Application of IR-radiometric diagnostics for control of vacuum connections of electrophysical installations
The methods of IR-radiometric diagnostics of vacuum systems have been worked out. Several mechanisms are proposed that change the temperature field in the defect region. Depending on the type of defect, the main types of temperature anomalies are identified. The influence on the results of thermo gr...
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| Zitieren: | Application of IR-radiometric diagnostics for control of vacuum connections of electrophysical installations / E.M. Prohorenko, V.F. Klepikov, V.V. Lytvynenko, N.I. Bazaleyev, I.I. Magda, T.G. Prohorenko, A.I. Morozov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2018. — № 1. — С. 212-217. — Бібліогр.: 7 назв. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-1373642018-06-18T03:04:41Z Application of IR-radiometric diagnostics for control of vacuum connections of electrophysical installations Prohorenko, E.M. Klepikov, V.F. Lytvynenko, V.V. Bazaleyev, N.I. Magda, I.I. Prohorenko, T.G. Morozov, A.I. Физика и технология конструкционных материалов The methods of IR-radiometric diagnostics of vacuum systems have been worked out. Several mechanisms are proposed that change the temperature field in the defect region. Depending on the type of defect, the main types of temperature anomalies are identified. The influence on the results of thermo graphic survey of such parameters as the assembly quality of the accelerator assemblies, the state of the material, and the cleanliness of the flange surface was studied. The possibility of detecting suction in case of a breach of air tightness of ducts is shown. To detect micro leakage of vacuum connections of the accelerator flanges, an IR-radiometric control is performed. Found leaks based on the received thermograms. They are found in the region of gas throttling or areas of variation in of the coefficient of radiation. Systematization of thermo images of defects in vacuum systems has been carried out. Systematized on the basis on the types of damage. Відпрацьовано методики ІЧ-радіометричної діагностики вакуумних систем. Запропоновано декілька механізмів, за рахунок яких змінюється температурне поле в області дефекту. Залежно від виду дефекту виділені основні прояви температурних аномалій. Вивчено вплив на результати термографічної зйомки таких параметрів: якості збірки вузлів прискорювача, стану матеріалу, чистоти поверхні фланців. Показана можливість виявлення підсосів у разі порушення герметичності повітроводів. Для виявлення мікротечі вакуумних з'єднань фланців прискорювача виконаний ІЧ-радіометричний контроль. Були знайдені течі на підставі отриманих термограм. Вони виявлені в області дроселювання газів або областях зміни коефіцієнта випромінювання. Проведена систематизація термозображень дефектів вакуумних систем на основі типів ушкоджень. Отработаны методики ИК-радиометрической диагностики вакуумных систем. Предложено несколько механизмов, в результате которых изменяется температурное поле в области дефекта. В зависимости от вида дефекта выделены основные проявления температурных аномалий. Изучено влияние на результаты термографической съемки таких параметров: качества сборки узлов ускорителя, состояния материала, чистоты поверхности фланцев. Показана возможность обнаружения подсосов в случае нарушения герметичности воздуховодов. Для обнаружения микротечей вакуумных соединений фланцев ускорителя выполнен ИК-радиометрический контроль. Были найдены течи на основании полученных термограмм. Они обнаружены в области дросселирования газов или областях изменения коэффициента излучения. Проведена систематизация термоизображений дефектов вакуумных систем на основе типов повреждений. 2018 Article Application of IR-radiometric diagnostics for control of vacuum connections of electrophysical installations / E.M. Prohorenko, V.F. Klepikov, V.V. Lytvynenko, N.I. Bazaleyev, I.I. Magda, T.G. Prohorenko, A.I. Morozov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2018. — № 1. — С. 212-217. — Бібліогр.: 7 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 87.55N- http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/137364 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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| topic |
Физика и технология конструкционных материалов Физика и технология конструкционных материалов |
| spellingShingle |
Физика и технология конструкционных материалов Физика и технология конструкционных материалов Prohorenko, E.M. Klepikov, V.F. Lytvynenko, V.V. Bazaleyev, N.I. Magda, I.I. Prohorenko, T.G. Morozov, A.I. Application of IR-radiometric diagnostics for control of vacuum connections of electrophysical installations Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description |
The methods of IR-radiometric diagnostics of vacuum systems have been worked out. Several mechanisms are proposed that change the temperature field in the defect region. Depending on the type of defect, the main types of temperature anomalies are identified. The influence on the results of thermo graphic survey of such parameters as the assembly quality of the accelerator assemblies, the state of the material, and the cleanliness of the flange surface was studied. The possibility of detecting suction in case of a breach of air tightness of ducts is shown. To detect micro leakage of vacuum connections of the accelerator flanges, an IR-radiometric control is performed. Found leaks based on the received thermograms. They are found in the region of gas throttling or areas of variation in of the coefficient of radiation. Systematization of thermo images of defects in vacuum systems has been carried out. Systematized on the basis on the types of damage. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Prohorenko, E.M. Klepikov, V.F. Lytvynenko, V.V. Bazaleyev, N.I. Magda, I.I. Prohorenko, T.G. Morozov, A.I. |
| author_facet |
Prohorenko, E.M. Klepikov, V.F. Lytvynenko, V.V. Bazaleyev, N.I. Magda, I.I. Prohorenko, T.G. Morozov, A.I. |
| author_sort |
Prohorenko, E.M. |
| title |
Application of IR-radiometric diagnostics for control of vacuum connections of electrophysical installations |
| title_short |
Application of IR-radiometric diagnostics for control of vacuum connections of electrophysical installations |
| title_full |
Application of IR-radiometric diagnostics for control of vacuum connections of electrophysical installations |
| title_fullStr |
Application of IR-radiometric diagnostics for control of vacuum connections of electrophysical installations |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Application of IR-radiometric diagnostics for control of vacuum connections of electrophysical installations |
| title_sort |
application of ir-radiometric diagnostics for control of vacuum connections of electrophysical installations |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| publishDate |
2018 |
| topic_facet |
Физика и технология конструкционных материалов |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/137364 |
| citation_txt |
Application of IR-radiometric diagnostics for control of vacuum connections of electrophysical installations / E.M. Prohorenko, V.F. Klepikov, V.V. Lytvynenko, N.I. Bazaleyev, I.I. Magda, T.G. Prohorenko, A.I. Morozov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2018. — № 1. — С. 212-217. — Бібліогр.: 7 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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| fulltext |
ISSN 1562-6016. PASТ. 2018. №1(113), p. 212-217.
APPLICATION OF IR-RADIOMETRIC DIAGNOSTICS FOR CONTROL
OF VACUUM CONNECTIONS OF ELECTROPHYSICAL
INSTALLATIONS
E.M. Prohorenko, V.F. Klepikov, V.V. Lytvynenko, N.I. Bazaleyev, I.I. Magda*,
T.G. Prohorenko**, A.I. Morozov***
Institute of Electrophysics and Radiation Technologies NAS of Ukraine, Kharkov, Ukraine;
*NSC “Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”, Kharkov, Ukraine;
**Kharkov National Automobile and Highway University, Kharkov, Ukraine;
***National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine, Kharkov, Ukraine
The methods of IR-radiometric diagnostics of vacuum systems have been worked out. Several mechanisms are
proposed that change the temperature field in the defect region. Depending on the type of defect, the main types of
temperature anomalies are identified. The influence on the results of thermo graphic survey of such parameters as
the assembly quality of the accelerator assemblies, the state of the material, and the cleanliness of the flange surface
was studied. The possibility of detecting suction in case of a breach of air tightness of ducts is shown. To detect
micro leakage of vacuum connections of the accelerator flanges, an IR-radiometric control is performed. Found
leaks based on the received thermograms. They are found in the region of gas throttling or areas of variation in of
the coefficient of radiation. Systematization of thermo images of defects in vacuum systems has been carried out.
Systematized on the basis on the types of damage.
PACS: 87.55N-
INTRODUCTION
Enormous attention is given the questions of
serviceability of vacuum equipment. Deterioration of
efficiency of vacuum systems reduces efficiency of
work, promotes losses. Probability of appearance of
emergency situations is also high. This entails the
appearance of significant capital expenditures. At the
decision of task of increasing the efficiency of
equipment, important is control of its condition. With
the help of technical condition monitoring, the problem
of timely detection of defects is solved. Defects can
have different types. The criticality of the revealed
violations is determined. Control of development of
defects is conducted. For the removal of defects, work is
performed. All of it to a full degree belongs and to work
of equipment intended for conducting of physical
experiments. The main indicator of good condition of
vacuum systems is absence of points of leakage. The
questions of finding of leak are studied for a very long
time. A problem remains actual and presently.
Questions are expounded in bibliographies to works
[1, 2]. When conducting physical experiments, a
considerable amount of time is spent on preparing the
equipment for the experiment. The list of works
includes the procedure for assembling the equipment.
Such measures increased efficiency of work of
equipment: reduction of time of search of violations of
vacuum, quality of adjoining of details.
PURPOSE OF WORK
Diagnostics of efficiency of assembling of vacuum
connections. Development of methods of IR-radiometric
control of power equipment.
THE MAIN PART
For implementation of these works, on the basis of
methods of IR-radiometry, it was suggested to apply a
infrared thermal imaging technique. Principles of work
of thermovision technique are based on registration of
stream of infrared from the surface of object. The got
information is designed as thermograms, graphs, charts,
tables. The analysis of results allows to define the
change of the temperature field on the surface of the
object of investigation. A brightness and colour
saturation of image on thermograms represents relief of
temperature. Distributing of temperatures on the surface
of the object allows to find out latent defects. The
question of the correspondence of a certain defect to a
given thermal trace is a difficult task. It is necessary to
consider the thermal, mechanical processes that occur in
the object of investigation. In interpreting the results
obtained of took into account such factors: different
features of configuration, structure of equipment,
conditions, and the influence of external factors. This
work is very laborious and not always gives a
unambiguous result. Therefore, for the practical use of
thermography methods, there is a necessity to create a
database of the results obtained.
Infrared radiation from the surface of object, which
is fixed by a thermal imager it can be described through
the law of Stefan-Boltzmann:
4 cos ,ФW T (1)
where – is the coefficient of surface radiation;
= 5.6710
-8
W/(m
2
∙К
4
) – is the Stefan-Boltzmann
constant;
ФТ – is the actual temperature at the surface
of the object in degrees Kelvin; – is the viewing
angle (the angle between the thermal imager and the
normal to the plane of the object under study).
Performing simple mathematical transformations,
we obtain the dependence of the actual temperature on
the radiation temperature:
4
.Рад
Ф
Т
T
(2)
Consequently, the measured radiation temperature
has direct dependence on an actual temperature and
from the coefficient of radiation. An account of
parameter of ε is substantial at implementation of IR-
radiometry. He reflects the differences of radiate
capabilities of different surfaces. I.e. the polished
surfaces (ε 0.3) on thermograms have a display more
cold, than areas are black ( 0.85). A basic error in
researches is brought in by the coefficient of radiation.
On the basis of analysis of changes of the temperature
field on the surface of the equipment, it is possible to
conclude about the state of vacuum connections and
vacuum equipment.
A substantiation of the possibility of IR-radiometric
diagnostics of vacuum equipment is given in works
[3–5]. The technique of studying vacuum equipment
using IR-radiometric diagnostics consists of several
tasks. Their solution is performed depending on the
complexity of the equipment, the level of vacuum. The
most effective IR-diagnostics are in screening mode.
Those operative finding of violations. At the same time,
the main requirement for IR-radiometric diagnostics is
obtaining a quality picture. In future, on the basis of the
resulting thermogram, we draw conclusions about the
vacuum system.
RESEARCH DISCUSSION
OF THE RESULTS
PERFORMING RESEARCH FOR
MACRODEFECTS OF VACUUM SYSTEMS
Practical tests were carried out. The evaluation of
the effectiveness of the methods of IR-radiometric
diagnostics was performed. IR-radiometric researches of
air ducts of the systems of ventilation of the physical
settings were conducted in our case. The results of the
studies are shown in Figs. 1, 2.
а
b
Fig. 1. Results of IR-radiometric control of the
of the system of ventilators: a – is a visible image;
b – is a IR-thermogram
Of Fig. 1,a we get that the research of equipment in
the visible range does not yield results. When studying
the thermogram (see Fig. 1,b), a decrease in the
temperatures in the area of the gasket between the parts
of the was observed.
It can testify to the presence of suction of air in this
area. Additional information is given by the study of
charts of graphs of the temperature field.
а
b
Fig. 2. Graphs of temperature changes along the cross-
section: a – cross-section 1; b – cross-section 2
Fig. 2,a shows the temperature change along cross-
section 1. On the thermogram, we observe a change the
light background in the area of the gasket. There is
small violation of integrity of gasket in this area. Small
suction of external air is present. Thus there is cooling
of area of suction. In area of cross-section 2 look after
the considerable change of colour gamut. It testifies to
more considerable violation of gaskets. In this area,
there is a more significant suction of external air. This is
evidenced by a stronger cooling of the gasket area.
Comparing the temperature curves of Fig. 2, we see that
in the area of the second cross-section the temperature
falling is more significant. So on the first cross-section a
temperature changed on 2.8 °С, and in area of the
second cross-section on 5.5 °С. Thus, in the case of
strong air currents, it is possible to detect suction,
insulation faults with high efficiency.
PERFORMING RESEARCH
FOR MICRODEFECTS
In the case of appearance of microdefects a situation
with their determination substantially becomes
complicated. This is notedly, when examining physical
installations. For their verification, it is necessary to
consider the main factors that can influence the
temperatures change in the defects area.
Defect – any leaks in vacuum systems. When
studying temperature gradients, it should be taken into
account that the appearance of a leak is accompanied by
microflows of gases. Several factors influence the
temperature change in the defect area.
Basic it is been: a – cooling of the walls of the leak
channel due to the flow of gas; b – cooling of the gas
outlet area or gas suction due to its expansion (throttling
effect); c – is a change of coefficient of radiation in area
of defect. We will conduct the estimation of influence of
all these effects on the change of temperature. Cooling
of the walls of the channel during the flow of gas
through it occurs due to the motion of gas flows. In the
case of flowing of more heated gases, as compared to
the walls of channel, there is their heating. However, the
heating is insignificant. Using the equation of Bernoulli,
we can estimate the value of the energy which is
selected at motion of gas stream.
The throttling effect can be calculated on the basis of
the Clapeyron-Mendeleyev equation:
,i i k k
i k
PV PV
T T
(3)
where ,i kP – pressure inside and outside the volume;
,i kV – volume inside and outside; ,i kT – temperatures
on the inside and on the surface. Having carried out the
calculations, we find that when the vacuum is in the
order of 10
-5
mm of mercury and the external pressure
in the atmosphere, the temperature changes are
0.03…0.2 °С.
Modern thermal imaging equipment is able to record
these temperature changes. Physical installations are
made of metals. However, considering that metals have
high heat transfer coefficients (for steel
15…30 W/(m∙K)), the temperature change in the area of
leakage will be significantly lower than the permission
of thermal imaging technology.
In the case of manufacturing a accelerator flange of
plexiglas or the presence of coatings (ceramics, plastic)
on the surface of the metal flange, it is possible to detect
leaks.
To test the efficiency of our methods, studies were
carried out on a real physical installation (accelerator).
Fig. 3. The thermogram of the accelerator flange
without defects
Work was done on IR-radiometric inspection of the
accelerator flanges. Fig. 3 shows the thermogram of the
flange, which has no defects, and there are no leaks.
This is also evidenced by the graphs of temperature
changes along cross-sections 1 and 2 (Fig. 4).
а
b
Fig. 4. Graphs of temperature changes along the
sections of the accelerator flange (without defects):
a – is a cross-section 1; b – is a cross-section 2
Analysis of the graphs shows that the temperature on
the surface of the flange varies insignificantly. There are
fluctuations near the middle temperature. These
fluctuations depend on temperature fluctuations. The
temperature changes on the individual elements of the
thermal imager array.
The red vertical bars mark the points of the gaskets.
On them also there are not out-riggers of the
temperature field. The thermal imaging data is
confirmed by the practical results of this block. Hes
works in a constant mode. He keeps vacuum.
For comparison, a study of a similar accelerator
flange was performed, during exploitation of which
there were problems. Its thermogram and the visible
image are given in Fig. 5.
а
b
Fig. 5. The thermogram (a) and the visible image (b)
of the accelerator flange with violations in the area
of the upper gasket
In the area of the upper gasket, a temperature
anomaly is observed. In the visible image of Fig. 5,b,
the anomaly is not fixed. Studying its change allows us
to make an assumption about the violation of the density
of the upper gasket between the individual elements of
accelerator flange. For a more detailed analysis,
consider the temperature graphs in Fig. 6.
а
b
Fig. 6. Graphs of temperature changes along sections of
the accelerator flange (defect in the area of the gasket):
a – is a section 1; b – is a cross-section 2
Two graphs of temperature variation along cross-
sections 1 and 2 were obtained. Cross-section 1 passes
through the upper part of the flange, the area of the body
of the upper accelerator flange, the upper gasket, the
body of the adapter. An abnormal temperature change
of 1.4 °С is observed only in the area of the gasket.
Cross-section 2 was so placed that it captured a larger
space: the upper flange, the upper gasket, the adapter,
the lower gasket, the lower flange. The temperature
jump (1.4 °С) is observed only on the upper gasket.
Measurements were made using a halogen leak
detector. Found an insignificant leak in this area. At
additional inspection have found out non-uniform
clamping of a lining. Bolts were tightened. The leak was
eliminated. As follows from the calculations, it is
impossible to detect a leak on the basis of the outflow of
gases (the Bernoulli law and the Clapeyron-Mendeleyev
law work). However, a leak was detected. Therefore, in
this case another mechanism works. The change in the
temperature field depends on the change of coefficient
change of the temperature field is a change of
coefficient of radiation.
The appearance of different coefficients of radiation
in neighboring areas is associated with many causes. In
our case – the unevenness of the tightening is either
gasket or flange. This changes the structure of the
surface layer, and hence the radiation coefficient also
changes.
Radiation temperature is influenced by the
coefficient of radiation [6, 7]. Thus, even with minor
defects, them it is possible to detect (by changing the
coefficient of radiation).
The vacuum equipment was checked in the case of
under constraint. Thus, the quality of the connection of
the flange at an increased internal pressure was
considered. The image in the optical range and the
thermogram are shown in Fig. 7. During the
examination of this node in the optical range, no
violations were detected. A more accurate examination
was performed using IR-radiometry. In this area, a spot
that was different in color and intensity was detected.
а
b
Fig. 7. The area of the accelerator flange, where a
gas leak is detected: a – is a thermogram;
b – is a visual image
The cause of the appearance of a temperature
anomaly is a defect. The nature of the defect was based
on the uneven fixation of the fixing screw-nuts. In
addition, we studied the graph of temperature changes
in this region (Fig. 8).
Fig. 8. Graph of temperature changes along the cross-
section of the accelerator flange
In the temperature anomaly area, we have a
temperature down of 3.1 °C. The temperature peak is
narrow, what indicates the localization of the defect. In
the area of the anomaly, was no fixing screw-nut (see
Fig. 7,b) therefore the flange was not fully depressed.
Placing the missing bolt and its tightening made it
possible to liquidate the leak. Further examination of the
accelerator made it possible to reveal another region
with an anomalous change in the temperature field
(Fig. 9).
а
b
Fig. 9. The flange area where a gas leak is detected
(the effect of throttling): a – is a thermogram;
b – is a visual image
From previous it was different in that it was
noticeable effect of throttling. On the thermogram (see
Fig. 9,a) the white arrow marks the area where a spot
with a different color is located. A darker color indicates
a lower temperature. To test the hypotheses of reflection
or shading, an analysis of the temperature variation
charts was carried out. Cross-sections, according to
which temperatures were measured, passed through
different surfaces. From Fig. 9,b it was determined that
in the region of cross-section 1 there is a shadow from
the illumination. There were no more features in this
area.
The graph of temperature changes along this cross-
section is shown in Fig. 10,b. We observe a slow change
in temperature. Jumps only on separate elements of the
receiving matrix. The maximum temperature is 21 °С,
the minimum is 20.2 °С.
а
b
Fig. 10. Graphs of temperature changes along
the cross-section of the accelerator flange (the effect
of throttling): a – cross-section 1; b – cross-section 2
And it is a minimum temperature on all shaded
surface. Cross-section 2, marked by a white arrow,
passes through the area where a defect is suspected. The
minimum temperature is 19.9 °С. It below than all
minimum temperatures on the surface. The recession of
the temperature field is smooth. With a high probability
there is a defect in this area. In our case – leak. Thermal
trace is formed due to the throttling of gases. A cloud of
more cold gas is above the surface of flange. This case
is realized at the sevenfold difference of pressure. Thus,
finding of leaks through IR-radiometric diagnostics,
possibly in the case of wide difference of pressures into
a volume and outside
CONCLUSIONS
1. The paper shows the possibility of using IR-
radiometric diagnostics for examining vacuum systems
of physical installations.
2. The basic mechanisms that are responsible for the
change the temperature field in the region of defects of
vacuum systems are determined.
3. Defects which arose up as a result of different
types of violations are found. Defects are got from the
results of thermografhic researches.
4. The basic features of characteristic displays of
defects are offered. Systematization of defects was
executed. It is done on the basis of analysis of got
thermograms and charts of change of temperatures.
REFERENCES
1. N.I. Polushin, M.V. Vorobyeva. Technique of the
experiment. Section: Calculation of Vacuum Laboratory
Installations. M.: MISiS, 2000, 76 p.
2. L.V. Kozhitov, A.Yu. Zarapin, N.A. Chiche-
nyov. Technological vacuum equipment. Part 1.
Vacuum Systems of Process Equipment. M.: Publishing
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Article received 01.12.2017
ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ИК-РАДИОМЕТРИЧЕСКОЙ ДИАГНОСТИКИ ДЛЯ КОНТРОЛЯ
ВАКУУМНЫХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ ЭЛЕКТРОФИЗИЧЕСКИХ УСТАНОВОК
Е.М. Прохоренко, В.Ф. Клепиков, В.В. Литвиненко, Н.И. Базалеев, И.И. Магда,
Т.Г. Прохоренко, А.И. Морозов
Отработаны методики ИК-радиометрической диагностики вакуумных систем. Предложено несколько
механизмов, в результате которых изменяется температурное поле в области дефекта. В зависимости от вида
дефекта выделены основные проявления температурных аномалий. Изучено влияние на результаты
термографической съемки таких параметров: качества сборки узлов ускорителя, состояния материала,
чистоты поверхности фланцев. Показана возможность обнаружения подсосов в случае нарушения
герметичности воздуховодов. Для обнаружения микротечей вакуумных соединений фланцев ускорителя
выполнен ИК-радиометрический контроль. Были найдены течи на основании полученных термограмм. Они
обнаружены в области дросселирования газов или областях изменения коэффициента излучения. Проведена
систематизация термоизображений дефектов вакуумных систем на основе типов повреждений.
http://www.ijeit.com/Vol%204/Issue%209/IJEIT1412201503_11.pdf
http://www.ijeit.com/Vol%204/Issue%209/IJEIT1412201503_11.pdf
ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ІК-РАДІОМЕТРИЧНОЇ ДІАГНОСТИКИ ДЛЯ КОНТРОЛЮ
ВАКУУМНИХ З’ЄДНАННЬ ЕЛЕКТРОФІЗИЧНИХ УСТАНОВОК
Є.М. Прохоренко, В.Ф. Клепіков, В.В. Литвиненко, М.І. Базалєєв, І.І. Магда,
Т.Г. Прохоренко, А.І. Морозов
Відпрацьовано методики ІЧ-радіометричної діагностики вакуумних систем. Запропоновано декілька
механізмів, за рахунок яких змінюється температурне поле в області дефекту. Залежно від виду дефекту
виділені основні прояви температурних аномалій. Вивчено вплив на результати термографічної зйомки
таких параметрів: якості збірки вузлів прискорювача, стану матеріалу, чистоти поверхні фланців. Показана
можливість виявлення підсосів у разі порушення герметичності повітроводів. Для виявлення мікротечі
вакуумних з'єднань фланців прискорювача виконаний ІЧ-радіометричний контроль. Були знайдені течі на
підставі отриманих термограм. Вони виявлені в області дроселювання газів або областях зміни коефіцієнта
випромінювання. Проведена систематизація термозображень дефектів вакуумних систем на основі типів
ушкоджень.
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