About the use in nuclear medicine of pharmaceuticals on the basis of the isotope ¹⁸F and its achievements on linear electron accelerators of NIK "Accelerator"
The importance widely used in the world of Radiopharmaceutical: 2-fluoro [¹⁸F]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (fluo-rideglucose, ¹⁸F) for the diagnosis of various diseases using PET and CT imaging are shown. Provides information about the levels of specific activity of aqueous solutions containing the isotope ¹⁸...
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| id |
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irk-123456789-1361892018-06-17T03:06:12Z About the use in nuclear medicine of pharmaceuticals on the basis of the isotope ¹⁸F and its achievements on linear electron accelerators of NIK "Accelerator" Azarov, A.I. Dovbnya, A.N. Dolzhec, M.A. Kushnir, V.A. Mitrochenko, V.V. Perezhogin, S.A. Selivanov, L.I. Tereshchenko, V.A. Titov, V.Yu. Titov, D.V. Shevchenko, V.A. Shramenko, B.I. Применение ядерных методов The importance widely used in the world of Radiopharmaceutical: 2-fluoro [¹⁸F]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (fluo-rideglucose, ¹⁸F) for the diagnosis of various diseases using PET and CT imaging are shown. Provides information about the levels of specific activity of aqueous solutions containing the isotope ¹⁸F, the resulting target irradiation-matrix of Teflon (C₂F₄) on different linear accelerators of electrons NIK "Accelerator". Emphasis on the need to increase the density of the electron flux on the target and find ways of improvement of the methodology for obtain-ing Radiopharmaceutical, using isotope ¹⁸F, produced by the photonuclear method. Показана значимість широко використовуваного в світі РФП: 2-фтор[¹⁸F]-2-дезоксі-D-глюкози (фторде-зоксіглюкози, ¹⁸F) для діагностики різних захворювань із застосуванням ПЕТ і КТ-томографіі. Приведені відомості про рівні питомої активності водних розчинів, що містять ізотоп ¹⁸F, що утворюється в результаті опромінення мішеней-матриць з фторопласту (C₂F₄) на різних лінійних прискорювачах електронів НДК «Прискорювач». Робиться наголос на необхідності підвищення щільності потоку електронів на мішені і пошуку шляхів удосконалення методології отримання РФП-фтордезоксіглюкози з використанням ізотопу ¹⁸F, напрацьованого фотоядерним методом. Показана значимость широко используемого в мире РФП: 2-фтор[¹⁸F-2-дезокси-D-глюкозы (фтордезок-сиглюкозы, ¹⁸F) для диагностики различных заболеваний с применением ПЭТ и КТ-томографии. Приведены сведения об уровнях удельной активности водных растворов, содержащих изотоп ¹⁸F, образующийся в результате облучения мишеней-матриц из фторопласта (C₂F₄) на различных линейных ускорителях электронов НИК «Ускоритель». Делается ударение на необходимости повышения плотности потока электронов на мишени и поиска путей усовершенствования методологии получения РФП-фтордезоксиглюкозы с использованием изотопа ¹⁸F, нарабатываемого фотоядерным методом. 2017 Article About the use in nuclear medicine of pharmaceuticals on the basis of the isotope ¹⁸F and its achievements on linear electron accelerators of NIK "Accelerator" / A.I. Azarov, A.N. Dovbnya, M.A. Dolzhec, V.A. Kushnir, V.V. Mitrochenko, S.A. Perezhogin, L.I. Selivanov, V.A. Tereshchenko, V.Yu. Titov, D.V. Titov, V.A. Shevchenko, B.I. Shramenko // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2017. — № 6. — С. 133-136. — Бібліогр.: 1 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 28.60.+s; 87.Jw http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/136189 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| language |
English |
| topic |
Применение ядерных методов Применение ядерных методов |
| spellingShingle |
Применение ядерных методов Применение ядерных методов Azarov, A.I. Dovbnya, A.N. Dolzhec, M.A. Kushnir, V.A. Mitrochenko, V.V. Perezhogin, S.A. Selivanov, L.I. Tereshchenko, V.A. Titov, V.Yu. Titov, D.V. Shevchenko, V.A. Shramenko, B.I. About the use in nuclear medicine of pharmaceuticals on the basis of the isotope ¹⁸F and its achievements on linear electron accelerators of NIK "Accelerator" Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description |
The importance widely used in the world of Radiopharmaceutical: 2-fluoro [¹⁸F]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (fluo-rideglucose, ¹⁸F) for the diagnosis of various diseases using PET and CT imaging are shown. Provides information about the levels of specific activity of aqueous solutions containing the isotope ¹⁸F, the resulting target irradiation-matrix of Teflon (C₂F₄) on different linear accelerators of electrons NIK "Accelerator". Emphasis on the need to increase the density of the electron flux on the target and find ways of improvement of the methodology for obtain-ing Radiopharmaceutical, using isotope ¹⁸F, produced by the photonuclear method. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Azarov, A.I. Dovbnya, A.N. Dolzhec, M.A. Kushnir, V.A. Mitrochenko, V.V. Perezhogin, S.A. Selivanov, L.I. Tereshchenko, V.A. Titov, V.Yu. Titov, D.V. Shevchenko, V.A. Shramenko, B.I. |
| author_facet |
Azarov, A.I. Dovbnya, A.N. Dolzhec, M.A. Kushnir, V.A. Mitrochenko, V.V. Perezhogin, S.A. Selivanov, L.I. Tereshchenko, V.A. Titov, V.Yu. Titov, D.V. Shevchenko, V.A. Shramenko, B.I. |
| author_sort |
Azarov, A.I. |
| title |
About the use in nuclear medicine of pharmaceuticals on the basis of the isotope ¹⁸F and its achievements on linear electron accelerators of NIK "Accelerator" |
| title_short |
About the use in nuclear medicine of pharmaceuticals on the basis of the isotope ¹⁸F and its achievements on linear electron accelerators of NIK "Accelerator" |
| title_full |
About the use in nuclear medicine of pharmaceuticals on the basis of the isotope ¹⁸F and its achievements on linear electron accelerators of NIK "Accelerator" |
| title_fullStr |
About the use in nuclear medicine of pharmaceuticals on the basis of the isotope ¹⁸F and its achievements on linear electron accelerators of NIK "Accelerator" |
| title_full_unstemmed |
About the use in nuclear medicine of pharmaceuticals on the basis of the isotope ¹⁸F and its achievements on linear electron accelerators of NIK "Accelerator" |
| title_sort |
about the use in nuclear medicine of pharmaceuticals on the basis of the isotope ¹⁸f and its achievements on linear electron accelerators of nik "accelerator" |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| publishDate |
2017 |
| topic_facet |
Применение ядерных методов |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/136189 |
| citation_txt |
About the use in nuclear medicine of pharmaceuticals on the basis of the isotope ¹⁸F and its achievements on linear electron accelerators of NIK "Accelerator" / A.I. Azarov, A.N. Dovbnya, M.A. Dolzhec, V.A. Kushnir, V.V. Mitrochenko, S.A. Perezhogin, L.I. Selivanov, V.A. Tereshchenko, V.Yu. Titov, D.V. Titov, V.A. Shevchenko, B.I. Shramenko // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2017. — № 6. — С. 133-136. — Бібліогр.: 1 назв. — англ. |
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Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2017. №6(112) 133
ABOUT THE USE IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE OF PHARMACEUTICALS
ON THE BASIS OF THE ISOTOPE
18
F AND ITS ACHIEVEMENTS
ON LINEAR ELECTRON ACCELERATORS OF NIK "ACCELERATOR"
A.I. Azarov, A.N. Dovbnya, M.A. Dolzhec, V.A. Kushnir, V.V. Mitrochenko, S.A. Perezhogin,
L.I. Selivanov, V.A. Tereshchenko, V.Yu. Titov, D.V. Titov, V.A. Shevchenko, B.I. Shramenko
National Science Center “Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”, Kharkov, Ukraine
The importance widely used in the world of Radiopharmaceutical: 2-fluoro [
18
F]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (fluo-
rideglucose,
18
F) for the diagnosis of various diseases using PET and CT imaging are shown. Provides information
about the levels of specific activity of aqueous solutions containing the isotope
18
F, the resulting target irradiation-
matrix of Teflon (C2F4) on different linear accelerators of electrons NIK "Accelerator". Emphasis on the need to
increase the density of the electron flux on the target and find ways of improvement of the methodology for obtain-
ing Radiopharmaceutical, using isotope
18
F, produced by the photonuclear method.
PACS: 28.60.+s; 87.Jw
INTRODUCTION
At present, Ukraine's medical institutions that use
radionuclide diagnostics have developed a critical situa-
tion due to the almost complete absence of radiophar-
maceuticals (RFPs) of domestic production based on
radioactive nuclides (isotopes). Although most of the
diagnostic tools are pharmaceuticals based on techneti-
um
99m
Tc, a significant (and in some cases determining)
role in the diagnosis of various diseases is allocated to
RFPs, "labeled" ultrashort-living (UKZH) radionu-
clides:
11
C,
13
N,
15
O,
18
F.
These positron-active radionuclides are widely used
around the world as sources of 511 keV annihilation
gamma radiation for positron emission tomographs
(PET). The undeniable merit of the PET method, using
the UKZh-isotopes, is that, by providing the operation
of electronic equipment with high loads (10
5
…10
6
s
-1
),
high spatial resolution and a low level of radiation ex-
posure to the patient (fraction of rad) is achieved, and
itself the examination procedure lasts a few minutes.
Unfortunately, at the moment there is no universal
drug that could detect all tumors, so in PET diagnostics
there is a very large number of drugs. The use of UKZh-
isotopes isotopes for labeling RFPs administered to a
patient provides two main advantages over other types
of radioisotope diagnostics.
First, the label with these isotopes, including the iso-
tope
11
C, (unlike the isotopes
99m
Tc or
123
I used in
SPECT) does not change the chemical properties of the
RFPs, therefore they are functional analogues of natural
metabolites, and the distribution in the body of appropri-
ately selected RFPs adequately reflects parameters of the
studied biochemical process and/or the functional state of
the organism. Secondly, the short half-life of these iso-
topes allows multiple studies of the same patient, which
is of fundamental importance for receptor studies.
1. APPLICATION
OF RADIOPHARMA CEUTICAL (RFP)
2-FLUORO [
18
F] -2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE
(FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE,
18
F)
It is worthwhile to consider more closely the use of
the
18
F isotope as a radioactive "tag" when creating RFP
for PET diagnostics. Tumors are different in nature and
have different cellular composition, and, consequently,
have different properties. Unfortunately at the moment
there is no universal drug that could detect all tumors,
therefore in PET diagnostics there is a very large num-
ber of drugs. But among the multitude there is one, the
most universal, which works on a large spectrum of
tumor pathologies it is fluorodeoxyglucose or FDG is
a molecule of glucose in which one hydroxyl group is
replaced by of radioactive fluorine
18
F (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Molecule of glucose and molecule FDG
How does it work and why does FDG accumulate?
Shorter: glucose is energy! All cells need energy, and
the cells of the tumor need energy especially, because
they quickly divide, and for this, the cells of the tumor
need a lot of energy. Therefore, tumor cells accumulate
a much larger amount of glucose, and consequently
FDG. For this reason, in the PET study, we can see
where the tumor cells are located.
It should be noted, that unfortunately this drug is
able to detect not all tumors. It depends on the charac-
teristics of the tumor. For example, FDG works great
for most lymphomas, many lung tumors, intestinal tu-
mors, breast, melange and many others, but the diagnos-
tic value of FDG in prostate cancer is extremely low. A
similar situation with a low diagnostic significance of
FDG is observed in most neuroendocrine tumors.
Similarly, the capabilities of the device are limited
and we can not identify one or more cells. The resolu-
tion of the device is limited and the PET study can visu-
alize tumors ranging from 4…6 mm.
2. PET RESEARCH
Consider PET/CT studies with FDG, since studies
with this drug are about 80 percent of all PET research
in the world. The first of the presented slides (Fig. 2,
top) shows a pure positron tomogram, next a com-
bined PET/CT image. It can be seen that in this case
there is no pronounced pathology.
Molecule FDG
Molecule of glucose
C6H12O6
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2017. №6(112) 134
Fig. 2. PET/CT image of the patient
On the slide (Fig. 2, on the bottom) a patient with
Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple black dots (or red on the
next slide) show the affected lymph nodes. It should be
noted that the color solution depends on the specific
doctor and does not affect the diagnostic value of the
study.
How to determine the pathological accumulation of
the drug on PET/CT and what is SUV? PET allows not
only to see the tumor process, but also to carry out cer-
tain measurements. If in X-ray computed tomography
(CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measure-
ments are performed in centimeters (millimeters) to
determine the size of the pathological site. The intensity
of accumulation of the drug in the pathological organ
SUV (STANDARDIZED STAGE OF RADIOPHARM
PREPARATION ACCUMU-LATION) is determined in
PET diagnostics.
It should be noted that there are different SUV pa-
rameters and different units of measurement, so in the
description protocol there should be a link explaining
this data.
Fig. 3 shows, for example, a PET image of the pa-
tient's liver patch in a situation with an increased inten-
sity level of the
18
F isotope.
Fig. 3. SUV=11
Thus, this parameter shows how many RFPs accu-
mulated in the volume of the tumor focus. What is it
for?
First, there are threshold values for which doctors
are oriented, for a conditional differentiation of the
norm and pathology.
Second the change in SUV against the background
of treatment helps doctors to conclude on its effective-
ness. That is, if the treatment of SUV is reduced against
the background, then the treatment works and vice ver-
sa, by how significantly the SUV changes, a conclusion
is made about the continuation or change of therapeutic
tactics.
3. EXPERIMENT
In the world, a technique for obtaining the
18
F iso-
tope is widely used by irradiating protons with energy
10…20 MeV water enriched with a stable isotope of
oxygen
18
O according to the reaction
18
O(p, np)
18
F,
which makes it possible to obtain fluorinated com-
pounds, for example, fluorodeoxyglucose,
18
F.
The task of this study at the initial stage was to de-
termine the feasibility of the
18
F isotope production by
the photonuclear method at various linear accelerators
of electrons existing in the NIC "Accelerator" (NSC
KIPT AN NASU). As a criterion, the specific activity of
aqueous solutions, containing the isotope
18
F, was de-
termined, which is formed as a result of irradiation of
target matrices from fluoroplastic (fluoropolimer) (C2F4)
by a gamma-ray beam from a linear electron accelera-
tor. An experimental verification of this possibility was
carried out at accelerators: LU-10, «EPOS», LU-40m.
3.1. ACCELERATOR LU-10
The study of the
18
F isotope production on the LU-10
accelerator was carried out, using the output device
schematically depicted in Fig. 4.
The output device includes the Bremsstrahlung con-
verter K, the Ф1 filter (4 duralumin plates 2 mm thick
each) and additional polyethylene filter Ф2 with a
thickness of ~ 50 mm. Target M1 includes two capsules
of duralumin, into which a coiled film of fluoroplastic
with a mass of 1.020 g is placed in water (distillate) in
one capsule in the other a coarse-grained powder of
fluoroplastic with a mass of 1.000 g.
Two pieces of dosimetric film are placed on each
capsule from the side of the beam. The target M1 con-
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2017. №6(112) 135
sists samples of In, Au, Cd, Hf and Sn, used for dosime-
try of bremsstrahlung of the accelerator.
At the accelerator LU-10, a mode of 12…13 MeV is
obtained at the maximum of the spectrum.
An output device is installed according to the exper-
imental design.
Fig. 4. The circuit of the output device
The targets were irradiated with a scanned beam
with a mean current of 200 μA for 30 minutes.
Results of the experiment:
1. Weight loss of each ampoule was 0.5 g.
2. The activity (according to the isotope
18
F) of an
aqueous solution of 1 cm
3
, extracted from the capsule
with the film (C2F4) was 1.85 KBq/g.
3. The activity (according to the isotope
18
F) of an
aqueous solution of 1cm
3
, extracted from the capsule
with powder (C2F4) was 1.66 KBq/g.
4. Considering the different amount of water in the
capsule, we can conclude that the isotope
18
F is more
efficiently released to the aqueous phase from the pow-
der.
5. The neutron flux measured by Au-threshold de-
tectors was: fast neutrons 4.4910
5
ns
-1
, slow neutrons
2.2310
6
ns
-1
.
3.2. ACCELERATOR "EPOS"
The scheme of the experiment is shown in Fig. 5.
The accelerator worked in the mode of scanning an
electron beam: energy 25 MeV, Іav= 450 мкА, the
time of irradiation is 110 min.
A Pb converter, 10 mm thick, was used to obtain the
flux of gamma rays, which was placed just before the
irradiated capsule. The current density on the converter
is 0.25 μA/cm
2
.
.
Сapsules of duralumin, fluoroplast and copper filled
with water and fluoroplastic in the form of a film with a
thickness of 20 μm and coarse-grained powder were
irradiated.
To cool the capsules, a "rainwater" flow of water
was technologically used.
Fig. 5. Irradiation geometry
The results obtained in the irradiation geometry
shown in Fig. 5 during the exposure time 110 min, at
E = 25 MeV and Іav = 450 μA:
- the activity of
18
F in the aqueous phase is
4.110
4
Bq/g;
- the activity of
18
F in the matrix film is
1.0110
6
Bq/g;
- the activity of
18
F in the plate-matrix is
1.0510
6
Bq/g.
The yield of the isotope
18
F in water was 4%.
3.3. ACCELERATOR LU-40m
The study of the
18
F isotope run on the LU-40m ac-
celerator [1] is performed in geometry irradiation of the
capsule-target containing fluorine plastic, depicted in
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. The irradiation scheme of the capsule-target
at the accelerator LU-40m with water cooling
of the converter and capsule
Irradiation regime: energy-36 MeV. The average
current Iav=4.8 μA. The irradiation time is 30 minutes.
Converter: Ta (4 plates with gaps total thickness 4mm).
Target: capsule of fluoroplastic (C2F4), filled with fluo-
rine plastic film with a thickness of 20 μm (weight
1.82 g) and water (mass 1.27 g).
The total mass of the capsule in the collection: be-
fore irradiation 30.48 g, after irradiation 30.27 g.
The "mass defect" of the capsule after irradiation is
explained by the leakage of heated (up to vapor) water
from the capsule.
1. After irradiation, an aqueous "concentrate", acti-
vated with the
18
F isotope, was extracted from the cap-
sule, with a mass of 0.225 g.
2. The small amount of the extracted "concentrate"
is explained (presumably) by the "absorption" of water
by a fluoroplastic film, under the action of irradiation
(visually it looked "swollen"). Total mass of the capsule
in the collection: before irradiation 30.48 g, after irra-
diation 30.27 g.
The "mass defect" of the capsule after irradiation is
explained by the leakage of heated (up to vapor) water
from the capsule.
3. Specific activity of the
18
F isotope contained in
the aqueous medium, calculated for the 60 min irradia-
tion with regard to: the irradiation time, the measure-
ment time, the change in activity during the measure-
ment time and the "holding" (or cooling) time was equal
1.4210
6
Bq/g.
ee¯̄
Сapsule
«EPOS»
Accelerator
Pb
ЛУ-10
e-
К
Н2О
Ф1
Uсм
Ф2
М1
E
100
220
220
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2017. №6(112) 136
Summary table of
18
F production
Accelerators
LU-10
Accelerator
«EPOS»
Accelerator
LU-40m
Accelerator
The accumu-
lated specific
activity of the
18F isotope
in the aqueous
phase
1.85103 Bq/g 4.1104 Bq/g 1.42106 Bq/g
Reserve possibilities for increasing the amount of
isotope
18
F:
- increase in the irradiation time (440 minutes,
- 4T1/2) factor ~ 2;
- increase in the mass of irradiated fluoroplastic-
factor ~ 10;
-increase in the yield of the
18
F isotope in water-
factor ~ 5;
- increase in the average current factor ~ 100.
The total factor for increasing the amount of iso-
tope
18
F in the aquatic environment can be ~ 10
4
.
With the activity of the
18
F isotope in an aqueous
medium amounting to ~ Curie, we can speak of "open-
ing opportunities" that provide the creation of the phar-
maceutical preparation "Fluodeoxyglucose,
18
F"
СONCLUSIONS
1. As shown by the conducted studies, at the linear
accelerators of electrons available in the NSC KIPT, the
production of specific activities of the
18
F isotope in an
aqueous medium (~ Curie) sufficient to create RFP
"Fluorodeoxyglucose,
18
F" is possible only under the
condition of optimizing all the factors that determine the
amount of the
18
F isotope.
2. One of the main factors ensuring the value of the
18
F isotope under the conditions, described above, is the
current density on the target.
REFERENCES
1. M.I. Aуzatsky, V.I. Beloglasov, V.N. Boriskin, et al.
State and prospects of the linac of nuclear-physics
complex with energy of electrons up to 100 MeV //
Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. Series
“Nuclear Physics Investigations”. 2014, № 3, p. 60-
63.
Article received 09.10.2017
ОБ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИИ В ЯДЕРНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЕ РФП НА ОСНОВЕ ИЗОТОПА
18
F
И ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ЕГО НАРАБОТКИ НА ЛИНЕЙНЫХ УСКОРИТЕЛЯХ ЭЛЕКТРОНОВ
НИК «УСКОРИТЕЛЬ»
А.И. Азаров, А.Н. Довбня, М.А. Должек, В.А. Кушнир, В.В. Митроченко, С.А. Пережогин,
Л.И. Селиванов, В.А. Терещенко, В.Ю. Титов, Д.В. Титов, В.А. Шевченко, Б.И. Шраменко
Показана значимость широко используемого в мире РФП: 2-фтор[
18
F-2-дезокси-D-глюкозы (фтордезок-
сиглюкозы,
18
F) для диагностики различных заболеваний с применением ПЭТ и КТ-томографии. Приведены
сведения об уровнях удельной активности водных растворов, содержащих изотоп
18
F, образующийся в ре-
зультате облучения мишеней-матриц из фторопласта (C2F4) на различных линейных ускорителях электро-
нов НИК «Ускоритель». Делается ударение на необходимости повышения плотности потока электронов на
мишени и поиска путей усовершенствования методологии получения РФП-фтордезоксиглюкозы с исполь-
зованием изотопа
18
F, нарабатываемого фотоядерным методом.
ПРО ВИКОРИСТАННЯ В ЯДЕРНІЙ МЕДИЦИНІ РФП НА ОСНОВІ ІЗОТОПУ
18
F
ТА МОЖЛИВОСТІ ЙОГО НАПРАЦЮВАННЯ НА ЛІНІЙНИХ ПРИСКОРЮВАЧАХ ЕЛЕКТРОНІВ
НДК «ПРИСКОРЮВАЧ»
А.І. Азаров, А.М. Довбня, М.А. Должек, В.А. Кушнір, В.В. Мітроченко, С.А. Пережогін,
Л.І. Селіванов, В.А. Терещенко, В.Ю. Титов, Д.В. Титов, В.А. Шевченко, Б.І. Шраменко
Показана значимість широко використовуваного в світі РФП: 2-фтор[
18
F]-2-дезоксі-D-глюкози (фторде-
зоксіглюкози,
18
F) для діагностики різних захворювань із застосуванням ПЕТ і КТ-томографіі. Приведені
відомості про рівні питомої активності водних розчинів, що містять ізотоп
18
F, що утворюється в результаті
опромінення мішеней-матриць з фторопласту (C2F4) на різних лінійних прискорювачах електронів НДК
«Прискорювач». Робиться наголос на необхідності підвищення щільності потоку електронів на мішені і по-
шуку шляхів удосконалення методології отримання РФП-фтордезоксіглюкози з використанням ізотопу
18
F,
напрацьованого фотоядерним методом.
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