Cryogenic synthesis of nanodimensional magetite

Low temperature synthesis of single-domain magnetite particles at the liquid-solid interface was developed. Spherical particles of crystalline magnetite with size of 6-50 nm were prepared. Investigation of phase and element composition as well as morphology of single-domain magnetite was performed w...

Повний опис

Збережено в:
Бібліографічні деталі
Дата:2007
Автори: Gorbyk, P.P., Dubrovin, I.V., Filonenko, M.M.
Формат: Стаття
Мова:English
Опубліковано: НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України 2007
Назва видання:Functional Materials
Онлайн доступ:http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/136442
Теги: Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
Назва журналу:Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Цитувати:Cryogenic synthesis of nanodimensional magetite / P.P. Gorbyk, I.V. Dubrovin, M.M. Filonenko // Functional Materials. — 2007. — Т. 14, № 1. — С. 77-81. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — англ.

Репозитарії

Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
id irk-123456789-136442
record_format dspace
spelling irk-123456789-1364422018-06-18T03:03:13Z Cryogenic synthesis of nanodimensional magetite Gorbyk, P.P. Dubrovin, I.V. Filonenko, M.M. Low temperature synthesis of single-domain magnetite particles at the liquid-solid interface was developed. Spherical particles of crystalline magnetite with size of 6-50 nm were prepared. Investigation of phase and element composition as well as morphology of single-domain magnetite was performed with the help of X-ray phase analysis, Auger-spectroscopy, raster electronic and atomic force microscopy. 2007 Article Cryogenic synthesis of nanodimensional magetite / P.P. Gorbyk, I.V. Dubrovin, M.M. Filonenko // Functional Materials. — 2007. — Т. 14, № 1. — С. 77-81. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — англ. 1027-5495 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/136442 en Functional Materials НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
institution Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
collection DSpace DC
language English
description Low temperature synthesis of single-domain magnetite particles at the liquid-solid interface was developed. Spherical particles of crystalline magnetite with size of 6-50 nm were prepared. Investigation of phase and element composition as well as morphology of single-domain magnetite was performed with the help of X-ray phase analysis, Auger-spectroscopy, raster electronic and atomic force microscopy.
format Article
author Gorbyk, P.P.
Dubrovin, I.V.
Filonenko, M.M.
spellingShingle Gorbyk, P.P.
Dubrovin, I.V.
Filonenko, M.M.
Cryogenic synthesis of nanodimensional magetite
Functional Materials
author_facet Gorbyk, P.P.
Dubrovin, I.V.
Filonenko, M.M.
author_sort Gorbyk, P.P.
title Cryogenic synthesis of nanodimensional magetite
title_short Cryogenic synthesis of nanodimensional magetite
title_full Cryogenic synthesis of nanodimensional magetite
title_fullStr Cryogenic synthesis of nanodimensional magetite
title_full_unstemmed Cryogenic synthesis of nanodimensional magetite
title_sort cryogenic synthesis of nanodimensional magetite
publisher НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
publishDate 2007
url http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/136442
citation_txt Cryogenic synthesis of nanodimensional magetite / P.P. Gorbyk, I.V. Dubrovin, M.M. Filonenko // Functional Materials. — 2007. — Т. 14, № 1. — С. 77-81. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — англ.
series Functional Materials
work_keys_str_mv AT gorbykpp cryogenicsynthesisofnanodimensionalmagetite
AT dubroviniv cryogenicsynthesisofnanodimensionalmagetite
AT filonenkomm cryogenicsynthesisofnanodimensionalmagetite
first_indexed 2025-07-10T01:23:16Z
last_indexed 2025-07-10T01:23:16Z
_version_ 1837221123894280192
fulltext &U\RJHQLF�V\QWKHVLV�RI�QDQRGLPHQVLRQDOPDJQHWLWH 3�3�*RUE\N��,�9�'XEURYLQ��0�0�)LORQHQNR ,QVWLWXWH�RI�6XUIDFH�&KHPLVWU\��1DWLRQDO�$FDGHP\�RI�6FLHQFHV�RI�8NUDLQH� ���*HQHUDO�1DXPRY�6W���������.\LY��8NUDLQH /RZ� WHPSHUDWXUH� V\QWKHVLV� RI� VLQJOH�GRPDLQ� PDJQHWLWH� SDUWLFOHV� DW� WKH� OLTXLG�VROLG LQWHUIDFH�ZDV�GHYHORSHG��6SKHULFDO�SDUWLFOHV�RI�FU\VWDOOLQH�PDJQHWLWH�ZLWK�VL]HV�RI��Ü���QP ZHUH�SUHSDUHG�� ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ�RI�SKDVH�DQG�HOHPHQW�FRPSRVLWLRQ�DV�ZHOO�DV�PRUSKRORJ\�RI VLQJOH�GRPDLQ�PDJQHWLWH�ZDV�SHUIRUPHG�ZLWK�WKH�KHOS�RI�;�UD\�SKDVH�DQDO\VLV��$XJHU�VSHF� WURVFRS\��UDVWHU�HOHFWURQLF�DQG�DWRPLF�IRUFH�PLFURVFRS\� cÈϯȭº�ÈÓÈ�äË�º�Ò}È�ÓÒÏ}º�Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯Óº�º�°ÒÓ�ËÏÈ�º�Óº�ºäËÓÓ©²��Ȱ�Ò��äÈ�ÓË�Ò� �È�ÓÈ��¯ÈÓÒ�Ë��m˯�º®�Ò�ÎÒ�}º®�ÁÈÏ���ºã��ËÓ©�°Á˯Ò�˰}ÒË��Ȱ�Ò�©�äÈ�ÓË�Ò�È�¯ÈÏäË� ¯ºä� �Ü��� Óä�� �¯ºmË�ËÓº� Ò°°ãË�ºmÈÓÒË� ÁÈϺmº�º�� ªãËäËÓ�Óº�º� °º°�ÈmÈ� Ò� 亯Áºãº�ÒÒ °ÒÓ�ËÏÒ¯ºmÈÓÓ©²��Ȱ�Ò��äË�º�ÈäÒ�¯ËÓ��ËÓºÁÈϺmº�º�ÈÓÈãÒÏÈ��ºÎË�°¹Ë}�¯º°}º¹ÒÒ��¯È°� �¯ºmº®�ªãË}�¯ºÓÓº®�Ò�È�ºäÓº�°Òãºmº®�äÒ}¯º°}º¹ÒÒ� 7KH� FORVH� DWWHQWLRQ� RI� UHVHDUFKHUV� WR FRPSRVLWHV� FRQWDLQLQJ� PDJQHWLF� QDQRSDUWL� FOHV� LV� GXH� WR� WKH� IDFW� WKDW� WKRVH� SRVVHVV VSHFLILF� SURSHUWLHV� WKDW� DUH� QRW� FKDUDF� WHULVWLF� RI� D� VROLG� PDJQHWLF� PDWHULDO�� 7KH GLIIHUHQFHV� REVHUYHG� LQ� WKHLU�&XULH� RU�1HHO WHPSHUDWXUHV� UHDFK� KXQGUHGV� RI� GHJUHHV� %HVLGHV�� WKH\�H[KLELW�D�QXPEHU�RI� VXFK�XQ� XVXDO� SURSHUWLHV� DV� JLJDQWLF� PDJQHWRUHVLV� WDQFH��DQRPDORXVO\�ODUJH�PDJQHWRFDORULF�HI� IHFW��HWF��>�@� 7KH�PRGHUQ�PHGLFLQH�LV�NQRZQ�WR�HPSOR\ PDJQHWLF�PHGLFDO� SUHSDUDWLRQV� RQ� WKH� EDVLV RI� PDJQHWLWH� LQFOXGLQJ�� IRU� H[DPSOH�� UD� GLRRSDTXH�FRQWUDVW�DJHQWV��7KXV��%HOLNRY�HW DO�� >�@� GHVFULEHG� D� UDGLRRSDTXH� FRQWUDVW DJHQW� FRQWDLQLQJ�PDJQHWLWH� LQ� D� OLTXLG� FDU� ULHU�� QDPHO\�� WHWUDGHFDQH�� ,Q� >�@�� DQ� DTXH� RXV�FROORLGDO�VROXWLRQ�RI�PDJQHWLWH�KDV�EHHQ SURSRVHG� DV� DQ� HIILFDFLRXV� KDHPRVWDWLF DJHQW� ZKLFK� LV� DOVR� XVHG� WR� YLVXDOL]H� ELR� ORJLF� WLVVXHV� WKDW� LQFOXGH� DSRIHUULWLQ� �SUR� WHLQ� VKHOO� RI� IHUULWLQ�� ZLWK�PDJQHWLWH� FU\V� WDOV�LQ�LWV�SRUHV� $PRQJ� SURPLVLQJ� GHYHORSPHQW� ILHOGV� RI PDJQHWLF� PDWHULDOV� ZLWK� H[WHQGHG� VXUIDFH� WKHUH� LV� SUHSHUDWLRQ� RI� VRUEHQWV� >�@� DV�ZHOO DV� PDJQHWRVHQVLWLYH� QDQRFRPSRVLWHV� IRU� D JXLGHG� WUDQVSRUW� RI� PHGLFDO� DJHQWV� >�Ü�@� 0DJQHWLF�WKHUDSHXWLF�IRUPV�PD\�FRQWDLQ�QR SKDUPDFHXWLFDO�VXEVWDQFH��ZLWK�WKH�FXUDWLYH HIIHFW� SURGXFHG� LQ� VXFK� D� FDVH� UHVXOWLQJ IURP�WKH�DFWLRQ�RI�D�FRQVWDQW�PDJQHWLF�ILHOG �ZKRVH� VRXUFH� LV� D� PDJQHWLF� WKHUDSHXWLF IRUP� E\� LWVHOI�� RU� RI� DQ� H[WHUQDO� KLJK�IUH� TXHQF\� PDJQHWLF� ILHOG�� 7RSLFDO� DQG� XUJHQW GHYHORSPHQW� WDVNV� LQ� WKH� PRGHUQ� SKDUPD� FHXWLFV� >��Ü��@� LQFOXGH� SUHSDUDWLRQ� RI� FRP� ELQHG�PHGLFDO�DJHQWV�IRU�GLDJQRVWLFV�DQG�WKHU� DS\�WKDW�DUH�HIIHFWLYH�DW�D�FHOO�OHYHO�DQG�WKDW DUH�EDVHG�RQ�PDJQHWLF�FDUULHUV��$�JUHDW�DWWHQ� WLRQ�RI�UHVHDUFKHUV�LV�DOVR�DWWUDFWHG�E\�SRVVL� ELOLW\�RI�FUHDWLQJ�QDQRFRPSRVLWHV�IRU�YLUDO�GH� FRQWDPLQDWLRQ�RI�GRQRU�EORRG�DQG�SODVPD�� %\� YDU\LQJ� VL]HV�� VKDSH�� FRPSRVLWLRQ� DQG�VWUXFWXUH�RI�QDQRSDUWLFOHV��LW�LV�SRVVLEOH WR� FRQWURO�ZLWKLQ� VRPH� OLPLWV� WKH�PDJQHWLF FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� RI� FRPSRVLWHV�� +RZHYHU� VXFK�D�FRQWURO�LV�QRW�DOZD\V�SRVVLEOH�GXULQJ WKH�V\QWKHVLV�RI�QDQRSDUWLFOHV��VR�WKDW�SURS� HUWLHV� RI� HYHQ� VLQJOH�W\SH� PDWHULDOV� PD\ YDU\� FRQVLGHUDEO\�� ,Q� SDUWLFXODU�� WKH� PDJ� QHWLF� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� RI� IHUURPDJQHWLFV� GH� SHQG� KHDYLO\� RQ� WKH� VL]H� RI� SDUWLFOHV� IRUP� LQJ�WKHLU�VWUXFWXUH�� ,Q�YLHZ�RI�WKH�DERYH�VWDWHG��WKLV�ZRUN�LV DLPHG� DW� GHYHORSPHQW� RI� D� SURFHGXUH� IRU V\QWKHVL]LQJ� D� QDQRGLPHQVLRQDO� PDJQHWLWH ZLWK� D� SUH�VSHFLILHG� SDUWLFOH� VL]H� GLVWULEX� )XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� �������Û�,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� �� WLRQ��LQ�SDUWLFXODU��ZLWK�D�QDUURZ�VLQJOH�GR� PDLQ�RQH�� :KHQ�PDJQHWLWH�LV�XVHG�IRU�PHGLFDO�SXU� SRVHV�� LWV� QDQRSDUWLFOHV� PXVW� FRPSO\� ZLWK WKH� IROORZLQJ� UHTXLUHPHQWV�� 7KH� SDUWLFOH VL]H� VKRXOG� QRW� H[FHHG� DERXW� ��� QP� �IRU SDUWLFOHV�WR�EH�DEOH�WR�JR�WKURXJK�FDSLOODULHV ZLWKRXW�FDXVLQJ�HPEROL]DWLRQ���WKH�SDUWLFOHV VKRXOG� SRVVHVV� DQ� DGHTXDWH� PDJQHWLF� ILHOG VHQVLWLYLW\� �L�H��� KDYH� D� VXIILFLHQWO\� KLJK PDJQHWLF�PRPHQW�� LQ� WHFKQLFDOO\� DWWDLQDEOH ILHOG�UDQJH�IRU�KDQGOLQJ�WKH�SDUWLFOHV�LQ�WKH EORRG�IORZ�DW�LWV�SK\VLRORJLF�SDUDPHWHUV��,Q WKH� FDVH� RI� PDJQHWLF� QDQRSDUWLFOHV�� WKLV YDOXH� FRLQFLGHV� ZLWK� D� WKHRUHWLFDO� HVWLPDWH RI� WKH� VPDOOHVW�PDJQHWLF� GRPDLQ� VL]H� IRU� D ODUJH�PDMRULW\� RI�PDJQHWLF�PDWHULDOV�� ,W� LV WR�QRWH�KHUH� WKDW�PDJQHWLWH�SDUWLFOHV� LQ� LWV VLQJOH�GRPDLQ� VWDWH� SRVVHVV� WKH� KLJKHVW� FR� HUFLYH� IRUFH�� (VWLPDWLRQV� VKRZ� WKDW� DW ����.��WKH�VL]H�RI�D�VSKHULFDO�VLQJOH�GRPDLQ PDJQHWLWH� SDUWLFOH� LV� DERXW� ��� QP� >�@�� WKH FDUULHUV�VKRXOG�EH�DEOH�WR�FDUU\�D�QHFHVVDU\ VHW�RI�FKHPRWKHUDSHXWLFDO�DJHQWV�� WKH�SKDU� PDFHXWLFDO� VXEVWDQFH� DGPLQLVWUDWHG� VKRXOG RFFXS\�DQ� HVVHQWLDO� SDUW� RI� WKH�SUHSDUDWLRQ YROXPH��WKH�RUJDQLVP�WUHDWHG�VKRXOG�QRW�EH RYHUORDGHG� ZLWK� D� PDJQHWLF� PDWHULDO�� WKH VXUIDFH� SURSHUWLHV� RI� FDUULHUV� VKRXOG� SUR� YLGH� IRU� D� PD[LPDO� ELRFRPSDWLELOLW\� DQG PLQLPDO� DQWLJHQLFLW\�� DIWHU� SHUIRUPLQJ WKHLU� IXQFWLRQV�� WKH�PDJQHWLF� FDUULHUV� XVHG VKRXOG� XQGHUJR� ELRGHJUDGDWLRQ�� ZLWK� WKH GHJUDGDWLRQ�SURGXFWV�EHLQJ�UHDGLO\�UHPRYHG RXW�RI�DQ�RUJDQLVP�RU�EHLQJ�QRWHG�IRU�WKHLU PLQLPDO�WR[LFLW\� 7KH� PDJQHWLWH� V\QWKHVLV� SURFHGXUH VKRXOG� SURYLGH� WKH�PDWHULDO� LQ� WKH� IRUP�RI SDUWLFOHV�RI�VSHFLILHG�VL]H�DQG�VKDSH��LQ�DQ\ FDVH��WKH�GLVWULEXWLRQ�RI�VL]HV�VKRXOG�QRW�EH FRQVLGHUDEOH�DQG�EH�FRQWUROODEOH�E\�WKH�V\Q� WKHVLV�FRQGLWLRQV���7KH�PRVW�FRPPRQO\�XVHG PHWKRG�IRU�V\QWKHVL]LQJ�PDJQHWLWH�QDQRSDU� WLFOHV�LV�WKH�FKHPLFDO�FRQGHQVDWLRQ�SURSRVHG E\� (OPRUH� >��@�� 7KH� PHWKRG� FRQVLVWV� LQ� D UDSLG� QHXWUDOL]DWLRQ� RI� VDOWV� RI� EL�� DQG� WUL� YDOHQW�LURQ�ZLWK�DQ�H[FHVV�RI�DONDOL�RU�DTXH� RXV� DPPRQLD�� ,Q� RUGHU� WR� SURGXFH� KLJKO\ GLVSHUVHG�SUHFLSLWDWH��LW�LV�QHFHVVDU\�WR�SUR� YLGH� FRQGLWLRQV� IRU� LQWHQVH� QXFOHDWLRQ�� 7R WKDW� HQG�� VXSHUVDWXUDWHG� VROXWLRQV� RI� VDOWV FDQ� EH� XVHG� DQG� HYHQ� PHOWV� RI� WKHLU� ORZ� PHOWLQJ�FU\VWDOOLQH�K\GUDWHV�>��@��7KH�SDUWL� FOH�JURZWK�UDWH�DW� WKH�QXFOHDWLRQ�VWDJH�FDQ EH�ORZHUHG�DQG�DGMXVWHG�E\�GHFUHDVLQJ�FU\V� WDOOL]DWLRQ� WHPSHUDWXUH��ZKLFK�SURYLGHV� WKH DWWDLQLQJ�DQG�PDLQWDLQLQJ�DV� ORQJ�DV�SRVVL� EOH� D� VXEVWDQWLDO� VXSHUVDWXUDWLRQ� LQ� VHSD� UDWH� ORFDO� KHWHURJHQHRXV� UHJLRQV� RI� D� VROX� WLRQ�� ZKLFK�� LQ� LWV� WXUQ�� UHVXOWV� LQ� IRUPD� WLRQ� RI� QXPHURXV� FU\VWDOOL]DWLRQ� VLWHV��$Q\ ORFDO�VXSHUVDWXUDWLRQ�DW�WKH�QXFOHXV�JURZWK VWDJH�FDQ�EH�SUHYHQWHG�E\�D�SURSHU�VWLUULQJ RI� VROXWLRQV�� ,Q� VXFK� D� FDVH�� WKHUH� DUH� QR FRQGLWLRQV� IRU� IRUPDWLRQ� RI� QHZ� QXFOHL� ZKLFK�PDNHV� LW� SRVVLEOH� WR� REWDLQ� SDUWLFOHV ZLWK� D� QDUURZ� VL]H� GLVWULEXWLRQ�� WR� FRQWURO WKHLU�VL]H�DQG��WKHUHE\��WR�LQFUHDVH�WKH�\LHOG RI�VLQJOH�GRPDLQ�PDJQHWLWH�SDUWLFOHV� 7KH�PDLQ�SDUDPHWHUV�WKDW�GHILQH�WKH�ILQ� LVKHG�SURGXFW�SURSHUWLHV� DUH� FRQFHQWUDWLRQV RI� VWDUWLQJ� VDOWV� DQG�SUHFLSLWDWLQJ� DJHQW�DV ZHOO� DV� WKH� V\QWKHVLV� WHPSHUDWXUH� DQG� WKH PL[LQJ�UDWH�RI�VROXWLRQV��7KH�ODWWHU�SDUDPH� WHU� RI� WKH� KHWHURJHQHRXV� V\QWKHVLV� LV� WKH OHDVW� DPHQDEOH� WR� FRQWURO�� ZKLOH� LW� LV� RI� D JUHDW�LPSRUWDQFH�LQ�GHILQLQJ�WKH�FRQFHQWUD� WLRQ�JUDGLHQWV�RI�VWDUWLQJ�VDOWV� LQ�WKH�UHDF� WLRQ�]RQH�GXULQJ�WKH�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�PDJQHWLWH QXFOHL�DQG�WKHLU�VXEVHTXHQW�JURZWK��,Q�IDFW� ZKHQ� WZR� FRQFHQWUDWHG� VROXWLRQV� RI� PL[� WXUHV� RI� GLIIHUHQW� YDOHQFH� LURQ� VDOWV� DQG SUHFLSLWDWLQJ�DJHQW��DPPRQLD��DUH�PL[HG�UH� VXOWLQJ�LQ�DSSHDUDQFH�DQG�JURZWK�RI�QXFOHL� WKH�UHDFWLRQ�RI� LQVROXEOH�SURGXFW� IRUPDWLRQ SURFHHGV�DW� LQWHUIDFHV�RI�WZR�OLTXLG�SKDVHV� 7KH� QXPEHU� RI� D� QHZ�SKDVH� QXFOHL� DQG� WKH VWUXFWXUH� RI� WKH� IRUPHG� FU\VWDOV�GHSHQG�RQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� JUDGLHQWV� RI� WKH� VWDUWLQJ VDOWV�� 7R� SUHVHW� DQG� PRQLWRU� WKH� GHVLUHG FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�JUDGLHQW�RI�VWDUWLQJ�FRQVWLWX� HQWV� DV� ZHOO� DV� WR� PDLQWDLQ� LW� FRQVWDQW� LQ WKH�VROXWLRQ� IRU�D� FHUWDLQ�SHULRG�RI� WLPH� LV D�UDWKHU�GLIILFXOW�WHFKQRORJLFDO�WDVN��'XULQJ WKH� PL[WXUH� VWLUULQJ� DQG� IRUPDWLRQ� RI� WKH UHDFWLRQ� SURGXFWV�� WKH� FRQFHQWUDWLRQV� RI VWDUWLQJ� FRQVWLWXHQWV� LQ� WKH� QHDUHVW� VXU� URXQGLQJ� RI� WKH� UHDFWLRQ� SURGXFW� GHFUHDVH �GRZQ� WR� WKH� HTXLOLEULXP� YDOXHV� FKDUDF� WHULVWLF� RI� WKH� VSHFLILHG� WHPSHUDWXUH� DQG FRQFHQWUDWLRQV� DW� WKH� KHWHURJHQHRXV� LQWHU� IDFH� VDWXUDWHG� VROXWLRQ�VROLG� PDJQHWLWH�� WKXV� UHVXOWLQJ� LQ� FHVVDWLRQ� RI� QHZ� QXFOHL IRUPDWLRQ� DQG� LQ� JURZWK� RQVHW� RI� VHSDUDWH SDUWLFOHV�XQGHU�FRQGLWLRQV�PRUH�FORVH�WR�WKH HTXLOLEULXP�RQHV��7R� VHW� UDWKHU� VHYHUH� FRQ� GLWLRQV�RI�V\QWKHVLV�DQG�WR�LQFUHDVH�FRQFHQ� WUDWLRQV�RI�VDOWV�LQ�WKH�LQLWLDO�DTXHRXV�VROX� WLRQ�� VRPH� UHVHDUFKHUV� >��@� UHVRUW� HYHQ� WR LQFUHDVLQJ� RI� WKH� V\QWKHVLV� WHPSHUDWXUH� XS WR�����.��PHOWLQJ�SRLQW�IRU�WKH�FU\VWDO�K\� GUDWH��� ,Q� WKLV� FDVH�� WKH� QXFOHDWLRQ� DQG JURZWK� RI� FU\VWDOV� SURFHHG� LQ� FRQGLWLRQV WKDW�YDU\�LQ�WKH�FRXUVH�RI�RQH�DQG�WKH�VDPH V\QWKHVLV�� 7KH� PDWHULDO� SUHSDUHG� LQ� WKLV ZD\� LV� QRWHG� IRU� D� FRQVLGHUDEOH� VFDWWHU� LQ LWV�PDLQ� SDUDPHWHUV� �SDUWLFOH� VL]H� GLVWULEX� WLRQ�� GHJUHH� RI� FU\VWDOOLQLW\�� SK\VLFDO� FKDU� 3�3�*RUE\N�HW�DO����&U\RJHQLF�V\QWKHVLV�RI���� �� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� DFWHULVWLFV���7R�DWWDLQ� WKH�SXUSRVH� VSHFLILHG DERYH�� LW� LV� QHFHVVDU\� WR�PDLQWDLQ� FRQVWDQW YDOXHV� RI� WKH� DSSURSULDWH� WHPSHUDWXUH� DQG FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� JUDGLHQW� RI� FRQVWLWXHQWV� LQ WKH�UHDFWLRQ�]RQH� 7KH� DERYH�VWDWHG� FRQGLWLRQV� QHFHVVDU\� WR SURYLGH� D� VWDEOH� SUHGLFWDEOH� UHVXOW� PD\� EH UHDOL]HG� LQ� WKH� KHWHURJHQHRXV� V\QWKHVLV� RI PDJQHWLWH� DW� LQWHUIDFHV� RI� D� VROLG� SKDVH �IUR]HQ� VROXWLRQ� RI� VDOWV�� DQG� OLTXLG� SKDVH �H[FHVV�RI�DPPRQLD�VROXWLRQ�DW�D�IL[HG�FRQ� FHQWUDWLRQ��� 'XULQJ� WKH�PHOWLQJ� RI� WKH� VDOW VROXWLRQ�� LW� LV� SRVVLEOH� WR� PDLQWDLQ� D� FRQ� VWDQW��DV�D�ILUVW�DSSUR[LPDWLRQ��FRQFHQWUDWLRQ JUDGLHQW�DW�WKH�WKLQ�SKDVH�LQWHUIDFH�OD\HU��2Q WKH�RQH�KDQG��WKHUH�LV�DQ�H[FHVV�RI�DPPRQLD VROXWLRQ�� ZKLOH� RQ� WKH� RWKHU� KDQG�� WKH� VROLG SKDVH�PHOWLQJ�SURYLGHV�D�VROXWLRQ�ZLWK�D�SUH� VSHFLILHG� FRQVWDQW� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� RI� UHDFWLRQ FRPSRQHQWV�ZKLFK�LV�LQYROYHG�LQ�WKH�UHDFWLRQ� ,Q� FRQWUDVW� WR� WKH� KHWHURJHQHRXV� V\QWKHVLV� WKH� JURZWK� RI� QDQRSDUWLFOHV� VWRSV� DW� VRPH GLVWDQFH�IURP�WKH�IUR]HQ�VDOW�VROXWLRQ�VXUIDFH GXH� WR�WKH�HVVHQWLDO�DEVHQFH�RI�WKH� LURQ�VDOW� 7KLV�PDNHV�LW�SRVVLEOH�WR�SUHYHQW�DQ\�XQFRQ� WUROOHG�JURZWK�RI�WKH�IRUPHG�SDUWLFOHV�DQG�WR SUHVHUYH�WKHLU�SULPDU\�VL]H� 7KH�HQGRWKHUPLF�SURFHVV�RI�WKH�VDOW�VROX� WLRQ�PHOWLQJ�XQGHU�WKH�VROLG�l� OLTXLG�HTXL� OLEULXP� FRQGLWLRQV� SURYLGHV� WKH� FRQVWDQW WHPSHUDWXUH� LQ�WKH�UHDFWLRQ�]RQH��WKXV�SUR� PRWLQJ�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�QDQRGLPHQVLRQDO�SDUWL� FOHV�ZLWK�D�FORVH�VL]H�GLVWULEXWLRQ��,W�LV�DOVR HYLGHQW�WKDW�WKH�ORZ�WHPSHUDWXUH�RI�WKH�UH� DFWLYH� VXVSHQVLRQ� LQKLELWV� DQ\� DJJUHJDWLRQ RI� QHDU�FULWLFDO�QXFOHL� DQG� WKHLU� VXEVHTXHQW UHFU\VWDOOL]DWLRQ�WKDW�ZRXOG�UHVXOW�LQ�IRUPD� WLRQ�RI�ODUJH�SDUWLFOHV�ZLWK�XQGHVLUHG�VWUXF� WXUL]DWLRQ� $V� WR� WKH� WKH� UHDFWRU� �)LJ����� GHVLJQ�� LW FRQVLVWV�RI�D�EHDNHU�����FRQWDLQLQJ�DPPRQLD VROXWLRQ�����DQG�D�IOXRURSODVWLF�URG�����ZLWK�D IUR]HQ� F\OLQGHU� RI� WKH� VDOW� VROXWLRQ� ���� RI� D FHUWDLQ�FRPSRVLWLRQ�DW�RQH�HQG�LPPHUVHG�LQWR WKH� DPPRQLDF� VROXWLRQ� ZKLOH� WKH� URG� VHFRQG HQG� LV� IDVWHQHG� WR� WKH� URWRU� RI� D�PRWRU� ���� 7KH�PDJQHWLWH�����IRUPHG�GXH�WR�WKH�UHDFWLRQ LV�SUHFLSLWDWHG�DW�WKH�EHDNHU�ERWWRP� 0DJQHWLWH�QDQRSDUWLFOHV�ZHUH�V\QWKHVL]HG DV�GHVFULEHG�ORZHU��,URQ�VXOIDWH�)H62���+�2ZDV� GLVVROYHG� LQ� WKH� PLQLPDO� DPRXQW� RI ZDWHU�������J�SHU�����J�+�2�DW�����.���7KHVWRLFKLRPHWULF�DPRXQW�RI�IHUULF�FKORULGH�ZDV KHDWHG�XS� WR�����.�DQG�SRXUHG�XQGHU�VWLU� ULQJ�LQWR�WKH�SUHYLRXV�VROXWLRQ��7KH�PL[WXUH REWDLQHG�ZDV�D�FRQFHQWUDWHG�VROXWLRQ�RI�LURQ VDOWV��$���7KHQ��VRPH�DPRXQW�RI�VROXWLRQ�$ DQG�ZDWHU�DW�D�FHUWDLQ�UDWLR�LQ�D�WKLQ�SODVWLF EHDNHU�ZDV�FRROHG�GRZQ�WR�D�WHPSHUDWXUH�E\ DERXW� ��� .� ORZHU� WKDQ� WKH� FU\VWDOOL]DWLRQ SRLQW�RI�WKH�PL[WXUH�DW�WKH�SUHVHW�FRPSRVL� WLRQ� �)LJ�����GDVKHG� OLQH���7KH�GHVLUHG� FRRO� LQJ�ZDV�DWWDLQHG�ZLWK�WKH�KHOS�RI�URG��� �RI D� ORZ� WKHUPDO� FRQGXFWDQFH�� LQVHUWHG� LQWR WKH�SODVWLF�EHDNHU��$IWHU�IUHH]LQJ��WKH�SODV� WLF� EHDNHU� ZDV� UHPRYHG� E\� KHDWLQJ� LW� LQ� D ZDWHU� EDWK�� 7KH� URG� ��ZDV� DWWDFKHG� WR� WKH PRWRU� URWRU� DQG� WKHQ� WKH� IUR]HQ� VDOW� VROX� WLRQ� F\OLQGHU� ZDV� LPPHUVHG� LQWR� DPPRQLD VROXWLRQ� RI� DQ� DSSURSULDWH� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� 7KH�URWDWLRQ�VSHHG�ZDV�DERXW�����USP��7KH F\OLQGHU� WKDZLQJ� UHVXOWHG� LQ� IRUPDWLRQ� RI WKH� VDOW� VROXWLRQ� RI� D� SUH�VSHFLILHG� FRQFHQ� WUDWLRQ�WKDW�UHDFWHG�ZLWK�WKH�DPPRQLD�VROX� WLRQ� WR� IRUP� D� KLJKO\� GLVSHUVH� PDJQHWLWH� )LJ�����'HSHQGHQFH�RI�IUHH]LQJ�WHPSHUDWXUH�7 RI�WKH��VDOW�VROXWLRQ�$�RQ�ZDWHU�YROXPH�IUDF� WLRQ�t+�2� )LJ����� %ORFN� GLDJUDP� RI� D� VHWXS� IRU� FU\R� JHQLF�V\QWKHVLV�RI�PRQRGRPDLQ�PDJQHWLWH� 3�3�*RUE\N�HW�DO����&U\RJHQLF�V\QWKHVLV�RI���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� �� 7KH�PDJQHWLWH�ZDV�SUHFLSLWDWHG�XVLQJ�D�FRQ� VWDQW� PDJQHWLF� ILHOG� DQG� WKHQ� WKH� VROXWLRQ ZDV� GHFDQWHG�� 7KH� PDJQHWLWH� SUHFLSLWDWH ZDV� UHSHDWHGO\� ZDVKHG� WR� UHPRYH� DOO� WKH DQLRQV�SUHVHQW�LQ�WKH�VROXWLRQ� )ROORZLQJ�WKH�DERYH�GHVFULEHG�SURFHGXUH� ZH�KDYH�SUHSDUHG�VDPSOHV�RI� VSKHULFDO�SDU� WLFOHV� RI� FU\VWDOOLQH�PDJQHWLWH��7KH� VSHFLILF VXUIDFH� DUHD� RI� WKH� GULHG� SRZGHU�PHDVXUHG E\�WKH�DUJRQ�DGVRUSWLRQ�PHWKRG�ZDV�ZLWKLQ WKH� LQWHUYDO� RI� ��Ü����P�JÜ�� �)LJ������ 'H� SHQGLQJ� RQ� WKH� V\QWKHVLV� FRQGLWLRQV�� WKH SDUWLFOH� VL]H� ZHUH� ZLWKLQ� OLPLWV� RI� �� WR ���QP�� WKH�SDUWLFOHV�ZHUH�QRWHG� IRU� D�YHU\ QDUURZ�VL]H�GLVWULEXWLRQ��)LJ������ :H� KDYH� DOVR� GHWHUPLQHG� WKH� FRQGLWLRQV QHFHVVDU\�WR�SUHSDUH�D�PRQRGRPDLQ�PDJQHW� LWH��ZLWK� WKH� LQ� VLWX� FRQWURO� RI� WKH�SDUWLFOH VL]H� UHDOL]HG� XVLQJ� D� 'LJLWDO� ,QVWUXPHQWV 1DQR6FRSH� IRUFH� QDQRVFRSH� �)LJ������ 7KH SUHVHQFH�RI�D�FU\VWDOOLQH�VWUXFWXUH�ZDV�FRQ� ILUPHG� E\� ;�UD\� GLIIUDFWLRQ� �)LJ����� DQG PHDVXUHPHQWV�RI�PDJQHWLF�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� 7KH�SURFHGXUH�SURSRVHG�SURYLGHV�D�QXP� EHU� RI� DGYDQWDJHV�� ,W� PDNHV� LW� SRVVLEOH� WR HIIHFW� D� GLUHFW� V\QWKHVLV� RI� PRQRGRPDLQ PDJQHWLWH�SDUWLFOHV�DW�D�KLJK�\LHOG��WR�VSHQG HFRQRPLFDOO\� WKH� VWDUWLQJ� UHDJHQWV�� DQG� WR VLPSOLI\� WKH� VXEVHTXHQW� VHSDUDWLRQ� RI� D KLJKO\�GLVSHUVHG�SURGXFW� 7KXV�� WKH� GHYHORSHG� V\QWKHWLF� SURFHGXUH SURYLGHV�WKH�SUHSDUDWLRQ�RI�QDQRGLPHQVLRQDO PDJQHWLWH� SDUWLFOHV� DW� VROLG�OLTXLG� SKDVH� LQ� WHUIDFHV� DW� D�SUHGLFWHG�\LHOG� RI� D� ODUJH� IUDF� )LJ����� 'LDPHWHU� GLVWULEXWLRQ� RI� PDJQHWLWH QDQRSDUWLFOHV�� )LJ����� ;�UD\� SRZGHU� GLIIUDFWLRQ� RI� QDQRGL� PHQVLRQDO�PDJQHWLWH�� )LJ�����'HSHQGHQFH� RI� WKH�PDJQHWLWH� SDUWLFOH DYHUDJH�GLDPHWHU�DQG�WKH�SRZGHU�VSHFLILF�VXU� IDFH�DUHD� �D�DQG�E��UHVSHFWLYHO\�RQ�WKH�ZDWHU GLOXWLRQ� H[WHQW� RI� FRQFHQWUDWHG� VROXWLRQ� $� �t+�2���YROXPH�IUDFWLRQ�RI�+�2�� )LJ�����$)0� LPDJH� RI�QDQRGLPHQVLRQDO�PDJ� QHWLWH�SDUWLFOHV�RQ�SROLVKHG�VXUIDFH�RI�VLOLFRQ VLQJOH�FU\VWDO� 3�3�*RUE\N�HW�DO����&U\RJHQLF�V\QWKHVLV�RI���� �� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� WLRQ� RI� SDUWLFOHV� RI� D� SUH�VSHFLILHG� VL]H� �LQ SDUWLFXODU�� RI� PRQRGRPDLQ� SDUWLFOHV��� 6RPH VWUXFWXUDO� DQG� SK\VLFDO� SURSHUWLHV� RI� KLJKO\ GLVSHUVHG� PDJQHWLWH� KDYH� EHHQ� VWXGLHG� GH� SHQGLQJ� RQ� WKH� V\QWKHVLV� FRQGLWLRQV�� $FNQRZOHGJHPHQW��7KLV�ZRUN�KDV�EHHQ�IL� QDQFLDOO\� VXSSRUWHG� E\� WKH� 6FLHQFH� DQG 7HFKQRORJ\�&HQWHU��SURMHFW�67&8�¢������ 5HIHUHQFHV � ���6�3�*XELQ�� <X�$�.RNVKDURY�� *�%�.KRPXWRY� *�<X�<XUNRY��8VS��.KLP������������������ � ���9�*�%HOLNRY�� $�*�.XUHJ\DQ��.KLP��IDUP��=K�� �������������� � ���5�)�3DWHQW������������������ � ���,�3�*RQWDU���%�9�=DYRGRVN\��,�$�=ERURYVND\D� .OLQLFK��)DUPDNRO��L�7HUDS���������������� � ���/�6�6HPNR��3�3�*RUELN��/�3�6WRUR]KXN��HW�DO�� LQ��$EVWU��,QW��&RQI��RQ�0RGHUQ�0DWHULDOV�6FL� HQFH�� $GYDQFHV� DQG� 3UREOHPV�� 006������ .\LY��8NUDLQH���������9RO����S����� � ���$�/�3HWUDQRYV�ND�� 2�0�)HGRUHQNR�� 3�3�*RU� E\N�HW�DO���LQ��$EVWU��,QW��&RQI��1$16<6����� �.\LY�� 2FWREHU� ��Ü��� ������� $NDGHPSHULR� GLND��.\LY���������S���� � ���/�6�6HPNR��3�3�*RUELN��/�3�6WRUR]KXN�HW�DO�� LQ��$EVWU��,QW��&RQI��RQ�)XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV� ,&)0�������3DUWHQLW��&ULPHD��8NUDLQH�������� �����'5������ � ���$�/�3HWUDQRYV�ND�� 2�0�)HGRUHQNR�� 3�3�*RUE\N HW� DO��� 1DQRV\VWHPV�� 1DQRPDWHULDOV�� 1DQR� WHFKQRORJLHV���������������� � ���/�6�6HPNR��3�3�*RUELN��/�3�6WRUR]KXN�HW�DO�� LQ��1$72�$GY��5HV��:RUNVKRS��3XUH�DQG�$S� SOLHG� 6XUIDFH� &KHPLVWU\� DQG� 1DQRPDWHULDOV IRU� +XPDQ� /LIH� DQG� (QYLURQPHQWDO� 3URWHF� WLRQ���,QW��&RQI��RQ�1DQRPDWHULDOV�LQ�&KHPLV� WU\�� %LRORJ\�� DQG� 0HGLFLQH�� %RRN� RI� $EVWU�� .\LY��8NUDLQH���������S����� ����3�3�*RUELN�� /�3�6WRUR]KXN�� 2�2�&KXLNR�� LQ� $EVWU��9,� 1DW��&RQJUHVV� RI� 3KDUPDFLVWV� RI 8NUDLQH� RQ�$GYDQFHV� DQG�3URVSHFWV� IRU�3UR� JUHVV�LQ�WKH�3KDUPDFHXWLFDO�)LHOG�RI�8NUDLQH �.KDUNLY��6HSWHPEHU����Ü������������.KDUNLY ��������S���� ����/�/HY\�� <�6DKRR�� .��6�.LP�� (�-�� %HUJH\� &KHP��0DWHU������������������� ����3�3�*RUE\N�� ,�9�'XEURYLQ�� 3HWUDQRYV�ND�� HW DO���'RSRYLGL�1$1�8NUDLQH��1R��������������� ����$�/�3HWUDQRYV�ND�� 2�0�)HGRUHQNR�� 3�3�*RU� E\N�HW�DO���0HG\FKQD�.KLP���������������� ����%�0�%HUNRYVN\�� 9�)�0HGYHGHY�� 0�6�.UDNRY� 0DJQHWLF�/LTXLGV��.KLPLD��0RVFRZ��������>LQ 5XVVLDQ@� ����8�6�3DWHQW������������������ z¯�º�ËÓÓÒ®�°ÒÓ�ËÏ�ÓÈÓº¯ºÏä�¯Óº�º�äÈ�ÓË�Ò�� �����º¯­Ò}��´�{�i�­¯ºm�Ó��l�l�n�ãºÓËÓ}º ~ȹ¯º¹ºÓºmÈÓº�ÓÒÏ }º�Ëä¹Ë¯È��¯Ó��äË�º�Ò}�� °ÒÓ�ËÏ�� º�Óº�ºäËÓÓÒ²��Ȱ�ÒÓº}�äÈ�� ÓË�Ò���ÓÈ��¯ÈÓÒ�L��m˯�º���È�¯L�}º��ÁÈÏ��|�˯ÎÈÓº�°Á˯Ò�ÓL��Ȱ�ÒÓ}Ò�äÈ�ÓË�Ò���¯ºÏäL� ¯ºä��Ü���Óä���¯ºmË�ËÓº��º°ãL�ÎËÓÓ«�ÁÈϺmº�º��ËãËäËÓ�Óº�º�°}ãÈ����È�亯Áºãº�L��°ÒÓ� �ËϺmÈÓÒ²� �Ȱ�ÒÓº}� äË�º�ÈäÒ� ¯ËÓ��ËÓºÁÈϺmº�º� ÈÓÈãLÏ��� ºÎË�°¹Ë}�¯º°}º¹L��� ¯È°�¯ºmº� ËãË}�¯ºÓÓº���È�È�ºäÓº�°Òãºmº��äL}¯º°}º¹L�� 3�3�*RUE\N�HW�DO����&U\RJHQLF�V\QWKHVLV�RI���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��