EPR spectroscopy studies of changes in erythrocyte membranes in patients with laryngeal cancer

EPR spectroscopy studies of changes in erythrocyte membranes in patients with laryngeal cancer

Aim: To evaluate microviscosity and sorption capacity of erythrocyte membranes (SCEM) from patients with laryngeal cancer (LC). Materials and Methods: Samples from 35 patients with LC of stages II and III and 20 healthy volunteers were investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance with Bis(1-oxyl-...

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Datum:2017
Hauptverfasser: Burlaka, Y.B., Sukhoveev, O.V., Grin, N.V., Khilchevskyi, O.M., Verevka, S.V.
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Veröffentlicht: Інститут експериментальної патології, онкології і радіобіології ім. Р.Є. Кавецького НАН України 2017
Schriftenreihe:Experimental Oncology
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spelling irk-123456789-1376122018-06-22T15:42:45Z EPR spectroscopy studies of changes in erythrocyte membranes in patients with laryngeal cancer Burlaka, Y.B. Sukhoveev, O.V. Grin, N.V. Khilchevskyi, O.M. Verevka, S.V. Original contributions Aim: To evaluate microviscosity and sorption capacity of erythrocyte membranes (SCEM) from patients with laryngeal cancer (LC). Materials and Methods: Samples from 35 patients with LC of stages II and III and 20 healthy volunteers were investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance with Bis(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-4)-ester of 5,7-dimethyladamantane-1,3-dicarbonic acid (AdTEMPO) probe. SCEM was evaluated by amount of unabsorbed methylene blue. Results: Microviscosity of erythrocyte membranes was determined by the effective rotational diffusion correlation times (τeff) and a decrease in radical spectrum signal intensity per hour. The most apparent decrease in mobility of the AdTEMPO in erythrocytes was observed prior to washing of erythrocytes with 0.9% NaCl for 5 min after probe insertion. The deceleration after 60 min was observed only in stage II LC. τeff was at control values after washing of erythrocytes of stage II LC 5 min after probe insertion and was significantly reduced in stage III LC in comparison to control. Radical spectrum signal intensity per hour in samples of stage II and III patients prior to and after washing of erythrocytes was on average 1.5-fold higher than that of control. SCEM in samples of stage II and III LC was found in 40 and 33% cases, respectively and was on average significantly reduced in comparison to control. Conclusions: The initial interaction of AdTEMPO with erythrocyte membranes of stage II and III LC patients is accompanied by an increase in τeff, indicating deceleration of probe rotation. τeff of the probe in membranes remains unchanged in 60 min, indicating changes in the structural organization of lipid bilayer and its associated proteins in particular. The similarity of SCEM for both studied groups reflects the pathological changes in function of erythrocyte membranes. 2017 Article EPR spectroscopy studies of changes in erythrocyte membranes in patients with laryngeal cancer / Y.B. Burlaka, O.V. Sukhoveev, N.V. Grin, O.M. Khilchevskyi, S.V. Verevka // Experimental Oncology. — 2017 — Т. 39, № 1. — С. 49-52. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ. 1812-9269 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/137612 en Experimental Oncology Інститут експериментальної патології, онкології і радіобіології ім. Р.Є. Кавецького НАН України
institution Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
collection DSpace DC
language English
topic Original contributions
Original contributions
spellingShingle Original contributions
Original contributions
Burlaka, Y.B.
Sukhoveev, O.V.
Grin, N.V.
Khilchevskyi, O.M.
Verevka, S.V.
EPR spectroscopy studies of changes in erythrocyte membranes in patients with laryngeal cancer
Experimental Oncology
description Aim: To evaluate microviscosity and sorption capacity of erythrocyte membranes (SCEM) from patients with laryngeal cancer (LC). Materials and Methods: Samples from 35 patients with LC of stages II and III and 20 healthy volunteers were investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance with Bis(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-4)-ester of 5,7-dimethyladamantane-1,3-dicarbonic acid (AdTEMPO) probe. SCEM was evaluated by amount of unabsorbed methylene blue. Results: Microviscosity of erythrocyte membranes was determined by the effective rotational diffusion correlation times (τeff) and a decrease in radical spectrum signal intensity per hour. The most apparent decrease in mobility of the AdTEMPO in erythrocytes was observed prior to washing of erythrocytes with 0.9% NaCl for 5 min after probe insertion. The deceleration after 60 min was observed only in stage II LC. τeff was at control values after washing of erythrocytes of stage II LC 5 min after probe insertion and was significantly reduced in stage III LC in comparison to control. Radical spectrum signal intensity per hour in samples of stage II and III patients prior to and after washing of erythrocytes was on average 1.5-fold higher than that of control. SCEM in samples of stage II and III LC was found in 40 and 33% cases, respectively and was on average significantly reduced in comparison to control. Conclusions: The initial interaction of AdTEMPO with erythrocyte membranes of stage II and III LC patients is accompanied by an increase in τeff, indicating deceleration of probe rotation. τeff of the probe in membranes remains unchanged in 60 min, indicating changes in the structural organization of lipid bilayer and its associated proteins in particular. The similarity of SCEM for both studied groups reflects the pathological changes in function of erythrocyte membranes.
format Article
author Burlaka, Y.B.
Sukhoveev, O.V.
Grin, N.V.
Khilchevskyi, O.M.
Verevka, S.V.
author_facet Burlaka, Y.B.
Sukhoveev, O.V.
Grin, N.V.
Khilchevskyi, O.M.
Verevka, S.V.
author_sort Burlaka, Y.B.
title EPR spectroscopy studies of changes in erythrocyte membranes in patients with laryngeal cancer
title_short EPR spectroscopy studies of changes in erythrocyte membranes in patients with laryngeal cancer
title_full EPR spectroscopy studies of changes in erythrocyte membranes in patients with laryngeal cancer
title_fullStr EPR spectroscopy studies of changes in erythrocyte membranes in patients with laryngeal cancer
title_full_unstemmed EPR spectroscopy studies of changes in erythrocyte membranes in patients with laryngeal cancer
title_sort epr spectroscopy studies of changes in erythrocyte membranes in patients with laryngeal cancer
publisher Інститут експериментальної патології, онкології і радіобіології ім. Р.Є. Кавецького НАН України
publishDate 2017
topic_facet Original contributions
url http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/137612
citation_txt EPR spectroscopy studies of changes in erythrocyte membranes in patients with laryngeal cancer / Y.B. Burlaka, O.V. Sukhoveev, N.V. Grin, O.M. Khilchevskyi, S.V. Verevka // Experimental Oncology. — 2017 — Т. 39, № 1. — С. 49-52. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — англ.
series Experimental Oncology
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fulltext Experimental Oncology ��� ������ ���� ��arc����� ������ ���� ��arc�� ��arc�� �� EPR SPECTROSCOPY STUDIES OF CHANGES IN ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANES IN PATIENTS WITH LARYNGEAL CANCER Y.B. Burlaka1,*, O.V. Sukhoveev2, N.V. Grin1, O.M. Khilchevskyi2, S.V. Verevka1 1SE “Kolomiychenko Institute of Otolaryngology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”, Kyiv 03057, Ukraine 2SE “Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine”, Kyiv 03094, Ukraine Aim: To evaluate microviscosity and sorption capacity of erythrocyte membranes (SCEM) from patients with laryngeal cancer (LC). Materials and Methods: Samples from 35 patients with LC of stages II and III and 20 healthy volunteers were investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance with Bis(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-4)-ester of 5,7-dimethyladamantane-1,3-dicarbonic acid (AdTEMPO) probe. SCEM was evaluated by amount of unabsorbed methylene blue. Results: Microviscosity of erythrocyte membranes was determined by the effective rotational diffusion correlation times (τeff) and a decrease in radical spectrum signal intensity per hour. The most apparent decrease in mobility of the AdTEMPO in erythrocytes was observed prior to washing of erythrocytes with 0.9% NaCl for 5 min after probe insertion. The deceleration after 60 min was observed only in stage II LC. τeff was at control values after washing of erythrocytes of stage II LC 5 min after probe insertion and was significantly reduced in stage III LC in comparison to control. Radical spectrum signal intensity per hour in samples of stage II and III patients prior to and after washing of erythrocytes was on average 1.5-fold higher than that of control. SCEM in samples of stage II and III LC was found in 40 and 33% cases, respectively and was on average significantly reduced in comparison to control. Conclusions: The initial interaction of AdTEMPO with erythrocyte membranes of stage II and III LC patients is accompanied by an increase in τeff, indicating deceleration of probe rotation. τeff of the probe in membranes remains unchanged in 60 min, indicating changes in the structural organization of lipid bilayer and its associated proteins in particular. The simi- larity of SCEM for both studied groups reflects the pathological changes in function of erythrocyte membranes. Key Words: laryngeal cancer, erythrocytes, EPR, nitroxyl radicals, sorption capacity of erythrocyte membranes. According to international epidemiological data� laryngeal cancer �LC� accounts for �� to ��% of all malignant �ead and neck tumors and � to �.�% of all �uman malignant neoplasms. In terms of �istopat�o logy� �� to �8% of LCs are of squamous cell origin. T�e disease is found to be more prevalent in men t�an women. T�e �ig�est incidence of LC occurs between t�e fift� and se­ vent� decade of life. Despite t�e constant improvements in met�ods for diagnosing t�e LC� most of diagnosed cases represent t�e advanced cancer �stage III�IV�� w�ic� demands radical surgical approac�es resulting in �ig� rate of disability and deat� among t�e patients [�� �]. Quantitative and qualitative c�anges in blood content are a well­known response to exogenous and endoge­ nous affecting factors in order to maintain �omeostasis. T�us� t�e compre�ensive study of blood cells morp�o­ logy is a necessary step in t�e investigation of t�e effects t�at various substances exert on t�e organism. Eryt�ro­ cytes are considered to be t�e universal cellular model reflecting p�ysiological and pat�ological c�anges in t�e organism [�]. Considerable correlation between c�anges in eryt�rocyte membranes and plasmalemmas in organs �as been establis�ed� w�ic� allows for using eryt�rocyte membranes as natural models for studies of permeability of all types of biomembranes [�]. Electron paramagnetic resonance �EPR� spectro­ scopy is a valuable tec�nique allowing for detection of da­ mage to cellular metabolic processes. T�e spin probes in particular can be used to study structural c�anges in cellular membranes at early stages of metabolic dis­ ruptions. A spin probe molecule is paramagnetic and can t�us be investigated in t�e magnetic field. Nitroxyl radicals are t�e most widely used probes. Synt�esis and study of stable nitroxyl radicals �ave been directed towards t�e creation of effective spin probes [�]. Ada­ mantane derivatives are known to interact wit� natural and model membranes. T�ey are capable of membrane integration and interaction wit� t�e lipid bilayer and integrated proteins [�]. Bis��­oxyl­����6�6­tetramet�­ ylpiperidinyl­��­ester of ���­dimet�yladamantane­���­ dicarbonic acid �AdTE�PO�� a lipop�ilic nitroxyl biradical� was synt�esized in Institute of Bioorganic C�emistry and Petroc�emistry �Kyiv� Ukraine�. It can embed in a model lipid bilayer� wit� nitroxyl group localizing between water and lipid p�ase �Fig. �� [6]. T�is substance may t�erefore be used as a spin probe to investigate eryt�rocyte mem­ brane structures. T�e aim of t�e study was to investigate microviscosity and sorption capacity of eryt�rocyte membranes �SCE�� from LC patients. N O Me Me Me Me COOR COOR Me Me . R = Fig. 1. Structure of t�e AdTE�PO/spin probe AdTE�PO Submitted: August 22, 2016. *Correspondence: E-mail: burlakaiuliia@yahoo.com Abbreviations used: τeff — the effective rotational diffusion cor- relation times; AdTEMPO — Bis(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiper- idinyl-4)-ester of 5,7-dimethyladamantane-1,3-dicarbonic acid; EPR — electron paramagnetic resonance; LC — laryngeal cancer; SCEM — sorption capacity of erythrocyte membranes. Exp Oncol ���� ��� �� ����� �� Experimental Oncology ��� ������ ���� ��arc�� MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients. We investigated �� patients of SE “Kolomiyc�enko Institute of Otolaryngology” �Kyiv� Ukraine�. �ale patients aged �� t�roug� 6� years wit� initial stages of LC were selected for participation. Of t�em� �8 patients were diagnosed wit� II stage la­ ryngeal keratotic squamous cell carcinoma �T�N���� and �� wit� III stage �T�N����. T�e control group was composed of �� apparently �ealt�y volunteers. All t�e groups were randomized for age and sex composi­ tion. All subjects were informed about t�e aim of t�e study. Informed consent was obtained from every participant. Biochemical measurements. Blood samples were obtained from median cubital vein puncture of fasting patients in t�e morning and mixed wit� �.8% sodium citrate anticoagulant ��:�� in plastic test tubes. T�e studies were performed on eryt�rocytes prior to and post­triple was�ing wit� �.�% sodium c�loride solution [�]. SCE� was assayed after A.A. Togaybayev wit� modifications by T.V. Kopytova [8]. T�e amount of unabsorbed met�ylene blue was evaluated� and t�e amount of absorbed dye was calculated according to t�e following formula ���: А (%) = (100 – DE/DC) • 100, w�ere DE is t�e experimental sample absorbance and DC is t�e control sample absorbance. EPR measurements. �icroviscosity of eryt�ro­ cyte membranes was studied wit� spin probe met�od using adamantane­based nitroxyl radical [�]. Final probe concentration in samples was 5•10�� М. EPR spectra were registered wit� Varian E­� X­band spec­ trometer �� GHz�. T�e strengt� of center magnetic field was ���� G �Gauss�� a time constant � s� scan time � min. We used glass capillary probes of �.� ml wit� t�e inner diameter of � mm. T�e simultaneous stan­ dard signal of �n�+/�gO �� and � lines� wit� known values of g­factor was used to equalize experimental conditions. We calculated t�e following parameters from t�e obtained spectra: t�e effective rotational diffusion correlation times �τeff�� �yperfine interaction constant �HI�� and temporal c�ange in signal intensity. Correla­ tion time for rotational diffusion was calculated based on t�e following formula ���: τeff = 6,65 • 10–10 ∆H+1(√—I+1/I–1 – 1), w�ere I+1� I–1 are t�e intensities of t�e low­field and �ig�­field lines and ΔH+� is t�e peak­to­peak line widt� of low­field line. Statistical processing was carried out using WinPEPI package of programs for biometrics re­ searc�. Student’s t­test and �ann — W�itney U­test were used to assess differences between t�e data on LC of different stages and control group. T�e de­ scription was made wit� t�e mean and t�e standard deviation for t�e parameters t�at followed a normal distribution� and t�e median �P��� and �� �Q�� and �� �Q�� percentiles for t�e variables t�at did not follow a normal distribution. Differences were considered significant at р < �.��. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We measured �yperfine interaction constant from EPR spectra of t�e radical in eryt�rocyte suspension of all t�e groups in order to c�aracterize spin probe environment prior to t�e experiments. It was measured to be �6.�� G in all instances� w�ic� indicates t�at AdTE�PO embeds into t�e lipid bilayer of eryt�rocyte membrane wit� nitroxyl fragment situated on t�e lipid­ water p�ase boundary. T�e mobility of t�e biradical in membrane environ­ ment was expressed as effective rotational diffusion correlation time �τeff� �Table ��. Since various substan­ ces may be absorbed by cellular membranes and block t�eir receptors� increasing t�eir lability and disrupting permeability� all t�e experiments were performed on eryt�rocytes prior to and after was�ing wit� �.�% sodium c�loride solution. Probe diffusion was slow in samples of eryt�rocytes from blood of stage II and III LC patients; τeff at � min after probe insertion was 5.95 ± 0.51•10��� s and 5.26 ± 0.23•10��� s in comparison to 4.69 ± 0.16•10��� s in t�e control group �p < �.�� and p > �.���. T�e biradical mobility �ad a tendency to de­ crease in 6� min in stage II LC patients in comparison to control �p > �.���. T�e difference of t�is parameter in stage III patients in comparison to control and t�e ot�er experimental group was not significant. Table 1. τeff in erythrocyte membranes prior to and after washing with 0.9% sodium chloride Group Erythrocytes prior to washing τeff × 10–10, s Erythrocytes after washing τeff × 10–10, s 5 min 60 min 5 min 60 min Healthy volunteers (n = 20) 4.69 ± 0.16 5.09 ± 0.18 4.56 ± 0.13 5.01 ± 0.20 Stage II LC (n = 18) 5.95 ± 0.51 р < 0.05 5.83 ± 0.30 р > 0.05 4.18 ± 0.69 р1 > 0.05 5.59 ± 0.20 р > 0.05 Stage III LC (n = 17) 5.26 ± 0.23 р > 0.05 5.62 ± 0.22 5.17 ± 0.17 р < 0.02 5.50 ± 0.15 Note: p — patient group vs healthy controls; p1 — pre-washing vs post-wash- ing in the same group. T�e value of τeff in stage II LC patients after eryt�­ rocytes was�ing was close to control levels � min after probe insertion. We observed a tendency to increased mobility of t�e biradical in eryt�rocytes after was�ing (5.95 ± 0.51•10��� s� in comparison to eryt�rocytes before washing (4.18 ± 0.69•10��� s� �p� > �.���. At stage III t�is parameter was significantly �ig�er t�an t�at of control �p < �.���� indicating slower probe dissipation. No difference was detected between data prior to and post was�ing. τeff �ad a tendency to be �ig�er in stage II LC patients after 6� min ex­ position �p > �.���. At stage III t�is parameter was not significantly above t�at of control due to notable differences between individual readings. Eryt�rocyte membrane permeability in all groups was also evaluated after t�e rate of radical spectrum signal drops per �our �Table ��. In stage II and III LC pa­ tients t�e residual signal spectrum after eryt�rocyte was�ing was on average �.�­fold �ig�er t�an t�at of control �p < �.�� and p < �.���� accordingly�. After was�ing� t�is parameter in stage II and III LC patients increased statistically significantly in comparison to control in equal� alt�oug� lesser measure ��.�­fold Experimental Oncology ��� ������ ���� ��arc����� ������ ���� ��arc�� ��arc�� �� on average� �p < �.�� and p < �.���. T�ere were no sig­ nificant differences between signal spectra before and after eryt�rocyte was�ing by �.�% sodium c�loride. Table 2. EPR signal intensity of the AdTEMPO after 60 min in erythrocytes prior to and after triple washing with 0.9% sodium chloride Group Erythrocytes prior to washing, % Erythrocytes after washing, % Healthy volunteers (n = 20) 47.14 ± 2.35 48.71 ± 2.68 Stage II LC (n = 17) 73.00 ± 6.11 р < 0.01 69.4 ± 7.00 р < 0.02 Stage III LC (n = 18) 71.56 ± 2.95 р < 0.001 66.13 ± 4.68 р < 0.01 Note: p — patient group vs healthy controls. EPR spectra of adamantane­based nitroxyl radical are known to be classic triplets �Fig. ��. T�us� EPR spectra of t�e probe after � min exposition do not differ from t�ose of t�e control group �Fig. �� a, b�. We observed substantial difference in t�e control group after 6� min. Spectrum intensity was decreased and exc�ange line �as result of spin — spin nitroxide interaction� appeared �Fig. �� c�. T�e presence of t�e exc�ange line in t�e control group may result from t�e better accessibility of membrane lipids �lipid rafts� for t�e lipop�ilic probe. Radical fragments t�at permeate t�ese rafts may situate closer to eac� ot�er� creating t�e exc�ange line [��]. Patient’s spectra remained basically unc�anged� w�ic� may signify damage to lipid bilayer structure and membrane permeability in significant fraction of t�e eryt�rocytes �Fig. �� d�. c a d b Fig. 2. T�e representative EPR spectra of �ealt�y volunteers �a� c� and LC patients �b� d� obtained in � �a� b� or 6� min �c� d� after probe insertion SCE� was detected in ��% of t�e LC patients wit� stage II and in ��% of t�e LC patients wit� stage III was on average significantly lower in comparison to t�e control group �Table ��. AdTE�PO� synt�esized in t�e Institute of Bioorganic C�emistry and Petroc�emistry �Kyiv� Ukraine�� �as been used as a paramagnetic probe to investigate interactions wit� membranes of plastids and subplastid systems as well as mixed p�osp�olipid liposomes from sunflower� soybean and egg yolk [6� �� ��]. We were t�e first group to use it to assess microviscosity of eryt�rocyte membranes in LC patients. T�e probe diffusion may be interpreted as �appening in two stages: membrane surface sorp­ tion and permeation into lipid bilayer. We can t�us observe using EPR spectra various τeff for binding of AdTE�PO to membrane surface �� min� and du­ ring t�e probe permeation of eryt�rocyte membranes �6� min�. Primary sorption of AdTE�PO on eryt�rocyte membranes is associated wit� increased τeff� w�ic� indicates in�ibited torsion of t�e probe. T�e effective rotational diffusion correlation time furt�er increased in 6� min� yet t�ese c�anges are not substantial� w�ic� may result from disruptions in lipid bilayer structure and integrated proteins [��]. T�is assumption was confirmed by data of residual signal intensity. Cel­ lular membrane permeability decreases significantly in LC patients� and t�is impedes intracellular antioxi­ dants from interacting wit� nitroxyl radical t�at is on t�e outer surface of t�e plasmalemma. T�e cellular mem­ brane of t�e �ealt�y volunteers is intact and functions normally. T�e presence of t�e exc�ange line in t�e control group may be associated wit� better availability of lipid rafts to t�e lipop�ilic probe. Radical fragments in t�em are situated closer to eac� ot�er [��]. Table 3. SCEM in LC patients and healthy controls Group Mean; P50; Q1–Q3 Healthy volunteers (n = 20) 45.89; 50.21 (43.85; 53.68) Stage II LC (n = 10) 2.35; 0.92 (0.4; 4.3)* Stage III LC (n = 11) 2.03; 1.63 (0.23; 4.22)* Note: *difference between patient group and healthy controls is signifi- cant, р < 0.05. Evaluation of sorption capacity is widely applied to assess a state of eryt�rocyte membranes. SCE� analysis provides information on reduction capacity of eryt�rocytes� w�ic� c�anges wit� fluctuation in plas­ mallemma’s barrier functions. Diminis�ed sorption capacity is interpreted by some aut�ors as an indicator of energy deficiency in t�e eryt�rocyte. T�us� degrada­ tion of eryt�rocyte membranes and transmembrane transport leads to disruptions in energy metabolism wit�in t�e eryt�rocytes accompanied by decreased ATP content and pyruvate kinase activity [��]. T�e increased SCE� is perceived as an indicator of t�eir damage and cellular degradation [8]. Eryt�rocyte membrane permeability �as been s�own to increase under recurrent infections of up­ per respiratory tract� c�ronic obstructive pulmonary disease� dermatoses� acute pancreatitis� c�ronic ne­ p�ropat�ies� etc.� depending on t�e gravity and stage of t�e pat�ological conditions [8� ����6]. Decreased SCE� was observed only in patients wit� t�e metabolic syndrome [��]. To t�e best of our knowledge� t�ere are no studies on SCE� in cancer. Hence� we establis�ed in t�e present study t�e decrease in SCE� from blood of LC patients in com­ parison to �ealt�y volunteers� irrespectively of t�e stage of t�e disease. Notably� t�ere is no significant difference between patients of t�e bot� experimental groups. We consider t�e decrease of SCE� in blood of t�e LC patients as an indicator of pat�ological c�anges in surface functional activity of eryt�rocyte membranes� in particular of t�eir inability to efficiently transport metabolites via bloodstream [��� �8]. �� Experimental Oncology ��� ������ ���� ��arc�� REFERENCES 1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin 2016; 66: 7–30. 2. Cancer of the Head and Neck. Shah JP, Patel SG, eds. Hamilton, ON: BC Decker Inc, 2001. 487 p. 3. Novitskii VV, Ryazantseva NV, Stepanova EA. Physiolo­ gy and Pathophysiology of the Erythrocyte. Tomsk: TGU, 2004. 202 p. (in Russian). 4. Lamoureux G, Artavia G. Use of the adamantane structure in medicinal chemistry. Curr Med Chem 2010; 17: 2967–78. 5. Morse PD, Lusczakoski­Nesbitt DM, Clarkson RB. Ad­ amantyl nitroxide: A spin label for probing membrane surfaces. 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