Electodiposition kinetics, structure and optical properties of cadmium sulfide films
The selection of the optimal regimes for electrodeposition of near-stoichiometric cadmium sulfide (CdS) layers has been provided by means of voltammetric studies of cadmium and sulfur separate and joint electrodeposition kinetics in aqueous chloride solutions. Optical analysis has discovered that th...
Збережено в:
Дата: | 2007 |
---|---|
Автор: | |
Формат: | Стаття |
Мова: | English |
Опубліковано: |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
2007
|
Назва видання: | Functional Materials |
Онлайн доступ: | http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/136495 |
Теги: |
Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
|
Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
Цитувати: | Electodiposition kinetics, structure and optical properties of cadmium sulfide films / N.P. Klochko // Functional Materials. — 2007. — Т. 14, № 2. — С. 195-199. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraineid |
irk-123456789-136495 |
---|---|
record_format |
dspace |
spelling |
irk-123456789-1364952018-06-17T03:09:01Z Electodiposition kinetics, structure and optical properties of cadmium sulfide films Klochko, N.P. The selection of the optimal regimes for electrodeposition of near-stoichiometric cadmium sulfide (CdS) layers has been provided by means of voltammetric studies of cadmium and sulfur separate and joint electrodeposition kinetics in aqueous chloride solutions. Optical analysis has discovered that the deposited films were transparent, characterized by straight allowed optical transitions and band gap typical for cadmium sulfide. X-ray diffraction results have shown that these films consist mainly of hexagonal modification CdS nanocrystals. 2007 Article Electodiposition kinetics, structure and optical properties of cadmium sulfide films / N.P. Klochko // Functional Materials. — 2007. — Т. 14, № 2. — С. 195-199. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. 1027-5495 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/136495 en Functional Materials НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
collection |
DSpace DC |
language |
English |
description |
The selection of the optimal regimes for electrodeposition of near-stoichiometric cadmium sulfide (CdS) layers has been provided by means of voltammetric studies of cadmium and sulfur separate and joint electrodeposition kinetics in aqueous chloride solutions. Optical analysis has discovered that the deposited films were transparent, characterized by straight allowed optical transitions and band gap typical for cadmium sulfide. X-ray diffraction results have shown that these films consist mainly of hexagonal modification CdS nanocrystals. |
format |
Article |
author |
Klochko, N.P. |
spellingShingle |
Klochko, N.P. Electodiposition kinetics, structure and optical properties of cadmium sulfide films Functional Materials |
author_facet |
Klochko, N.P. |
author_sort |
Klochko, N.P. |
title |
Electodiposition kinetics, structure and optical properties of cadmium sulfide films |
title_short |
Electodiposition kinetics, structure and optical properties of cadmium sulfide films |
title_full |
Electodiposition kinetics, structure and optical properties of cadmium sulfide films |
title_fullStr |
Electodiposition kinetics, structure and optical properties of cadmium sulfide films |
title_full_unstemmed |
Electodiposition kinetics, structure and optical properties of cadmium sulfide films |
title_sort |
electodiposition kinetics, structure and optical properties of cadmium sulfide films |
publisher |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
publishDate |
2007 |
url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/136495 |
citation_txt |
Electodiposition kinetics, structure and optical properties of cadmium sulfide films / N.P. Klochko // Functional Materials. — 2007. — Т. 14, № 2. — С. 195-199. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. |
series |
Functional Materials |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT klochkonp electodipositionkineticsstructureandopticalpropertiesofcadmiumsulfidefilms |
first_indexed |
2025-07-10T01:29:37Z |
last_indexed |
2025-07-10T01:29:37Z |
_version_ |
1837221523628228608 |
fulltext |
(OHFWURGHSRVLWLRQ�NLQHWLFV��VWUXFWXUH�DQGRSWLFDO�SURSHUWLHV�RI�FDGPLXP�VXOILGH�ILOPV
1�3�.ORFKNR
1DWLRQDO�7HFKQLFDO�8QLYHUVLW\��.KDUNLY�3ROLWHFKQLFDO�,QVWLWXWH��
���)UXQ]H�6W���������.KDUNLY��8NUDLQH
5HFHLYHG�0DUFK��������
7KH� VHOHFWLRQ� RI� WKH� RSWLPDO� UHJLPHV� IRU� HOHFWURGHSRVLWLRQ� RI� QHDU�VWRLFKLRPHWULF� FDG�
PLXP� VXOILGH� �&G6�� OD\HUV� KDV� EHHQ� SURYLGHG� E\�PHDQV� RI� YROWDPPHWULF� VWXGLHV� RI� FDG�
PLXP� DQG� VXOIXU� VHSDUDWH� DQG� MRLQW� HOHFWURGHSRVLWLRQ� NLQHWLFV� LQ� DTXHRXV� FKORULGH� VROX�
WLRQV��2SWLFDO� DQDO\VLV� KDV� GLVFRYHUHG� WKDW� WKH�GHSRVLWHG� ILOPV�ZHUH� WUDQVSDUHQW�� FKDUDF�
WHUL]HG�E\�VWUDLJKW�DOORZHG�RSWLFDO� WUDQVLWLRQV�DQG�EDQG�JDS�W\SLFDO�IRU�FDGPLXP�VXOILGH�
;�UD\�GLIIUDFWLRQ�UHVXOWV�KDYH�VKRZQ�WKDW�WKHVH�ILOPV�FRQVLVW�PDLQO\�RI�KH[DJRQDO�PRGLIL�
FDWLRQ�&G6�QDQRFU\VWDOV��
v�¹ºäº�
�mºã �Èä¹Ë¯ºäË�¯Ò�˰}Ò²�Ò°°ãË�ºmÈÓÒ®�¹¯º�˰°ºm�¯ÈÏ�Ëã Óº�º�Ò�°ºmä˰��
Óº�º� ªãË}�¯ºº°ÈÎ�ËÓÒ«� }È�äÒ«� Ò� °Ë¯©� ÒÏ� mº�Ó©²� ²ãº¯Ò�Ó©²� ¯È°�mº¯ºm� ºË°¹Ë�ËÓ
m©º¯�º¹�ÒäÈã Ó©²�¯ËÎÒäºm�¹ºã��ËÓÒ«�ãÒÏ}Ò²�}�°�˲ҺäË�¯Ò�˰}Òä�°ãºËm�°�ã ÁÒ�È
}È�äÒ«� �&G6��� |¹�Ò�˰}Ò®� ÈÓÈãÒÏ� ºÓȯ�ÎÒã�� ��º� ªãË}�¯ºº°ÈÎ�ËÓÓ©Ë� ¹ãËÓ}Ò� ©ãÒ
¹¯ºÏ¯È�Ó©äÒ��²È¯È}�˯ÒϺmÈãÒ° �¹¯«ä©äÒ�¯ÈϯË�ËÓÓ©äÒ�º¹�Ò�˰}ÒäÒ�¹Ë¯Ë²º�ÈäÒ�Ò
�Ò¯ÒÓº®� Ïȹ¯Ë�ËÓÓº®� Ϻө�� �Ò¹Ò�Ó©äÒ� �ã«� °�ã ÁÒ�È� }È�äÒ«�� cËÏ�ã �È�©� ¯ËÓ��ËÓ�
�ÒÁ¯È}�ºäË�¯Ò�˰}º�º�ÈÓÈãÒÏÈ�¹º}ÈÏÈãÒ����º�¹ºã��ËÓÓ©Ë�¹ãËÓ}Ò�°º°�º«ãÒ�¹¯ËÒä��Ë�
°�mËÓÓº�ÒÏ�ÓÈÓº}¯Ò°�Èããºm�&G6��Ë}°È�ºÓÈã Óº®�äº�ÒÁÒ}È�ÒÒ�
5HFHQWO\�� WKH� HOHFWURFKHPLFDO� FDWKRGLF
GHSRVLWLRQ�RI�VHPLFRQGXFWRUV�LV�XVHG�ZLGHO\
LQ� SURGXFWLRQ� WHFKQRORJLHV� RI� WKLQ� ILOP� GH�
YLFHV�� LQ� SDUWLFXODU�� SKRWRYROWDLF� GHYLFHV
�39'��� %\� FRQWUROOLQJ� WKH� SURFHVV� SDUDPH�
WHUV� VXFK� DV� HOHFWURO\WH� FRPSRVLWLRQ� DQG
ZRUNLQJ� HOHFWURGH� SRWHQWLDO�� LW� LV� SRVVLEOH� WR
REWDLQ� VHPLFRQGXFWLQJ� OD\HUV� ZLWK� SUH�VSHFL�
ILHG�SURSHUWLHV��)RU�H[DPSOH��WKH�HOHFWURGHSRVL�
WLRQ�RI�FDGPLXP�VXOILGH��&G6��ILOPV�LV�EHOLHYHG
WR� EH� DPRQJ� WKH� PRVW� SURVSHFWLYH� ZD\V� WR
EXIIHU�OD\HUV�IRU�39'�RQ�WKH�EDVH�RI�FDGPLXP
WHOOXULGH�RU�FRSSHU�LQGLXP�GLVHOHQLGH�>��@�
$W� WKH� VDPH� WLPH�� WKH� LQYHVWLJDWLRQ� RI
HOHFWURFKHPLFDO�PHFKDQLVPV� LQYROYHG� LQ� WKH
FDGPLXP� VXOILGH� HOHFWURGHSRVLWLRQ� ZDV� QRW
DQ� REMHFW� RI� VXIILFLHQW� DWWHQWLRQ� \HW�� $V� D
FRQVHTXHQFH�� DQ� HPSLULFDO� FKRRVLQJ� RI� WKH
UHJLPHV� SURYLGLQJ� VWRLFKLRPHWULF� OD\HUV� RI
FDGPLXP� VXOILGH� >����@� UHTXLUHG� RSWLPL]D�
WLRQ�RI�HOHFWURGHSRVLWLRQ�UHJLPH� LQ� WKH�FDVH
RI� HYHQ� LQVLJQLILFDQW� GHYLDWLRQV� RI� WHFKQR�
ORJLFDO� SURFHVV��6R�� WKH�DLP�RI� WKLV�ZRUN� LV
WR�VWXG\�LQ�GHWDLO�WKH�&G6�HOHFWURGHSRVLWLRQ
SURFHVV�NLQHWLFV� EDVLQJ�RQ�YROWDPPHWULF� LQ�
YHVWLJDWLRQV�RI�VHSDUDWH�DQG�MRLQW�FDWKRGLF�UH�
GXFWLRQ� RI� FDGPLXP� DQG� VXOIXU� WR� SURYLGH� D
VFLHQWLILF�DSSURDFK�IRU�RSWLPL]DWLRQ�RI�WKH�FDG�
PLXP�VXOILGH�FU\VWDO�ILOP�HOHFWURGHSRVLWLRQ�
7KH�NLQHWLFV�RI�&G6�HOHFWURGHSRVLWLRQ�ZDV
VWXGLHG� XVLQJ� D� SRWHQWLRVWDW� E\� YROWDPPHW�
ULF� DQDO\VLV� ZLWK� OLQHDO� SRWHQWLDO� VFDQQLQJ
�9$�� DQG� E\� F\FOLF� YROWDPPHWULF� DQDO\VLV
�&9$�� >����@�� 7R� WKDW� HQG�� JODVV� SODWHV� RI
��FP�� DUHD� FRDWHG� E\� UHDFWLYHO\� VSXWWHUHG
���� QP� WKLFN� WLWDQLXP� QLWULGH� WKDW� KDG
OD\HU�UHVLVWDQFH� OHVV�WKDQ���2KP�ZHUH�XVHG
DV� FDWKRGHV� LQ� WKUHH�HOHFWURGH� HOHFWURFKHPL�
FDO� FHOO�� $V� WKH� UHIHUHQFH� HOHFWURGH� DQG
FRXQWHU� HOHFWURGH�� ZHUH� XVHG� VDWXUDWHG
$J�$J&O�HOHFWURGH� �6$(��DQG�SODWLQXP�HOHF�
WURGH�RI����FP��DUHD��UHVSHFWLYHO\��7KH�HOHF�
WURO\WH�WHPSHUDWXUH�ZDV�PDLQWDLQHG�DW����&
XVLQJ�D�WKHUPRVWDW��7KH�VROXWLRQV�ZHUH�SUR�
)XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� ��������,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
WHFWHG� DJDLQVW� PL[LQJ� WR� SUHYHQW� WKH� FRQ�
YHFWLYH�WUDQVIHU� �H[FHSW�WKH�HVSHFLDOO\�PHQ�
WLRQHG�FDVHV���7R�DYRLG�WKH�PLJUDWLRQ�GXULQJ
WKH�YROWDPPHWULF� H[SHULPHQWV��DOO� WKH�VROX�
WLRQV� FRQWDLQHG� ���� l� 1D�62��� (OHFWUR�FKHPLFDO� SURFHVVHV�ZHUH� VWXGLHG� LQ� WKH� IRO�
ORZLQJ� VROXWLRQV�� ��� VROXWLRQ� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ
WR� HOHFWURO\WH� IRU� FDGPLXP� VXOILGH� GHSRVL�
WLRQ� FRQWDLQLQJ� ���� 0� &G&O��� ����� l1D�6�2�������l�1D�62��������0�+�62�����SDUWLDO� FDGPLXP� VROXWLRQ�� ���� 0� &G&O������ l�1D�62��� ����� 0� +�62��� ��� SDUWLDOVXOIXU� VROXWLRQ�� ����� l� 1D�6�2��� ���� l1D�62��������0�+�62������EDFNJURXQG�VROX�WLRQ������l�1D�62��������0�+�62���7KH�SR�ODUL]DWLRQ� YROWDJH� VFDQQLQJ� UDWHV� �Y�� ZHUH
IURP���P9�V�XS�WR�����P9�V��WKH�SRWHQWLDO
VFDQQLQJ� UDQJH� (F� ZDV� IURP� ���� 9� XS� WR���� 9� RU� IURP� ���� 9� XS� WR� ���� 9� �KHUH
DQG�EHORZ��DOO�SRWHQWLDOV�DUH�GLVSOD\HG�ZLWK
UHJDUG�WR�6$(��
7KH� &G6� ILOPV� ZHUH� HOHFWURGHSRVLWHG� LQ
SRWHQWLRVWDWLF�UHJLPH�LQ�WKH�VDPH�WKUHH�HOHF�
WURGH� FHOO� ZLWKRXW� DQ\� VWLUULQJ� RI� WKH� HOHF�
WURO\WH� WKDW� FRQVLVWHG� RI� ���� l� &G&O�������l�1D�6�2��������0�+�62�� �S+�����$VVXEVWUDWHV�� ZHUH� XVHG� JODVV� SODWHV� FRDWHG
ZLWK� WKH� DERYH�PHQWLRQHG� WLWDQLXP� QLWULGH
OD\HUV� RU� E\�PDJQHWURQ�VSXWWHUHG� WUDQVSDU�
HQW� LQGLXP�WLQ� R[LGH� �,72�� FRQGXFWLYH� OD\�
HUV�� 7KH� HOHFWURO\WH� WHPSHUDWXUH� ZDV� ���&�
WKH� FDWKRGH� SRWHQWLDO� p°� �Ü����� 9�� WKHHOHFWURGHSRVLWLRQ�WLPH�ZDV����PLQ�
;�UD\� H[DPLQDWLRQV� �;5'�� RI� FU\VWDO
VWUXFWXUH� RI� WKH� ILOP� VDPSOHV� ZHUH� FDUULHG
RXW�XVLQJ�D�'521���GLIIUDFWRPHWHU�LQ�FKDU�
DFWHULVWLF� UDGLDWLRQ� )H.D� �O� ���������c�DFFRUGLQJ�WR�T�T�VFKHPH�ZLWK�%UHJJ�%UHQ�
WDQR� IRFXVLQJ�� 7KH� VFDQQLQJ� VWHS� ZDV
�����GHJ��WKH�H[SRVXUH�WLPH���V��7KH�SKDVHV
RI� REWDLQHG� FRPSRXQGV� ZHUH� LGHQWLILHG� E\
FRPSDULQJ�WKH�H[SHULPHQWDO�GDWD�ZLWK�FU\V�
WDO� ODWWLFH� SDUDPHWHUV� RI� FXELF� �VSKDOHULWH�
DQG� RI� KH[DJRQDO� �ZXUW]LWH��&G6� PRGLILFD�
WLRQV� LQ� DFFRUGDQFH�ZLWK� -&3'6�1R�������
DQG� 1R��������� UHVSHFWLYHO\�� 7R� PHDVXUH
WKH� RSWLFDO� WUDQVPLWWDQFH�7� RI� HOHFWURGHSR�
VLWHG�ILOPV��DQ�6)����VSHFWURSKRWRPHWHU�ZDV
XVHG��7KH�WKLFNHU�&G6�ILOP�RQ�WKH�JODVV�,72
VXEVWUDWH� ZDV� SODFHG� LQ� WKH� ZRUNLQJ� OLJKW
FKDQQHO�� ZKLOH� D� WKLQQHU� &G6� ILOP� RQ� WKH
JODVV�,72�VXEVWUDWH�ZDV�SODFHG�LQ�WKH�UHIHU�
HQFH�FKDQQHO�
7KH� YROWDPPHWULF� VWXGLHV� KDYH� VKRZQ
WKDW� IRU� WKH� EDFNJURXQG� VROXWLRQ�� WZR� FXU�
UHQW�SHDNV�DUH�UHYHDOHG�LQ�FDWKRGLF�EUDQFKHV
RI� F\FOLF� YROWDPPRJUDPPV� �,Ü9�FXUYHV�
�)LJ������7KH�ILUVW�ZHDN�FXUUHQW�SHDN�FRUUH�
VSRQGV� WR� DQ� LUUHYHUVLEOH� HOHFWURFKHPLFDO
SURFHVV� IROORZHG� E\� FKHPLFDO� GLPHUL]DWLRQ
UHDFWLRQ�� )LUVW�� LW� VKLIWV� WR� ZDUGV� QHJDWLYH
SRWHQWLDOV�DV�WKH�SRWHQWLDO�VFDQQLQJ�UDWH�LQ�
FUHDVHV� IURP���P9�V� WR� ����P9�V�� VR� WKDW
WKH� FDWKRGH� KDOI�SHDN� SRWHQWLDO� p°¯��FKDQJHV�IURP�Ü����9�WR�Ü����9��6HFRQG��WKH
GLIIHUHQFHV� EHWZHHQ� SRWHQWLDOV� RI� FDWKRGLF
SHDNV� DQG� FDWKRGLF� KDOI�SHDNV� DUH� ODUJH
HQRXJK��7KHVH�GLIIHUHQFHV�FKDQJH�GHSHQGLQJ
RQ� Y�� EXW� LV� DSSUR[LPDWHO\� DERXW� ���� 9�
WKXV� H[FHHGLQJ� PRUH� WKDQ� WKULFH� WKH� YDOXH
IRU� UHYHUVLEOH� SURFHVV�� 7KLUG�� WKHVH� SHDNV
DUH�DEVHQW� LQ�DQRGLF�EUDQFKHV�RI�F\FOLF�YRO�
WDPPRJUDPV�RI�WKH�EDFNJURXQG�VROXWLRQ�
7DNLQJ� LQWR� DFFRXQW� WKDW� WKH� KDOI�SHDN
SRWHQWLDO�IRU�WKH�LUUHYHUVLEOH�HOHFWURGH�SURF�
HVV� IROORZHG�E\� FKHPLFDO� GLPHUL]DWLRQ� UHDF�
WLRQ�LV�DOZD\V�VKLIWHG�WRZDUGV�QHJDWLYH�YDO�
XHV� DV� FRPSDUHG� WR� WKH� UHYHUVLEOH� SURFHVV
>����@� DQG� LQ� DFFRUGDQFH� ZLWK� WKH� VWDQGDUG
SRWHQWLDO� GDWD� >����@�� WKH� ILUVW� SHDN� LQ� WKH
EDFNJURXQG� VROXWLRQ� FDQ� EH� DVFULEHG� WR� WKH
UHDFWLRQ
�+�����H�� �+�� ���
IRU�ZKLFK�WKH�HTXLOLEULXP�FDWKRGH�SRWHQWLDO
LQ� WKLV� VROXWLRQ�� DV� FDOFXODWHG� XVLQJ� WKH
1HUQVW� HTXDWLRQ� >�@�� LV� ����� 9�� 7KH� VKLIW
RI�WKLV�SHDN�WRZDUGV�QHJDWLYH�SRWHQWLDOV�LV�D
UHVXOW�RI�RYHUYROWDJH��ZKLFK�IRU�LUUHYHUVLEOH
SURFHVVHV�IROORZHG�E\�GLPHUL]DWLRQ�DPRXQWV
DW�OHDVW�����9�>�@��7KH�LQWHQVLW\�RI�WKLV�SHDN
LV� ORZ��EHFDXVH�WKH�VROXWLRQ� LV�RQO\�VOLJKWO\
DFLGLF��¯s����
7KH� FXUUHQW� LQFUHDVH� LQ� WKH� EDFNJURXQG
VROXWLRQ� DW� SRWHQWLDOV� PRUH� QHJDWLYH� WKHQ
����9�LV�LQWHQVH�HQRXJK��$FFRUGLQJ�WR�RXU
FDOFXODWLRQV��LW�FRUUHVSRQGV�WR�ZDWHU�GHFRP�
)LJ����� &\FOLF� YROWDPPRJUDPPV� RI� WKH� EDFN�
JURXQG�VROXWLRQ�DW�SRWHQWLDO�VFDQQLQJ�UDWHV�Y
�P9�V��������������������
1�3�.ORFKNR���(OHFWURGHSRVLWLRQ�NLQHWLFV��VWUXFWXUH����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
SRVLWLRQ� ZLWK� WKH� K\GURJHQ� UHOHDVH� DFFRUG�
LQJ�WR�UHDFWLRQ�
�+�2����H�� �+�����2+�� ���
IRU�ZKLFK�WKH�VWDQGDUG�SRWHQWLDO�LV������9�>�@�
,Q� YROWDPPRJUDPV� IRU� FDGPLXP� SDUWLDO
VROXWLRQ��)LJ�����FXUYHV��������WKH�ILUVW�ZHDN
K\GURJHQ� UHGXFWLRQ� SHDN� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR
UHDFWLRQ� ���� LV�DOVR�REVHUYHG��7KHQ��D�VKDUS
FXUUHQW� LQFUHDVH� DULVHV� LQGHSHQGHQW� IURP
WKH� VFDQQLQJ� UDWH� DW� SRWHQWLDOV� PRUH� QHJD�
WLYH� WKDQ�����9�� WKDW�� DFFRUGLQJ� WR� >����@�
HYLGHQFH� WKH� UHYHUVLEOH� FDWKRGLF� SURFHVV� RI
FDGPLXP�UHGXFWLRQ��
&G������H�� �&G� ���
$FFRUGLQJ�WR�WKH�1HUQVW�HTXDWLRQ�>����@��WKH
VWDQGDUG�SRWHQWLDO�RI�UHDFWLRQ�����LV������9�
9ROWDPPRJUDPPV� RI� WKLRVXOIDWH� UHGXF�
WLRQ�LQ�VXOIXU�SDUWLDO�VROXWLRQ�DUH�VKRZQ�LQ
)LJ�����F\FOLF�FXUYHV���DQG�����$FFRUGLQJ�WR
FDOFXODWLRQV� GHVFULEHG� LQ� >����@�� WKH� ILUVW
FDWKRGLF� FXUYH� LQ� VXOIXU� SDUWLDO� VROXWLRQ
FRUUHVSRQGV� WR� WKH� LUUHYHUVLEOH� HOHFWURGH
SURFHVV��)LUVW��WKH�SRWHQWLDO�RI�FDWKRGH�SHDN
�(S�� EHFRPHV� DQG� PRUH� QHJDWLYH� DV� Y� LQ�
FUHDVHV�� 6HFRQG�� WKH� GLIIHUHQFH� �p¯���Ü�p¯�H[FHHGV� ���� 9�� 7KLUG�� WKH� GLIIHUHQFH� EH�
WZHHQ� SRWHQWLDOV� RI� FDWKRGLF� DQG� DQRGLF
SHDNV�LV�D�IXQFWLRQ�RI�WKH�SRODUL]DWLRQ�YROW�
DJH�VFDQQLQJ�UDWH�
7KH� PRVW� SUREDEOH� HOHFWURFKHPLFDO� SURF�
HVV�LQ�WKLV�FDVH�LV�>�@�
6�2�������+�����H�� ��6������+�2� ���
7KH�HTXLOLEULXP�SRWHQWLDO�IRU�UHDFWLRQ����
FDOFXODWHG� XVLQJ� WKH�1HUQVW� HTXDWLRQ� >�@� LV
�����9��EXW��GXH�WR� LUUHYHUVLELOLW\�RI�HOHF�
WURFKHPLFDO� SURFHVV� ���� LQ� WKLV� VROXWLRQ�� DQ
RYHUYROWDJH� H[FHHGLQJ� ���� 9� LV� UHJLVWHUHG�
7KH� VKDUS� FXUUHQW� LQFUHDVH� LQ� WKH� VXOIXU
SDUWLDO�VROXWLRQ�RFFXUV�DW�WKH�VDPH�SRWHQWLDOV
�PRUH�QHJDWLYH�WKDQ�����9��DV�LQ�EDFNJURXQG
VROXWLRQ��VR��LW�FRUUHVSRQGV�WR�ZDWHU�GHFRPSR�
VLWLRQ�DQG�K\GURJHQ�UHOHDVH�����
$V� LV� VHHQ� IURP� )LJ����� WKH� ,Ü9�FXUYHV
IRU�FDWKRGLF�SURFHVVHV�LQ�WKH�VROXWLRQ�FRUUH�
VSRQGLQJ�WR�WKH�HOHFWURO\WH�IRU�FDGPLXP�VXO�
ILGH� GHSRVLWLRQ� LQFOXGH� ZDYHV� W\SLFDO� RI
WKLRVXOIDWH�LRQ� UHGXFWLRQ� DFFRUGLQJ� WR� UHDF�
WLRQ�����DQG�FXUUHQW�LQFUHDVHV�FRUUHVSRQGLQJ
WR�FDGPLXP�LRQ�UHGXFWLRQ�DFFRUGLQJ�WR�UHDF�
WLRQ� ����� 6LQFH� WKH� SRWHQWLDOV� DW� ZKLFK� WKH
UHDFWLRQV�����DQG�����WDNH�SODFH�DUH�WKH�VDPH
LQ�WKH�HOHFWURO\WH�IRU�&G6�GHSRVLWLRQ�DQG�LQ
WKH�SDUWLDO�VROXWLRQV�RI�FDGPLXP�DQG�VXOIXU�
ZH� FDQ� FRQFOXGH� WKDW� DW� SRWHQWLDOV� PRUH
QHJDWLYH�WKDQ�����9�WKLRVXOIDWH�LRQV�LQ�WKH
HOHFWURO\WH� DUH� UHGXFHG� LQWR� VXOILGH� LRQV� DW
WKH� WLWDQLXP� QLWULGH� HOHFWURGH� VXUIDFH�� WKH
UHGXFWLRQ� RI� FDGPLXP� LRQV� DQG� WKH� PHWDO
ILOP� IRUPDWLRQ� RQ� WKH� FDWKRGH� LV� SRVVLEOH
RQO\�DW�SRWHQWLDOV�PRUH�QHJDWLYH�WKDQ�����9�
1RWH� WKDW� IRUFHG� PL[LQJ� RI� WKH� HOHFWURO\WH
E\�PDJQHWLF�VWLUUHU�UHVXOWV�LQ�D�UHJXODU�FXU�
UHQW� LQFUHDVH� GXH� WR� GHOLYHU\� RI� ODUJHU
DPRXQWV� RI� WKLRVXOIDWH� LRQV� WR� WKH� FDWKRGH
VXUIDFH�� EXW� GRHV� QRW� FKDQJH� WKH� UHGXFWLRQ
ZDYHV� DQG� WKH� SRWHQWLDOV� DW� ZKLFK� WKLRVXO�
IDWH� LRQV� DQG� FDGPLXP� LRQV� DUH� UHGXFHG
�)LJ����� FXUYH� ���� 7KH� DERYH� DOORZV� XV� WR
)LJ�����9ROWDPPRJUDPPV�RI�FDGPLXP�SDUWLDO
VROXWLRQ� ����� l� &G&O��� ���� 0� 1D�62�������0�+�62��� DW� SRWHQWLDO� VFDQQLQJ� UDWHV�Y�P9�V��� �� ����� ��� ����� DQG� F\FOLF� YROWDPPR�
JUDPPV� RI� VXOIXU� SDUWLDO� VROXWLRQ� ������ l
1D�6�2��� ���� 0�1D�62��� ����� 0�+�62��� DWSRWHQWLDO� VFDQQLQJ� UDWHV� Y� �P9�V��� �� ����� ��
)LJ����� 9ROWDPPRJUDPPV� RI� VROXWLRQ� FRUUH�
VSRQGLQJ�WR�HOHFWURO\WH�IRU�&G6�HOHFWURGHSRVL�
WLRQ� ����� l� &G&O��� ����� l� 1D�6�2��� ����01D�62��������0�+�62���DW�SRWHQWLDO�VFDQQLQJUDWHV�Y� �P9�V����� �������� �������ZLWK�HOHFWUR�
O\WH�VWLUULQJ�����������������������������������
1�3�.ORFKNR���(OHFWURGHSRVLWLRQ�NLQHWLFV��VWUXFWXUH����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
FRQFOXGH� WKDW� LQ� WKH� HOHFWURO\WH� IRU� &G6
ILOP� GHSRVLWLRQ�� LQ� FDWKRGH� SRWHQWLDO� LQWHU�
YDO� IURP� ���� 9� XS� WR� ���� 9� WKH� LUUH�
YHUVLEOH� HOHFWURFKHPLFDO� UHGXFWLRQ� RI� WKLR�
VXOIDWH� LRQV� LQ�DFFRUGDQFH�ZLWK�UHDFWLRQ� ���
IROORZHG� E\� FKHPLFDO� UHDFWLRQ� RI� FDGPLXP
VXOILGH�IRUPDWLRQ�WDNH�SODFH�
&G�����6��� �&G6� ���
6R��FRPSDULQJ�WKH�UHVXOWV�RI�VHSDUDWH�UH�
GXFWLRQ�RI�FDGPLXP�DQG�VXOIXU�LQ�WKHLU�SDU�
WLDO� VROXWLRQV� ZLWK� WKH� SURFHVVHV� RFFXUULQJ
LQ�WKH�VROXWLRQ�FRUUHVSRQGLQJ�WR�WKH�HOHFWUR�
O\WH� IRU� &G6� GHSRVLWLRQ�� ZH� FDQ� FRQFOXGH
WKDW� LQ� WKH� HOHFWURO\WH� IRU� FDGPLXP�VXOILGH
HOHFWURGHSRVLWLRQ��WKH�VHPLFRQGXFWLQJ�PDWH�
ULDO�ZLWKRXW� FRQVLGHUDEOH�DPRXQWV�RI� LPSX�
ULWLHV�FDQ�EH�REWDLQHG�LQ�WKH�FDWKRGLF�SRWHQ�
WLDO�UDQJH�IURP�����9�WR�����9��7KH�UDWH
RI� &G6� HOHFWURGHSRVLWLRQ� LQFUHDVHV� DV� WKH
FDWKRGLF� SRWHQWLDO� LV� VKLIWHG� WR� PRUH� QHJD�
WLYH� YDOXHV�� +RZHYHU�� DW� FDWKRGH� SRWHQWLDO
HTXDO� WR� ���� 9�� WKH� HOHFWURGHSRVLWLRQ� RI
&G6� ILOPV� ZLWK� FDGPLXP� DGGLWLYH� LV� SRVVL�
EOH�� 7KHUHIRUH�� WKH� VWXGLHV� RI� HOHFWURFKHPL�
FDO� PHFKDQLVPV� UHVXOWLQJ� LQ� IRUPDWLRQ� RI
VWRLFKLRPHWULF� FDGPLXP� VXOILGH� ILOPV�� WKH
FDWKRGLF� SRWHQWLDOV� PRVW� VXLWDEOH� IURP� WKH
WHFKQRORJLFDO�SRLQW�RI�YLHZ�DUH�IURP������9
WR������9��$W�PRUH�SRVLWLYH�SRWHQWLDOV�� WKH
HOHFWURGHSRVLWLRQ� RI�&G6� ZLOO� QRW� RFFXU�� $F�
FRUGLQJ� WR� >�@�� DW� WKHVH� SRWHQWLDOV� RQO\
FDWKRGLF� HOHFWURGHSRVLWLRQ� RI� VPDOO� DPRXQWV
RI�VXOIXU�LV�SRVVLEOH�DFFRUGLQJ�WR�UHDFWLRQ�
�6�2�������+�����H�� ��6����+�2� ���
$W�FDWKRGH�SRWHQWLDOV�PRUH�QHJDWLYH�WKDQ
���� 9�� WKH� ILOPV� ZLOO� EH� HQULFKHG� LQ� FDG�
PLXP��2Q�WKH�RQH�KDQG��WKH�FDGPLXP�DWRPV
FDQ� EH� REWDLQHG� IROORZLQJ� UHDFWLRQ� ����� 2Q
WKH� RWKHU�KDQG�� WKH�UHDFWLRQ� ����ZLOO� EH�DF�
FHOHUDWHG� DW� QHJDWLYH� SRWHQWLDOV� DQG�� DV� D
FRQVHTXHQFH�� WKH�&G�2+��� LPSXULW\�ZLOO� DS�SHDU� LQ� WKH� ILOPV� GXH� WR� LQWHUDFWLRQ� RI� K\�
GUR[\O�JURXSV�ZLWK�&G���
&G������2+��o�&G�2+��� ���
1RWH�WKDW�DW�QHJDWLYH�SRWHQWLDOV��WKH�FDG�
PLXP� VXOILGH� ILOPV� PD\� EH� SRURXV� GXH� WR
LQWHQVLYH� HYROXWLRQ�RI�JDVHRXV�K\GURJHQ�RQ
WKH�FDWKRGH�
$QDO\VHV�RI�VWUXFWXUH�DQG�RSWLFDO�SURSHU�
WLHV�RI�WKH�ILOPV�HOHFWURGHSRVLWHG�LQ�WKH�RS�
WLPDO� SRWHQWLDO� UDQJH�KDYH� DOORZHG� WR� LGHQ�
WLI\� WKHVH� OD\HUV� DV� FDGPLXP� VXOILGH�� 2Q
;�UD\� SDWWHUQ� RI� WKH� &G6�7L1� FRPSRVLWH
ILOP� REWDLQHG� DW� FDWKRGH� SRWHQWLDO� �����9
�)LJ������RQH�LQWHQVH�SHDN�DW��T� �������GHJ
DQG� ILYH� ZHDN� SHDNV� DW� �T�� GHJ� �������
������� ������� ������� ������ DUH� VHHQ�� 7KH
LQWHQVH� SHDN� VHHPV� WR� FRUUHVSRQG� WR� WKH
������ 7L1� SODQH�� 7KH� ZHDN� SHDN� DW� �T�
������GHJ�FDQ�EH�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�������SODQH
RI� FDGPLXP� R[LGH� �-&3'6� �������� $FFRUG�
LQJ�WR�OLWHUDWXUH�GDWD�DQG�WR�VWXGLHV�RI�HOHF�
WURFKHPLFDO� NLQHWLFV�� WKH� SUHVHQFH� RI� WKH
&G2� SKDVH� LV� FDXVHG� E\� DLU� R[LGDWLRQ� RI
FDGPLXP� VXOILGH� DQG� E\� UHDFWLRQ� ���� DQG
VXEVHTXHQW�FKHPLFDO�SURFHVV�RI�&G�2+���GH�FRPSRVLWLRQ�� ZDWHU� UHOHDVH� DQG� FDGPLXP
R[LGH� IRUPDWLRQ�� 7KH� RWKHU� SHDNV� DUH
IRUPHG� E\� SODQHV� ������� ������� ������� �����
RI�&G6�KH[DJRQDO�PRGLILFDWLRQ��7KHVH�SHDNV
DUH�YHU\�EURDG�GXH�WR�QDQRFU\VWDO�VWUXFWXUH
RI�HOHFWURGHSRVLWHG�FDGPLXP�VXOILGH�OD\HUV�
2SWLFDO� DQDO\VLV� RI� WKH� FDGPLXP� VXOILGH
ILOPV� REWDLQHG� DW� WKH� VDPH� FDWKRGLF� SRWHQ�
WLDO� EXW� RQ� WKH� ,72� VXEVWUDWH� KDG� VKRZQ
WKDW� WKH�PD[LPXP�RSWLFDO� WUDQVPLWWDQFH� LQ
WKH� ZDYHOHQJWK� UDQJH� ���dOd���� QP� LV
DERXW� ������ $FFRUGLQJ� WR� WKH� FDOFXODWLRQV
)LJ�����;5'�RI�&G6�RQ�7L1�VXEVWUDWH�LQ�FKDU�
DFWHULVWLF�UDGLDWLRQ�)H.D��
)LJ�����$EVRUSWLRQ�FRHIILFLHQW�LQ�SRZHU�LQGH[
�� DV� D� IXQFWLRQ� RI� LQFLGHQW� OLJKW� HQHUJ\� IRU
&G6�ILOP�RQ�,72�VXEVWUDWH�
1�3�.ORFKNR���(OHFWURGHSRVLWLRQ�NLQHWLFV��VWUXFWXUH����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
PDGH�LQ�DFFRUGDQFH�ZLWK�WKH�SURFHGXUH�SXE�
OLVKHG� LQ� >��@�� WKLFNQHVV� RI� WKHVH� ILOPV� LV
DERXW� ����PP�� *UDSKLF� DQDO\VLV� RI��� �I�O�
IXQFWLRQ�LQ�DP� �I�KQ��FRRUGLQDWHV��ZKHUH�D
LV�WKH�RSWLFDO�DEVRUSWLRQ�FRHIILFLHQW��KQ��WKH
LQFLGHQW� OLJKW� TXDQWXP� HQHUJ\�� P�� SRZHU
LQGH[� GHSHQGLQJ� RQ� WKH� RSWLFDO� WUDQVLWLRQ
W\SH�� �)LJ������ DFFRUGLQJ� WR� VWDQGDUG� SURFH�
GXUH� >��@�� DOORZHG� WR� UHYHDO� WKDW� WKH� ILOPV
DUH�FKDUDFWHUL]HG�E\�VWUDLJKW�DOORZHG�RSWLFDO
WUDQVLWLRQV� DQG� KDYH� WKH� EDQG� JDS� YDOXH
(J� �����H9�W\SLFDO�RI�&G6�6R�� WKH� ;5'� DQG� RSWLFDO� DQDO\VHV� FRQ�
ILUP�WKDW�WKH�VWXGLHG�FDGPLXP�VXOILGH�HOHF�
WURFKHPLFDO�GHSRVLWLRQ�NLQHWLFV�KDV�IRUPHG�D
VFLHQWLILF�EDVLV�IRU�RSWLPDO�UHJLPH�WKDW�SUR�
YLGHV� PDQXIDFWXULQJ� RI� VXIILFLHQWO\� WUDQV�
SDUHQW�FDGPLXP�VXOILGH� OD\HUV�WKDW�FRQVLVW�
LQJ�PDLQO\� RI� KH[DJRQDO�&G6� QDQRFU\VWDOV�
7KH� PDLQ� FRQVWLWXHQWV� RI� WKDW� UHJLPH� DUH
WKH� HOHFWURO\WH� FRPSRVLWLRQ� ����� l� &G&O������� l�1D�6�2��� ¯s� ��� DQG� WKH� FDWKRGLFSRWHQWLDO� p°� UDQJH� �IURP� Ü����� 9� WR� Ü�����9��
5HIHUHQFHV
� ���&�'�/RNKDQGH��6�+�3DZDU��3K\V��6WDW��6RO���D��
���������������
� ���)�.DUGLJDQ�� '�0DR�� $�%DOFLRJOX� HW� DO��� LQ�
3URF��RI� ��WK� 396&�� $QDKHLP�� &$� �������
S�����
� ���-�0�1HW�� +�,�*DLJKHU�� )�3�$XUHW� HW� DO��� LQ�
3URF��RI��WK�:&3(&��9LHQQD��$XVWULD��������
S������
� ���0�6ROLPDQ�� $�%�.DVK\RXW�� 0�$�(O�*DPDO� HW
DO��� LQ�� 3URF��RI� ��WK� (XURSHDQ� 3KRWRYROWDLF
6RODU�(QHUJ\�&RQI���0XQLFK��*HUPDQ\��������
S������
� ���/�$�.RVMDFKHQNR�� 9�9�0RWXVFKXN�� 9�0�6NOMDU�
FKXN��)L]��7HNKQ��3ROXSURY������������������
� ���$�0�%RQG��0RGHUQ�3RODURJUDSKLF�0HWKRGV� LQ
$QDO\WLFDO� &KHPLVWU\�� 0DUFHO� 'HNNHU�� ,QF��
1HZ�<RUN�DQG�%DVHO��������
� ���=�*DOXV��7HRUHW\F]QH�3RGVWDZ\�(OHFWURDQDOL]\
&KHPLF]QHM�� 3DQVWZRZH�:\GDZQLFWZR�1DXN�
RZH��:DUV]DZD��������>LQ�3ROLVK@�
� ���9�$�5DELQRYLWFK��=�-�.KDYLQ��6KRUW�&KHPLFDO
+DQGERRN��.KLPLD��/HQLQJUDG��������>LQ�5XV�
VLDQ@�
� ���-�-�/XU\H�� +DQGERRN� RQ� $QDO\WLFDO� &KHPLV�
WU\��.KLPLD��0RVFRZ��������>LQ�5XVVLDQ@�
����*�'XUDQG��0�5DNLE��%�0DOLQRZVND�� LQ��3URF�
RI� ��WK� (XURSHDQ� 3KRWRYROWDLF� 6RODU� (QHUJ\
&RQI���0XQLFK��*HUPDQ\���������S������
����+DQGERRN� RI� 7KLQ� )LOP� 7HFKQRORJ\�� HG�� E\
,�0DLVVHO� DQG� 5�*ODQJ�� 0F*UDZ� +LOO� +RRN
&RPSDQ\��������
����$�.�$EDVV�� 0�7�0RKDPPDG�� -��$SSO��3K\V��
����������������
zLÓË�Ò}È�ËãË}�¯º²LäL�Óº�º�º°È�ÎËÓÓ«��°�¯�}��¯ÈL�º¹�Ò�ÓL�mãȰ�Òmº°�L�¹ãLmº}�°�ã ÁL���}È�äL
s���zãº�}º�
~È� �º¹ºäº�º
� mºã �Èä¹Ë¯ºäË�¯Ò�ÓÒ²� �º°ãL�ÎËÓ � ¹¯º�˰Lm� º}¯Ëäº�º� �È� °�äL°Óº�º
ËãË}�¯ºº°È�ÎËÓÓ«� }È�äL
� L� °L¯}Ò� Ï� mº�ÓÒ²� ²ãº¯Ò�ÓÒ²� ¯ºÏ�ÒÓLm� ÏÈËϹË�ËÓº� mÒ�¯
º¹�ÒäÈã ÓÒ²�¯ËÎÒäLm�mÒ�º�ºmãËÓÓ«�ãÒÏ }Ò²��º�°�˲LºäË�¯Ò�ÓÒ²��ȯLm�°�ã ÁL���}È��
äL
� �&G6��� |¹�Ò�ÓÒ®� ÈÓÈãLÏ� mÒ«mÒm�� �º� ËãË}�¯ºº°È�ÎËÓL� ¹ãLm}Ò� �ãÒ� ¹¯ºÏº¯ÒäÒ�
²È¯È}�˯ÒÏ�mÈãÒ°«�¹¯«äÒäÒ��ºÏmºãËÓÒäÒ�º¹�Ò�ÓÒäÒ�¹Ë¯Ë²º�ÈäÒ��È��Ò¯ÒÓº
�ÏȺ¯º�
ÓËÓº�� ϺÓÒ�� �Ò¹ºmÒäÒ� �ã«� °�ã ÁL��� }È�äL
�� cËÏ�ã �È�Ò� ¯ËÓ��ËÓ��ÒÁ¯È}�ºäË�¯Ò�Óº�º
ÈÓÈãLÏ�� ¹º}ÈÏÈãÒ�� �º� º�˯ÎÈÓL� ¹ãLm}Ò� °}ãÈ�ÈãÒ°«� ¹Ë¯ËmÈÎÓº� Ï� ÓÈÓº}¯Ò°�ÈãLm� &G6
�Ë}°È�ºÓÈã Óº��äº�ÒÁL}È�L��
1�3�.ORFKNR���(OHFWURGHSRVLWLRQ�NLQHWLFV��VWUXFWXUH����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
|