXUH�GHSHQGHQFHV�RI�WKH�QRUPDOL]HG�UHVLVWLYLW\��D���LQ�WKH�DE�SODQH�UDE�7��DQG
�E��Û�DORQJ�F�D[H��UF�7��IRU�.�Ü.��VLQJOH�FU\VWDOV�ZLWK�GLIIHUHQW�SUDVHRG\PLXP�FRQWHQW�]����Û�����
��������������������������������������������������������������2Q�FRUUHVSRQGLQJ�LQVHUWV
DUH� VKRZQ�GHSHQGHQFHV� RI� UHVLVWDQFH� DW�D� URRP�WHPSHUDWXUH�U����]�� DQG� FULWLFDO� WHPSHUDWXUH�7F�]�IURP�SUDVHRG\PLXP�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�
5�9�9RYN�HW�DO����&RQGXFWLYLW\�DQLVRWURS\�LQ����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
WULFDO�FRQWDFWV�ZHUH�FUHDWHG�LQ�WKH�VWDQGDUG
��FRQWDFW� VFKHPH� >�@�� 7HPSHUDWXUH� ZDV
PHDVXUHG�E\�WKH�SODWLQXP�WKHUPRUHVLVWRU��
���5HVXOWV�DQG�GLVFXVVLRQ
)LJ���D�DQG��E�VKRZ�WKH�U�7��U����FXUYHVPHDVXUHG�DORQJ�DQG� WUDQVYHUVH� WR�WKH�EDVDO
SODQH��UHVSHFWLYHO\��GHSHQGHQFHV�RI�UHVLVWLY�
LW\�DW�D�URRP�WHPSHUDWXUH�U����]��DQG�FULWL�FDO� WHPSHUDWXUH� 7F�]�� IURP� SUDVHRG\PLXP
FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� DUH� VKRZQ� RQ� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ
LQVHUWV��� ,QFUHDVLQJ� WKH� SUDVHRG\PLXP� FRQ�
WHQW� OHDGV� WR�DQ� LQFUHDVH�RI� WKH�VSHFLILF� UH�
VLVWDQFH�DSSUR[LPDWHO\�LQ���WLPHV�DQG�D�GH�
FUHDVH� RI� 7F� IURP� |���� WR� |���� .�� WKDW
TXDOLWDWLYHO\� LV� LQ� DJUHHPHQW� ZLWK� OLWHUDU\
GDWD� >�@�� ,W� LV� VHHQ� WKDW� WKHUH� H[LVWV�D� IXQ�
GDPHQWDO� GLIIHUHQFH� LQ� WKH� EHKDYLRU� RI
FXUYHV�UF�7��U����DQG�UDE�7��U�����:KLOH�DQ
LQFUHDVLQJ� SUDVHRG\PLXP� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ
OHDGV�WR�SURQRXQFHG�VHPLFRQGXFWRU�EHKDYLRU
RI�WKH�UF�7��U����FXUYHV��)LJ������WKH�FXUYHVRI� WKH� UHVLVWLYLW\� LQ� WKH� EDVDO� SODQH
UDE�7��U����� LQ�WKH�UHJLRQ�RI�UHODWLYHO\�KLJKWHPSHUDWXUHV� UHWDLQ� D� UDWKHU� ZLGH� �IURP
|�����WR�|����.��OLQHDU�VHJPHQW��ZKLFK��DF�
FRUGLQJ�WR�WKH�1$)/�WKHRU\�>�@��LV�D�UHOLDEOH
KDOOPDUN�RI�WKH�QRUPDO�VWDWH�RI�WKH�V\VWHP�
:KHQ� WKH� WHPSHUDWXUH� GHFUHDVHV� EHORZ� D
FHUWDLQ� FKDUDFWHULVWLF� YDOXH� 7
� D� GHYLDWLRQ
RI�UDE�7��IURP�WKH�OLQHDU�GHSHQGHQFH�RFFXUV�
WKDW� DWWHVWV� WR� WKH� DSSHDUDQFH� RI� D� FHUWDLQ
H[FHVV� FRQGXFWLYLW\� FDXVHG� E\� D� WUDQVLWLRQ
IURP�WKH�SVHXGRJDS�UHJLPH�>����@�
7KH�VHFRQG�LPSRUWDQW�IHDWXUH�RI�WKH�WHP�
SHUDWXUH� GHSHQGHQFH� RI� UHVLVWLYLW\� RI� WKH
VDPSOHV�ZLWK�GHSUHVVHG�7F�LV�WKH�VLJQLILFDQW
GLIIHUHQFH� �DURXQG� |������.� IRU� ]|������.�
RI� WKHLU� FULWLFDO� WHPSHUDWXUHV� PHDVXUHG
DORQJ� DQG� WUDQVYHUVH� WR� WKH� EDVDO� SODQH�
6XFK� DQ� HIIHFW� ZDV� REVHUYHG� SUHYLRXVO\� RQ
VLQJOH�FU\VWDO�VDPSOHV�RI�%L�6U�&D±X&X�2��[>�@�DQG�<%D�&X�2�±G�>�@�ZLWK�D�ODUJH�GHYLD�WLRQ� IURP�R[\JHQ�VWRLFKLRPHWU\� LQ�UHVLVWLYH
PHDVXUHPHQWV�RI�WKH�PDJQHWLF�VXVFHSWLELOLW\
PHDVXUHPHQWV��7KH�DXWKRUV�RI�>�@�H[SODLQHG
WKLV� HIIHFW� E\� WKH� SRVVLEOH� UHDOL]DWLRQ� RI� D
)ULHGHO�WUDQVLWLRQ�LQ�WKH�VDPSOH�>��@��ZKLFK
FRQVLVWV�LQ�VXSSUHVVLRQ�RI�WKH�WUDQVYHUVH�VX�
SHUFRQGXFWLYLW\�LQ�D�FHUWDLQ�WHPSHUDWXUH�UH�
JLRQ� EHORZ� WKH� FULWLFDO� WHPSHUDWXUH�� 7I��7�7F� �7I� LV� WKH� )ULHGHO� WHPSHUDWXUH��� E\
PHDQV� RI� D� VSHFLILF� PHFKDQLVP� RI� HQODUJH�
PHQW�RI�DQQXODU�-RVHSKVRQ�YRUWLFHV�LQ�D�OD\�
HUHG� VXSHUFRQGXFWRU�� ,W� ZDV� VKRZQ� LQ� WKH
WKHRUHWLFDO�SDSHU�>��@�WKDW�WKH�UHDOL]DWLRQ�RI
VXFK�D�PHFKDQLVP�LQ�D�UHDO�FU\VWDO�LV�SRVVL�
EOH� LQ� WKH�FDVH�RI�D�FHUWDLQ�EUHDNLQJ�RI�WKH
SHULRGLFLW\� RI� WKH� FRQGXFWLQJ� OD\HUV� GLVWUL�
EXWLRQ�� $FFRUGLQJ� WR� >�@� VXFK� D� VLWXDWLRQ
FDQ� RFFXU� ZKHQ� D� VDPSOH� FRQWDLQV� OD\HUV
ZLWK� GLIIHUHQW� 7F� VHSDUDWLQJ� HDFK� RWKHU�(YLGHQFH�LQ�IDYRU�RI�VXFK�D�VFHQDULR�LV�DOVR
SURYLGHG� E\� WKH� UHVXOWV� RI� ZRUN� >�@�� LQ
ZKLFK� LW� LV� VKRZQ� WKDW� GHFUHDVLQJ� WKH� R[\�
JHQ� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� LQ� <%D�&X�2�ÜG� VLQJOHFU\VWDOV� OHDGV� WR� GHFRPSRVLWLRQ� RI� WKH� FRQ�
GXFWLQJ� VXEV\VWHP� LQWR� VHYHUDO� SKDVHV�ZLWK
GLIIHUHQW�7F��7KH�SUHVHQFH�RI�VXFK�SKDVHV�LVRIWHQ� QRW� UHIOHFWHG� LQ�PHDVXUHPHQWV� RI� UH�
VLVWLYH� WUDQVLWLRQV� WR� WKH� VXSHUFRQGXFWLQJ
VWDWH� LQ� WKH�DE� SODQH� RZLQJ� WR� WKH� SHUFROD�
WLRQDO� IORZ� RI� WUDQVSRUW� FXUUHQW� YLD� WKH
SKDVH�ZLWK�WKH�KLJKHVW�7F�7KH� WHPSHUDWXUH� FXUYHV� UF�UDE�7�� DUH
VKRZQ�LQ�)LJ����LQ�WKH�FRRUGLQDWHV�OQ�UF�UDE�
���7� DQG� OQ>�UF�UDE��7@����7����� ZKLFK
FRUUHVSRQGV�WR�WKHLU�GHVFULSWLRQ�E\�PHDQV�RI
)LJ����� 7HPSHUDWXUH� GHSHQGHQFHV� RI� WKH� DQLVRWURS\� RI� WKH� UHVLVWLYLW\� UF�UDE�7�� LQ� FRRUGLQDWHV
OQ�UF�UDE�����7�DQG�OQ>�UF�UDE��7@����7�����7KH�V\PERO�W\SHV�DUH�DV�JLYHQ�LQ�)LJ����
5�9�9RYN�HW�DO����&RQGXFWLYLW\�DQLVRWURS\�LQ����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
HTXDWLRQ� ���� LQ� WKH� ILUVW� FDVH� DQG� E\� DQ
DQDO\WLFDO�H[SUHVVLRQ�RI�WKH�IRUP�
UF�e�UDE� �%7H[S�7��e�7��e��� ���
LQ�WKH�VHFRQG�FDVH��+HUH�%�DQG�7��DUH�FRQ�VWDQWV��$V�ZH�NQRZ��HTXDWLRQ� ���� LV�FKDUDF�
WHULVWLF� IRU�YDULDEOH�OHQJWK�KRSSLQJ�FRQGXF�
WLRQ��WKH������ODZ��>������@�
,W�LV�VHHQ�WKDW�GHFUHDVLQJ�WKH�R[\JHQ�FRQ�
FHQWUDWLRQ�OHDGV�WR�VLJQLILFDQW�JURZWK�RI�WKH
DQLVRWURS\�UF�UDE� LQ�DEVROXWH�YDOXH��+HUH� LWIROORZV� IURP� )LJ���� �D�� DQG� �E�� WKDW�� DO�
WKRXJK�(T�����GRHV�SHUPLW�D�TXDOLWDWLYH�GH�
VFULSWLRQ�RI�WKH�H[SHULPHQWDO�GHSHQGHQFH�DW
UHODWLYHO\� KLJK� WHPSHUDWXUHV�� LW� GRHV� WKLV
FRQVLGHUDEO\�OHVV�ZHOO�WKDQ�UHODWLRQ�����GRHV
IRU� WKH� KRSSLQJ� FRQGXFWLYLW\�� ,W� LV� NQRZQ
IURP�WKH�WKHRU\�WKDW�WKH������ODZ��LV�RUGL�
QDULO\� LQWHUSUHWHG� DV� D� PDQLIHVWDWLRQ� RI� D
&RXORPE�JDS�LQ�WKH�HQHUJ\�VSHFWUXP�RI�WKH
FDUULHUV�� WKDW� LV� PRUH� FKDUDFWHULVWLF� IRU
VHPLFRQGXFWRU� FRQILJXUDWLRQV� >��@�� 2Q� WKH
RWKHU�KDQG��DV�LW�ZDV�VKRZQ�LQ�>��@��UHODWLRQ
����KDV�RI�D�PXFK�PRUH�XQLYHUVDO�FKDUDFWHU
DQG�FDQ�EH�XVHG�IRU�D�ZLGH�FODVV�RI�FRQGXFW�
LQJ�FRPSRXQGV�DW�D�VXIILFLHQWO\�KLJK�GHJUHH
RI�VWUXFWXUDO�GLVRUGHU��,Q�SDUWLFXODU��VXFK�D
VLWXDWLRQ�LV�UHDOL]HG�IRU�WKH�FDVH�RI�JUDQXODU
PHWDOV� �QDQRFRPSRVLWHV�� � VHWV� RI� VPDOO
PHWDOOLF�JUDQXOHV�LQ�D�GLHOHFWULF�PDWUL[�>��@�
$W� WKH� VDPH� WLPH�� LW� LV� NQRZQ� WKDW� GRSLQJ
RI�+76&�FXSUDWHV� E\�KHWHURYDOHQW� VXEVWLWX�
WLRQ� RU� FKDQJLQJ� WKH� R[\JHQ� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ
OHDGV� WR� GHFRPSRVLWLRQ� RI� WKH� V\VWHP� LQWR
HOHFWULFDOO\� QHXWUDO� UHJLRQV� RI� WZR� W\SHV�Û
PHWDOOLF�� ZLWK� D� KLJK� FDUULHU� GHQVLW\�� DQG
GLHOHFWULF� >��@�� +HUH� WKH� IRUP� RI� WKH� GR�
PDLQV� FDQ� DOVR� EH� �LPSRVHG�� E\� RUGHUHG
GRSDQWV�� ,W� LV� FOHDU� WKDW� DW� D� VXIILFLHQWO\
VPDOO�VL]H�RI�WKH�PHWDOOLFDOO\�FRQGXFWLQJ�LQ�
FOXVLRQV�WKH�V\VWHP�FDQ�DFTXLUH�WUDLWV�ZKLFK
DUH�FKDUDFWHULVWLF�IRU�JUDQXODU�PHWDOV��
$V�LW�LV�VHHQ�IURP�)LJ�����ZLWK�LQFUHDVLQJ
SUDVHRG\PLXP� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� WKH� VORSH� RI
WKH� FXUYHV� UF�UDE�7�� LQFUHDVHV�� DWWHVWLQJ� WRDQ� LQFUHDVH� RI� WKH� DFWLYDWLRQ� HQHUJ\� IURP
����� .� WR� ������� .�� ,W� VKRXOG� EH� DOVR
QRWHG� WKDW� IRU� WKH� FXUYHV� ZLWK� GHSUHVVHG
7F|��y���.�DW�WHPSHUDWXUHV�DERYH�����.�D
FKDQJH� RI� VORSH� E\� PRUH� WKDQ� D� IDFWRU� RI
IRXU� LV� REVHUYHG�� ZKLFK� LQ� WXUQ� DWWHVWV� WR� D
GHFUHDVH�RI�WKH�DFWLYDWLRQ�HQHUJ\�DQG�UHIOHFWV
WKH� SUHVHQFH� RI� SKDVH� WUDQVLWLRQV� REVHUYHG
SUHYLRXVO\� LQ� >�@� IRU� <%&2� VLQJOH� FU\VWDOV�
$FFRUGLQJ� WR� >�@�� WUDQVLWLRQV�RI� WKLV� W\SH�DI�
IHFW�WKH�NLQHWLFV�RI�FKDUJH�WUDQVSRUW�
���&RQFOXVLRQV
,Q� VXPPDU\�� DQDO\VLV� RI� WKH� H[SHULPHQ�
WDO�GDWD�REWDLQHG�DOORZHG�XV�WR�VXJJHVW�WKDW
DQ� LQFUHDVLQJ� SUDVHRG\PLXP� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ
LQ�<�±]3U]%D�&X�2�±G� VLQJOH� FU\VWDOV� UHVXOWVLQ� ORFDOL]DWLRQ� RI� WKH� FDUULHUV� LQ� WKH� GLUHF�
WLRQ� RI� WKH� F� D[LV�� DQG� WR� D� FKDQJH� RI� WKH
LQWHUOD\HU� LQWHUDFWLRQ�� 7KH� WHPSHUDWXUH� GH�
SHQGHQFH�RI�WKH�DQLVRWURS\�RI�WKH�UHVLVWLYLW\
UF�UDE�7��IRU�WKH�VLQJOH�FU\VWDOV�VWXGLHG��XQ�OLNH� <%D�&X�2�±G�� LV� ZHOO� GHVFULEHG� E\� DXQLYHUVDO� ����� ODZ�� IRU� WKH� WKHUPDOO\� DFWL�
YDWHG� KRSSLQJ� FRQGXFWLYLW\�� 7KLV� GHSHQG�
HQFH� SURYLGHV� HYLGHQFH� WKDW� WKH� FDUULHUV
WUDQVSRUW� PHFKDQLVP� DW� SHUSHQGLFXODU� OD\�
HUV� RFFXUV� ZLWK� WKH� KHOS� RI� WKHUPDO� DFWL�
YDWHG� KRSSLQJ� ZLWK� YDULDEOH� OHQJWK�� 7KH
IDFWRU� ���� LQGLFDWHV� WKDW� WKH� KRSSLQJ� FRQ�
GXFWLYLW\�LV���GLPHQVLRQDO��DQG��RU�WKH�&RX�
ORPE� LQWHUDFWLRQ� SOD\V� D� VLJQLILFDQW� UROH� LQ
WKH�SHUSHQGLFXODU�WUDQVSRUW��5HFHQWO\��VXFK
D�EHKDYLRU�ZDV�IRXQG�RXW�LQ�OD\HUHG�RUJDQLF
VXSHUFRQGXFWRUV� LQ� D� SHUSHQGLFXODU� PDJ�
QHWLF�ILHOG�>��@��WKDW�FRXOG�SURYLGH�WKH�FOXH
WR� WKH� TXHVWLRQ� RI� WKH� LQFRKHUHQW� WUDQVSRUW
DFURVV�WKH�OD\HUV��7KLV�HIIHFW�RQFH�PRUH�HP�
SKDVL]HV� WKH� GLIIHUHQFH� EHWZHHQ� WKH� +76&
FXSUDWHV� DQG� WKH� )HUPL�OLTXLG� PHWDOV�� EH�
FDXVH�WKH�WHPSHUDWXUH�GHSHQGHQFH�RI�WKH�UH�
VLVWLYLW\� DORQJ� DQG� DFURVV� WKH� OD\HUV� LV� QRW
WKH�VDPH�DQG�GLIIHUV�IURP�WKH�FKDUDFWHULVWLF
GHSHQGHQFH�RI�WKH�FRPPRQ�PHWDOV��
5HIHUHQFHV
� ���5�9�9RYN�� 0�$�2EROHQVNLL�� $�9�%RQGDUHQNR
HW� DO��� -��$OOR\V� DQG� &RPSRXQGV�� ����� ��
�������
� ���5�9�9RYN�� 0�$�2EROHQVNLL�� $�$�=DYJRURGQL\
HW� DO��� -��0DWHU�� 6FL�0DWHU�� LQ� (OHFWURQ�� ���
�����������
� ���9�1�=YHUHY��'�9�6KRYNXQ��3LVPD�Y�=K��(NVS��L
7HRU��)L]������������������
� ���%�3�6WRMNRYLF��'�3LQHV��3K\V��5HY��%����������
�������
� ���$�$�$EULNRVRY��8)1������������������
� ���$�6�$OH[DQGURY�� 9�9�.DEDQRY�� 1�)�0RWW�
3K\V��5HY��/HWW�������������������
� ���3K\VLFDO�3URSHUWLHV�RI�+LJK�7HPSHUDWXUH�6X�
SHUFRQGXFWRUV�� HG�� E\� '�0�*LQ]EHUJ�� 0LU�
0RVFRZ��������>LQ�5XVVLDQ@��
� ���9�/�$UEX]RY��2�0�%DNXQLQ��$�(�'DYOHWVKLQ�HW
DO���3LVPD�Y�=K��(NVS��L�7HRU��)L]������������������
� ���9�1�=YHUHY�� '�9�6KRYNXQ�� ,�*�1DXPHQNR�
3LVPD�Y�=K��(NVS��L�7HRU��)L]�������������������
����-�)ULGHO��-��3K\V���3DULV�������������������
����0�']LHU]DZD��0�=DPRUD��'�%DHULVZ\O��;�%DJ�
QRXG��3K\V��5HY��/HWW�������������������
����3LQJ�6KHQJ��-�.ODIWHU��3K\V��5HY��%����������
�������
5�9�9RYN�HW�DO����&RQGXFWLYLW\�DQLVRWURS\�LQ����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
����0�=�0HLOL[RY�� =K�� (NVS�� L� 7HRU�� )L]��� ����� ����
�������
����0�$�,YDQRY��9�0�/RNWHY��)L]��1L]NLNK�7HPS��
�����������������
����9�0�*YR]GLNRY��3K\V��5HY��%��������������������
�kÓLϺ�¯º¹L«�¹¯ºmL�Óº°�L�m�äºÓº}¯Ò°�ÈãȲ<�±]3U]%D�&X�2�±G�Ï�¯LÏÓÒä�mäL°�ºä�¹¯ÈÏ˺�Òä�c�{�{ºm}��~�n�sÈÏÒ¯ºm��l�k�|ºãËÓ° }Ò®��k�k�~Èm�º¯º�ÓL®��{�l��LÓ�º�vLäºË°
{ÒäL¯«ÓR��Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯ÓL�ÏÈãËÎÓº°�L�¹ºÏ�ºmÎÓ º��L�¹º¹Ë¯Ë�Óº��¹¯ºmL�Óº°�L�äºÓº}¯Ò°�
�ÈãLm� <�±]3U]%D�&X�2�±G� Ï� ¯LÏÓÒä� mäL°�ºä� ¹¯ÈÏ˺�Òä��� �º}ÈÏÈÓº���º� ÏLã �ËÓÓ«� }ºÓ�
�ËÓ�¯È�L�� ¹¯ÈÏ˺�Òä��¹¯Òmº�Ò� ��º� ¹º°ÒãËÓÓ«� ËÁË}�Lm� ãº}ÈãLÏÈ�L�� L� ¹¯Ò�ÓL�ËÓÓ«�ÓÈ��
¹¯ºmL�Óº�º� °�ÈÓ����¯Ò�� ºä��� ÓÈ� mL�äLÓ�� mL�� äºÓº}¯Ò°�ÈãLm�<%D�&X�2�±G�� ÈÓLϺ�¯º¹L«Óº¯äÈã Óº�º�ËãË}�¯ºº¹º¯��U°�UDE�7���º¯Ë�º¹Ò°�¼� °«�ÏÈ��º¹ºäº�º
��ÓLm˯°Èã Óº�º��ÏÈ�}ºÓ��������ã«��˯äºÈ}�ÒmÈ�L®Óº��°�¯Ò}ºmº��¹¯ºmL�Óº°�L���
5�9�9RYN�HW�DO����&RQGXFWLYLW\�DQLVRWURS\�LQ����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
|