Radiation influence on characteristics of GaP light emitting diodes
The capacitance properties of GaP green and red LEDs have been studied. It was found the character of a doping impurity distribution in the depleted region and the junction depth dependence on bias voltage and impurity concentration in the low-doped part of the p-n junction have been established. Th...
Збережено в:
Дата: | 2009 |
---|---|
Автори: | , , , , , , |
Формат: | Стаття |
Мова: | English |
Опубліковано: |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
2009
|
Назва видання: | Functional Materials |
Теми: | |
Онлайн доступ: | http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/138911 |
Теги: |
Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
|
Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
Цитувати: | Radiation influence on characteristics of GaP light emitting diodes // A. Borzakovskyj, O. Gontaruk, V. Kochkin, P. Litovchenko, V. Opilat, I. Petrenko, V. Tartachnyk // Functional Materials. — 2009. — Т. 16, № 3. — С. 313-318. — Бібліогр.: 20 назв. — англ. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraineid |
irk-123456789-138911 |
---|---|
record_format |
dspace |
spelling |
irk-123456789-1389112018-06-20T03:05:41Z Radiation influence on characteristics of GaP light emitting diodes Borzakovskyj, A. Gontaruk, O. Kochkin, V. Litovchenko, P. Opilat, V. Petrenko, I. Tartachnyk, V. Characterization and properties The capacitance properties of GaP green and red LEDs have been studied. It was found the character of a doping impurity distribution in the depleted region and the junction depth dependence on bias voltage and impurity concentration in the low-doped part of the p-n junction have been established. The dependences of those quantities on the irradiation dose have been obtained (for E = 1 MeV electrons). In the case of alpha-particle bombardment (10²-10³ cm⁻¹), anomalous high carrier removal rate is explained by formation of disordered regions in irradiated samples. Наведено результати дослідження ємнісних характеристик зелених та червоних фосфідо-галієвих діодів. Визначено характер розподілу легуючих домішок у межах збідненої області, залежність ширини переходу від прикладеної напруги та концентрації домішки у слаболегованій частині p-n-переходу. Одержано залежність цих величин від дози опромінення (для електронів з Е = 1 МеВ). Аномально велике значення швидкості видалення носіїв при бомбардуванні а-частинками (10²-10³ cm⁻¹) пояснюється формуванням в опромінених зразках областей розупорядкування. Представлены результаты исследования емкостных характеристик фосфидо-галлиевых диодов зеленого и красного свечения. Выяснен характер распределения легирующих примесей в пределах обедненной области, зависимость ширины перехода от приложенного напряжения и концентрации примеси в слабо легированной части p-n-перехода. Определена зависимость этих величин от дозы облучения (для электронов с Е = 1 МэВ). Аномально большое значение скорости удаления носителей при бомбардировании а-частицами (10²-10³ cm⁻¹) объясняется образованием в облученных образцах областей разупорядочения. 2009 Article Radiation influence on characteristics of GaP light emitting diodes // A. Borzakovskyj, O. Gontaruk, V. Kochkin, P. Litovchenko, V. Opilat, I. Petrenko, V. Tartachnyk // Functional Materials. — 2009. — Т. 16, № 3. — С. 313-318. — Бібліогр.: 20 назв. — англ. 1027-5495 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/138911 en Functional Materials НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
collection |
DSpace DC |
language |
English |
topic |
Characterization and properties Characterization and properties |
spellingShingle |
Characterization and properties Characterization and properties Borzakovskyj, A. Gontaruk, O. Kochkin, V. Litovchenko, P. Opilat, V. Petrenko, I. Tartachnyk, V. Radiation influence on characteristics of GaP light emitting diodes Functional Materials |
description |
The capacitance properties of GaP green and red LEDs have been studied. It was found the character of a doping impurity distribution in the depleted region and the junction depth dependence on bias voltage and impurity concentration in the low-doped part of the p-n junction have been established. The dependences of those quantities on the irradiation dose have been obtained (for E = 1 MeV electrons). In the case of alpha-particle bombardment (10²-10³ cm⁻¹), anomalous high carrier removal rate is explained by formation of disordered regions in irradiated samples. |
format |
Article |
author |
Borzakovskyj, A. Gontaruk, O. Kochkin, V. Litovchenko, P. Opilat, V. Petrenko, I. Tartachnyk, V. |
author_facet |
Borzakovskyj, A. Gontaruk, O. Kochkin, V. Litovchenko, P. Opilat, V. Petrenko, I. Tartachnyk, V. |
author_sort |
Borzakovskyj, A. |
title |
Radiation influence on characteristics of GaP light emitting diodes |
title_short |
Radiation influence on characteristics of GaP light emitting diodes |
title_full |
Radiation influence on characteristics of GaP light emitting diodes |
title_fullStr |
Radiation influence on characteristics of GaP light emitting diodes |
title_full_unstemmed |
Radiation influence on characteristics of GaP light emitting diodes |
title_sort |
radiation influence on characteristics of gap light emitting diodes |
publisher |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
publishDate |
2009 |
topic_facet |
Characterization and properties |
url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/138911 |
citation_txt |
Radiation influence on characteristics of GaP light emitting diodes // A. Borzakovskyj, O. Gontaruk, V. Kochkin, P. Litovchenko, V. Opilat, I. Petrenko, V. Tartachnyk // Functional Materials. — 2009. — Т. 16, № 3. — С. 313-318. — Бібліогр.: 20 назв. — англ. |
series |
Functional Materials |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT borzakovskyja radiationinfluenceoncharacteristicsofgaplightemittingdiodes AT gontaruko radiationinfluenceoncharacteristicsofgaplightemittingdiodes AT kochkinv radiationinfluenceoncharacteristicsofgaplightemittingdiodes AT litovchenkop radiationinfluenceoncharacteristicsofgaplightemittingdiodes AT opilatv radiationinfluenceoncharacteristicsofgaplightemittingdiodes AT petrenkoi radiationinfluenceoncharacteristicsofgaplightemittingdiodes AT tartachnykv radiationinfluenceoncharacteristicsofgaplightemittingdiodes |
first_indexed |
2025-07-10T06:49:28Z |
last_indexed |
2025-07-10T06:49:28Z |
_version_ |
1837241649525161984 |
fulltext |
5DGLDWLRQ�LQIOXHQFH�RQ�FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI�*D3 OLJKW�HPLWWLQJ�GLRGHV
$�%RU]DNRYVN\M��2�*RQWDUXN
��9�.RFKNLQ��3�/LWRYFKHQNR�9�2SLODW��,�3HWUHQNR��9�7DUWDFKQ\N
,QVWLWXWH�IRU�1XFOHDU�5HVHDUFK��1DWLRQDO�$FDGHP\�RI�6FLHQFHV�RI�8NUDLQH�
���1DXN\�$YH���������.\LY��8NUDLQH
0�'UDJRPDQRY�1DWLRQDO�3HGDJRJLFDO�8QLYHUVLW\�
��3LURJRY�6W���.\LY��8NUDLQH�
5HFHLYHG�0DUFK��������
7KH�FDSDFLWDQFH�SURSHUWLHV�RI�*D3�JUHHQ�DQG�UHG�/('V�KDYH�EHHQ�VWXGLHG��,W�ZDV�IRXQG
WKH� FKDUDFWHU� RI� D� GRSLQJ� LPSXULW\� GLVWULEXWLRQ� LQ� WKH� GHSOHWHG� UHJLRQ� DQG� WKH� MXQFWLRQ
GHSWK�GHSHQGHQFH�RQ�ELDV�YROWDJH�DQG�LPSXULW\�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�LQ�WKH�ORZ�GRSHG�SDUW�RI�WKH
S�Q�MXQFWLRQ�KDYH�EHHQ�HVWDEOLVKHG��7KH�GHSHQGHQFHV�RI�WKRVH�TXDQWLWLHV�RQ�WKH�LUUDGLDWLRQ
GRVH�KDYH�EHHQ�REWDLQHG��IRU�(� ���0H9�HOHFWURQV���,Q�WKH�FDVH�RI�DOSKD�SDUWLFOH�ERPEDUG�
PHQW� ��������FP���� DQRPDORXV� KLJK� FDUULHU� UHPRYDO� UDWH� LV� H[SODLQHG� E\� IRUPDWLRQ� RI
GLVRUGHUHG�UHJLRQV�LQ�LUUDGLDWHG�VDPSOHV�
�¯Ë�°�ÈmãËÓ©�¯ËÏ�ã �È�©�Ò°°ãË�ºmÈÓÒ«�Ëä}º°�Ó©²�²È¯È}�˯Ұ�Ò}�Áº°ÁÒ�º��ÈããÒË�
m©²��Òº�ºm� ÏËãËÓº�º�Ò�}¯È°Óº�º�°mË�ËÓÒ«��{©«°ÓËÓ�²È¯È}�˯�¯È°¹¯Ë�ËãËÓÒ«�ãË�Ò¯�
�
�Ò²�¹¯Òä˰ˮ�m�¹¯Ë�ËãȲ�ºË�ÓËÓÓº®�ºãȰ�Ò�� ÏÈmÒ°Ò亰� ��Ò¯ÒÓ©�¹Ë¯Ë²º�È�º��¹¯Ò�
ãºÎËÓÓº�º�Óȹ¯«ÎËÓÒ«�Ò�}ºÓ�ËÓ�¯È�ÒÒ�¹¯Òä˰Ò�m�°ãȺ�ãË�Ò¯ºmÈÓÓº®��Ȱ�Ò�S�Q�¹Ë¯Ë�
²º�È��|¹¯Ë�ËãËÓÈ�ÏÈmÒ°Ò亰� �ª�Ò²�mËãÒ�ÒÓ�º���ºÏ©�ºã��ËÓÒ«���ã«�ªãË}�¯ºÓºm�°�(�
��lª{���kÓºäÈã Óº�ºã �ºË�ÏÓÈ�ËÓÒË�°}º¯º°�Ò���ÈãËÓÒ«�Óº°Ò�ËãË®�¹¯Ò�ºäȯ�Ò¯ºmÈ�
ÓÒÒ�D��Ȱ�Ò�ÈäÒ� ����Ü����°äÜ��� º�«°Ó«Ë�°«�º¯ÈϺmÈÓÒËä�m�ºã��ËÓÓ©²�º¯ÈÏ�Ȳ�º�
ãȰ�Ë®�¯ÈÏ�¹º¯«�º�ËÓÒ«�
*D3� OLJKW� HPLWWLQJ� GLRGHV� �/('V�� DUH
PRVWO\�XVHG� DV� YLVLEOH� OLJKW� HPLWWHUV� >��@�
7KH�YDOXH�RI�GLRGH�TXDQWXP�\LHOG��LWV�RSHU�
DWLQJ�VWDELOLW\�� ORQJHYLW\�DQG�UHOLDELOLW\�DUH
GHILQHG�E\�WKH�SDUDPHWHUV�RI�WKH�JURZQ�S�Q
MXQFWLRQ��ZKLFK�GHSHQG�VWURQJO\�RQ�H[WHUQDO
IDFWRUV��LQ�SDUWLFXODU��LRQL]LQJ�LUUDGLDWLRQ�
$OWKRXJK� WKH� UDGLDWLRQ�LQGXFHG� FKDQJHV
LQ�WKH�GLRGH�EDVH�DQG�VWUXFWXUH�GHIHFW�SURS�
HUWLHV� ZHUH� UHYHDOHG� HDUOLHU� >���@�� WKH� GH�
VWUXFWLYH� UDGLDWLRQ� LQIOXHQFH� RQ� PDLQ� *D3
GHYLFH� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�ZDV� VWXGLHG�QRW� FOHDU
HQRXJK�� ,Q� WKLV� ZRUN�� SUHVHQWHG� DUH� WKH
VWXG\� UHVXOWV� RI� *D3� S�Q� MXQFWLRQ� FDSDFL�
WDQFH� SURSHUWLHV�� WKH� GLVWULEXWLRQ� RI� PDLQ
GRSLQJ�LPSXULWLHV�IRUPLQJ�WKH�HOHFWURQ�KROH
MXQFWLRQ�� DQG� LQIOXHQFH� RI� HOHFWURQ� DQG
DOSKD�SDUWLFOH� LUUDGLDWLRQ�RQ� WKH�EDUULHU�FD�
SDFLW\��:H�KDYH� FRQVLGHUHG� WKH� IHDWXUHV� RI
GLIIHUHQW� UDGLDWLRQ� EHDPV� DFWLRQ� DQG� WKH
GRVH�GHSHQGHQFHV�RQ�UDGLDWLYH�UHFRPELQDWLRQ
LQWHQVLW\�
7KH�OLJKW�HPLWWLQJ�GLRGHV�SURGXFHG�E\�GRX�
EOH� OLTXLG�HSLWD[\� ILOP�JURZLQJ�RQ�*D3� VXE�
VWUDWH�ZHUH�XVHG��5HG�OLJKW�GLRGHV�ZHUH�RE�
WDLQHG� E\� 7H� GRSLQJ� ZLWK� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ
�������FP�� IRU� Q�UHJLRQ� DQG� E\� ]LQF� DQG
R[\JHQ� VLPXOWDQHRXVO\� IRU� S�UHJLRQ�� ,Q
RUGHU� WR� GHFUHDVH� RI� WKH� $XJHU� UHFRPELQD�
WLRQ� ORVV�� WKH� ODWWHU� OD\HU�ZDV�GRSHG� WR� WKH
FKDUJH� FDUULHU� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� RI� �����FP��
7KH� OD\HU� WKLFNQHVV� YDOXHV� ZHUH� GQ� ������PP��GS� ������PP��WKH�VDPSOH�DUHD�ZDV��PP��� )RU� JUHHQ� GLRGHV�� Q�� DQG� S�UHJLRQV
ZHUH� GRSHG� E\� QLWURJHQ� DQG� ]LQF�� UHVSHF�
WLYHO\�� WR� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� FRQFHQWUDWLRQV�Q�
)XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� ��������67&��,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV�
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
�����FP��� S� ��������FP��� DW� WKH� VDPSOH
DUHD� �����PP��� 7KH� FDSDFLW\�YROWDJH� FKDU�
DFWHULVWLFV�ZHUH�PHDVXUHG�DW����DQG�����.�
7KH� VDPSOHV� ZHUH� LUUDGLDWHG� DW� 7� �����.
E\� JDPPD�UD\V� LQ� D� .8������ FREDOW� XQLW�
E\���0H9�HOHFWURQV�XVLQJ� DQ�(O7�����DFFHO�
HUDWRU� DQG� E\� ����� 0H9� D�SDUWLFOHV�� LQ� D
8����� F\FORWURQ�� � 7KH� JDPPD� GRVH� UDWH� RI
&R���ZDV�����UDG�V��7KH�HOHFWURQ�EHDP�ZDV
SRVLWLRQHG� WR� WKH� GLRGH� S�VLGH� WUDQVYHUVDOO\
WR�WKH�S�Q�MXQFWLRQ��$V���0H9�HOHFWURQ�SHQH�
WUDWLRQ�GHSWK�LQ�*D3�LV�DERXW���PP��GHIHFWV
ZHUH� IRUPHG�DW� D�XQLIRUP�GHQVLW\� RYHU� WKH
ZKROH� VDPSOH� YROXPH�� $Q� LQWHQVH� FRROLQJ
ZLWK�QLWURJHQ�YDSRU�PDGH� LW�SRVVLEOH�WR�GH�
FUHDVH� WKH� H[SRVXUH� WLPH� ���� PLQ� IRU�)�
���������FP����7KH�DOSKD�EHDP�GHQVLW\�ZDV
���Q$�FP��DQG�ZDWHU�FRROLQJ�ZDV�XVHG��
,Q�RUGHU�WR�HQKDQFH�WKH�PHDVXUHPHQW�DF�
FXUDF\�� WKH� HTXLSPHQW� ZDV� FDOLEUDWHG� DIWHU
HDFK� LUUDGLDWLRQ� E\� XVLQJ� D� VWDQGDUG� OLJKW
HPLWWLQJ� GLRGH�� 'LRGHV� ZLWK� ORZ�IUHTXHQF\
EULJKWQHVV� YLEUDWLRQV� �VHYHUDO� +]�� ZHUH
HOLPLQDWHG�IURP�QH[W�H[SHULPHQWV�
7KH� YDOXH� RI� EDUULHU� FDSDFLW\� RI� DV\P�
PHWULF� VKDUS� S�Q� MXQFWLRQ� LV� NQRZQ� WR� EH
GHWHUPLQH�DV
&E� �6�CCCCCCHH�T1
��8���8N�
� ���
ZKHUH� 6�LV� S�Q� MXQFWLRQ� DUHD� >��@�� 1�� WKH
LRQL]HG�LPSXULW\�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�LQ�ORZ�GRSHG
UHJLRQ��8N��WKH�FRQWDFW�SRWHQWLDO�GLIIHUHQFH�7KH���&��GHSHQGHQFHV�RQ�UHYHUVH�ELDV�IRU
LQLWLDO�����DQG�LUUDGLDWHG��������UHG�GLRGH�DUH
JLYHQ� LQ�)LJ�����7KH� OLQHDU���&��9��GHSHQG�
HQFH�WHVWLILHV�D�VKDUS�FKDUDFWHU�RI�LPSXULW\
GLVWULEXWLRQ� LQ� WKH� ORZ�GRSHG� SDUW� RI� WKH
MXQFWLRQ�� )RU� FRPSDULVRQ�� WKH� ��&��9�� GH�
SHQGHQFH� IRU� DV\PPHWULF� *D3� S�Q�MXQFWLRQ
LV� VKRZQ� FDOFXODWHG� XVLQJ� WKH� H[SUHVVLRQV
>��@�
�
&�� �
�/'�
6H�H
�E9N�r�E9������
���
�������������/'� ��CCCHH�T1E ����E� �
T
N7����������������
7KH� 'HE\H� OHQJWK� DQG� VSDFH� FKDUJH� UH�
JLRQ�ZLGWK�FDOFXODWHG�DV�D�IXQFWLRQ�RI� LPSX�
ULW\�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�DUH�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJ�����D��E��
3DUDPHWHUV� /'� ���� ������PP� IRU� 1�
�����FP��DQG�9N� ������9�DUH�XVHG��7KH� HOHFWURQ� LUUDGLDWLRQ� �)�� ���������FP���)�� ����������FP���FDXVHV�D
VKDUS�LQFUHDVH�LQ�WKH�VORSH�RI���&��9��FXUYHV
GXH� WR� WKH�UHGXFWLRQ�RI� WKH� IUHH�FDUULHU� FRQ�
FHQWUDWLRQ�UHVXOWLQJ�IURP�FRPSHQVDWLQJ�LQIOX�
HQFH� RI� GHHS� UDGLDWLRQ� GHIHFW� OHYHOV� �Q�� ���������FP���Q�� �����������FP���
)LJ�����&DSDFLW\�YROWDJH�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�RI�*D3
UHG� GLRGHV�� LUUDGLDWLRQ� E\� �� 0H9� HOHFWURQV� DW
���� .�� �� � LQLWLDO�� �� � LUUDGLDWLRQ� )�
���������FP���1� ����������FP������LUUDGLD�
WLRQ� )� ����������FP��� 1� �����������FP��
���FDOFXODWHG�GHSHQGHQFH�
)LJ�����'HED\�OHQJKW�/�D��DQG�VSDFH�FKDUJH�UHJLRQ�ZLWK��E��DV�D�IXQFWLRQ�RI�WKH�LPSXULW\�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�
$�%RU]DNRYVN\M�HW�DO����5DGLDWLRQ�LQIOXHQFH�RQ����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
7KH� VSDFH� FKDUJH� UHJLRQ� ZLGWK� GHSHQGV
RQ�ELDV�DQG�LRQL]HG�LPSXULW\�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�
ZKLFK�GHILQHV�DOVR�WKH�'HE\H�OHQJWK�/'�
:� �/'�CCCCCCCCCC��E9N����� � ���
5HVXOWV� RI� FDOFXODWHG� :�85�� DW� 85� ��DQG� H[SHULPHQWDO� :�85�� REWDLQHG� IURP��&��9�� GHSHQGHQFHV� ���� ��� �� FXUYHV�� IRU
LRQL]LQJ� LPSXULW\� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� 1�
�����FP�� DUH� JLYHQ� LQ� )LJ����� $� VDWLVIDF�
WRU\� DJUHHPHQW� RI� WKH� ERWK� FXUYHV� LQ� WKH
UHJLRQ�RI�ORZ�ELDV�����9��LV�REVHUYHG�IRU�WKH
LQLWLDO�VDPSOH��$W�KLJKHU�YROWDJH��WKH�GLIIHU�
HQFH�EHWZHHQ�:WKHRU� DQG�:H[SHU�� RFFXUV��EH�FDXVH� SURSHUWLHV� RI� D� UHDO� GLRGH� DUH� PRUH
FRPSOLFDWHG�WKDQ�WKH�IODW�FRQGHQVHU�PRGHO��
(OHFWURQ� LUUDGLDWLRQ� �)� ����������FP��
OHDGV�WR�GRXEOLQJ�RI�WKH�VSDFH�FKDUJH�UHJLRQ
ZLGWK� �DW� ]HUR� ELDV�� DQG� WR� WKH� GHFUHDVH� RI
FRQWDFW�SRWHQWLDO�GLIIHUHQFH� �)LJ������ WKLV� LV
DOVR� FDXVHG� E\� WKH� FRPSHQVDWLQJ� LQIOXHQFH
RI� UDGLDWLRQ� GHIHFWV��$� VLPLODU� LQIOXHQFH� LV
REVHUYHG�LQ�WKH�FDVH�RI�JDPPD�UD\V�RI�&R���
,W� LV� VHHQ� LQ� )LJ���� WKDW� WKH� PD[LPXP
��&��9�� VORSH� FKDQJHV� RFFXU� DW� )J� ���� UDG�� 7KHQ� WKH� FXUYHV� QHDUO\� FRLQFLGH
HYHQ�DW�)� ���������y������UDG��6XFK�HIIHFW
LV�NQRZQ�DV�ORZ�GRVH�HIIHFW��)RU�*D3��LW�ZDV
REVHUYHG� IRU� WKH� ILUVW� WLPH� LQ� >��@��7KH�UD�
GLDWLRQ�LQGXFHG�GLIIXVLRQ�LQ�FU\VWDOV�DW�KLJK
H[LWDWLRQ� OHYHOV� LV� WKH�PRVW� SRVVLEOH� UHDVRQ
IRU� WKDW� SURFHVV� >��@��$WRPV�RFFXS\LQJ�XQ�
VWDEOH� SRVLWLRQV� LQ� WKH� ODWWLFH� UHVWRUH� LWV
HTXLOLEULXP� XQGHU� WKH� ILUVW� LUUDGLDWLRQ� DQG
WKH� VXEVHTXHQW� GRVH� LQFUHDVH� FDXVHV� QR
FKDQJHV��)LJ�����
7KH� LPSXULW\� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� GLVWULEXWLRQ
LQ�WKH�ORZ�GRSHG�SDUW�RI�WKH�MXQFWLRQ�LV�GH�
VFULEHG�>��@�DV
1�[�� �� &E�
THH�6�
�§̈©
G&E
G8
·̧
¹
��
�
�������
7KLV� GHSHQGHQFH� IRU� LQLWLDO� ���� VDPSOH
DQG� IRU� WKRVH� LUUDGLDWHG� ZLWK� GLIIHUHQW
JDPPD�UD\�GRVHV� DUH� VKRZQ� LQ�)LJ����� ,W� LV
VHHQ�WKDW�WKH�VDPSOH�EHFRPH�HVVHQWLDOO\�KR�
PRJHQHRXV�DIWHU�ILUVW�LUUDGLDWLRQ��7KH�1�8�
FXUYH�VKRZV�DOVR�WKH�H[LVWHQFH�RI�VRPH�FRQ�
FHQWUDWLRQ�GLVWULEXWLRQ�JUDGLHQW�LQ�JUHHQ�GL�
RGHV�
8VLQJ� WKH� H[SUHVVLRQ� IRU� WKH� PD[LPXP
MXQFWLRQ�ILHOG�LQWHQVLW\�
)LJ����� 6SDFH� FKDUJH� ZLGWK� DV� D� IXQFWLRQ� RI
UHYHUVH� ELDV� IRU� UHG�*D3�=Q2�2� GLRGH�� �� Û
LQLWLDO�� �� � LUUDGLDWHG�� )� ����������FP��
��� LUUDGLDWHG��)� ����������FP������ FDO�
FXODWHG�YDOXH�
)LJ�����&RQFHQWUDWLRQ�GHSHQGHQFHV�1G�RQ�ELDV8�LQ�*D3�JUHHQ�GLRGHV�DW�����.�����LQLWLDO
VDPSOH��'���)� �����UDG��u��)� ����������UDG�
{��)� �������UDG�����)� �����UDG��z��)�
������UDG�
)LJ�������&��GHSHQGHQFH�QQ�9�IRU�JUHHQ�GLRGH�
¡�Ü� LQLWLDO�� � �{�� Ü� J�UD\V��)� �����UDG����Û
)� ����������UDG�� u� � )� ����� UDG������)�
������UDG�
$�%RU]DNRYVN\M�HW�DO����5DGLDWLRQ�LQIOXHQFH�RQ����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
(P�8�� �
=�8���8N�
HH�6�=�����&E�8�
���
�=� ��� LQ� RXU� FDVH�� DQG� WKH� FDSDFLW\� GRVH
GHSHQGHQFH�� LW� LV� SRVVLEOH� WR� REWDLQ� WKH
PD[LPDO� MXQFWLRQ�ILHOG�DV�D�IXQFWLRQ�RI�WKH
LQWHJUDO�SDUWLFOH�IOXHQFH��,W�LV�VHHQ�LQ�)LJ���
WKDW� WKHUH� LV� D� PD[LPXP� GRVH� DIWHU� ZKLFK
WKH�ILHOG�GRHV�QRW�FKDQJH�HVVHQWLDOO\�
7KH� UDGLDWLRQ�LQGXFHG� GHIHFW� FRQFHQWUD�
WLRQ�LV�
1G� �V���1$)� ���
ZKHUH� V� LV� WKH� GHIHFW� FURVV�VHFWLRQ�� 1$�
DWRPLF� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�� )�� WKH� LQWHJUDO� IOX�
HQFH�
7KH�FDOFXODWHG�HOHFWURQ�LQWHUDFWLRQ�FURVV�
VHFWLRQ� IRU� GLIIHUHQW� HOHFWURQ� HQHUJLHV� DF�
FRUGLQJ� WR� WKH� 0F.LQOH\�)HVKEDFK� PRGHO
>��@�LV�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�)LJ����
7KH�GHIHFW�IRUPDWLRQ�HIILFLHQF\�IRU�J�UD\V�
�� 0H9� HOHFWURQV� DQG� ����� 0H9� D�SDUWLFOHV
FDQ� EH� FRPSDUHG� E\� FRPSDULQJ� WKH� FDUULHU
UHPRYDO�UDWH��7R�WKDW�HQG��WKH�J�LUUDGLDWLRQ
�UDG�� LV� WR� EH� FRQYHUWHG� WR� SKRW�FP��� )RU
JDPPD�UD\V� (J� ��� 0H9�� �*\� �����UDG� �� -�NJ� DQG� *D3� GHQVLW\� U*D3�
�������J�FP��� 7KHQ� �� UDG� ����������SKR�
WRQV�
7KH�FDOFXODWLRQ�UHVXOWV�IRU�DOO�LUUDGLDWLRQ
NLQGV�DUH�DV�IROORZV��
§̈
©
GQ
G)
·̧
¹H
� ����y�����FP���
§̈
©
GQ
G)
·̧
¹J
� �����y����FP���
§̈
©
GQ
G)
·̧
¹D��
� ������y�����FP���
�
���
7KH� JLDQW� YDOXH� RI� FDUULHU� UHPRYDO� UDWH
IRU� DOSKD�SDUWLFOHV� LV� OLNH� WR� EH� FDXVHG� E\
WKH�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�GLVRUGHU�UHJLRQV�GXULQJ�LU�
UDGLDWLRQ�� 7KLV� IDFW� FRUUHODWHV� ZLWK� UHVXOWV
RI� FDSDFLW\� PHDVXUHPHQWV� DV� ZHOO� DV� ZLWK
HPLVVLRQ� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� RI� /('V�� $W� ORZ
IOXHQFHV� RI� DOSKD� SDUWLFOHV� DV� FRPSDUHG� WR
HOHFWURQ� LUUDGLDWLRQ�� WKH� GLRGH� FDSDFLW\� EH�
FRPHV� LQGHSHQGHQW�RI�ELDV�DQG�HPLWWLQJ�UH�
FRPELQDWLRQ�LV�]HURHG���
,I� WKH� PHDQ� FURVV�VHFWLRQ� RI� GHIHFW� IRU�
PDWLRQ�IRU���0H9�HOHFWURQV�LV�EHOLHYHG�WR�EH
��� EDUQ� �)LJ������ WKHQ� WKH�PHDQ� FRQFHQWUD�
WLRQ�RI�SULPDU\�GHIHFWV�LQ�*D3�IRU�HOHFWURQ
IOXHQFH�)� ����������FP��LV
1GHI�H � ���������������������������������������
������������FP���
�
���
)RU�ERWK�JDPPD��DQG�DOSKD�LUUDGLDWLRQV�
WKRVH� YDOXHV�PXVW� GLIIHU� LQ� WKH� VDPH�PDQ�
QHU�DV�WKHLU�FDUULHU�UHPRYLQJ�UDWHV��
1GHI�J �|���������FP���
1GHI�D�� �|�������y������FP���
����
,UUDGLDWLRQ� RI� *D3� /('V� E\� HOHFWURQV�
JDPPD�UD\V�DQG�UHDFWRU�QHXWURQV�UHVXOWV�LQ
D�PRQRWRQRXV�GHFUHDVH�RI�WKHLU�HPLVVLRQ�LQ�
WHQVLW\��$V�D�UXOH��WKHUH�QR�DGGLWLRQDO�EDQGV
DULVH�LQ�WKH�HPLVVLRQ�VSHFWUXP��EXW�LQ�VRPH
VDPSOHV� D� VKDUS� QHDU�HGJH� OLQH� �KQ�
������ H9�� ��� .�� DSSHDUV� WKDW� LV� DEVHQW� LQ
LQLWLDO� VDPSOHV��$V�VXFK� OLQH�GRHV�QRW�H[LVW
DW� URRP� WHPSHUDWXUH�� LW� FDQ� EH� DVVXPHG� WR
EH� RI� H[FLWRQ� RULJLQ��7KLV� FHQWHU� LV� IRUPHG
PRVW� OLNHO\� E\� UDGLDWLRQ� GHIHFW� DQG� XQFRQ�
WUROODEOH�LPSXULW\�
)LJ�����'RVH�GHSHQGHQFH�RI�PD[LPDO�HOHFWULFDO
ILHOG�LQWHQVLW\�IRU�*D3�S�Q�MXQFWLRQV�
)LJ����� 'HSHQGHQFHV� RI� WKH� GHIHFW� FUHDWLRQ
FURVV�VHFWLRQ�RQ�HOHFWURQ�HQHUJ\�LQ�*D�DQG�3
VXEODWWLFHV�
$�%RU]DNRYVN\M�HW�DO����5DGLDWLRQ�LQIOXHQFH�RQ����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
7KH� UHG�EDQG� LQWHQVLW\� �KQ� �����H9��GH�
SHQGHQFH� RQ� WKH� LQMHFWLRQ� OHYHO� IRU� LUUDGL�
DWHG�GLRGH�WUHQGV�WR�VDWXUDWLRQ��VHH�)LJ�����
7KLV� UHVXOWV�REYLRXVO\� IURP�WKH�KLJK�UDGLD�
WLRQ� GHIHFW� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�� FRQQHFWHG� ZLWK
UDGLDWLRQOHVV�OHYHOV�LQ�IRUELGGHQ�EDQG�RI�WKH
VHPLFRQGXFWRU�� 6XFK� UHFRPELQDWLRQ� GRPL�
QDWHV� LQ� WKH� LUUDGLDWHG� VDPSOH�� WKXV�� WKH
LQFUHDVH� RI� H[FLWDWLRQ� SRZHU� OHDGV� WR� WKH
LQFUHDVH�RI�WKH�UDGLDWLRQOHVV�HYHQWV���
7KH�GRVH�GHSHQGHQFHV�RI�GLRGH�EULJKWQHVV
DUH�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJ�����,W� LV�VHHQ�WKDW�GURS�RI
HPLVVLRQ�LQWHQVLWLHV�IRU�DOO�NLQGV�RI�LUUDGLD�
WLRQ�LV�ZHOO�GHVFULEHG�E\�WKH�H[SRQHQWLDO�ODZ
,� �,�H[S��.)�� ����
ZKHUH� ,��� ,� � WKH� HPLVVLRQ� LQWHQVLW\� RI� LQ�LWLDO� DQG� LUUDGLDWHG� GLRGHV�� .�� WKH� EULJKW�
QHVV� GHJUDGDWLRQ� FRHIILFLHQW�� ZKLFK� FKDUDF�
WHUL]HV� WKH� HPLVVLRQ� GHJUDGDWLRQ�� ,W� LV� VHHQ
IURP� WKH�)LJXUH� WKDW� WKH�GHJUDGDWLRQ�SURF�
HVV�IRU�HOHFWURQ�DQG�QHXWURQ�LUUDGLDWLRQ�FRQ�
VLVWV� RI� WZR� FRPSRQHQWV��7KH� IDVW� GHJUDGD�
WLRQ�SUHYDLOV�DW�WKH�LQLWLDO�LUUDGLDWLRQ�VWDJH�
$IWHU� DWWDLQLQJ�RI� D� FHUWDLQ�GRVH�� LW� WUHQGV
WR�VORZHU� FKDQJHV�� ,Q� WKH�FDVH� RI�QHXWURQV�
WKH�VORZLQJ�GRZQ�RI�WKH�GHJUDGDWLRQ�SURFHVV
VWDUWV�HDUOLHU�WKDQ�IRU�HOHFWURQV��7KH�GLIIHU�
HQFH�LV�FDXVHG�E\�WKH�FRPSOH[�GHIHFWV��GLVRU�
GHU� UHJLRQV�� DULVLQJ� LQ� *D3� /('V� GXH� WR
QHXWURQV��7KH�IDVW�FRPSRQHQW� LV�GHILQHG�E\
WKH� VLPSOH� SRLQW� GHIHFWV�� 7KRVH� DSSHDU� LQ
QHXWURQ�LUUDGLDWHG�VDPSOHV��WKH�JDPPD�LUUD�
GLDWLRQ� RI� WKH� UHDFWRU� EHLQJ� WKHLU� VRXUFH�
7KH� LQIOXHQFH� RI� VHFRQGDU\� GHIHFWV� �LPSX�
ULW\� FRPSOH[HV�� SRLQW� GHIHFW� DVVRFLDWLRQV
DQG� GLYDFDQFLHV�� HWF��� LV� PDQLIHVWHG� PRVW
SUREDEO\� DW� WKH� VHFRQG�� ORZ� GHJUDGDWLRQ
VWDJH��7KH� UDWLR� RI�GHJUDGDWLRQ� FRHIILFLHQWV
IRU�UHDFWRU�QHXWURQV����0H9�DQG�J�TXDQWD�RI
&R��� LV�.+��.H��.�� ������������ 7KXV�� WKHFRPSOH[� GHIHFWV�� LQGXFHG� E\� QHXWURQV� DUH
WKH� PRVW� HIIHFWLYH� UDGLDWLRQOHVV� UHFRPELQD�
WLRQ�FHQWHUV��
7R�FRQFOXGH��WKH�HSLWD[LDO�*D3�/('�V�DUH
FKDUDFWHUL]HG�E\� D� VKDUS� LPSXULW\�GLVWULEX�
WLRQ� ZLWKLQ� WKH� ORZ�GRSHG� UHJLRQ� RI� S�Q
MXQFWLRQ�� 7KH� H[SHULPHQWDO� &�9�� FXUYH� LV
FORVH� WR� WKH� FDOFXODWHG� RQH�� 7KH� YROXPH
FKDUJH�UHJLRQ�ZLGWK�GHSHQGV�OLQHDUO\�RQ�WKH
LPSXULW\� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�� ,UUDGLDWLRQ� ZLWK
�� 0H9� HOHFWURQV� LQFUHDVHV� WKLV� ZLGWK�� WKLV
EHLQJ� D� UHVXOW� RI� WKH� FRPSHQVDWLQJ� HIIHFW
GXH� WR� GHHS� OHYHOV� RI� UDGLDWLRQ�LQGXFHG� GH�
IHFWV�� ,Q� GLRGHV� LUUDGLDWHG� E\� JDPPD�UD\V�
WKH� ORZ� GRVH� HIIHFW� LV� REVHUYHG�� FDXVHG� E\
WKH� UDGLDWLRQ�LQGXFHG� DFWLYDWLRQ� RI� QRQ
HTXLOLEULXP�VWUXFWXUH�GHIHFWV��+LJK�LRQL]LQJ
OHYHOV�RI� ODWWLFH�DWRPV�DUH�JRYHUQLQJ�LQ�WKH
SURFHVV��$� ORZ� JUDGLHQW� RI� LPSXULW\� GLVWUL�
EXWLRQ�LV�REVHUYHG�LQ�JUHHQ�/('V��7KH�LUUD�
GLDWLRQ� HTXDOL]HV� SDUWO\� WKH� LQKRPRJHQHRXV
FDUULHU� GLVWULEXWLRQ� 1�[��� ,W� KDV� EHHQ� DOVR
UHYHDOHG� WKDW� WKH� S�Q� MXQFWLRQ� ILHOG� (� GH�
FUHDVHV�PRQRWRQRXVO\�XQGHU� LUUDGLDWLRQ�DQG
DW� ODUJH�HOHFWURQ�IOXHQFHV��)� ��������FP��
(� EHFRPHV� LQGHSHQGHQW� RI� )�� 7KH� ODUJH
YDOXH�RI�WKH�FDUULHU�UHPRYDO�UDWH�LQ�VDPSOHV
LUUDGLDWHG� E\� DOSKD�SDUWLFOHV� LV� SUREDEO\
FDXVHG�E\�WKH�DSSHDULQJ�RI�GLVRUGHU�UHJLRQV�
7KH�GURS�RI�HPLVVLRQ�LQWHQVLW\�GXULQJ�GLRGH
LUUDGLDWLRQ� LV� D� UHVXOW� RI� GHHS� QRQUDGLDWLYH
OHYHOV� FUHDWLRQ� LQ�*D3� IRUELGGHQ� ]RQH�� 7KH
GHJUDGDWLRQ� FRHIILFLHQWV� IRU� DOO� LUUDGLDWLRQ
NLQGV�KDYH�EHHQ�IRXQG��,W�DSSHDUV�WKDW�GHJ�
)LJ�����*D3� HOHFWUROXPLQHVFHQFH� LQWHQVLW\� VSHF�
WUD�DW�����.�����,� ����P$�����,� �����P$�
7KH�LQVHUW�HPLWWLQJ�LQWHQVLW\�DV�D�IXQFWLRQ�RI
WKH� S�Q�FXUUHQW�� �� � JUHHQ� EDQG�� �� � UHG
EDQG�
)LJ�����'RVH�GHSHQGHQFHV�RI�HPLWWLQJ�LQWHQVL�
WLHV�� �� Û� QHXWURQV�� �� Û� HOHFWURQV�� �� Û
JDPPD�UD\V��
$�%RU]DNRYVN\M�HW�DO����5DGLDWLRQ�LQIOXHQFH�RQ����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
UDGDWLRQ� FRHIILFLHQW� LV� IRXU� RUGHUV� KLJKHU
IRU�QHXWURQV� WKDQ� WKRVH� IRU�JDPPD�UD\V� RI
&R��� GXH� WR� WKH� IRUPDWLRQ� RI� GLVRUGHU� UH�
JLRQV�GXULQJ�QHXWURQ�LUUDGLDWLRQ�
�5HIHUHQFHV
� ���$�%HUJ��3�'HDQ��/LJKW�(PLWWLQJ�'LRGHV��0LU�
0RVNRZ�������>LQ�5XVVLDQ@�
� ���9�$�%U]H]LQVNL�� 0�9�6KHYFKHQNR�� 2SWRHOHF�
WURQLFV��,6'��.\LY��������>LQ�8NUDLQLDQ@�
� ���6�1LNLIRURY��&RPSRQHQW\�L�7HFKQRORJLL��������
�������
� ���,�3URFKDVND��.�,�+DPDO��%�6RSNR�HW�DO���1XFO�
,QVW��DQG�0HWK��3K\V��5HV��$��������������
� ���7�(QGR��7�1LFKLPXUD��.�1DNDNXNL�HW�DO���-DS�
-��$SSO��3K\V��������������������
� ���7�(QGR�� -�+LURVDNL�� (�8VKLGD� HW� DO��� -DS��-�
$SSO��3K\V��������������������
� ���/�'OXEHN�� 5�.UDXVH�� :�+RSSH�� 8QWHU�
VXFKXQJHU� YRQ� .ULVWDOOEVXQIHKOHUQ� LQ�0HWDO�
OHQ� DQG� +DLEOHLWHUQ� PLW� 3RVLWURQHQ�%HLWUDJ�
0DUWLQ�/XWHU�8QLYHUVLWDHW��:LWWHQEHUJ���������
� ���9�1�%UXGQ\L��6�1�*ULQ\DHY��9�'�.X]QHWVRYD�
)L]LND�L�7HNKQ��3ROXSU�������������������
� ���.�+�+HFNQHU��*�0DMRURV��$�.UDIW�HW�DO���3K\V�
6WDW��6RO��D�������������������
����,�$�%RFKDURYD�� 6�$�0DO\VKHY�� =K��3ULNO�
6SHNWU������������������
����7�7DQQR�� .�6XWR�� <�2XDWD� HW� DO���0DWHULDOV
6FLHQFH� LQ� 6HPLFRQGXFWRU� 3URFHHGLQJ�� ���
�������
����$�(�%HO\DHY�� 1�6�%ROWRYHWV�� 9�1�,YDQRY��)L]�
LND�L�7HNKQ���3ROXSU�������������������
����,�,�3DWVNXQ�� /�0�0DUNRYLFK�� )L]��L� .KLP�
7YHUG��7LOD�����������������
����=�%LFKRQJ��)�<DQJOLQJ��+�<LQJKDR��3K\V��6WDW�
6RO��$������������������
����)�'RPHQLTXH]�$GDPH��-�3LTXHUDV��GH�'LDJR�HW
DO���6ROLG�6WDWH�&RPPXQ�����������������
����6�6]H��3K\VLFV�RI�6HPLFRQGXFWRU�'HYLFHV��0LU�
0RVNRZ�������>LQ�5XVVLDQ@�
����9�7DUWDFKQ\N��,�3HWUHQNR��3�/LWRYFKHQNR��)L]�
.KLP��7YHUGRJR�7LOD�����������������
����9�6�9DYLORY�� $�(�.LY�� 2�5�1L\D]RYD�� 0HFKD�
QLVPV�RI�)RUPDWLRQ�DQG�0LJUDWLRQ�RI�'HIHFWV
LQ�6HPLFRQGXFWRUV��1DXND��0RVFRZ��������>LQ
5XVVLDQ@�
����/�6�%HUPDQ�� &DSDFLWLYH�0HWKRGV� RI� 6HPLFRQ�
GXFWRU�5HVHDUFK��1DXND��/HQLQJUDG��������>LQ
5XVVLDQ@�
����:�0F.LQOH\�� +�)HVKEDFK�� 3K\V��5HY��� ���
������������
{¹ãÒm�¯È�LÈ�L��ÓÈ�²È¯È}�˯Ұ�Ò}ÒÁº°ÁL�º��ÈãL¼mÒ²�°mL�ãº�Lº�Lm
k�p�rº¯ÏÈ}ºm° }Ò®��|�l��ºÓ�ȯ�}��{�,�zº�}LÓ������Ò�ºm�ËÓ}º��{�Ð�|¹ÒãÈ���,�{��Ë�¯ËÓ}º��{����ȯ�È�ÓÒ}�
sÈmË�ËÓº� ¯ËÏ�ã �È�Ò� �º°ãL�ÎËÓÓ«� ¼äÓL°ÓÒ²� ²È¯È}�˯Ұ�Ò}� ÏËãËÓÒ²� �È� �˯mºÓÒ²
Áº°ÁL�º��ÈãL¼mÒ²� �Lº�Lm�� {ÒÏÓÈ�ËÓº� ²È¯È}�˯� ¯ºÏ¹º�Lã�� ãË��
�Ò²� �ºäL�º}� �� äËÎȲ
ÏL�ÓËÓº�� ºãȰ�L�� ÏÈãËÎÓL°� ��Ò¯ÒÓÒ� ¹Ë¯Ë²º��� mL�� ¹¯Ò}ãÈ�ËÓº�� Óȹ¯��Ò� �È� }ºÓ�ËÓ��
¯È�L���ºäL�}Ò���°ãȺãË�ºmÈÓL®��Ȱ�ÒÓL�S�Q�¹Ë¯Ë²º����|�˯ÎÈÓº�ÏÈãËÎÓL°� ��Ò²�mËãÒ�
�ÒÓ� mL�� �ºÏÒ� º¹¯ºäLÓËÓÓ«� ��ã«� ËãË}�¯ºÓLm� Ï�(� ���lË{���kÓºäÈã Óº�mËãÒ}Ë�ÏÓÈ�ËÓÓ«
�mÒ�}º°�L� mÒ�ÈãËÓÓ«� Óº°L�m� ¹¯Ò� ºäȯ��mÈÓÓL� D��Ȱ�ÒÓ}ÈäÒ� ����Ü����°äÜ��� ¹º«°�
Ó
¼� °«�Áº¯ä�mÈÓÓ«ä�m�º¹¯ºäLÓËÓÒ²�ϯÈÏ}Ȳ�ºãȰ�Ë®�¯ºÏ�¹º¯«�}�mÈÓÓ«�
$�%RU]DNRYVN\M�HW�DO����5DGLDWLRQ�LQIOXHQFH�RQ����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
|