Structure and properties of electrolytic cobalt-tungsten alloy coatings
Electrochemical synthesis mode influence on composition, structure, surface morphology and functional properties of cobalt-tungsten alloy coatings has been investigated. The high-melting element concentration range in the deposit providing the maximal level of corrosion resistance and catalytic acti...
Збережено в:
Дата: | 2008 |
---|---|
Автори: | , , , |
Формат: | Стаття |
Мова: | English |
Опубліковано: |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
2008
|
Назва видання: | Functional Materials |
Теми: | |
Онлайн доступ: | http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/136555 |
Теги: |
Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
|
Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
Цитувати: | Structure and properties of electrolytic cobalt-tungsten alloy coatings // M. Ved, N. Sakhnenko, T. Bairachnaya, N. Tkachenko // Functional Materials. — 2008. — Т. 15, № 4. — С. 613-617. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraineid |
irk-123456789-136555 |
---|---|
record_format |
dspace |
spelling |
irk-123456789-1365552018-06-17T03:14:00Z Structure and properties of electrolytic cobalt-tungsten alloy coatings Ved, M. Sakhnenko, N. Bairachnaya, T. Tkachenko, N. Technology Electrochemical synthesis mode influence on composition, structure, surface morphology and functional properties of cobalt-tungsten alloy coatings has been investigated. The high-melting element concentration range in the deposit providing the maximal level of corrosion resistance and catalytic activity both in model hydrogen evolution reaction and at hydrocarbon oxidation has been determined. Magnetic characteristics and microhardness of cobalt-tungsten alloy coating have been studied as functions of its chemical composition. Досліджено вплив режимів електрохімічного синтезу на склад, структуру, морфологію поверхні та функціональні властивості покриттів сплавами кобальт-вольфрам. Визначено діапазон вмісту тугоплавкого елемента у покритті та відповідний характер поверхні, які забезпечують максимальний рівень корозійної стійкості та каталітичної активності як у модельній реакції виділення водню, так і під час спалення вуглеводнів. Вивчено магнітні характеристики сплаву кобальт-вольфрам та його мікротвердість в залежності від хімічного складу покриття. Исследовано влияние режимов электрохимического синтеза на состав, структуру, морфологию поверхности и функциональные свойства покрытий сплавами кобальтвольфрам. Установлен диапазон содержания тугоплавкого элемента в осадке и характер поверхности, обеспечивающие максимальный уровень коррозионной стойкости и каталитической активности как в модельной реакции выделения водорода, так и при окислении углеводородов. Изучены магнитные характеристики покрытия сплавом кобальт- вольфрам и его микротвердость в зависимости от химического состава. 2008 Article Structure and properties of electrolytic cobalt-tungsten alloy coatings // M. Ved, N. Sakhnenko, T. Bairachnaya, N. Tkachenko // Functional Materials. — 2008. — Т. 15, № 4. — С. 613-617. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. 1027-5495 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/136555 en Functional Materials НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
collection |
DSpace DC |
language |
English |
topic |
Technology Technology |
spellingShingle |
Technology Technology Ved, M. Sakhnenko, N. Bairachnaya, T. Tkachenko, N. Structure and properties of electrolytic cobalt-tungsten alloy coatings Functional Materials |
description |
Electrochemical synthesis mode influence on composition, structure, surface morphology and functional properties of cobalt-tungsten alloy coatings has been investigated. The high-melting element concentration range in the deposit providing the maximal level of corrosion resistance and catalytic activity both in model hydrogen evolution reaction and at hydrocarbon oxidation has been determined. Magnetic characteristics and microhardness of cobalt-tungsten alloy coating have been studied as functions of its chemical composition. |
format |
Article |
author |
Ved, M. Sakhnenko, N. Bairachnaya, T. Tkachenko, N. |
author_facet |
Ved, M. Sakhnenko, N. Bairachnaya, T. Tkachenko, N. |
author_sort |
Ved, M. |
title |
Structure and properties of electrolytic cobalt-tungsten alloy coatings |
title_short |
Structure and properties of electrolytic cobalt-tungsten alloy coatings |
title_full |
Structure and properties of electrolytic cobalt-tungsten alloy coatings |
title_fullStr |
Structure and properties of electrolytic cobalt-tungsten alloy coatings |
title_full_unstemmed |
Structure and properties of electrolytic cobalt-tungsten alloy coatings |
title_sort |
structure and properties of electrolytic cobalt-tungsten alloy coatings |
publisher |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
publishDate |
2008 |
topic_facet |
Technology |
url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/136555 |
citation_txt |
Structure and properties of electrolytic cobalt-tungsten alloy coatings // M. Ved, N. Sakhnenko, T. Bairachnaya, N. Tkachenko // Functional Materials. — 2008. — Т. 15, № 4. — С. 613-617. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. |
series |
Functional Materials |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT vedm structureandpropertiesofelectrolyticcobalttungstenalloycoatings AT sakhnenkon structureandpropertiesofelectrolyticcobalttungstenalloycoatings AT bairachnayat structureandpropertiesofelectrolyticcobalttungstenalloycoatings AT tkachenkon structureandpropertiesofelectrolyticcobalttungstenalloycoatings |
first_indexed |
2025-07-10T01:38:22Z |
last_indexed |
2025-07-10T01:38:22Z |
_version_ |
1837222072682545152 |
fulltext |
6WUXFWXUH�DQG�SURSHUWLHV�RI�HOHFWURO\WLFFREDOW�WXQJVWHQ�DOOR\�FRDWLQJV
0�9HG��1�6DNKQHQNR��7�%DLUDFKQD\D��1�7NDFKHQNR
1DWLRQDO�7HFKQLFDO�8QLYHUVLW\��.KDUNLY�3RO\WHFKQLFDO�,QVWLWXWH��
���)UXQ]H�6W���������.KDUNLY��8NUDLQH
9�.DUD]LQ�1DWLRQDO�.KDUNLY�8QLYHUVLW\�
��6YRERG\�6T���������.KDUNLY��8NUDLQH
5HFHLYHG�6HSWHPEHU���������
(OHFWURFKHPLFDO� V\QWKHVLV�PRGH� LQIOXHQFH�RQ�FRPSRVLWLRQ�� VWUXFWXUH�� VXUIDFH�PRUSKRO�
RJ\�DQG�IXQFWLRQDO�SURSHUWLHV�RI�FREDOW�WXQJVWHQ�DOOR\�FRDWLQJV�KDV�EHHQ�LQYHVWLJDWHG��7KH
KLJK�PHOWLQJ� HOHPHQW� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� UDQJH� LQ� WKH� GHSRVLW� SURYLGLQJ� WKH�PD[LPDO� OHYHO� RI
FRUURVLRQ�UHVLVWDQFH�DQG�FDWDO\WLF�DFWLYLW\�ERWK� LQ�PRGHO�K\GURJHQ�HYROXWLRQ�UHDFWLRQ�DQG�DW
K\GURFDUERQ� R[LGDWLRQ� KDV� EHHQ� GHWHUPLQHG��0DJQHWLF� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� DQG�PLFURKDUGQHVV� RI
FREDOW�WXQJVWHQ�DOOR\�FRDWLQJ�KDYH�EHHQ�VWXGLHG�DV�IXQFWLRQV�RI�LWV�FKHPLFDO�FRPSRVLWLRQ��
j°°ãË�ºmÈÓº� mãÒ«ÓÒË� ¯ËÎÒäºm� ªãË}�¯º²ÒäÒ�˰}º�º� °ÒÓ�ËÏÈ� ÓÈ� °º°�Èm�� °�¯�}��¯��
亯Áºãº�Ò
� ¹ºm˯²Óº°�Ò� Ò� Á�Ó}�ÒºÓÈã Ó©Ë� °mº®°�mÈ� ¹º}¯©�Ò®� °¹ãÈmÈäÒ� }ºÈã ��
mºã Á¯Èä���°�ÈÓºmãËÓ��ÒȹÈϺÓ�°º�˯ÎÈÓÒ«����º¹ãÈm}º�º�ªãËäËÓ�È�m�º°È�}Ë�Ò�²È¯È}�˯
¹ºm˯²Óº°�Ò��ºË°¹Ë�ÒmÈ
�ÒË�äÈ}°ÒäÈã Ó©®��¯ºmËÓ �}º¯¯ºÏÒºÓÓº®�°�º®}º°�Ò�Ò�}È�È�
ãÒ�Ò�˰}º®� È}�ÒmÓº°�Ò� }È}� m� äº�Ëã Óº®� ¯ËÈ}�ÒÒ� m©�ËãËÓÒ«� mº�º¯º�È�� �È}� Ò� ¹¯Ò
º}Ò°ãËÓÒÒ���ãËmº�º¯º�ºm��jÏ��ËÓ©�äÈ�ÓÒ�Ó©Ë�²È¯È}�˯Ұ�Ò}Ò�¹º}¯©�Ò«�°¹ãÈmºä�}º�
Èã ��mºã Á¯Èä�Ò�Ë�º�äÒ}¯º�m˯�º°� �m�ÏÈmÒ°Ò亰�Ò�º��²ÒäÒ�˰}º�º�°º°�ÈmÈ�
7RGD\��RI�D�JUHDW� LPSRUWDQFH� LV�WKH�WDVN
RI� PXOWLIXQFWLRQDO� PDWHULDO� GHYHORSPHQW
KDYLQJ� D� VSHFWUXP� RI� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� VXFK
DV��IRU�LQVWDQFH��FDWDO\WLF�DFWLYLW\��FRUURVLRQ
DQG�DEUDVLYH�ZHDU�UHVLVWDQFH��HWF���WKDW�SUR�
YLGH�JUHDWHU�HIIHFW�DW� D� IL[HG�UHVRXUFH�FRQ�
VXPSWLRQ� >�@�� ,Q� RXU� SUHYLRXV� ZRUNV� >����@
DLPHG� DW� HOHFWURFKHPLFDO� V\QWKHVLV� RI� FR�
EDOW�WXQJVWHQ� DOOR\� FRDWLQJV�� WKH� V\QHUJLVP
LQ�FDWDO\WLF�SURSHUWLHV�RI�DOOR\�IRUPLQJ�FRP�
SRQHQWV� LQ� KHWHURJHQRXV� 5HG�2[� UHDFWLRQV
KDV�EHHQ�HVWDEOLVKHG��7DNLQJ�LQWR�FRQVLGHUD�
WLRQ� WKH� IDFW� WKDW� WKH� SURSHUWLHV� RI� D� FDWD�
O\WLFDOO\�DFWLYH�PDWHULDO�DUH�GHILQHG��ILUVW�RI
DOO��E\�LWV�VXUIDFH�FRPSRVLWLRQ�DQG�PRUSKRO�
RJ\�� LW� LV� UHDVRQDEOH� WR� XVH� HOHFWURFKHPLFDO
GHVLJQ� WR� V\QWKHVL]H� D� FDWDO\WLF� V\VWHP�
7KDW� WHFKQLTXH� DOORZV� PDQDJLQJ� WKH� WKLQ�
OD\HU� ILOP� GHSRVLWLRQ� QRW� RQO\� RI� UHTXLUHG
WKLFNQHVV�DQG�FRPSRVLWLRQ�EXW�DOVR�RI�QHFHV�
VDU\�SKDVH�VWUXFWXUH�DQG��DV�D�UHVXOW��GHVLU�
DEOH�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�>�@��7KH�SXUSRVH�RI�WKLV
ZRUN� LV� WR� FRQWLQXH� WKH� V\VWHPDWLF� VWXGLHV
RI� LQWHUFRQQHFWLRQ� EHWZHHQ� WKH� FREDOW�WXQJ�
VWHQ�DOOR\�FRDWLQJ�DQG�FDWDO\WLF�DFWLYLW\�DQG
VXUIDFH�VWUXFWXUH�DQG�PRUSKRORJ\�WKHUHRI�
7KH�FRDWLQJV�ZHUH�GHSRVLWHG�IURP�FLWUDWH
HOHFWURO\WH��FLWULF�DFLG�����0��FREDOW�VXOIDWH
����0��VRGLXP�WXQJVWDWH������0��ERULF�DFLG
���� 0�� DW� ���� .� RQWR� VXEVWUDWHV� RI
;��+��0�7� VWHHO� ���� FP�� VXUIDFH� DUHD��
7KH�HOHFWURO\WH�DFLGLW\�YDOXH�LQ�WKH�UDQJH�RI
S+�����ZDV� FRQWUROOHG�E\� VRGLXP�K\GUR[�
LGH� DGGLWLRQ�� 7KH� FRDWLQJV� RI� �� WR� ��� PP
WKLFNQHVV� ZHUH� GHSRVLWHG� XVLQJ� GLIIHUHQW
PRGHV��GLUHFW�FXUUHQW�RI�M� �����������$�GP�
GHQVLW\�� DQG� XQLSRODU� SXOVH� FXUUHQW� RI
ML� ������$�GP�� DPSOLWXGH�� WKH� SXOVH� DQG
SDXVH� GXUDWLRQ� EHLQJ� WL� ���PV� WS� ����PV�7KH� DOOR\�FRPSRQHQW�FRQWHQW�ZDV�YDULHG�E\
PHDQV� RI� WKH� PHGLXP� K\GURJHQ� LQGH[
FKDQJH�� 7KH� IXQFWLRQDO� SURSHUWLHV� ZHUH
VWXGLHG�IRU�FRDWLQJV�V\QWKHVL]HG�XQGHU�SXOVH
PRGH�� 7KH� FKHPLFDO� FRPSRVLWLRQ� RI� VXUIDFH
)XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� ��������,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
OD\HUV� ZDV� GHWHUPLQHG� E\� ;�UD\� IOXRUHV�
FHQFH�PHWKRG�XVLQJ�SRUWDEOH�XQLYHUVDO�VSHF�
WURPHWHU��63587��DV�ZHOO�DV�E\�DQDO\VLV�RI
FKDUDFWHULVWLF� ;�UD\� VSHFWUXP� REWDLQHG� E\
HQHUJ\�GLVSHUVLRQ� VSHFWURPHWHU� ,1&$� (Q�
HUJ\������7KH�VDPSOH�VXUIDFH�ZDV�H[DPLQHG
XVLQJ� D� =(,66� (92� ��;93� VFDQQLQJ� HOHF�
WURQ� PLFURVFRSH�� 7KH� FRDWLQJ� FRUURVLRQ� UH�
VLVWDQFH� LQ�PHGLD� RI�YDULRXV�PLQHUDOL]DWLRQ
DQG� S+�ZDV� GHWHUPLQHG� E\� SRODUL]DWLRQ� UH�
VLVWDQFH�PHWKRG�� 7KH� WHVWV� ZHUH� SHUIRUPHG
LQ� WKUHH� VROXWLRQV��1D2+�������0��S+�����
+�62�� ����� 0� �S+� ��� DQG� 1D�62�� ���� 0�S+���� >�@��7KH�FDWDO\WLF�SURSHUWLHV�RI�HOHF�
WURO\WLF� FRDWLQJV� GLIIHULQJ� LQ� FRPSRVLWLRQ
ZHUH� SUHOLPLQDULO\� HVWLPDWHG� XVLQJ� WKH� H[�
FKDQJH� FXUUHQW� �� M+� �� RI�K\GURJHQ� HYROXWLRQ
PRGHO� UHDFWLRQ� IURP� ������l� VXOIXULF� DFLG
VROXWLRQ� XQGHU� DVVXPSWLRQ� RI� V\PEDWLF� GH�
SHQGHQFH� RI� FDWDO\WLF� DFWLYLW\� >�@�� 7KH� H[�
SHULPHQWDO� WHVWLQJ� RI� FDWDO\WLF� SURSHUWLHV
ZDV�FDUULHG�RXW�XVLQJ�WKH�IODPHOHVV�EHQ]HQH
R[LGDWLRQ�UHDFWLRQ�LQ�D�UHDFWRU�XQGHU�DWPRV�
SKHULF� SUHVVXUH� DQG� JDV� IORZ� UDWH� Z� RI
�������DQG��������K���7KH�9LFNHUV�PLFUR�
KDUGQHVV�+Y� RI� WKH� FRDWLQJV� ZDV�PHDVXUHGE\� WKH� GLDPRQG� S\UDPLG� PHWKRG� XVLQJ� D
307��� GHYLFH�� ORDGLQJ� DQG� H[SRVLWLRQ� WLPH
EHLQJ�����NJ�DQG����V��UHVSHFWLYHO\��7KH�H[�
SHULPHQW�ZDV�GRQH�DIWHU����K�DJLQJ�RI�FRDW�
LQJV� DW� URRP� WHPSHUDWXUH�� 7KH� PLFURKDUG�
QHVV� YDOXH� ZDV� FDOFXODWHG� XVLQJ� WKH� ZHOO�
NQRZQ� IRUPXOD�+Y� ������3�G���ZKHUH�G� LVWKH�LQGHQWDWLRQ�GLDJRQDO��PP��7KH�PHDVXUH�
PHQWV� ZHUH� PDGH� LQ� DW� OHDVW� WKUHH� SRLQWV
IROORZHG�E\�DYHUDJLQJ�RI�WKH�GDWD�REWDLQHG�
FRQILGHQFH� LQWHUYDO� DPRXQWLQJ� r����� 7KH
PDJQHWLF�SURSHUWLHV�RI�FREDOW�WXQJVWHQ�DOOR\
FRDWLQJV� ZHUH� VWXGLHG� DW� URRP� WHPSHUDWXUH
XVLQJ� YLEUDWLQJ� PDJQHWRPHWHU� LQ� ILHOGV� RI
����� WR� ������ 2H�� 7KH� LQVWUXPHQW� VHQVL�
WLYLW\�ZDV�����*V�FP��J���WKH�PHDVXUHPHQW
HUURU�r�����7KH�ILHOG�OLQHV�ZHUH�GLUHFWHG�LQ
SDUDOOHO�WR�WKH�ILOP�VXUIDFH�
7DNLQJ� LQWR�DFFRXQW� WKH�UHYHDOHG�PHFKD�
QLVP� DQG� NLQHWLFV� UHJXODULWLHV� RI� WXQJVWHQ�
LURQ� JURXS� PHWDO� FR�GHSRVLWLRQ� LQWR� DOOR\V
>����@�� ZH� FRQFHQWUDWHG� DWWHQWLRQ� RQ� WKH
HOHFWURO\VLV� PRGH� LQIOXHQFH� RQ� &R±:� HOHF�
WURO\WLF� FRDWLQJ� VXUIDFH� FRPSRVLWLRQ�� VWUXF�
WXUH� DQG�PRUSKRORJ\��7KH�ZRUNLQJ� FXUUHQW
YDOXH� LQFUHDVH� IURP� ���� WR� ���� $�GP�� LQ
JDOYDQRVWDWLF� PRGH� KDV� EHHQ� IRXQG� WR� ULVH
ERWK� GHSRVLWLRQ� UDWH� IURP� ����� WR
�����PP�PLQ� DQG� WKH� KLJK�PHOWLQJ� HOHPHQW
FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� LQ� WKH�DOOR\�Z�:�� IURP���� WR
���ZW�����+RZHYHU��LQ�VXFK�FDVH��WKH�LQWHU�
QDO�VWUHVVHV�JURZ�VLJQLILFDQWO\��UHVXOWLQJ�LQ
IUDFWXULQJ� RI� FRDWLQJV� KDYLQJ� HYHQ� VPDOO
�XS� WR���PP�� WKLFNQHVV� �)LJ������ 6XFK� D� EH�
KDYLRU�RI�WKH�V\VWHP�VHHPV�WR�EH�FRQQHFWHG
ZLWK�WKH�IDFW�WKDW�QHZ�SKDVH�QXFOHDWLRQ�UDWH
LV�ORZHU�WKDQ�WKH�FU\VWDO�JURZWK�UDWH�
7KH�QRQVWDWLRQDU\�HOHFWURGHSRVLWLRQ�PRGHV
SURYLGH�FRQGLWLRQV�ZKHQ�ERWK�QXFOHDWLRQ�DQG
FU\VWDO� JURZWK� UDWHV� EHFRPH� FRPSDUDEOH� WR
RQH� DQRWKHU�� WKXV� UHGXFLQJ� WKH� LQWHUQDO
VWUHVVHV� LQ� FRDWLQJV�� 7KH� SURFHVV� UHDOL]DWLRQ
LQ� SXOVH� PRGH� PDNHV� LW� SRVVLEOH� WR� DSSO\
PXFK� KLJKHU� ZRUNLQJ� FXUUHQW� GHQVLWLHV� DQG�
WKHUHE\�� WR� DFKLHYH� WKH� FRDWLQJ� IRUPDWLRQ
VSHHG�XS�WR����������PP�PLQ��,Q�SDUWLFXODU�
WKH� FRDWLQJV� ZLWKRXW� YLVLEOH� GHIHFWV� DQG
FUDFNV�DUH�IRUPHG�DW�M� ������$�GP���)LJ�����
KRZHYHU�� RWKHU� FRQGLWLRQV� EHLQJ� WKH� VDPH�
WKH�VXUIDFH�OD\HU�FRPSRVLWLRQ�DQG�VWUXFWXUH
GHSHQGV� RQ� WKH� VROXWLRQ� DFLGLW\�� 6R�� FRDW�
LQJV� KDYLQJ� Z�:�� RI� �� WR� �� ZW�� �� ZLWK
)LJ�����&XUUHQW�GHQVLW\�HIIHFW�RQ�PRUSKRORJ\�RI�&R±:�DOOR\�GHSRVLWHG�XQGHU�JDOYDQRVWDWLF�PRGH�DW
M��$�GP����������������E���S+����u������
0�9HG�HW�DO����6WUXFWXUH�DQG�SURSHUWLHV�RI����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
QHHGOH�SODWH� VWUXFWXUH� DUH� GHSRVLWHG� IURP
HOHFWURO\WH�ZLWK�S+������ �)LJ�����D���ZKLOH
WKH� S+� LQFUHDVH� WR� �������� SURYLGHV� HQ�
ULFKPHQW� LQ� WXQJVWHQ� WR� ����� ZW���� DQG
IRUPDWLRQ� RI� PRUH� ILQH�JUDLQHG� FRDWLQJ
�)LJ�����E���7KLV�FRQVLGHUDEOH�VXUIDFH�FKDQJH
SUREDEO\�PLJKW�EH�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�IRUPDWLRQ
RI�&R�:��RU�&R�:� LQWHUPHWDOOLF�FRPSRXQGV�,0&�� DW� LQFUHDVLQJ� WXQJVWHQ� FRQFHQWUD�
WLRQV�� WKRVH� ,0&� ZHUH� UHYHDOHG� E\� ;�UD\
VWUXFWXUH� DQDO\VLV� DQG� DUH� LQ� DJUHHPHQW
ZLWK�&R±:�V\VWHP�VWDWH�GLDJUDP�>�@�
)RU� &R±:� FRDWLQJV� ZLWK� Z�:�� ���Ü
��� ZW����� FRQWDLQLQJ� ,0&� LQ� WKH� FRPSRVL�
WLRQ�� ERWK� PD[LPXP� K\GURJHQ� H[FKDQJH
FXUUHQW� GHQVLWLHV� LQ� PRGHO� UHDFWLRQ� DQG
PLQLPXP� LJQLWLRQ� WHPSHUDWXUHV� 7L� LQ� EHQ�]HQH�IODPHOHVV�R[LGDWLRQ�UHDFWLRQ�KDYH�EHHQ
UHJLVWHUHG� �VHH�7DEOH��� ,Q� RXU� RSLQLRQ�� VXFK
HIIHFW� PLJKW� EH� H[SODLQHG� LQ� SDUWLFXODU� E\
HOHFWURQ� GHQVLW\� UHGLVWULEXWLRQ� DW� WKH� DOOR\
IRUPDWLRQ� UHVXOWLQJ� LQ� RYHU�DGGLWLYH� LQ�
FUHDVH� RI� FDWDO\WLF� SURSHUWLHV� RI� WKH� DOOR\
FRPSRQHQWV�� 0RUHRYHU�� WKH� V\QHUJLVP� PD\
EH�FDXVHG�QRW�RQO\�E\�KLJK�GHQVLW\�RI�DFWLYH
FHQWHUV� DW� WKH� FDWDO\WLF� OD\HU� VXUIDFH� EXW
DOVR� E\� WKHLU� DUUDQJHPHQW� FRQILJXUDWLRQ
�)LJ�����SURYLGLQJ�WKH�PD[LPXP�UHDFWLRQ�DF�
FHOHUDWLRQ�SRVVLEOH�LQ�VXFK�FRQGLWLRQV��+RZ�
HYHU�� WKH� IRUPDWLRQ� RI� RYHUVDWXUDWHG� LQWHU�
PHWDOOLF� FRPSRXQG� VROLG� VROXWLRQ� LQ� WKH
PDLQ� PHWDO� UHVXOWV� LQ� D� UHGXFWLRQ� RI� WKH
PDWHULDO� FDWDO\WLF� DFWLYLW\�� UHIOHFWLQJ� ERWK
LQ� M+� �YDOXH�UHGXFWLRQ�DQG�LJQLWLRQ�WHPSHUD�
WXUH�HOHYDWLRQ��VHH�7DEOH���7KLV�SKHQRPHQRQ
PLJKW� EH� UHIHUUHG� WR� LQFUHDVHG� LQWHUQDO
VWUHVV� OHYHO� LQ�HOHFWURGHSRVLWHG�&R±:�DOOR\V
FDXVLQJ� PLFURFUDFNLQJ� RI� WKH� GHSRVLW�� WKXV
FKDQJLQJ� WKH� VXUIDFH�PRUSKRORJ\�� 7KH� FRU�
URVLRQ� WHVWLQJ� RI� &R±:� DOOR\V� RI� YDULRXV
FRPSRVLWLRQV� WHVWLILHV� WKDW� WKH� GHHS� FRUUR�
VLRQ� LQGH[�NK�DV�D�IXQFWLRQ�RI�WKH�WXQJVWHQFRQFHQWUDWLRQ� Z�:�� LQ� WKH� FRDWLQJ� GLIIHUV
VLJQLILFDQWO\� IRU� DONDOLQH� DQG� DFLGLF�PHGLD�
6R�� LQ�������0�+�62�� VROXWLRQ� �S+����� WKHFRUURVLRQ� UHVLVWDQFH� LQFUHDVHV� E\� D� IDFWRU
H[FHHGLQJ� �� �NK� UHGXFHV� IURP� ����� WR�����PP�\HDU��ZKHQ�Z�:�� ULVHV� IURP� �� WR
���ZW�����ZKHUHDV�LQ�WKH�Z�:��UDQJH�RI���
WR����ZW�����WKH�NK�YDOXH�FKDQJHV�LQVLJQLIL�FDQWO\�� $V� WKH� PHGLXP� S+� LQFUHDVHV�� WKH
FRUURVLRQ�UDWH�LQFUHDVHV�D�OLWWOH��DQG�IRU�DO�
OR\V�KDYLQJ�Z�:�������ZW�����NK�LV�DOPRVWWKH�VDPH�IRU�DONDOLQH�DQG�QHXWUDO�VROXWLRQV�
:KLOH� WKH� FRUURVLRQ� UDWH� LQ� DFLGLF� PHGLXP
UHGXFHV� DV� WKH� WXQJVWHQ� FRQWHQW� LQFUHDVHV�
7DEOH��'HSHQGHQFH�RI�&R±:�DOOR\�FRDWLQJ�IXQFWLRQDO�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�RQ�LWV�FRPSRVLWLRQ
Z�:��LQ�DOOR\�
ZW����
�HOHFWURO\WH�S+�
&RUURVLRQ�UDWH�NK�PP�\HDU
+\GURJHQ�H[FKDQJH
FXUUHQW�GHQVLW\�ÜOJM+�>$�FP�@��S+���
,JQLWLRQ
WHPSHUDWXUH�7L��&
0LFURKDUGQHVV�+Y
S+�� S+���
������� ����� ����� ���� ��� ���
�������� ����� ����� ���� Ü ���
�������� ����� ����� ���� ��� ����
�������� ����� ����� ���� ��� ���
)LJ�����(OHFWURO\WH�S+�HIIHFW�RQ�PRUSKRORJ\�RI�&R±:�DOOR\�GHSRVLWHG�XQGHU�SXOVH�PRGH�DW�S+�����
���������E���M� ������$�GP���WL�WS� ������PV��u������
0�9HG�HW�DO����6WUXFWXUH�DQG�SURSHUWLHV�RI����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
LQ�DONDOLQH�DQG�QHXWUDO�PHGLD�WKH�NK� �I>Z�:�@GHSHQGHQFHV� VKRZ� D� SURQRXQFHG� PLQLPXP�
LQ� WKH� Z�:�� UDQJH� RI� ��� WR� ��� ZW�� ��� NKGLPLQLVKHV� IURP������ WR������PP�\HDU�DQG
WKHQ�LQFUHDVHV�WR������PP�\HDU��7KDW�FKDU�
DFWHU� RI� WKH� GHSHQGHQFH� FRXOG� EH� H[SODLQHG
E\�DFLGLF�SURSHUWLHV�RI�WXQJVWHQ�R[LGH�ILOPV�
7KH� KLJK� OHYHO� RI� LQWHUQDO� VWUHVVHV� LQ� HOHF�
WURGHSRVLWHG� &R±:� DOOR\V� PLJKW� UHVXOW� LQ
PLFURFUDFNV� FDXVLQJ� WKH� FRUURVLRQ� UDWH
VKDUS� LQFUHDVH� DW� WXQJVWHQ� FRQFHQWUDWLRQV
Z�:��!����ZW�����
,Q�V\QHUJHWLF�&R±:�DOOR\V��QRW�RQO\�FDWD�
O\WLF�DFWLYLW\�LQ�UHGR[�UHDFWLRQV�LV�W\SLFDOO\
LPSURYHG�� EXW� DOVR� WKH� SK\VLFR�PHFKDQLFDO
SURSHUWLHV�� 7KH� &R±:� FRDWLQJ� PLFURKDUG�
QHVV�+Y� DPRXQWV� ���� WR� ����� ZKHUHDV� IRUWKH� DOOR\� IRUPLQJ� FRPSRQHQWV� +Y�&R�� �����+Y�:�� ������7KH�DSSOLFDWLRQ�RI�SXOVHPRGH� HOHFWURO\VLV� SURYLGHV� DQ� LQFUHDVHG
FRDWLQJ�PLFURKDUGQHVV�E\������RQ�DYHUDJH�
WKH� DOOR\� FRPSRVLWLRQ� EHLQJ� WKH� VDPH�� 7KH
PLFURKDUGQHVV� RI� HOHFWURO\WLF� FKURPH� FRDW�
LQJV�DPRXQWV�����WR������GHSHQGLQJ�RQ�WKH
SUHSDUDWLRQ� FRQGLWLRQV�� ZKLOH� WKH� WHFKQRO�
RJ\�WKHUHRI�UHTXLUHV�WKH�XVH�RI�FDUFLQRJHQLF
&U�9,��FRPSRXQG�VROXWLRQV��7KLV�DOORZV�XV�WR
RIIHU�WKH�&R±:�DOOR\V�DV�DQ�DOWHUQDWLYH�IRU
FKURPH�KDUG�FRDWLQJV��VLQFH�HOHFWURO\WHV�IRU
GHSRVLWLQJ�WKHVH�DOOR\V�DUH�VDIHU�IRU�WKH�HQ�
YLURQPHQW�
7KH� PDJQHWLF� SURSHUWLHV� RI� &R±:� DOOR\
FRDWLQJV� ZHUH� HVWLPDWHG� EDVLQJ� RQ� FRHUFLYH
IRUFH�� VDWXUDWLRQ� PDJQHWL]DWLRQ� DQG� UHVLG�
XDO�PDJQHWL]DWLRQ� �)LJ������)RU� ILOPV�XQGHU
FRQVLGHUDWLRQ�� LW� LV� SRVVLEOH� WR� DWWDLQ� WKH
FRHUFLYH� IRUFH� +F� LQ� WKH� UDQJH� RI� ���� WR���� 2H� DW� Z�:�� XS� WR� ��� ZW�� �� �)LJ����
FXUYH�����8QGHU� WKHVH� FRQGLWLRQV�� WKH� VDWX�
UDWLRQ� PDJQHWL]DWLRQ� V6� DQG� UHVLGXDO� PDJ�
QHWL]DWLRQ� V5� DUH� UHGXFHG� IURP� ���� WR
���*V�FP��J��DQG�IURP����WR����*V�FP��J��
UHVSHFWLYHO\�� 6XFK� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� DOORZ� WR
RIIHU�WKHVH�ILOPV�DV� LQIRUPDWLRQ�FDUULHUV� LQ
GDWD�VWRUDJH�GHYLFHV�
7KH� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� PHQWLRQHG� DERYH� IRU
&R±:�DOOR\V�DOORZ�WR�SURSRVH�WKHVH�FRDWLQJV
DV� FRUURVLRQ� UHVLVWDQW� DQG� FDWDO\WLF� DFWLYH
RQHV��SRVVHVVLQJ�IDYRUDEOH�PDJQHWLF�SURSHU�
WLHV� DV� ZHOO� DV�PLFURKDUGQHVV� FORVH� WR� WKDW
RI� FKURPH� FRDWLQJV�� WKXV� EHLQJ� VXLWDEOH� DV
DQ�DOWHUQDWLYH�IRU�WKH�ODWWHU��
5HIHUHQFHV
� ���0�6DNKQHQNR�� <X�$OHNVDQGURY�� 9�$UW\R�
PHQNR�HW�DO���)L]��.KLP��0HNK��0DWHU���������
�������
� ���0�9HG��9�6KWHIDQ��7�%DLUDFKQD\D�HW�DO���)XQF�
WLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����������������
� ���7�1HQDVWLQD�� 7�%DLUDFKQD\D�� 0�9HG� HW� DO��
)XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����������������
� ���(�*XHUULQL�� 6�7UDVDWWL�� (OHFWURFKHPLVWU\�� ���
�������������
� ���0�9HG�� 0�6DNKQHQNR�� 7�1HQDVWLQD� HW� DO��
6SHF��,VVXH� )L]��.KLP��0HNK��0DWHU��� ��� ���
�������
� ���1�.RURYLQ��(OHFWURFKHPLVWU\�������������������
� ���0�9HG��(NRWHNKQ��L�5HVXUVRVEHU����������������
� ���9�6KWHIDQ�� 0�9HG�� 0�6DNKQHQNR� HW� DO��� )L]�
.KLP��0HNK��0DWHU�����������������
� ���2�0�%DUDEDVK��<X�1�.RYDO��&U\VWDOOLQH�6WUXF�
WXUH� RI�0HWDOV� DQG� $OOR\V�� 1DXNRYD� 'XPND�
.LHY��������>LQ�5XVVLDQ@���
)LJ�����&R±:� DOOR\� FRPSRVLWLRQ� HIIHFW� RQ� LWV
PDJQHWLF� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�� FRHUFLYH� IRUFH�� 2H
�����VDWXUDWLRQ�PDJQHWL]DWLRQ�����DQG�UHVLGXDO
PDJQHWL]DWLRQ��*V�FP��J������
0�9HG�HW�DO����6WUXFWXUH�DQG�SURSHUWLHV�RI����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
v�¯�}��¯È��È�mãȰ�Òmº°�L�ËãË}�¯ºãL�Ò�ÓÒ²�¹º}¯Ò��Lm°¹ãÈmºä�}ºÈã ��mºã Á¯Èä
l�{�{Ë� ��l�i�vȲÓËÓ}º����l�rÈ®¯È�ÓÈ��l�{��}È�ËÓ}º�
iº°ãL�ÎËÓº�m¹ãÒm�¯ËÎÒäLm�ËãË}�¯º²LäL�Óº�º�°ÒÓ�ËÏ��ÓÈ�°}ãÈ���°�¯�}��¯���亯Áºãº�
�L
�¹ºm˯²ÓL��È�Á�Ó}�LºÓÈã ÓL�mãȰ�Òmº°�L�¹º}¯Ò��Lm�°¹ãÈmÈäÒ�}ºÈã ��mºã Á¯Èä��{ÒÏ�
ÓÈ�ËÓº� �LȹÈϺÓ� mäL°��� ���º¹ãÈm}º�º� ËãËäËÓ�È� �� ¹º}¯Ò��L� �È� mL�¹ºmL�ÓÒ®� ²È¯È}�˯
¹ºm˯²ÓL�� «}L� ÏÈËϹË��
� �äÈ}°ÒäÈã ÓÒ®�¯LmËÓ �}º¯ºÏL®Óº�� °�L®}º°�L��È�}È�ÈãL�Ò�Óº�
È}�ÒmÓº°�L�«}���äº�Ëã ÓL®�¯ËÈ}�L��mÒ�LãËÓÓ«�mº�Ó
���È}�L�¹L���Ȱ�°¹ÈãËÓÓ«�m��ãËmº�ÓLm�
{Òm�ËÓº� äÈ�ÓL�ÓL� ²È¯È}�˯Ұ�Ò}Ò� °¹ãÈm�� }ºÈã ��mºã Á¯Èä� �È� ®º�º� äL}¯º�m˯�L°� � m
ÏÈãËÎÓº°�L�mL��²LäL�Óº�º�°}ãÈ���¹º}¯Ò��«�
0�9HG�HW�DO����6WUXFWXUH�DQG�SURSHUWLHV�RI����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
|