Synthesis, morphology, and compactibility of tetragonal zirconia nanopowders
Fine-grained powders of tetragonal zirconia have been obtained by joint precipitation from aqueous zirconium and yttrium nitrate solutions followed by synthesis under thermal decomposition of hydroxides. The powders show three ordering levels, namely, conglomerates, agglomerates, and "primary&q...
Збережено в:
Дата: | 2007 |
---|---|
Автори: | , , , , , , , , , |
Формат: | Стаття |
Мова: | English |
Опубліковано: |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
2007
|
Назва видання: | Functional Materials |
Онлайн доступ: | http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/136488 |
Теги: |
Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
|
Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
Цитувати: | Synthesis, morphology, and compactibility of tetragonal zirconia nanopowders / S.V. Gabelkov, R.V. Tarasov, N.S. Poltavsev, M.P. Starolat, N.F. Andrievskaya, A.G. Mironova, E.G. Ledovskaya, L.M. Litvinenko, M.A. Odeychuk, F.V. Belkin // Functional Materials. — 2007. — Т. 14, № 2. — С. 187-191. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — англ. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraineid |
irk-123456789-136488 |
---|---|
record_format |
dspace |
spelling |
irk-123456789-1364882018-06-17T03:09:04Z Synthesis, morphology, and compactibility of tetragonal zirconia nanopowders Gabelkov, S.V. Tarasov, R.V. Poltavsev, N.S. Starolat, M.P. Andrievskaya, N.F. Mironova, A.G. Ledovskaya, E.G. Litvinenko, L.M. Odeychuk, M.A. Belkin, F.V. Fine-grained powders of tetragonal zirconia have been obtained by joint precipitation from aqueous zirconium and yttrium nitrate solutions followed by synthesis under thermal decomposition of hydroxides. The powders show three ordering levels, namely, conglomerates, agglomerates, and "primary" particles. The powder consists mainly of large ellipsoidal conglomerates of 1.5 to 2 μM size, the smaller agglomerates of 0.5 to 1 μM size and mostly irregular shape forming the minor fraction. Both conglomerates and agglomerates consist of rounded or irregular "primary" particles of 30 to 60 nm size. The studied tetragonal zirconia powders show a good compactibility providing the attainable high relative density (48 %) under a reasonable compacting pressure (256 MPa). 2007 Article Synthesis, morphology, and compactibility of tetragonal zirconia nanopowders / S.V. Gabelkov, R.V. Tarasov, N.S. Poltavsev, M.P. Starolat, N.F. Andrievskaya, A.G. Mironova, E.G. Ledovskaya, L.M. Litvinenko, M.A. Odeychuk, F.V. Belkin // Functional Materials. — 2007. — Т. 14, № 2. — С. 187-191. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — англ. 1027-5495 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/136488 en Functional Materials НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
collection |
DSpace DC |
language |
English |
description |
Fine-grained powders of tetragonal zirconia have been obtained by joint precipitation from aqueous zirconium and yttrium nitrate solutions followed by synthesis under thermal decomposition of hydroxides. The powders show three ordering levels, namely, conglomerates, agglomerates, and "primary" particles. The powder consists mainly of large ellipsoidal conglomerates of 1.5 to 2 μM size, the smaller agglomerates of 0.5 to 1 μM size and mostly irregular shape forming the minor fraction. Both conglomerates and agglomerates consist of rounded or irregular "primary" particles of 30 to 60 nm size. The studied tetragonal zirconia powders show a good compactibility providing the attainable high relative density (48 %) under a reasonable compacting pressure (256 MPa). |
format |
Article |
author |
Gabelkov, S.V. Tarasov, R.V. Poltavsev, N.S. Starolat, M.P. Andrievskaya, N.F. Mironova, A.G. Ledovskaya, E.G. Litvinenko, L.M. Odeychuk, M.A. Belkin, F.V. |
spellingShingle |
Gabelkov, S.V. Tarasov, R.V. Poltavsev, N.S. Starolat, M.P. Andrievskaya, N.F. Mironova, A.G. Ledovskaya, E.G. Litvinenko, L.M. Odeychuk, M.A. Belkin, F.V. Synthesis, morphology, and compactibility of tetragonal zirconia nanopowders Functional Materials |
author_facet |
Gabelkov, S.V. Tarasov, R.V. Poltavsev, N.S. Starolat, M.P. Andrievskaya, N.F. Mironova, A.G. Ledovskaya, E.G. Litvinenko, L.M. Odeychuk, M.A. Belkin, F.V. |
author_sort |
Gabelkov, S.V. |
title |
Synthesis, morphology, and compactibility of tetragonal zirconia nanopowders |
title_short |
Synthesis, morphology, and compactibility of tetragonal zirconia nanopowders |
title_full |
Synthesis, morphology, and compactibility of tetragonal zirconia nanopowders |
title_fullStr |
Synthesis, morphology, and compactibility of tetragonal zirconia nanopowders |
title_full_unstemmed |
Synthesis, morphology, and compactibility of tetragonal zirconia nanopowders |
title_sort |
synthesis, morphology, and compactibility of tetragonal zirconia nanopowders |
publisher |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
publishDate |
2007 |
url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/136488 |
citation_txt |
Synthesis, morphology, and compactibility of tetragonal zirconia nanopowders / S.V. Gabelkov, R.V. Tarasov, N.S. Poltavsev, M.P. Starolat, N.F. Andrievskaya, A.G. Mironova, E.G. Ledovskaya, L.M. Litvinenko, M.A. Odeychuk, F.V. Belkin // Functional Materials. — 2007. — Т. 14, № 2. — С. 187-191. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — англ. |
series |
Functional Materials |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT gabelkovsv synthesismorphologyandcompactibilityoftetragonalzirconiananopowders AT tarasovrv synthesismorphologyandcompactibilityoftetragonalzirconiananopowders AT poltavsevns synthesismorphologyandcompactibilityoftetragonalzirconiananopowders AT starolatmp synthesismorphologyandcompactibilityoftetragonalzirconiananopowders AT andrievskayanf synthesismorphologyandcompactibilityoftetragonalzirconiananopowders AT mironovaag synthesismorphologyandcompactibilityoftetragonalzirconiananopowders AT ledovskayaeg synthesismorphologyandcompactibilityoftetragonalzirconiananopowders AT litvinenkolm synthesismorphologyandcompactibilityoftetragonalzirconiananopowders AT odeychukma synthesismorphologyandcompactibilityoftetragonalzirconiananopowders AT belkinfv synthesismorphologyandcompactibilityoftetragonalzirconiananopowders |
first_indexed |
2025-07-10T01:28:48Z |
last_indexed |
2025-07-10T01:28:48Z |
_version_ |
1837221471542312960 |
fulltext |
6\QWKHVLV��PRUSKRORJ\��DQG�FRPSDFWLELOLW\�RIWHWUDJRQDO�]LUFRQLD�QDQRSRZGHUV
6�9�*DEHONRY��5�9�7DUDVRY��1�6�3ROWDYWVHY��0�3�6WDURODW�1�)�$QGULHYVND\D��$�*�0LURQRYD��(�*�/HGRYVND\D�/�0�/LWYLQHQNR��0�$�2GH\FKXN��)�9�%HONLQ
1DWLRQDO�6FLHQWLILF�&HQWHU��.KDUNLY�,QVWLWXWH�IRU�3K\VLFV�DQG
(QJLQHHULQJ���1DWLRQDO�$FDGHP\�RI�6FLHQFHV�RI�8NUDLQH�
��$NDGHPLFKHVND\D�6W���������.KDUNLY��8NUDLQH
5HFHLYHG�2FWREHU��������
)LQH�JUDLQHG� SRZGHUV� RI� WHWUDJRQDO� ]LUFRQLD�KDYH� EHHQ� REWDLQHG�E\� MRLQW� SUHFLSLWDWLRQ
IURP�DTXHRXV�]LUFRQLXP�DQG�\WWULXP�QLWUDWH�VROXWLRQV�IROORZHG�E\�V\QWKHVLV�XQGHU�WKHUPDO
GHFRPSRVLWLRQ�RI�K\GUR[LGHV��7KH�SRZGHUV�VKRZ�WKUHH�RUGHULQJ�OHYHOV��QDPHO\��FRQJORPHU�
DWHV��DJJORPHUDWHV��DQG��SULPDU\��SDUWLFOHV��7KH�SRZGHU�FRQVLVWV�PDLQO\�RI�ODUJH�HOOLSVRL�
GDO�FRQJORPHUDWHV�RI�����WR���PP�VL]H�� WKH�VPDOOHU�DJJORPHUDWHV�RI�����WR���PP�VL]H�DQG
PRVWO\�LUUHJXODU�VKDSH�IRUPLQJ�WKH�PLQRU�IUDFWLRQ��%RWK�FRQJORPHUDWHV�DQG�DJJORPHUDWHV
FRQVLVW� RI� URXQGHG� RU� LUUHJXODU� �SULPDU\�� SDUWLFOHV� RI� ��� WR� ��� QP� VL]H�� 7KH� VWXGLHG
WHWUDJRQDO� ]LUFRQLD� SRZGHUV� VKRZ� D� JRRG� FRPSDFWLELOLW\� SURYLGLQJ� WKH� DWWDLQDEOH� KLJK
UHODWLYH�GHQVLW\��������XQGHU�D�UHDVRQDEOH�FRPSDFWLQJ�SUHVVXUH������03D��
{©°º}º�Ò°¹Ë¯°Ó©Ë� ¹º¯º�}Ò� �Ë�¯È�ºÓÈã Óº�º� º}°Ò�È� �Ò¯}ºÓÒ«� ¹ºã��ËÓ©� äË�º�ºä
°ºmä˰�Óº�º� º°ÈÎ�ËÓÒ«� ÒÏ� °ä˰Ò� mº�Ó©²� ¯È°�mº¯ºm� ÈϺ�Óº}Ұ㩲� °ºãË®� �Ò¯}ºÓÒ«� Ò
Ò��¯Ò«�°�¹º°ãË��
�Òä�°ÒÓ�ËϺä�¹¯Ò��˯äÒ�˰}ºä�¯ÈÏãºÎËÓÒÒ��Ò�¯ºº}°Ò�ºm���º¯º�}Ò
ÒäË
�� �¯Ò� �¯ºmÓ«� º¯�ÈÓÒÏÈ�ÒÒ�� }ºÓ�ãºä˯È�©�� È�ãºä˯È�©� Ò� �¹Ë¯mÒ�Ó©Ë� �Ȱ�Ò�©��
|°ÓºmÓÈ«� �Ȱ� � ¹º¯º�}È� ¹¯Ë�°�ÈmãËÓÈ� ºã �ÒäÒ� }ºÓ�ãºä˯È�ÈäÒ� ªããÒ¹°ºÒ�Èã Óº®
Áº¯ä©� °� ¯ÈÏä˯ÈäÒ� ���Ü�� ä}ä�� äËÓ �È«� �Ȱ� � Û� È�ãºä˯È�ÈäÒ� °¯Ë�ÓÒ²� ¯ÈÏä˯ºm
���Ü�� ä}ä� m� º°ÓºmÓºä� Ó˹¯ÈmÒã Óº®� Áº¯ä©�� zºÓ�ãºä˯È�©� Ò� È�ãºä˯È�©� °º°�º«�� ÒÏ
�¹Ë¯mÒ�Ó©²��Ȱ�Ò���º}¯��㺮�ÒãÒ�Ó˹¯ÈmÒã Óº®�Áº¯ä©�°�¯ÈÏä˯ÈäÒ���Ü���Óä��j°°ãË�
�ºmÈÓÓ©Ë�¹º¯º�}Ò��Ë�¯È�ºÓÈã Óº�º�º}°Ò�È��Ò¯}ºÓÒ«�ºãÈ�È
��²º¯º�Ë®��¹ãº�Ó«Ë亰�
�
�� ¹ºÏmºã«
�Ë®��º°�Ò�È� � m©°º}�
� º�Óº°Ò�Ëã Ó�
� ¹ãº�Óº°� � ������� ¹¯Ò�¹¯ÒËäãË�
äºä��ÈmãËÓÒÒ�¹¯Ë°°ºmÈÓÒ«������l�È��
<WWULXP� VWDELOL]HG� ]LUFRQLD� ILQG� XVH� LQ
YDULRXV� LQGXVWULDO� ILHOGV� DV� WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ�
KDUGHQHG� SURGXFWV�� FDWDO\VWV� DQG� FDWDO\VW
VXSSRUWV�� IXHO� FHOOV�� WKHUPDO�EDUULHUV��EXII�
HULQJ�� RSWLFDO� FRDWLQJV�� HWF�� >��@�� ,Q� FRXQ�
WULHV�ZKHUH�DWRPLF�SRZHU�LV�XVHG�ZLGHO\��WKH
PDWUL[� IXHOV� >��@�� DFWLQRLG� WUDQVPXWDWLRQ
WDUJHWV� >��@��PDWULFHV� IRU�UDGLRDFWLYH�ZDVWH
LQVXODWLRQ� >��@� EDVHG� RQ� ]LUFRQLD� DUH
VHDUFKHG�IRU��7KH�HIIRUWV�RI�UHVHDUFKHUV�DUH
GLUHFWHG� WR� SUHSDUDWLRQ� RI� QRQ�DJJORPHU�
DWHG�� KLJKO\� GLVSHUVHG�� UHODWLYHO\� LQH[SHQ�
VLYH� SRZGHUV�ZLWK� WKH� SDUWLFOHV� RI� UHTXLUHG
SKDVH�FRPSRVLWLRQ��KRPRJHQHRXV�LQ�VL]H�DQG
VKDSH�� $� JUHDW� DWWHQWLRQ� LV� JLYHQ� WR� VR�
FDOOHG� �VRIW�� SRZGHUV� SUHSDUHG� E\� �ZHW�
WHFKQLTXHV� �SUHFLSLWDWLRQ� IURP� VROXWLRQV�
K\GURO\VLV�� K\GURWKHUPDO� V\QWKHVLV�� VRO�JHO
PHWKRG�� HWF���� $FFRUGLQJ� WR� >��@�� VXFK
SRZGHUV� VKRZ� WKH� FRKHUHQW� VFDWWHULQJ� UH�
JLRQV� �&65�� VL]H� IURP� �� WR� ��� QP�� �SUL�
PDU\��SDUWLFOHV�IURP����WR����QP��DJJORP�
HUDWHV� DQG� FRQJORPHUDWHV� IURP� ���� QP� WR
���PP��7KH�SRZGHUV�SUHSDUHG�E\�K\GURWKHU�
PDO� DQG� VROYRWKHUPDO� WHFKQLTXHV� H[KLELW
EHVW� PRUSKRORJLF� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�� KRZHYHU�
WKRVH� DUH� UHODWLYHO\� H[SHQVLYH� DQG� GLIILFXOW
LQ� UHDOL]DWLRQ�� 7KH� MRLQW� SUHFLSLWDWLRQ� WHFK�
)XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� ��������,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
QLTXH�RI�SRRUO\�VROXEOH�FRPSRXQGV�FRPELQHV
D� VXIILFLHQWO\� KLJK� TXDOLW\� RI� WKH� SRZGHUV
EHLQJ� SUHSDUHG� DQG� UHDVRQDEOH� UHDOL]DWLRQ
FRVWV�� 7KH� SXUSRVHV� RI� WKLV� ZRUN� ZHUH� WR
VWXG\�WKH�PRUSKRORJ\�DQG�FRPSDFWLELOLW\�RI
WHWUDJRQDO� ]LUFRQLD� SRZGHUV� V\QWKHVL]HG
GXULQJ� WKHUPDO� GHFRPSRVLWLRQ� RI� ]LUFRQLXP
DQG� \WWULXP� K\GUR[LGHV� SUHSDUHG� E\� MRLQW
SUHFLSLWDWLRQ� IURP� D� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� PL[WXUH
RI�QLWUDWH�VROXWLRQV�
7KH� WHWUDJRQDO� ]LUFRQLD� ZDV� V\QWKHVL]HG
GXULQJ� WKHUPDO�GHFRPSRVLWLRQ�RI� ]LUFRQLXP
DQG� \WWULXP� K\GUR[LGHV� SUHSDUHG� E\� MRLQW
SUHFLSLWDWLRQ�IURP�D�PL[WXUH�RI�DTXHRXV�VR�
OXWLRQV�� <WWULXP� QLWUDWH� RI� WKHLQ� VDOWV� ZDV
REWDLQHG�E\�QLWULF�DFLG�WUHDWPHQW�RI�\WWULXP
R[LGH� <�2�� DQG� ]LUFRQLXP� QLWUDWH�� E\� WKHVLPLODU� WUHDWPHQW� RI� ]LUFRQLXP� K\GUR[LGH
SUHSDUHG�E\�K\GURO\VLV�RI�]LUFRQLXP�VXOIDWH
=U�62�����+�2�� 7KH� ]LUFRQLXP� DQG� \WWULXPQLWUDWH� VROXWLRQV� ZHUH� PL[HG� WRJHWKHU� DQG
WKH� SUHFLSLWDWLRQ� ZDV� FDUULHG� RXW� XVLQJ
��� �� DPPRQLXP� K\GUR[LGH� VROXWLRQ�� 7KH
SUHFLSLWDWH�ZDV�GULHG�IRU����WR����K�DW���Ü
���&�DQG� WKHQ�JURXQG� LQ� D� EDOO�PLOO� DW� WKH
SRZGHU�PLOOLQJ� EDOOV� ZHLJKW� UDWLR� RI� �����
7KH� K\GUR[LGH� SUHFLSLWDWH�ZDV� KHDW� WUHDWHG
DW� ���� DQG� ����&� IRU� ���� WR� ����� K�� 7KH
]LUFRQLXP�DQG�\WWULXP�QLWUDWHV�ZHUH�XVHG�LQ
D�UDWLRQ�SURYLGLQJ�WKH�REWDLQLQJ�RI�]LUFRQLD
FRPSULVLQJ� ����ZW����\WWULD� DIWHU� WKH� SUH�
FLSLWDWH�KHDW�GHFRPSRVLWLRQ�
7R� VWXG\� WKH� SURFHVVHV� RFFXUULQJ� GXULQJ
WKH�SUHFLSLWDWH�KHDW� WUHDWPHQW�� WKH� WKHUPR�
JUDYLPHWULF�GLIIHUHQWLDO� WKHUPDO� DQDO\VLV
�7*�'7$�� ZDV� DSSOLHG� XVLQJ� D� 4�����'
GHULYDWRJUDSK� LQ� WKH� WHPSHUDWXUH� LQWHUYDO
��� WR� �����&� DW� WKH� KHDWLQJ� UDWH� RI
���&�PLQ�� 7KH� SKDVH� FRPSRVLWLRQ� RI� WKH
KHDW�WUHDWHG� SUHFLSLWDWH� ZDV� GHWHUPLQHG� E\
;�UD\�SKDVH�DQDO\VLV��;3$��XVLQJ�D�'521�
���� GLIIUDFWRPHWHU� �&X�.D�� DQG� WKH� DYHUDJHVL]H� RI� WKH� &65� ZDV� FDOFXODWHG� IURP� WKH
KDOI�KHLJKW�ZLGWK��E��RI�WKH�PDLQ�;�UD\�OLQH
>��@�� 7KH� VSHFLPHQV� ZHUH� IRUPHG� IURP� WKH
SRZGHU�E\�D[LDO�FRPSDFWLRQ��7KH�VDPSOH�DS�
SDUHQW�GHQVLW\�ZDV�PHDVXUHG�E\�K\GURVWDWLF
ZHLJKLQJ�� 7KH� WHWUDJRQDO� ]LUFRQLD� SRZGHU
PRUSKRORJ\� ZDV� VWXGLHG� XVLQJ� D� 7HVOD�%&�
���� WUDQVPLVVLRQ� HOHFWURQ� PLFURVFRSH
�����N9�DFFHOHUDWLQJ�YROWDJH���7KH�SRZGHUV
GLVSHUVHG�LQ�ZDWHU�ZHUH�FDSWXUHG�E\�DQ�DFH�
W\O� FHOOXORVH� ILOP� WKDW� ZDV� XVHG� DV� D� VXE�
VWUDWH��7KH�ORFDO�SRZGHU�VWDWH��FU\VWDOOLQH�RU
DPRUSKRXV��ZDV�H[DPLQHG�E\�PLFUR�GLIIUDF�
WLRQ�PHWKRG�
7KH� GULHG� SUHFLSLWDWH� FRQVLVWHG� RI� VRIW
SRURXV� IRUPDWLRQV� RI� ��� WR� ��� PP� VL]H�
$IWHU� WKH� JULQGLQJ�� WKHUH�ZDV� D� ILQH�ZKLWH
SRZGHU�� 7KH� 7*�'7$� GDWD� RQ� WKH� SRZGHU
PDWHULDO� DUH� SUHVHQWHG� LQ� )LJ����� 7KH� '7$
FXUYH�VKRZV�WZR�H[WUHPHV�FRUUHVSRQGLQJ�WR
RQH� HQGRWKHUPLF� DQG� RQH� H[RWKHUPLF� SURF�
HVV�� $Q� LQWHQVH� HQGRWKHUPLF� SHDN� DSSHDUV
ZLWKLQ� WKH� ��� WR� ����&� WHPSHUDWXUH� UDQJH
ZLWK� D� PLQLPXP� DW� ����&�� 7KH� PD[LPXP
ZHLJKW� ORVV� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR� WKH� VWHHSO\
GURSSLQJ�VHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�7*�FXUYH��)LJ�����LV
REVHUYHG�LQ�WKH��������&�LQWHUYDO�DQG�FRU�
UHVSRQGV�WR�WKH�HQGRWKHUPLF�'7$�SHDN��$Q
LQIOHFWLRQ�SRLQW�LV�LQ�WKH�7*�FXUYH�DW�����&
FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR� WKH� '7*� FXUYH� H[WUHPH�
7KH� ZHLJKW� ORVV� GHFUHDVHV� FRQVLGHUDEO\� LQ
WKH�PLOGO\� VORSLQJ� VHFWLRQ� RI� WKH� 7*� FXUYH
ZLWKLQ� WKH� �������&� LQWHUYDO� DQG� LV� VXE�
VWDQWLDOO\� RYHU� LQ� WKH� ��������&� UDQJH�
7KH� H[RWKHUPLF� HIIHFW� LQ� WKH� '7$� FXUYH
ZLWKLQ� WKH� �������&� LQWHUYDO� SHDNHG� DW
����&� LV� FKDUDFWHUL]HG� E\� D� VXEVWDQWLDOO\
FRQVWDQW� VDPSOH� ZHLJKW� �)LJ����� 7*� FXUYH��
1R� HIIHFWV� DUH� REVHUYHG� LQ� WKH� '7$� FXUYH
DERYH�����&�DQG�LQ�7*�DQG�'7*�RQHV�DERYH
����&�
7KH�;3$�H[DPLQDWLRQ�RI�WKH�GU\�SUHFLSL�
WDWH�KHDW�WUHDWHG�DW�����&�IRU������K�VKRZV
KDORV� W\SLFDO�RI�DPRUSKRXV�VWDWH� IRUPLQJ�D
EDFNJURXQG�IRU�VHYHUDO�ZLGHQHG�;�UD\�OLQHV�
7KH� ILUVW�KLJK�LQWHQVLW\�KDOR�KDYLQJ�DQ�DS�
SUHFLDEOH� PD[LPXP� DW� ������ OLHV� ZLWKLQ
WKH������� DQJXODU� UDQJH��7KH� VHFRQG�KDOR
DUUDQJHG� ZLWKLQ� WKH� ������ LQWHUYDO� KDV� D
ORZ� LQWHQVLW\� DQG� D� ZHDO�PD[LPXP� DW� ��Ü
�����7KH�KDORV�KDYH�EHHQ�HVWDEOLVKHG�EHIRUH
WR�FRUUHVSRQG�WR�DPRUSKRXV�]LUFRQLD�IRUPHG
GXH� WR� WKHUPDO� GHFRPSRVLWLRQ� RI� ]LUFRQLXP
)LJ�����7*�'7$�UHVXOWV� IRU� D� SRZGHUHG�PL[�
WXUH�RI�]LUFRQLXP�DQG�\WWULXP�K\GUR[LGHV�
6�9�*DEHONRY�HW�DO����6\QWKHVLV��PRUSKRORJ\��DQG����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
K\GUR[LGH�>��@�DQG�FDUERQDWH�>��@��7KH�;�UD\
OLQHV� VHHQ�DJDLQVW� WKH�KDOR�EDFNJURXQG�FRU�
UHVSRQG� WR�WHWUDJRQDO�]LUFRQLD��7KH�GLIIUDF�
WLRQ�SDWWHUQ�RI�GU\�SUHFLSLWDWH�KHDW� WUHDWHG
DW� ����&� IRU� ���� K� VKRZV�QR� KDORV� DQG� WKH
WHWUDJRQDO� ]LUFRQLD� OLQHV� REVHUYHG� LQ� WKH
DERYH�PHQWLRQHG�FDVH�VKRZ�DQ� LQFUHDVHG� LQ�
WHQVLW\��7KH�&65�VL]H�LV���r��QP�
7KXV�� WKH� SUHFLSLWDWH� KHDW� WUHDWPHQW� LQ
WKH����WR�����&�UDQJH�FDXVHV�WKH�K\GUR[LGH
GHFRPSRVLWLRQ� DQG� DPRUSKRXV� ]LUFRQLD� IRU�
PDWLRQ�� 7KH� FU\VWDOOL]DWLRQ� RI� WHWUDJRQDO
]LUFRQLD�VWDUWV�DW�����&�DQG�LV�FRPSOHWHG�DW
����&�
7KH� PRUSKRORJ\� RI� WKH� WHWUDJRQDO� ]LU�
FRQLD� SRZGHU� VR� REWDLQHG� ZDV� H[DPLQHG
XVLQJ� WUDQVPLVVLRQ� HOHFWURQ� PLFURVFRS\
�7(0���7KH�PDWHULDO� LV�D�SRZGHU�FRQVLVWLQJ
PDLQO\�RI�ODUJH�HOOLSVRLGDO�FRQJORPHUDWHV�RI
���� WR���PP�VL]H� �)LJ���D���7KH�PLQRU� IUDF�
WLRQ� LV� SUHVHQWHG� E\� PHGLXP� VL]H� ����� WR
��PP�� DJJORPHUDWHV� RI� SUHGRPLQDQWO\� LU�
UHJXODU� VKDSH�� %RWK� FRQJORPHUDWHV� DQG� DJ�
JORPHUDWHV�FRQVLVW�RI��SULPDU\�SDUWLFOHV��RI
��� WR� ��� QP� VL]H� �)LJ���E��� 7KH� �SULPDU\
SDUWLFOHV�� VKRZ� D� URXQGHG� RU� LUUHJXODU
VKDSH� DQG� FRQVLVW� RI� RQH� RU� PRUH� FU\VWDOV�
7KXV�� WKH� &65� VL]H� LV� FORVH� WR� WKDW� RI� WKH
VPDOOHVW� �SULPDU\� SDUWLFOHV��� 7KH� V\QWKH�
VL]HG� PDWHULDO� LV� WKXV� D� ILQHO\� GLVSHUVHG
SRZGHU� FKDUDFWHUL]HG� E\� DW� OHDVW� WKUHH� RU�
GHULQJ� OHYHOV� �FRQJORPHUDWHV�� DJJORPHUDWHV�
DQG��SULPDU\�SDUWLFOHV���
7KH� FRPSDFWLELOLW\� LV� DPRQJ� WKH� LPSRU�
WDQW�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�RI�SRZGHUV�GHILQLQJ�WKH
SUDFWLFDO�XVH�WKHUHRI��,Q�)LJ�����WKH�GHSHQG�
HQFH�RI�UHODWLYH�GHQVLW\�RQ�WKH�XQLD[LDO�FROG
FRPSDFWLRQ�SUHVVXUH� IRU� WHWUDJRQDO�]LUFRQLD
SRZGHUV� LV� SUHVHQWHG�� $V� WKH� FRPSDFWLRQ
SUHVVXUH�LQFUHDVHV�IURP����WR�����03D��WKH
UHODWLYH� GHQVLW\� JRHV� XS� IURP� ��� WR� �����
7KH�GHSHQGHQFH�LV�GHVFULEHG�ZHOO�HQRXJK�E\
WKH�HTXDWLRQ�>�@
UUHO� �POQ3���U��
ZKHUH�UUHO� LV� WKH� UHODWLYH�GHQVLW\�� SHU� FHQW�3�� WKH� XQLD[LDO� FROG� FRPSDFWLRQ� SUHVVXUH�
03D��P�DQG�U���FRQVWDQWV��6LPLODUO\�WR�>����@�LW� KDV� EHHQ� IRXQG� WKDW� DV� WKH� FRPSDFWLRQ
SUHVVXUH� LQFUHDVHV�� WKH�VSHFLPHQV�YROXPH�GH�
FUHDVH�GXH�WR�SDUWLDO�GLVUXSWLRQ�RI�WKH�SRZGHU
FRQJORPHUDWHV�DQG�OLNHO\�DJJORPHUDWHV�
,Q�>�@��]LUFRQLXP�DQG�\WWULXP�K\GUR[LGHV
ZHUH� FR�SUHFLSLWDWHG� E\� DTXHRXV� DPPRQLD
IURP� PL[HG� ]LUFRQLXP� R[\FKORULGH� DQG� \W�
WULXP� QLWUDWH� VROXWLRQV�� 'HVSLWH� RI� GLIIHU�
HQFH�LQ�WKH�LQLWLDO�VDOWV��WKH�UHVXOWV�REWDLQHG
DUH� VRPHZKDW� VLPLODU� WR� RXU� RQHV�� $FFRUG�
LQJ�WR�WKH�7*�'7$�GDWD��WKH�SRVLWLRQ�RI�WKH
HQGRWKHUPLF� SHDN� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR� WKHUPDO
GHFRPSRVLWLRQ�RI�K\GUR[LGHV�LV�VXEVWDQWLDOO\
LGHQWLFDO�ZLWK� WKDW� IRXQG� E\�XV��7KH�PD[L�
PXP� ZHLJKW� ORVV� FRUUHVSRQGV� WR� WKDW� H[�
WUHPH��WRR��+RZHYHU��WKH�LQIOHFWLRQ�SRLQW�LQ
WKH� 7*� FXUYH� LV� REVHUYHG� DW� ����&�� 7KH
)LJ�����7UDQVPLVVLRQ�HOHFWURQ�PLFURVFRS\�RI�WHWUDJRQDO�]LUFRQLD�SRZGHU�� FRQJORPHUDWHV�DQG�DJJORPHU�
DWHV��D��DQG�SULPDU\�SDUWLFOHV���E��
)LJ����� 5HODWLYH� GHQVLW\� RI� VDPSOHV� SUHSDUHG
IURP�WHWUDJRQDO�]LUFRQLD�SRZGHU�DV�D�IXQFWLRQ
RI�XQLD[LDO�FROG�FRPSDFWLRQ�SUHVVXUH�
6�9�*DEHONRY�HW�DO����6\QWKHVLV��PRUSKRORJ\��DQG����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
ZHLJKW� ORVV� FRQWLQXHV� XS� WR� �����&�� 7KH
H[RWKHUPLF� HIIHFW� LQ� WKH� '7$� FXUYH� FRUUH�
VSRQGLQJ� WR� FU\VWDOOL]DWLRQ� OLHV� ZLWKLQ� ���
WR�����&�UDQJH�DQG�LV�SHDNHG�DW�����&��7KH
7*�'7$� UHVXOWV� EHLQJ� VLPLODU�� WKH� SRZGHU
SKDVH� FRPSRVLWLRQ� GLIIHUV� FRQVLGHUDEO\�
$IWHU�WKH�KHDW�WUHDWPHQW�DW�����&��WKH�SRZ�
GHU�FRQWDLQV����WR����YRO����RI�PRQRFOLQLF
]LUFRQLD� DORQJ� ZLWK� FXELF� DQG� WHWUDJRQDO
PRGLILFDWLRQV�� ,Q� RXU� FDVH�� WKH� SRZGHU� LV
REWDLQHG�WKDW�FRQWDLQV�QR�PRQRFOLQLF�R[LGH�
7KH�SRZGHUV�REWDLQHG�LQ�>�@�DUH�HDV\�WR�GLV�
UXSWLRQ��VLPLODU�WR�RXU�RQHV��WKDW�LV��VKRZ�D
�IULDELOLW\� HIIHFW��� 7KH� �SULPDU\� SDUWLFOHV�
DUH� ��� WR� ��� QP� LQ� GLDPHWHU�� WKDW� LV� FORVH
WR�RXU�UHVXOWV�
7KH�WHWUDJRQDO�]LUFRQLD�SRZGHUV�REWDLQHG
E\� MRLQW� SUHFLSLWDWLRQ� LQ� >�@� KDG� WKH� &65
VL]H�RI����WR����QP�WKDW�VXEVWDQWLDOO\�FRLQ�
FLGHV� ZLWK� RXU� UHVXOWV� ZLWKLQ� WKH�PHDVXUH�
PHQW�DFFXUDF\��6RPH�DXWKRUV�UHSRUW�VPDOOHU
&65�VL]HV�DPRXQWLQJ���WR����QP�>��@�DQG
�� WR� �� QP� >�@� IRU� WHWUDJRQDO� ]LUFRQLD� SRZ�
GHUV� SUHSDUHG� E\� K\GURWKHUPDO� DQG
VROYRWKHUPDO� PHWKRGV�� L�H��� XVLQJ�PRUH� H[�
SHQVLYH� DQG� FRPSOLFDWHG� WHFKQLTXHV�� 7KH
�SULPDU\� SDUWLFOHV�� RI� SRZGHUV� REWDLQHG
ERWK�E\�MRLQW�SUHFLSLWDWLRQ�>����@�DQG�E\�K\�
GURWKHUPDO�WHFKQLTXH�>�@�DUH�RI����WR����QP
VL]H�� 7KH� �SULPDU\� SDUWLFOHV�� RI� WHWUDJRQDO
]LUFRQLD� SUHSDUHG� LQ� WKLV� ZRUN� IDOO� LQ� WKDW
UDQJH�� 7KH�PRUH� FRPSOLFDWHG� K\GURWKHUPDO
WHFKQLTXH� SURYLGHV� WKH� �SULPDU\� SDUWLFOHV�
KDYLQJ�WKH�VL]H�DW�WKH�OHYHO�RI����WR����QP
>�@�� 7KH� ]LUFRQLD� SRZGHU� SUHSDUDWLRQ� SD�
UDPHWHUV� HIIHFW�GHFLVLYHO\� WKH� FRQJORPHUDWH
DQG� DJJORPHUDWH� VL]H�� ,Q� WKH� SRZGHUV� RE�
WDLQHG� E\� MRLQW� SUHFLSLWDWLRQ�� WKH� VL]H� LV� RI
����QP�>�@�WR����PP�>�@�ZKLOH�LQ�WKRVH�SUH�
SDUHG� E\� K\GURWKHUPDO� WHFKQLTXH�� XS� WR
���� QP� >�@��$V�PHQWLRQHG� DERYH�� WKH� SRZ�
GHUV�VWXGLHG�LQ�WKLV�ZRUN�VKRZ�WKH�FRQJORP�
HUDWH�VL]H�RI�����WR���PP�DQG�WKH�DJJORPHU�
DWH� RQH� RI����� WR���PP�� WKDW� LV� FRPSDUDEOH
ZLWK�GDWD�IURP�>�@�
,Q�>�@��VDPSOHV�RI�]LUFRQLD�ZLWK�WKH�UHOD�
WLYH� GHQVLW\� ��� �� RI� WKH� WKHRUHWLFDO� RQH
ZHUH� SUHSDUHG� IURP� WHWUDJRQDO� ]LUFRQLD
SRZGHUV� REWDLQHG� K\GURWKHUPDO� WHFKQLTXH
XVLQJ� WKH� VOLS� FDVWLQJ��7KH� UHODWLYH�GHQVLW\
ZDV� LQFUHDVHG� XS� WR� ����� �� DIWHU� FROG
LVRVWDWLF�FRPSDFWLRQ�DW�����03D��7KH�VSHFL�
PHQV� IRUPHG� E\� XQLD[LDO� FRPSDFWLRQ� DW
����03D�IURP�WKH�SRZGHUV�REWDLQHG�LQ�WKLV
ZRUN� E\� MRLQW� SUHFLSLWDWLRQ� VKRZ� WKH� UHOD�
WLYH�GHQVLW\�������7KXV��WKRVH�SRZGHUV�DUH
PRUH� �VRIW�� WKDQ� WKRVH� REWDLQHG� LQ� >�@�
VLQFH� WKH� VDPH� UHODWLYH� GHQVLW\� FDQ� EH� RE�
WDLQHG�XQGHU�WKH�XQLD[LDO�FRPSDFWLRQ�DW�DO�
PRVW�KDOYHG�SUHVVXUH��,Q�>�@��WKH�VSHFLPHQV
KDYLQJ� WKH� UHODWLYH� GHQVLW\� �����ZHUH� RE�
WDLQHG� IURP� WZR� NLQGV� RI� MRLQWO\� SUHFLSL�
WDWHG�SRZGHUV�RQO\�XQGHU�����DQG�����03D
SUHVVXUH�� ,Q� >�@�� WKH� VSHFLPHQV� FRPSDFWHG
IURP� WZR� MRLQWO\� SUHFLSLWDWHG� ]LUFRQLD� SRZ�
GHUV� DW� ���� 03D� KDG� WKH� UHODWLYH� GHQVLW\
RQO\������DQG������
,Q�VSLWH�RI�VLPLODU�PRUSKRORJ\��FRQJORP�
HUDWH�� DJJORPHUDWH�� DQG� �SULPDU\� SDUWLFOH�
VL]H�DQG�VKDSH��� WKH�SRZGHU�SUHSDUHG�XVLQJ
WKH� PHWKRG� GHVFULEHG� LQ� WKLV� ZRUN� KDV� DQ
EHVW� FRPSDFWLELOLW\� DQG� H[FHHGV� VRPH� DQD�
ORJV� IURP�DEURDG� LQ� WKDW� VHQVH��7KLV� VHHPV
WR�EH�GXH�WR�D�ORZHU�VWUHQJWK�RI�FRQJORPHU�
DWHV� DQG� DJJORPHUDWHV� DV� FRPSDUHG� WR� WKH
SRZGHUV� REWDLQHG� LQ� >��@�� ,Q� FRQWUDVW� WR
WKH� SRZGHUV� SUHSDUHG� LQ� >�@�� RXU� SRZGHU
FRQWDLQV� QR� RWKHU� SKDVHV� LQ� DGGLWLRQ� WR
WHWUDJRQDO�RQH�
7R� FRQFOXGH�� VLQJOH�SKDVH� WHWUDJRQDO� ]LU�
FRQLD� SRZGHUV� KDYH� EHHQ� SUHSDUHG� E\� MRLQW
SUHFLSLWDWLRQ� IURP� D� PL[WXUH� RI� ]LUFRQLXP
DQG� \WWULXP� QLWUDWH� DTXHRXV� VROXWLRQV� IRO�
ORZHG�E\� WKHUPDO�GHFRPSRVLWLRQ�RI�K\GUR[�
LGHV�DW�����&�IRU���K��$FFRUGLQJ�WR�HOHFWURQ
PLFURVFRS\� GDWD�� WKH� SRZGHUV� FRQVLVW
PDLQO\�RI�ODUJH�HOOLSVRLGDO�FRQJORPHUDWHV�RI
���� WR���PP� VL]H�� WKH�PLQRU� IUDFWLRQ� EHLQJ
SUHVHQWHG�E\�PHGLXP�VL]H������WR���PP��DJ�
JORPHUDWHV� RI� SUHGRPLQDQWO\� LUUHJXODU
VKDSH�� %RWK� FRQJORPHUDWHV� DQG� DJJORPHU�
DWHV�FRQVLVW�RI��SULPDU\�SDUWLFOHV��RI����WR
��� QP� VL]H�� 7KDW� LV�� WKH� ILQHO\� GLVSHUVHG
SRZGHU� LV� FKDUDFWHUL]HG� E\� DW� OHDVW� WKUHH
RUGHULQJ� OHYHOV� �FRQJORPHUDWHV�� DJJORPHU�
DWHV��DQG��SULPDU\�SDUWLFOHV����7KH�FRKHUHQW
VFDWWHULQJ�UHJLRQ�VL]H�LV���r��QP��DV�GHWHU�
PLQHG�XVLQJ� WKH�PDLQ�;�UD\� OLQH�ZLGHQLQJ�
7KH�SRZGHUV�VKRZ�DQ�EHVW�FRPSDFWLELOLW\�DV
FRPSDUHG� WR� VRPH� DQDORJV� IURP� DEURDG�
WKXV� SURYLGLQJ� D� KLJK� UHODWLYH� GHQVLW\
������RI� WKHRUHWLFDO� RQH�� DW� ORZHU� FRPSDF�
WLRQ� SUHVVXUHV� �����03D�� DQG� WHFKQRORJLFDO
DGYDQWDJHV� LQ� SURGXFWLRQ� RI� FHUDPLF� SUR�
GXFH�
$FNQRZOHGJPHQWV�� $XWKRUV� WKDQN
'U�/�9�5XGHQNR� IURP� 1DWLRQDO� 7HFKQLFDO
8QLYHUVLW\� �.KDUNLY� 3RO\WHFKQLFDO� ,QVWL�
WXWH�� ZKR� KDV� FDUULHG� RXW� WKH� WKHUPR�
JUDYLPHWULF�GLIIHUHQWLDO�WKHUPDO�DQDO\VLV�
5HIHUHQFHV
� ���$�*�%HORXV�� (�9�3DVKNRYD�� $�1�0DNDUHQNR�
1DQRVLVWHP\�� 1DQRPDWHULDO\�� 1DQRWHNKQROR�
JLL���������������
� ���$�9�*DODNKRY��2JQHXSRU\� L�7HNKQ��.HUDPLND�
1R���������������
6�9�*DEHONRY�HW�DO����6\QWKHVLV��PRUSKRORJ\��DQG����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
� ���*DQJ� ;X�� <D�:HQ� =KDQJ�� &KXQ�6KHQJ� /LDR�
&KXQ�+XD� <DQ�� -��$P��&HUDP��6RF��� ���� ����
�����������������
� ���)HQJ[L�&KHQ��4L�+RQJ��*XR�4LQ�;X��7�6�$QG\
+RU�� 6KRXFDQJ� 6KHQ�� -��$P��&HUDP��6RF��� ���
�������������
� ���2�9DV\ONLY�� <�6DNND�� -��$P��&HUDP��6RF��� ���
������������
� ���;�0�:DQJ��*�/RULPHU��3�;LDR��-��$P��&HUDP�
6RF������������������
� ���2�9DV\ONLY�� <�6DNND�� 9�6NRURNKRG�� -��$P�
&HUDP��6RF������������������
� ���&�'�6DJHO�5DQVLMQ�� $�-�$�:LQQXEVW�� %�.HUN�
ZLMN� HW� DO��� -��(XURS��&HUDP��6RF��� ���� ���
�������
� ���0�7DKD�� -�3DOHWWR��<�-RUDQG� HW� DO���-��(XURS�
&HUDP��6RF������������������
����0�6WUHLW��:�:LHVHQDFN��7�7UYHUEHUJ�HW�DO���-�
1XFO��0DWHU��������������������
����<�&URL[PDULH�� (�$ERQQHDX�� $�)HUQDQGH]� HW
DO���-��1XF��0DWHU������������������
����:�/�*RQJ�� :�/XW]H�� 5�&�(ZLQJ�� -��1XFO�
0DWHU�������������������
����<D�6�8PDQVN\�� <X�$�6NDNRY�� $�1�,YDQRY�
/�1�5DVWRUJXHY�� &U\VWDOORJUDSK\�� 5RHQWJHQRJ�
UDSK\��DQG�(OHFWURQ�0LFURVFRS\��0HWDOOXUJLD�
0RVFRZ��������>LQ�5XVVLDQ@�
����6�9�*DEHONRY��5�9�7DUDVRY��1�6�3ROWDYWVHY�HW
DO���9$17��6HU��)53� �50�������������
����*�1�6KDEDQRYD��6�9�*DEHONRY��5�9�7DUDVRY�HW
DO���2JQHXSRU\�L�7HNKQ��.HUDPLND��������������
vÒÓ�ËÏ��亯Áºãº�L«�®���Lã ÓËÓL°� �ÓÈÓº¹º¯º�}Lm�Ë�¯È�ºÓÈã Óº�º�º}°Ò����Ò¯}ºÓL
v�{��ȼã}ºm��c�{��ȯȰºm��l�v��ºã�Èm�Ëm��l���v�ȯºãÈ��s�n�kÓ�¯L¼m° }È��k���lÒ¯ºÓºmÈ��|����Ë�ºm° }È���l��Ò�mÒÓËÓ}º��l�|�|�Ë®��}��n�{�r¼ã}LÓ�
{Ò°º}º�Ò°¹Ë¯°ÓL� ¹º¯º�}Ò� �Ë�¯È�ºÓÈã Óº�º� º}°Ò��� �Ò¯}ºÓL
� º�¯ÒäÈÓº� äË�º�ºä
°�äL°Óº�º�º°È�ÎËÓÓ«�LÏ�°�äL�L�mº�ÓÒ²�¯ºÏ�ÒÓLm�ÈϺ�Óº}Ò°ãÒ²�°ºãË®��Ò¯}ºÓL
��È�L�¯L
Ï�ÓȰ��¹ÓÒä�°ÒÓ�ËϺä�¹¯Ò��˯äL�Óºä��¯ºÏ}ãÈ�ÈÓÓL��L�¯ºº}°Ò�Lm���º¯º�}Ò�äÈ
� � �¯Ò
¯LmÓL� º¯�ÈÓLÏÈ�L��� }ºÓ�ãºä˯È�Ò�� È�ãºä˯È�Ò� �È� �¹Ë¯mÒÓÓL� �Ȱ�}Ò��� |°ÓºmÓÈ� �Ȱ�ÒÓÈ
¹º¯º�}�� ¹¯Ë�°�ÈmãËÓÈ� mËãÒ}ÒäÒ� }ºÓ�ãºä˯È�ÈäÒ� ËãL¹°º��Èã Óº�� Áº¯äÒ� Ï� ¯ºÏäL¯ÈäÒ
���Ü��ä}ä��äËÓ�È��Ȱ�ÒÓÈ�Û�È�ãºä˯È�ÈäÒ�°Ë¯Ë�ÓL²�¯ºÏäL¯Lm����Ü��ä}ä�m�º°ÓºmÓºä�
Ó˹¯ÈmÒã Óº�� Áº¯äÒ�� zºÓ�ãºä˯È�Ò� ®� È�ãºä˯È�Ò� °}ãÈ�È
� °«� Ï� �¹Ë¯mÒÓÓÒ²� �Ȱ�º}�
º}¯��ãº��Ⱥ�Ó˹¯ÈmÒã Óº��Áº¯äÒ�Ï�¯ºÏäL¯ÈäÒ���Ü���Óä��iº°ãL�ÎËÓL�¹º¯º�}Ò��Ë�¯È�º�
ÓÈã Óº�º� º}°Ò��� �Ò¯}ºÓL
� äÈ
� � �º¯�� ��Lã ÓËÓL°� �� «}È� �ºÏmºã«¼� �º°«�È�Ò� mÒ°º}�
mL�Óº°Ó����°�ÒÓ���������¹¯Ò�¹¯Ò®Ó«�Óºä���Ò°}��¹¯Ë°�mÈÓÓ«������l�È��
6�9�*DEHONRY�HW�DO����6\QWKHVLV��PRUSKRORJ\��DQG����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
|