Optical properties of LiNbO₃:Zn and LiNbO₃:Zn:Nd fiber single crystals grown by micro-pulling down method

The present interest in small compact diode pumped lasers has supported research on new solid state laser systems based on non-linear crystals. High quality LiNbO₃ fiber single crystals were grown by micro-pulling down method. It was found indirectly from the optical properties of the LiNbO₃ fiber s...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Date:2007
Main Authors: H.J. Lee, J.W. Shur, O. Nakamura, D.H. Yoon
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України 2007
Series:Functional Materials
Subjects:
Online Access:http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/136976
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
Journal Title:Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Cite this:Optical properties of LiNbO₃:Zn and LiNbO₃:Zn:Nd fiber single crystals grown by micro-pulling down method / H.J. Lee, J.W. Shur, O. Nakamura, D.H. Yoon // Functional Materials. — 2007. — Т. 14, № 4. — С. 536-540. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ.

Institution

Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
id irk-123456789-136976
record_format dspace
spelling irk-123456789-1369762018-06-17T03:12:53Z Optical properties of LiNbO₃:Zn and LiNbO₃:Zn:Nd fiber single crystals grown by micro-pulling down method H.J. Lee J.W. Shur O. Nakamura D.H. Yoon Technology The present interest in small compact diode pumped lasers has supported research on new solid state laser systems based on non-linear crystals. High quality LiNbO₃ fiber single crystals were grown by micro-pulling down method. It was found indirectly from the optical properties of the LiNbO₃ fiber single crystals that doping those with ZnO increases their photorefractive resistance. In addition, photoluminescence properties due to the addition of Nd₂O₃ dopant have been investigated. 2007 Article Optical properties of LiNbO₃:Zn and LiNbO₃:Zn:Nd fiber single crystals grown by micro-pulling down method / H.J. Lee, J.W. Shur, O. Nakamura, D.H. Yoon // Functional Materials. — 2007. — Т. 14, № 4. — С. 536-540. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ. 1027-5495 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/136976 en Functional Materials НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
institution Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
collection DSpace DC
language English
topic Technology
Technology
spellingShingle Technology
Technology
H.J. Lee
J.W. Shur
O. Nakamura
D.H. Yoon
Optical properties of LiNbO₃:Zn and LiNbO₃:Zn:Nd fiber single crystals grown by micro-pulling down method
Functional Materials
description The present interest in small compact diode pumped lasers has supported research on new solid state laser systems based on non-linear crystals. High quality LiNbO₃ fiber single crystals were grown by micro-pulling down method. It was found indirectly from the optical properties of the LiNbO₃ fiber single crystals that doping those with ZnO increases their photorefractive resistance. In addition, photoluminescence properties due to the addition of Nd₂O₃ dopant have been investigated.
format Article
author H.J. Lee
J.W. Shur
O. Nakamura
D.H. Yoon
author_facet H.J. Lee
J.W. Shur
O. Nakamura
D.H. Yoon
author_sort H.J. Lee
title Optical properties of LiNbO₃:Zn and LiNbO₃:Zn:Nd fiber single crystals grown by micro-pulling down method
title_short Optical properties of LiNbO₃:Zn and LiNbO₃:Zn:Nd fiber single crystals grown by micro-pulling down method
title_full Optical properties of LiNbO₃:Zn and LiNbO₃:Zn:Nd fiber single crystals grown by micro-pulling down method
title_fullStr Optical properties of LiNbO₃:Zn and LiNbO₃:Zn:Nd fiber single crystals grown by micro-pulling down method
title_full_unstemmed Optical properties of LiNbO₃:Zn and LiNbO₃:Zn:Nd fiber single crystals grown by micro-pulling down method
title_sort optical properties of linbo₃:zn and linbo₃:zn:nd fiber single crystals grown by micro-pulling down method
publisher НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
publishDate 2007
topic_facet Technology
url http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/136976
citation_txt Optical properties of LiNbO₃:Zn and LiNbO₃:Zn:Nd fiber single crystals grown by micro-pulling down method / H.J. Lee, J.W. Shur, O. Nakamura, D.H. Yoon // Functional Materials. — 2007. — Т. 14, № 4. — С. 536-540. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ.
series Functional Materials
work_keys_str_mv AT hjlee opticalpropertiesoflinbo3znandlinbo3znndfibersinglecrystalsgrownbymicropullingdownmethod
AT jwshur opticalpropertiesoflinbo3znandlinbo3znndfibersinglecrystalsgrownbymicropullingdownmethod
AT onakamura opticalpropertiesoflinbo3znandlinbo3znndfibersinglecrystalsgrownbymicropullingdownmethod
AT dhyoon opticalpropertiesoflinbo3znandlinbo3znndfibersinglecrystalsgrownbymicropullingdownmethod
first_indexed 2025-07-10T03:06:25Z
last_indexed 2025-07-10T03:06:25Z
_version_ 1837227612878929920
fulltext 2SWLFDO�SURSHUWLHV�RI�/L1E2��=QDQG�/L1E2��=Q�1G ILEHU�VLQJOH�FU\VWDOV�JURZQE\�PLFUR�SXOOLQJ�GRZQ�PHWKRG +�-�/HH��-�:�6KXU��2�1DNDPXUD ��'�+�<RRQ 6FKRRO�RI�$GYDQFHG�0DWHULDOV�6FLHQFH� �(QJLQHHULQJ� 6XQJN\XQNZDQ�8QLYHUVLW\��6XZRQ����������.RUHD 2;,'(�FRUSRUDWLRQ�������0XNDZD��+RNXWR��<DPDQDVKL��-DSDQ 6XQJN\XQNZDQ�$GYDQFHG�,QVWLWXWH�RI�1DQRWHFKQRORJ\��6$,17�� 6XQJN\XQNZDQ�8QLYHUVLW\��6XZRQ����������.RUHD 5HFHLYHG�2FWREHU��������� 7KH�SUHVHQW� LQWHUHVW� LQ�VPDOO� FRPSDFW�GLRGH�SXPSHG� ODVHUV�KDV�VXSSRUWHG�UHVHDUFK�RQ QHZ�VROLG�VWDWH�ODVHU�V\VWHPV�EDVHG�RQ�QRQ�OLQHDU�FU\VWDOV��+LJK�TXDOLW\�/L1E2��ILEHU�VLQJOHFU\VWDOV� ZHUH� JURZQ� E\� PLFUR�SXOOLQJ� GRZQ� PHWKRG�� ,W� ZDV� IRXQG� LQGLUHFWO\� IURP� WKH RSWLFDO�SURSHUWLHV�RI�WKH�/L1E2��ILEHU�VLQJOH�FU\VWDOV�WKDW�GRSLQJ�WKRVH�ZLWK�=Q2�LQFUHDVHVWKHLU� SKRWRUHIUDFWLYH� UHVLVWDQFH�� ,Q� DGGLWLRQ�� SKRWROXPLQHVFHQFH� SURSHUWLHV� GXH� WR� WKH DGGLWLRQ�RI�1G�2��GRSDQW�KDYH�EHHQ�LQYHVWLJDWHG� vºm¯ËäËÓÓ©®�ÒÓ�˯˰�}�äÈãº�ȭȯÒ�Ó©ä�}ºä¹È}�Ó©ä�ãÈÏ˯Èä�°��Òº�Óº®�ÓÈ}È�}º® °�Òä�ãÒ¯�Ë�� Ò°°ãË�ºmÈÓÒË� Óºm©²� �m˯�º�Ëã Ó©²�ãÈÏ˯ө²� °Ò°�Ëä� ÓÈ� º°ÓºmË� ÓËãÒÓË®� Ó©²�}¯Ò°�Èããºm��lË�º�ºä�äÒ}¯ºm©�«�ÒmÈÓÒ«�m©¯È�ËÓ©�m©°º}º}È�˰�mËÓÓ©Ë�mºãº}ºÓ� Ó©Ë�äºÓº}¯Ò°�Èãã©�/L1E2���jÏ�º¹�Ò�˰}Ò²�°mº®°�m�mºãº}ºÓÓ©²�äºÓº}¯Ò°�Èããºm��}º°�mËÓÓ©ä�¹��Ëä��°�ÈÓºmãËÓº����º�Ò²�ãË�Ò¯ºmÈÓÒË�=Q2�¹¯Òmº�Ò��}�¹ºm©�ËÓÒ �°�º®}º°�Ò }� Áº�ºÒÓ���Ò¯ºmÈÓÓº®� ¯ËÁ¯È}�ÒÒ�� z¯ºäË� �º�º�� Ò°°ãË�ºmÈÓ©� Áº�ºã äÒÓ˰�ËÓ�Ó©Ë °mº®°�mÈ��º­�°ãºmãËÓÓ©Ë�¹¯Ò°��°�mÒËä�1G�2��}È}�ãË�Ò¯� �Ë®�¹¯Òä˰Ò� /LWKLXP�QLREDWH�/1� �/L1E2���VLQJOH�FU\V�WDO� KDV� EHHQ� VWXGLHG� IRU� YDULRXV� LQGXVWULDO DSSOLFDWLRQV�VXFK�DV�KRORJUDSKLF�VWRUDJH�GH� YLFHV� >�@�� VROLG�VWDWH� ODVHUV� >�@� RU� RSWLFDO ZDYHJXLGHV�>�@��+RZHYHU��RQH�VHULRXV�GLVDG� YDQWDJH� RI�XQGRSHG�/L1E2�� �/1�� FU\VWDOV� LVWKH� SKRWRUHIUDFWLYH� HIIHFW� ZKLFK� RFFXUV ZKHQ� WKH\� DUH� LUUDGLDWHG� ZLWK� KLJK�SRZHU ODVHU� EHDPV�� ZKLFK� UHVWULFWV� WKHLU� XWLOL]D� WLRQ� LQ� RSWLFDO� GHYLFH� DSSOLFDWLRQV�� 7KHUH� IRUH��WKH�VXSSUHVVLRQ�RI�WKH�RSWLFDO�GDPDJH LV�D�YHU\�LPSRUWDQW�REMHFWLYH�IRU�/L1E2��RS�WLFDO� GHYLFHV�� 7R� SURYLGH� DQ� HIIHFWLYH� VROX� WLRQ�WR�WKLV�SUREOHP��WKH�SKRWRUHIUDFWLYH�UH� VLVWDQFH� RI� WKH� /L1E2�� FU\VWDO� QHHGV� WR� EHLPSURYHG�E\�DGGLWLRQ�RI�=Q2�RU�0J2��+RZ� HYHU��DV�ZLWK�XQGRSHG�/L1E2���D�GDUN�WUDFHLV� DOVR� LQGXFHG� LQ� 0J�GRSHG� /L1E2�� E\� DKLJK�SRZHU� ODVHU� EHDP� >�@�� 7KHUHIRUH�� 9RON HW� DO�� >�@� VXJJHVWHG� WKH� XVH� RI� =Q2� GRSHG /L1E2�� DV� D� QHZ� SKRWRUHIUDFWLYH�UHVLVWDQWPDWHULDO�WKDW�GRHV�QRW�H[KLELW�WKH�GDUNHQLQJ HIIHFW� XQGHU� LUUDGLDWLRQ� IURP� D� ODVHU� EHDP ZLWK� LQWHQVLW\� RI� XS� WR� ����0:�FP��� $Q� RWKHU�SRWHQWLDO�DSSOLFDWLRQ�RI�/1� LV� LQ�1G�� EDVHG�FRPSDFW�GLRGH�SXPSHG�VHOI�IUHTXHQF\� GRXEOHG�ODVHUV�ZKLFK�HPLWV�JUHHQ�UDGLDWLRQ� XVHIXO� IRU�DSSOLFDWLRQV� LQ�RSWLFDO�GDWD�VWRU� DJH�� XQGHUVHD� LPDJLQJ�� GLDJQRVLV� LQ� PHGL� FLQH�� H[FLWDWLRQ� VRXUFHV� WR� UHSODFH� LRQ� JDV ODVHUV�IRU�VFLHQFH�DQG�SXPSLQJ�RI�SDUDPHW� ULF�RVFLOODWRUV�DQG�DPSOLILHUV�>�@� ,Q� WKLV� ZRUN�� WKH� /L1E2��=Q� DQG /L1E2��=Q�1G� ILEHU� VLQJOH� FU\VWDOV� ZHUH JURZQ� E\� WKH� PLFUR�SXOOLQJ� GRZQ� �P�3'� PHWKRG�� 7KH� JURZQ� FU\VWDOV� ZHUH� IUHH� RI FUDFNV� DQG� KRPRJHQHRXV� GLVWULEXWLRQV� RI )XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� �������Û�,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� WKH� =Q2� DQG� 1G�2�� GRSDQW� FRQFHQWUDWLRQZHUH� REVHUYHG� E\� HOHFWURQ� SUREH� DQDO\VLV �(30$���7KH�FKDQJH�RI�WKH�,5�WUDQVPLVVLRQ VSHFWUD� DQG� SKRWROXPLQHVFHQFH� SURSHUWLHV ZLWK�LQFUHDVH�RI�=Q2�DQG�1G�2��GRSDQW�FRQ�WHQWV�ZDV�LQYHVWLJDWHG�IRU�WKH�JURZQ�FU\VWDO ILEHUV�� /L�&2��� 1E�2��� DQG� GRSDQWV� SRZGHUV� RI��������SXULW\�ZHUH�XVHG�DV�VWDUWLQJ�PDWH� ULDOV��=Q�/1�DQG�=Q�1G�/1�ILEHU�VLQJOH�FU\V� WDOV� ZHUH� JURZQ� XVLQJ� P�3'� PHWKRG�� 7KH P�3'� PHWKRG� LV� GHVFULEHG� LQ� >�@� LQ� GHWDLO� 7KLV� PHWKRG� LV� FKDUDFWHUL]HG� E\� WKH� KLJK SXOOLQJ� UDWH� DQG� WKH� ORZ� WKHUPDO� VWUDLQ ZKLFK� GLIIHU� IURP� RWKHU� JURZWK� PHWKRGV >�@��DQG�LW�LV�SRVVLEOH�WR�JURZ�VWRLFKLRPHWULF VLQJOH� FU\VWDOV� IURP� LQFRQJUXHQW�PHOW� FRP� SRVLWLRQ�>�@��7KH�JURZWK�FRQGLWLRQV�DUH�VXP� PDUL]HG�LQ�7DEOH� )LJ���� VKRZV�D� VFKHPDWLF�GLDJUDP�RI�WKH P�3'� DSSDUDWXV�� 7KLV� JURZWK� HTXLSPHQW FRQVLVWV� RI� D�3W� FUXFLEOH�GLUHFWO\�KHDWHG� UH� VLVWLYHO\�� DQ� DIWHU�KHDWHU� PDGH� IURP� 3W ZLUH�� DQ� DQQHDOLQJ� IXUQDFH�� DQG� D� FU\VWDO ORZHULQJ�PHFKDQLVP�FRQWDLQLQJ�D�PLFUR�;�< VWDJH�� 7KH� FU\VWDO� GLDPHWHU� ZDV� NHSW� FRQ� VWDQW�E\�FRQWUROOLQJ�WKH�WHPSHUDWXUH�RI�WKH FUXFLEOH�DQG�DIWHU�KHDWHU�GXULQJ�WKH�JURZWK SURFHVV� 7KH� FRQFHQWUDWLRQV� LQ� WKH� ILEHU� VLQJOH FU\VWDOV� ZHUH� GHWHUPLQHG� E\� (30$� �-(2/ -;$�����5�� DQG� WKH� GHIHFWV�ZHUH� REVHUYHG E\� RSWLFDO�PLFURVFRS\��7KH� ,5� WUDQVPLVVLRQ VSHFWUD� RI� WKH� FU\VWDOV�ZHUH� REWDLQHG�XVLQJ D� )RXULHU� 7UDQVIRUP� ,QIUDUHG� VSHFWUR� SKRWRPHWHU� �)7�,5�� %UXNHU� ,)6����6�� DW URRP� WHPSHUDWXUH�� 7KH� 3/� VSHFWUD� ZHUH PHDVXUHG�XVLQJ�D�ODVHU�5DPDQ�DQG�SKRWROX� PLQHVFHQFH� VSHFWURPHWHU� �63(;� ������ DQG 3/� PHDVXUHPHQWV� ZHUH� GLYLGHG� LQWR� WKUHH ZDYHOHQJWK�UDQJHV�� 7KH� /L1E2��=Q� ILEHU� VLQJOH� FU\VWDOV� RIQHDU�VWRLFKLRPHWULF� DQG� FRQJUXHQW� FRPSRVL� WLRQV� ZHUH� VXFFHVVIXOO\� JURZQ� E\� WKH� P�3' PHWKRG�� 7KH� ILEHU� FU\VWDOV�ZHUH� ��a���PP LQ�OHQJWK�DW�D�GLDPHWHU�RI����a����PP��7KH JURZQ� FU\VWDOV� KDG� D� XQLIRUP� VKDSH� DQG WKHLU� GLDPHWHU� ZDV� DOPRVW� FRQVWDQW�� 7KH JURZQ� FU\VWDOV� ZHUH� WUDQVSDUHQW� DQG FKDQJHG� IURP� FRORUOHVV� WR� \HOORZ� ZLWK� LQ� FUHDVLQJ� =Q2� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�� )LJ����D�� DQG �E��VKRZV�WKH�GLVWULEXWLRQ�RI�WKH�=Q�FRQFHQ� WUDWLRQ� LQ� =Q2� GRSHG� QHDU�VWRLFKLRPHWULF DQG� FRQJUXHQW� /L1E2�� ILEHU� VLQJOH� FU\VWDOVDORQJ� WKH� JURZWK� F�D[LV�� 7KH� GLVWULEXWLRQV RI� ��� �� DQG� �� PRO��� =Q2� LQ� WKH� QHDU� VWRLFKLRPHWULF�/L1E2��FU\VWDOV�DUH�VKRZQ�LQ)LJ����D���ZKLOH�)LJ����E��VKRZV�WKH�FRPSRVL� WLRQ� GLVWULEXWLRQ� RI� ��� �� DQG� ��PRO���=Q2 LQ� WKH� FRQJUXHQW� /L1E2�� FU\VWDOV�� 7KH (30$�UHVXOWV�UHYHDOHG�WKDW�WKH�=Q2�FRQFHQ� WUDWLRQ�ZDV�YHU\� VLPLODU� WR� WKH� LQLWLDO�PHOW FRPSRVLWLRQ�� 7KLV� PHDQV� WKDW� YHU\� OLWWOH )LJ�����6FKHPDWLF�GLDJUDP�RI�P�3'�DSSDUDWXV� 7DEOH��*URZWK�FRQGLWLRQV�RI�/1�=Q�DQG�/1�=Q�1G�ILEHU�VLQJOH�FU\VWDOV 6WDUWLQJ�PDWHULDOV /L�&2���1E�2���=Q2��1G�2� 6WRLFKLRPHWLF�FRPSRVLWLRQ��/L�&2��1E�2��=Q2� ������������������������� &RQJUXHQW�FRPSRVLWLRQ��/L�&2��1E�2��=Q2� ������������������������������������� =Q�1G�/1��/L�&2��1E�2��=Q2��1G�2�� ������������������������� &UXFLEOH 3W 1R]]OH�GLDPHWHU ����PP 3XOOLQJ�GRZQ�UDWH $YHUDJH�����PP�PLQ 3XOOLQJ�GRZQ�D[LV ����! &U\VWDO�GLDPHWHU ���a����PP $WPRVSKHUH $LU +�-�/HH�HW�DO����2SWLFDO�SURSHUWLHV�RI���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� VHJUHJDWLRQ�RFFXUUHG�GXULQJ�FU\VWDO�JURZWK� EHFDXVH� RI� WKH� UHVWULFWHG� FRQYHFWLRQ� LQ� WKH PLFUR�QR]]OH�DQG�WKH�VKDSH�RI�WKH�IODW�VROLG� OLTXLG�LQWHUIDFH��$�IODW�VROLG�OLTXLG�LQWHUIDFH LV� HVWDEOLVKHG� ZLWK� D� PHQLVFXV� RI� QDUURZ ZLGWK�DQG�WKH�VDPH�GLDPHWHU�DV�WKH�FU\VWDO XQGHU� WKH�PLFUR�QR]]OH�� 7KH� D[LDO� WHPSHUD� WXUH� JUDGLHQW� DW� WKH� VROLG�OLTXLG� LQWHUIDFH ZDV�DERXW�����&�PP�DQG�ZDV�FRQWUROOHG�E\ DGMXVWLQJ� WKH� WHPSHUDWXUH� RI� WKH� 3W� DIWHU� KHDWHU��7KH�FRQILJXUDWLRQ�RI�WKH�PLFUR�QR]� ]OH�DQG�DIWHU�KHDWHU�PDNHV�LW�HDV\�WR�FRQWURO WKH� VKDSH� RI� WKH� IODW� OLTXLG�VROLG� LQWHUIDFH DQG�LWV�WHPSHUDWXUH�>�@� 7KH� RSWLFDO� WUDQVPLVVLRQ� VSHFWUD� RI� WKH FU\VWDOV� ZHUH� PHDVXUHG� XVLQJ� DQ� )7�,5 VSHFWURSKRWRPHWHU��)LJ����D��VKRZV� WKH�2+± DEVRUSWLRQ� SHDNV� RI� WKH� QHDU�VWRLFKLRPHWULF /L1E2�� ILEHU� VLQJOH� FU\VWDOV� REWDLQHG� E\DGGLQJ� ��� �� DQG� �� PRO��� =Q2�� 7KH� 2+± DEVRUSWLRQ�SHDN�RI�WKH�XQGRSHG�/L1E2��FU\V�WDO�ZDV�ORFDWHG�DW������FPÜ��DQG�WKH�GRSLQJ RI� WKH� /L1E2�� FU\VWDO� ZLWK� �� PRO��� =Q2 DSSHDUHG� RQO\� WR� FKDQJH� WKH� DEVRUSWLRQ EDQG�LQWHQVLW\�ZLWKRXW�UHVXOWLQJ�LQ�DQ\�2+± DEVRUSWLRQ�EDQG�VKLIW��2+±�DEVRUSWLRQ�EDQG� �����FPÜ���� 7KH� 2+±� DEVRUSWLRQ� EDQGV� RI WKH���DQG���PRO���GRSHG�/L1E2�� ILEHU� VLQ� JOH� FU\VWDOV� ZHUH� VKLIWHG� WR� ����� DQG �����FPÜ���UHVSHFWLYHO\��2Q�WKH�RWKHU�KDQG� )LJ����E�� UHSUHVHQWV� WKH� 2+±� DEVRUSWLRQ SHDNV� RI� WKH� FRQJUXHQW� /L1E2�� ILEHU� VLQJOHFU\VWDOV� ZLWK� ��� �� DQG� �� PRO��� =Q2�� 7KH 2+±�DEVRUSWLRQ�SHDNV�RI�WKH�XQGRSHG�DQG�� DQG���PRO���=Q2�GRSHG�/L1E2��ILEHU�VLQJOHFU\VWDOV� ZHUH� DOO� ORFDWHG� DW� DSSUR[LPDWHO\ �����FPÜ��� +RZHYHU�� LQ� WKH� FDVH� RI� WKH �� PRO��� =Q2� GRSHG� /L1E2�� ILEHU� VLQJOHFU\VWDOV��WKH�2+±�DEVRUSWLRQ�SHDN�VKLIWHG�WR �����FPÜ�� 7KH� 2+±� DEVRUSWLRQ� SHDNV� ZHUH� FRQ� ILUPHG� WR� EH� DOPRVW� VDPH� IRU� WKH� XQGRSHG QHDU�VWRLFKLRPHWULF�/L1E2��������FPÜ���DQG WKH� �� PRO��� GRSHG� WKH� FRQJUXHQW� /L1E2�������FPÜ����$V�D�UHVXOW�RI�WKLV�H[SHULPHQW� WKH� QHDU�VWRLFKLRPHWULF� /L1E2�� ILEHU� VLQJOHFU\VWDOV� VKRZHG� WKH� EHWWHU� SKRWRUHIUDFWLYH UHVLVWDQFH� WKDQ� WKH� FRQJUXHQW�/L1E2���7KLVSKHQRPHQRQ�SURYLGHV�FRQYLQFLQJ�SURRI�WKDW WKH�=Q���LRQ�GRSDQW�LQLWLDOO\�HQWHUV�LQWR�WKH /L� VLWHV� UDWKHU� WKDQ� WKH�1E� VLWHV�EHFDXVH�RI WKH� FKDQJH� LQ� WKH� PLVILW� FRPSHQVDWLRQ� LQ WKH� /L1E2�� FU\VWDO� >��@�� ,Q� WKH� QHDU� VWRLFKLRPHWULF� /L1E2�� ILEHU� VLQJOH� FU\VWDO�=Q���LRQV�FDQ�RFFXS\�WKH�1E�VLWHV�DW�HYHQ�D OLWWOH� DPRXQW� RI� =Q2� GRSDQW�� ZKLOH� =Q�� )LJ�����'LVWULEXWLRQ�RI�=Q2�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�LQ�WKH /L1E2�� ILEHU� VLQJOH� FU\VWDOV� DORQJ� WKH� JURZWKF�D[LV��D� �Ü�VWRLFKLRPHWULF�FU\VWDOV�GRSHG�6/1� �Ü���PRO�������Ü���PRO��������Ü���PRO���� E�Ü�FRQJUXHQW�FU\VWDOV�GRSHG�&/1���Ü���PRO� �����Ü���PRO��������Ü���PRO���� )LJ����� ,5�DEVRUSWLRQ�EDQG�RI�=Q2�GRSHG�Ü D� � Ü� QHDUVWRLFKLRPHWULF� FU\VWDOV� GRSHG� 6/1� �Ü�XQGRSHG���Ü���PRO�������Ü���PRO��������Ü ��PRO�����E�Ü�FRQJUXHQW�/L1E2�� ILEHU�VLQ�JOH� FU\VWDOV� GRSHG� &/1�� �Ü� XQGRSHG�� ��Ü ��PRO�������Ü���PRO��������Ü���PRO���� +�-�/HH�HW�DO����2SWLFDO�SURSHUWLHV�RI���� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� LRQV� LQ� WKH� FRQJUXHQW� /L1E2�� ILEHU� VLQJOHFU\VWDO� FDQ� VXEVWLWXWH� IRU�1E� VLWHV� DW� RYHU ��PRO���=Q2�GRSLQJ�EHFDXVH�RI�WKH�FKDQJH RI�PLVILW� FRPSHQVDWLRQ�� 7KH�=Q��� LRQV� VXE� VWLWXWH�IRU�WKH�1E/L�LRQV�DQG�WKHQ��ZKHQ�WKH=Q2� GRSLQJ� OHYHO� H[FHHGV� WKH� WKUHVKROG SRLQW�� H[WUD�=Q��� LRQV� VXEVWLWXWH� IRU�1E1E�7KH� =Q��� LRQV� ZKLFK� RFFXS\� WKH� 1E� VLWHV IRUP� VWURQJO\� QHJDWLYHO\� FKDUJHG� �=Q1E��±LRQV� LQ�WKH�/L1E2��FU\VWDO��$V�D�UHVXOW�� WKHGHFUHDVHG�SRVLWLYH� LRQV�FDQ� LPSURYH�WKH�RS� WLFDO� FRQGXFWLYLW\� RI� WKH� SKRWRHOHFWURQV� 7KLV� PHDQV� WKDW� WKH� 2+±� DEVRUSWLRQ� EDQG VSHFWUD� FDQ� VKLIW� WR� D� KLJKHU� HQHUJ\� ZKHQ WKH� QHJDWLYHO\� FKDUJHG� �=Q1E��±� LRQV� DUHIRUPHG�LQ�WKH�/L1E2��FU\VWDO��,W�LV�WKHUHIRUHWR�FRQFOXGH�WKDW�WKH�WKUHVKROG�OHYHOV�RI�=Q2 GRSLQJ�WKH�QHDU�VWRLFKLRPHWULF�DQG�WKH�FRQ� JUXHQW� /L1E2�� ILEHU� VLQJOH� FU\VWDOV� ZHUHPHDVXUHG� WR� EH� RI� WKH� RUGHU� RI� �� DQG ��PRO����UHVSHFWLYHO\� 7KH� �� DQG� �� PRO��� =Q2� FR�GRSHG� /1�1G ILEHU� VLQJOH� FU\VWDOV� RI� VWRLFKLRPHWULF� FRP� SRVLWLRQ� ZHUH� VXFFHVVIXOO\� JURZQ� E\� P�3' PHWKRG�� 7KH� FU\VWDOV� KDG� D� VL]H� RI ���a�� PP� LQ� GLDPHWHU� DQG� DERXW� ��� WR ���PP� LQ� OHQJWK�� 7KH� FU\VWDOV� ZHUH� WUDQV� SDUHQW�DQG�EOXH��)LJ����D��VKRZV�D�3/�VSHF� WUXP�RI�/1�1G�FR�GRSHG�ZLWK���DQG���PRO�� =Q2� VLQJOH� FU\VWDO� ILEHUV� LQ� WKH� UDQJH� RI ���Ü����QP��7KH�GRXEOH�VSHFWURPHWHU�WHFK� QLTXH� ZDV� XVHG� WR� PHDVXUH� WKH� 3/� SURSHU� WLHV� DW� URRP� WHPSHUDWXUH�� XVLQJ� DQ� $U�LRQ ODVHU� DV� WKH� H[FLWLQJ� VRXUFH�� 7KH� H[FLWHG 1G��� LRQV� ZHUH� LQLWLDOO\� H[FLWHG� WR� XSSHU HQHUJ\� OHYHO�DQG�WKHQ�GURSSHG�WR�WKH�PHWD� VWDEOH�VWDWH��7KH�3/�LQWHQVLW\�IURP�WKH�VDP� SOH� GRSHG� ZLWK� ��PRO���=Q2� ZDV� VWURQJHU WKDQ�WKDW�RI�WKH�VDPSOH�GRSHG�ZLWK���PRO�� =Q2�DW�WKH�VDPH�ZDYHOHQJWK��7KH�VWURQJHVW LQWHQVLW\�SHDN�ZDV�IRXQG�LQ�WKH�ZDYHOHQJWK UDQJH� DURXQG� ���� QP�� 7KLV� SHDN� LV� GXH� WR WKH� �)���o�,���� WUDQVLWLRQ�� )LJV����E�� DQG�F��VKRZ�3/�VSHFWUD�RI��/1�1G�VLQJOH�FU\VWDO ILEHUV� FR�GRSHG� ZLWK� �� PRO��� =Q2� LQ� WKH UDQJH� ����Ü����� DQG� ����Ü����� QP�� 7KH VWURQJHVW� LQWHQVLW\� SHDNV� DUH� IRXQG� LQ� WKH ZDYHOHQJWK� UDQJHV� DURXQG� ����� DQG ����� QP�� UHVSHFWLYHO\�� 7KH� SHDN� DURXQG �����QP�LV�GXH� WR�WKH��)���o�,����� WUDQVL�WLRQ� DQG� WKDW� DURXQG� ����� QP�� WR� WKH �)���o�,�����WUDQVLWLRQ�7KXV�XVLQJ� WKH� P�3'�PHWKRG�� /1�=Q� DQG /1�=Q�1G�ILEHU�VLQJOH�FU\VWDOV�ZHUH�JURZQ�WR FRQILUP�WKH�RSWLFDO�SURSHUWLHV��7KH�GLVWULEX� WLRQ�RI�WKH�=Q2�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�LQ�WKH�/L1E2�ILEHU�VLQJOH�FU\VWDOV�ZDV�KRPRJHQHRXV�DORQJ WKH� JURZWK� F�D[LV�� 7KH� QHDU�VWRLFKLRPHWULF /L1E2�� ILEHU� VLQJOH� FU\VWDOV� KDYH� VKRZQ� DEHWWHU� SKRWRUHIUDFWLYH� UHVLVWDQFH� WKDQ� WKH FRQJUXHQW� /L1E2��� EHFDXVH� RI� WKH� DOPRVW VDPH� 2+±� DEVRUSWLRQ� SHDNV� LQ� XQGRSHG QHDU�VWRLFKLRPHWULF�DQG���PRO���GRSHG�FRQ� JUXHQW� /L1E2�� ILEHU� VLQJOH� FU\VWDOV�� 7KHWKUHVKROG� OHYHOV� IRU� WKH� =Q2� GRSHG� QHDU� VWRLFKLRPHWULF� DQG� FRQJUXHQW� /L1E2�� ILEHUVLQJOH� FU\VWDOV�ZHUH� FRQILUPHG� WR� EH� RI� WKH RUGHU�RI���DQG���PRO����UHVSHFWLYHO\� ,Q� DGGLWLRQ�� WKH� 3/� VSHFWUD� RI /L1E2��=Q�1G� ILEHU� FU\VWDOV� ZHUH� PHDVXUHGLQ� WKH� UDQJH� RI� ���Ü����� ����Ü����� DQG ����Ü����� QP�� 7KH� PRVW� LQWHQVH� SHDNV ZHUH� DW� WKH� ZDYHOHQJWKV� DURXQG� ����� ���� DQG������QP�� WKHVH�SHDNV�EHLQJ�GXH�WR� WKH �)���o�,������)���o�,�����DQG��)���o�,����WUDQVLWLRQ�� UHVSHFWLYHO\�� $OVR�� WKH� LQWHQVLW\ RI� 3/� IURP� WKH� JURZQ� FU\VWDOV� ZDV� LQ� FUHDVHG�E\�DGGLWLRQ�RI�=Q2� 5HIHUHQFHV � ���)�+�0RN��2SW��/HWW������������������ � ���/�)�-RKQVRQ��$�$�%DOOPDQ��-��$SSO��3K\V��� ��� ����������� )LJ����� 3KRWROXPLQHVFHQFH� VSHFWUD� RI� WKH /L1E2��1G� FR�GRSHG� ZLWK� =Q2� ILEHU� VLQJOH FU\VWDOV���D�����Ü����QP���E������Ü�����QP� �F������Ü�����QP�ZDYHOHQJWK� +�-�/HH�HW�DO����2SWLFDO�SURSHUWLHV�RI���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� � ���0�1�$UPHQLVH�� &�&DQDOL�� 0�'�6DULR� HW� DO�� 0DWHU��&KHP��3K\V����������������� � ���7�<�)DQ��$�&RUGRYD�3OD]D��0�-�)�'LJRQQHW�HW DO���2SW��6RF��$PHU���%�������������� � ���7�5�9RON�� 9�,�3U\DONLQ�� 1�0�5XELQLQD�� 2SW� /HWW������������������ � ���-�&DSPDQ\��'�-DTXH��-�$�6DQ]�*DUFLD� HW� DO�� 2SW��&RPPXQ������������������� � ���'�+�<RRQ�� 3�5XGROSK�� 7�)XNXGD�� -��&U\VW� *URZWK������������������ � ���.�,PDL�� 0�,PDHGD�� 6�8GD� HW� DO��� -��&U\VW� *URZWK������������������ � ���'�+�<RRQ�� ,�<RQHQDJD�� 7�)XNXGD� HW� DO��� -� &U\VW��*URZWK������������������ ����6�.DZDNDPL��(�,VKLL��$�7VX]XNL�HW�DO���0DWHU� 5HV��%XOO������������������ |¹�Ò�ÓL�mãȰ�Òmº°�L�mºãº}ºÓÓÒ²�äºÓº}¯Ò°�ÈãLm/L1E2��=Q�DQG�/L1E2��=Q�1G��º�mÒ¯º�ËÓ��äË�º�ºä�äL}¯ºmÒ�«�ÈÓÓ« ��iÎ��L��iÎ���b�¯��|�sÈ}Èä�¯È��i����Ó v��ȰÓÒ®� LÓ�˯˰��º�äÈãº�ȭȯÒ�ÓÒ²�}ºä¹È}�ÓÒ²�ãÈÏ˯Lm� Ï��Lº�Óº � ÓÈ}È�}º � °�Ò� ä�ã ¼��º°ãL�ÎËÓÓ«�ÓºmÒ²� �m˯�º�Lã ÓÒ²� ãÈÏ˯ÓÒ²� °Ò°�Ëä�ÓÈ� º°ÓºmL�ÓËãLÓL®ÓÒ²�}¯Ò°� �ÈãLm�� lË�º�ºä� äL}¯ºmÒ�«�ÈÓÓ«� mÒ¯º�ËÓº� mÒ°º}º«}L°ÓL� mºãº}ºÓÓL� äºÓº}¯Ò°�ÈãÒ /L1E2��� ~� º¹�Ò�ÓÒ²� mãȰ�Òmº°�Ë®� mºãº}ºÓÓÒ²� äºÓº}¯Ò°�ÈãLm� Ó˹¯«äÒä��㫲ºä� m°�È� ÓºmãËÓº�� �º� ¹¯Ò� �²� ãË��mÈÓÓL� =Q2� ¹L�mÒ��¼� °«� °�L®}L°� � �º� Áº�ºLÓ��}ºmÈÓº�� ¯ËÁ� ¯È}�L���z¯Lä��º�º���º°ãL�ÎËÓº�Áº�ºã äLÓ˰�ËÓ�ÓL�mãȰ�Òmº°�L��º­�äºmãËÓL�¹¯Ò°��ÓL°� 1G�2��«}�ãË��mÈã Óº���ºäL�}Ò� +�-�/HH�HW�DO����2SWLFDO�SURSHUWLHV�RI���� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������