Effects of surfactants on the molecular aggregation of squaraine dye Sq-2Me in aqueous solutions
The influence of anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and cationic one, cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB), on aggregation behavior of squaraine dye Sq-2Me has been studied in aqueous solutions by optical spectroscopy. It has been found that the addition of surfactants at concentrations hig...
Gespeichert in:
Datum: | 2009 |
---|---|
Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , |
Format: | Artikel |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
2009
|
Schriftenreihe: | Functional Materials |
Schlagworte: | |
Online Zugang: | http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/138922 |
Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
Zitieren: | Effects of surfactants on the molecular aggregation of squaraine dye Sq-2Me in aqueous solutions // S.L. Yefimova, G.Ya. Guralchuk, A.S. Lebed', A.V. Sorokin, Yu.V. Malyukin, I.Yu. Kurilchenko // Functional Materials. — 2009. — Т. 16, № 4. — С. 460-465. — Бібліогр.: 31 назв. — англ. |
Institution
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraineid |
irk-123456789-138922 |
---|---|
record_format |
dspace |
spelling |
irk-123456789-1389222018-06-20T03:04:01Z Effects of surfactants on the molecular aggregation of squaraine dye Sq-2Me in aqueous solutions Yefimova, S.L. Guralchuk, G.Ya. Lebed', A.S. Sorokin, A.V. Malyukin, Yu.V. Kurilchenko, I.Yu. Characterization and properties The influence of anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and cationic one, cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB), on aggregation behavior of squaraine dye Sq-2Me has been studied in aqueous solutions by optical spectroscopy. It has been found that the addition of surfactants at concentrations higher than critical micelle one CIIJ,TcyTeK<lJemr:u.T into a DMF-W (95 %) solution does not prevent the dye aggregation. The structure of Sq-2Me aggregates formed in SDS and CPB micelles is discussed using the exciton theory. The results show that the optical properties and the Sq-2Me aggregate structure can be tuned using interaction with surfactant micelles of different nature. У водних розчинах методами оптичної спектроскопії вивчено вплив аніонної (додецилсульфат натрію, SDS) та катіонної (цетилпіридиній бромід, СРВ) поверхнево-активних речовин (ПАР) на агрегацію сквараїнового барвника Sq-2Me. Встановлено, що додавання у бінарний розчин ДМФ-В (95 %) ПАР у концентрації, вищій за критичну концентрацію міцелоутворення, не перешкоджає агрегації барвника. Структуру агрегатів барвника Sq-2Me, що утворюються у міцелах ПАР, розглянуто у рамках екситонної теорії. Отримані результати дозволяють зробити висновок, що структурою агрегатів Sq-2Me можна керувати за допомогою ПАР різної хімічної будови. В водных растворах методами оптической спектроскопии изучено влияние анионного (додецилсульфат натрия, SDS) и катионного (цетилпиридиний бромид, СРВ) поверхностно- активных веществ (ПАВ) на агрегацию сквараинового красителя Sq-2Me. Обнаружено, что добавление в бинарный раствор ДМФ-В (95 %) ПАВ в концентрации выше критической концентрации мицеллообразования не препятствует агрегации красителя. Структура агрегатов красителя Sq-2Me, образованных в мицеллах SDS и СРВ, рассматривается в рамках экситонной теории. Полученные результаты позволяют сделать вывод о возможности управления структурой агрегатов Sq-2Me при помощи ПАВ разной химической природы. 2009 Article Effects of surfactants on the molecular aggregation of squaraine dye Sq-2Me in aqueous solutions // S.L. Yefimova, G.Ya. Guralchuk, A.S. Lebed', A.V. Sorokin, Yu.V. Malyukin, I.Yu. Kurilchenko // Functional Materials. — 2009. — Т. 16, № 4. — С. 460-465. — Бібліогр.: 31 назв. — англ. 1027-5495 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/138922 en Functional Materials НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
collection |
DSpace DC |
language |
English |
topic |
Characterization and properties Characterization and properties |
spellingShingle |
Characterization and properties Characterization and properties Yefimova, S.L. Guralchuk, G.Ya. Lebed', A.S. Sorokin, A.V. Malyukin, Yu.V. Kurilchenko, I.Yu. Effects of surfactants on the molecular aggregation of squaraine dye Sq-2Me in aqueous solutions Functional Materials |
description |
The influence of anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and cationic one, cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB), on aggregation behavior of squaraine dye Sq-2Me has been studied in aqueous solutions by optical spectroscopy. It has been found that the addition of surfactants at concentrations higher than critical micelle one CIIJ,TcyTeK<lJemr:u.T into a DMF-W (95 %) solution does not prevent the dye aggregation. The structure of Sq-2Me aggregates formed in SDS and CPB micelles is discussed using the exciton theory. The results show that the optical properties and the Sq-2Me aggregate structure can be tuned using interaction with surfactant micelles of different nature. |
format |
Article |
author |
Yefimova, S.L. Guralchuk, G.Ya. Lebed', A.S. Sorokin, A.V. Malyukin, Yu.V. Kurilchenko, I.Yu. |
author_facet |
Yefimova, S.L. Guralchuk, G.Ya. Lebed', A.S. Sorokin, A.V. Malyukin, Yu.V. Kurilchenko, I.Yu. |
author_sort |
Yefimova, S.L. |
title |
Effects of surfactants on the molecular aggregation of squaraine dye Sq-2Me in aqueous solutions |
title_short |
Effects of surfactants on the molecular aggregation of squaraine dye Sq-2Me in aqueous solutions |
title_full |
Effects of surfactants on the molecular aggregation of squaraine dye Sq-2Me in aqueous solutions |
title_fullStr |
Effects of surfactants on the molecular aggregation of squaraine dye Sq-2Me in aqueous solutions |
title_full_unstemmed |
Effects of surfactants on the molecular aggregation of squaraine dye Sq-2Me in aqueous solutions |
title_sort |
effects of surfactants on the molecular aggregation of squaraine dye sq-2me in aqueous solutions |
publisher |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
publishDate |
2009 |
topic_facet |
Characterization and properties |
url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/138922 |
citation_txt |
Effects of surfactants on the molecular aggregation of squaraine dye Sq-2Me in aqueous solutions // S.L. Yefimova, G.Ya. Guralchuk, A.S. Lebed', A.V. Sorokin, Yu.V. Malyukin, I.Yu. Kurilchenko // Functional Materials. — 2009. — Т. 16, № 4. — С. 460-465. — Бібліогр.: 31 назв. — англ. |
series |
Functional Materials |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT yefimovasl effectsofsurfactantsonthemolecularaggregationofsquarainedyesq2meinaqueoussolutions AT guralchukgya effectsofsurfactantsonthemolecularaggregationofsquarainedyesq2meinaqueoussolutions AT lebedas effectsofsurfactantsonthemolecularaggregationofsquarainedyesq2meinaqueoussolutions AT sorokinav effectsofsurfactantsonthemolecularaggregationofsquarainedyesq2meinaqueoussolutions AT malyukinyuv effectsofsurfactantsonthemolecularaggregationofsquarainedyesq2meinaqueoussolutions AT kurilchenkoiyu effectsofsurfactantsonthemolecularaggregationofsquarainedyesq2meinaqueoussolutions |
first_indexed |
2025-07-10T06:51:03Z |
last_indexed |
2025-07-10T06:51:03Z |
_version_ |
1837241754483425280 |
fulltext |
(IIHFWV�RI�VXUIDFWDQWV�RQ�WKH�PROHFXODUDJJUHJDWLRQ�RI�VTXDUDLQH�G\H�6T±�0HLQ�DTXHRXV�VROXWLRQV�
6�/�<HILPRYD��*�<D�*XUDOFKXN��$�6�/HEHG���$�9�6RURNLQ�<X�9�0DO\XNLQ��,�<X�.XULOFKHQNR
,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6FLQWLOODWLRQ�0DWHULDOV��67&��,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV��
1DWLRQDO�$FDGHP\�RI�6FLHQFHV�RI�8NUDLQH��
���/HQLQ�$YH���������.KDUNLY��8NUDLQH
6ODY\DQVN�6WDWH�3HGDJRJLFDO�8QLYHUVLW\�����%DW\XND�6W��
6ODY\DQVN��'RQHWVN�UHJLRQ��8NUDLQH
5HFHLYHG�-XQH��������
7KH� LQIOXHQFH�RI�DQLRQLF�VXUIDFWDQW��VRGLXP�GRGHF\O�VXOSKDWH��6'6���DQG�FDWLRQLF�RQH�
FHW\OS\ULGLQLXP� EURPLGH� �&3%��� RQ� DJJUHJDWLRQ� EHKDYLRU� RI� VTXDUDLQH� G\H� 6T±�0H� KDV
EHHQ� VWXGLHG� LQ� DTXHRXV� VROXWLRQV� E\� RSWLFDO� VSHFWURVFRS\�� ,W� KDV� EHHQ� IRXQG� WKDW� WKH
DGGLWLRQ�RI�VXUIDFWDQWV�DW�FRQFHQWUDWLRQV�KLJKHU�WKDQ�FULWLFDO�PLFHOOH�RQH�°��°��Ë}ÁË���
LQWR� D� '0)�:� ������� VROXWLRQ� GRHV� QRW� SUHYHQW� WKH� G\H� DJJUHJDWLRQ�� 7KH� VWUXFWXUH� RI
6T±�0H�DJJUHJDWHV�IRUPHG�LQ�6'6�DQG�&3%�PLFHOOHV�LV�GLVFXVVHG�XVLQJ�WKH�H[FLWRQ�WKHRU\�
7KH� UHVXOWV� VKRZ� WKDW� WKH� RSWLFDO� SURSHUWLHV� DQG� WKH�6T±�0H� DJJUHJDWH� VWUXFWXUH�FDQ�EH
WXQHG�XVLQJ�LQWHUDFWLRQ�ZLWK�VXUIDFWDQW�PLFHOOHV�RI�GLIIHUHQW�QDWXUH�
{�mº�Ó©²�¯È°�mº¯È²�äË�º�ÈäÒ�º¹�Ò�˰}º®�°¹Ë}�¯º°}º¹ÒÒ�ÒÏ��ËÓº�mãÒ«ÓÒË�ÈÓÒºÓÓº�
�º���º�Ë�Òã°�ã ÁÈ��ÓÈ�¯Ò«��6'6��Ò�}È�ÒºÓÓº�º���H�Òã¹Ò¯Ò�ÒÓÒ®�¯ºäÒ���vc{��¹ºm˯²�
Óº°�Óº�È}�ÒmÓ©²�mË�˰�m���k{��ÓÈ�È�¯Ë�È�Ò
�°}mȯÈÒÓºmº�º�}¯È°Ò�Ëã«�6T±�0H��|ÓÈ�
¯�ÎËÓº����º��ºÈmãËÓÒË�m�ÒÓȯө®�¯È°�mº¯�iln�{���������k{�m�}ºÓ�ËÓ�¯È�ÒÒ�m©�Ë
}¯Ò�Ò�˰}º®�}ºÓ�ËÓ�¯È�ÒÒ�äÒ�Ëã㺺¯ÈϺmÈÓÒ«�ÓË�¹¯Ë¹«�°�m�Ë��È�¯Ë�È�ÒÒ�}¯È°Ò�Ëã«�
v�¯�}��¯È�È�¯Ë�È�ºm�}¯È°Ò�Ëã«�6T±�0H��º¯ÈϺmÈÓÓ©²�m�äÒ�ËããȲ�6'6�Ò�vc{��¯È°°äÈ��
¯ÒmÈË�°«� m� ¯Èä}Ȳ� ª}°Ò�ºÓÓº®� �˺¯ÒÒ�� �ºã��ËÓÓ©Ë� ¯ËÏ�ã �È�©� ¹ºÏmºã«
�� °�ËãÈ�
m©mº��º�mºÏäºÎÓº°�Ò��¹¯ÈmãËÓÒ«�°�¯�}��¯º®�È�¯Ë�È�ºm�6T±�0H�¹¯Ò�¹ºäº�Ò��k{�¯ÈÏ�
Óº®�²ÒäÒ�˰}º®�¹¯Ò¯º�©�
)XQFWLRQDO� G\HV�� S�FRQMXJDWHG� PROHFXOHV
DQG�FKURPRSKRUH�EDVHG�V\VWHPV�ZLWK�QHZ�RU
LPSURYHG� SURSHUWLHV� DWWUDFW� JURZLQJ� DWWHQ�
WLRQ�� EHFDXVH� WKRVH� FDQ� IRUP� LQWHJUDO�SDUWV
RI� PRGHUQ� HOHFWURQLF� DQG� SKRWRQLF� GHYLFHV
>�@�� )XQFWLRQDO� G\HV� DUH� H[WUHPHO\� LPSRU�
WDQW� LQ� SKRWRQ� EDVHG� WHFKQRORJLHV� IRU� RSWL�
FDO�GDWD�VWRUDJH�DQG�FRPPXQLFDWLRQV�>����@�
6TXDUDLQHV�DUH�D�FODVV�RI�F\DQLQH�G\HV�EHLQJ
XQGHU� LQWHQVLYH� VWXG\�� ZKLFK� DUH� XVHG� IRU
YDULRXV� DSSOLFDWLRQV� VXFK� DV� QRQOLQHDU� RS�
WLFV� >��@�� SKRWRYROWDLFV� >�@�� ELRORJLFDO� OD�
EHOLQJ� >���@�� SKRWRG\QDPLF� WKHUDS\� >��@
DQG�DV�DQ�H[FLWRQ� WUDS� WR� VWXG\� WKH�H[FLWD�
WLRQ� HQHUJ\� PLJUDWLRQ� LQ� OXPLQHVFHQW� RU�
JDQLF� QDQRFOXVWHUV� >��@�� 6TXDUDLQHV� DUH
FKDUDFWHUL]HG� E\� D� GRQRU�DFFHSWRU�GRQRU
VWUXFWXUH��VKRZLQJ�DQ�LQWHUQDO�FKDUJH�WUDQV�
IHU� DEVRUSWLRQ� DQG� HPLVVLRQ� EDQG�� 6XFK� D
VWUXFWXUH�LPSDUWV�K\GURSKRELF�SURSHUWLHV�WR
D� VTXDUDLQH� PROHFXOH� >��������@�� 7KH� LQWUD�
PROHFXODU� FKDUJH� WUDQVIHU� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV
FRPELQHG� ZLWK� WKH� H[WHQGHG� S�HOHFWURQ
GRQRU�QHWZRUN�UHVXOWV�LQ�KLJK�PRODU�H[WLQF�
WLRQ� FRHIILFLHQW� �H�!�����0�FP��� RI
VTXDUDLQHV� LQ� WKH� YLVLEOH� VSHFWUDO� UHJLRQ�
0RVW�RI�WKRVH�G\HV�HPLW�LQ�WKH�IDU�YLVLEOH�WR
)XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� ��������67&��,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV�
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
WKH� QHDU� ,5� VSHFWUDO� UHJLRQ� DQG� DUH� SKRWR�
VWDEOH��
7KH� G\H� VHOI�DVVRFLDWLRQ� LQ� VROXWLRQV�� DW
WKH� VROLG�OLTXLG� LQWHUIDFH� RU� LQ� RUJDQL]HG
PHGLD�VXFK�DV�/DQJPXLU�%ORGJHWW��/%��ILOPV
LV� DQ� RIWHQ� REVHUYHG� SKHQRPHQRQ� GXH� WR
VWURQJ� LQWHUPROHFXODU� YDQ� GHU� :DDOV�OLNH
DWWUDFWLYH�IRUFHV�EHWZHHQ�WKH�PROHFXOHV�>��Ü
��@��7KHUH�DUH� WZR� OLPLWLQJ� W\SHV�RI�DJJUH�
JDWHV�EDVHG�RQ�WKH�RULHQWDWLRQ�RI�WUDQVLWLRQ
GLSROHV� WKDW� H[KLELW� GLVWLQFW� FKDQJHV� LQ� WKH
DEVRUSWLRQ� EDQG� DV� FRPSDUHG� WR� WKH
PRQRPHULF� VXEVWDQFHV� >����@�� 7KH� ILUVW
W\SH� LV� -�DJJUHJDWH�� ZLWK� �KHDG�WR�WDLO�
WUDQVLWLRQ� GLSROH� DUUDQJHPHQW�� ZKLFK� LV
FKDUDFWHUL]HG� E\� D� VKDUS�� VWURQJO\� UHG�
VKLIWHG�DEVRUSWLRQ�EDQG��7KH�VHFRQG�W\SH�LV
+�DJJUHJDWH�� FKDUDFWHUL]HG� E\� D� �KHDG�WR�
KHDG�� WUDQVLWLRQ� GLSROH� DUUDQJHPHQW� DQG
VKRZLQJ� D� EOXH�VKLIWHG� DEVRUSWLRQ� DV� FRP�
SDUHG� WR� WKH� PRQRPHU� EDQG� >����@�� 7KH
FRUUHODWLRQ� EHWZHHQ� VSHFWUDO� IHDWXUHV� DQG
WKH� DJJUHJDWH� VWUXFWXUH� ZDV� FRQVLGHUHG
ZLWKLQ�WKH�H[FLWRQ�PRGHO�E\�.DVKD�>��@�DQG
.XKQ� >��@�� ,Q� FRQWUDVW� WR� +�DJJUHJDWHV�
-�DJJUHJDWHV�DUH�IOXRUHVFHQW�>������@��,W�ZDV
VKRZQ� WKDW� VTXDUDLQHV� FDQ� IRUP� GLIIHUHQW
NLQGV� RI� DJJUHJDWHV� �GLPHUV��+��� DQG�-�DJ�
JUHJDWHV��� GHSHQGLQJ� RQ� WKH� VWUXFWXUH� RI
FKURPRSKRUHV�>������@��
*HQHUDOO\��PROHFXODU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�LQ�D�VR�
OXWLRQ� LQ� WKH� IRUP� RI� GLPHUV� RU� KLJKHU� DJ�
JUHJDWHV� FDXVHV� WKH� G\H� IOXRUHVFHQFH
TXHQFKLQJ�GXH� WR� IRUPDWLRQ�RI�QRQ�IOXRUHV�
FHQW� +�GLPHUV� DQG� +�DJJUHJDWHV� >������@�
$V� D� UXOH�� DGGLWLRQ�RI� VXUIDFWDQWV� WR� D�G\H
VROXWLRQ� DW� D� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� H[FHHGLQJ� WKH
FULWLFDO� PLFHOOH� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� �&0&�� SUH�
YHQWV� WKH� G\H� DJJUHJDWLRQ� GXH� WR� WKH� G\H
VROXELOL]DWLRQ�ZLWK� VXUIDFWDQW�PLFHOOHV� >��Ü
��@�� +RZHYHU�� WKHUH� DUH� ZRUNV� GHVFULELQJ
WKH� RSSRVLWH� HIIHFW� RI� VXUIDFWDQWV� RQ� D� G\H
DJJUHJDWLRQ��,W�ZDV�IRXQG�WKDW�WKH�DGGLWLRQ
RI� FDWLRQLF� VXUIDFWDQW� FHW\OS\ULGLQLXP� EUR�
PLGH� �&3%��DW�FRQFHQWUDWLRQV�H[FHHGLQJ�WKH
&0&� FDXVHV� DQ� LQFUHDVLQJ� LQWHQVLW\� RI� WKH
DPSKL�3,&�-�DJJUHJDWH�DEVRUSWLRQ�EDQG�DQG
LWV� QDUURZLQJ� >��@�� 5HFHQWO\�� D� VWURQJ� DJ�
JUHJDWLRQ�RI� FDWLRQLF�G\H�/���� HQKDQFHG�E\
WKH�FDWLRQLF�VXUIDFWDQW�&3%�DW�D�FRQFHQWUD�
WLRQ�DERYH�WKH�&0&�KDV�EHHQ�UHSRUWHG�>��@�
7KH� DJJUHJDWLRQ� HQKDQFHPHQW� RI� QXPHURXV
F\DQLQH�G\HV�LQ�VROXWLRQV�FRPSULVLQJ�&3%�DW
WKH� VXUIDFWDQW� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� H[FHHGLQJ� WKH
&0&�DQG�VLJQLILFDQW�LQFUHDVH�RI�-�DJJUHJDWH
OXPLQHVFHQFH� TXDQWXP� \LHOG� ZDV� DOVR� RE�
VHUYHG� >��@�� ,Q� WKLV�ZRUN�� WKH� HIIHFW� RI�DQ�
LRQLF� VXUIDFWDQW� VRGLXP� GRGHF\O� VXOSKDWH
�6'6��DQG�FDWLRQLF�RQH�FHW\OS\ULGLQLXP�EUR�
PLGH� RQ� WKH� DJJUHJDWLRQ� RI� D� ]ZLWWHULRQLF
VTXDUDLQH� G\H� 6T±�0H� �)LJ����� LQ� DTXHRXV
VROXWLRQ�KDV�EHHQ�VWXGLHG��
6TXDUDLQH� G\H� 6T±�0H� ZDV� V\QWKHVL]HG
E\� 'U�,�%RURYR\� �,QVWLWXWH� IRU� 6FLQWLOODWLRQ
0DWHULDOV��1$6�RI�8NUDLQH���7KH�G\H�SXULW\
ZDV� FRQWUROOHG� E\� WKLQ� OD\HU� FKURPDWRJUD�
SK\�� 7KH� &3%� DQG� 6'6� VXUIDFWDQWV� ZHUH
SXUFKDVHG� IURP� 6LJPD�$OGULFK� DQG� XVHG
ZLWKRXW�DGGLWLRQDO�SXULILFDWLRQ��2UJDQLF�VRO�
YHQW� GLPHWK\OIRUPDPLGH� �'0)�� �6LJPD�
$OGULFK��XVHG�WR�SUHSDUH�WKH�G\H�VWRFN�VROX�
WLRQ�ZDV�RI�VSHFWURVFRSLF�JUDGH��7R�SUHSDUH
G\H�GLPHWK\OIRUPDPLGH�ZDWHU��'0)��:��EL�
QDU\�VROXWLRQV�ZLWK�VXUIDFWDQWV��GRXEO\�GLV�
WLOOHG�ZDWHU�ZDV�XVHG��7KH�FRQFHQWUDWLRQV�RI
WKH�VXUIDFWDQWV�LQ�WKH�VROXWLRQV�H[FHHG�WKHLU
&0&� YDOXHV� ������� 0� IRU� 6'6� >��@� DQG
�������� 0� IRU� &3%� >��@�� EHLQJ� ������0
DQG� ������ 0�� UHVSHFWLYHO\�� 7KH� FRQFHQWUD�
WLRQ�RI�6T±�0H�LQ�DOO�VROXWLRQV�ZDV�����Ü��0�
7KH�6T±�0H�VWRFN�VROXWLRQ�RI�����Ü��0�FRQ�
FHQWUDWLRQ�ZDV�SUHSDUHG�LQ�'0)��7R�SUHSDUH
ELQDU\�'0)�:�G\H�VROXWLRQV�ZLWK�GLIIHUHQW
ZDWHU�FRQWHQW�����RU�������DQG�VXUIDFWDQWV�
WKH�UHTXLUHG�DPRXQWV�RI�WKH�G\H�VWRFN�VROX�
WLRQ� DQG� VXUIDFWDQWV� �6'6� RU� &3%�� ZHUH
PL[HG�LQ�D�IODVN��7KHQ�WKH�UHTXLUHG�DPRXQW
RI�GRXEO\�GLVWLOOHG�ZDWHU�ZDV�DGGHG�
9LVLEOH� DEVRUSWLRQ� VSHFWUD� ZHUH� UHJLV�
WHUHG� XVLQJ� D� 86%����� PLFURVSHFWURPHWHU
�2FHDQ�2SWLFV��86$��VXSSOLHG�ZLWK�DQ�LQFDQ�
GHVFHQW� ODPS�� 7KH� VROXWLRQV� ZHUH� SODFHG
LQWR� D� TXDUW]� FXYHWWH� RI� �� PP� RSWLFDO
OHQJWK�� 7KH� OXPLQHVFHQFH� VSHFWUD� ZHUH� UH�
FRUGHG� XVLQJ� D� VSHFWURIOXRULPHWHU� RQ� WKH
EDVH� RI� WZR� JUDWLQJ�PRQRFKURPDWRUV�0'5�
���DQG�D�[HQRQ�ODPS��2QH�RI�WKH�PRQRFKUR�
PDWRUV�ZDV�XVHG� WR� VHOHFW� D� UHTXLUHG�ZDYH�
OHQJWK��):+0�a�����QP���WKH�RWKHU�RQH�ZDV
XVHG� WR� FROOHFW� WKH� OXPLQHVFHQFH��$OO�PHDV�
)LJ����� 0ROHFXODU� VWUXFWXUHV� RI� ]ZLWWHULRQLF
VTXDUDLQH� G\H� 6T±�0H� �D��� VRGLXP� GRGHF\O
VXOSKDWH��E��DQG�FHW\OS\ULGLQLXP�EURPLGH��F��
6�/�<HILPRYD�HW�DO����(IIHFWV�RI�VXUIDFWDQWV�RQ�WKH����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
XUHPHQWV�ZHUH�GRQH�DW����&�DW�OHDVW�LQ�WULS�
OLFDWH�
$EVRUSWLRQ� VSHFWUD� RI� 6T±�0H� LQ� '0)
DQG�'0)�:�ELQDU\� VROXWLRQV� DUH� SUHVHQWHG
LQ�)LJ�����7KH�DEVRUSWLRQ�VSHFWUXP� LQ�'0)
H[KLELWV�D�PRQRPHU�SHDN�FHQWHUHG�DW�OPD[� ����QP� �H� ���������0�FP��� DQG� D� VKRXO�
GHU� DW� ���� QP� �$VKRXOGHU�$PD[� ������� ,Q� DELQDU\� '0)�:� ���� ��� VROXWLRQ�� WKH� PDLQ
SHDN� EHFRPHV� ZHDNHU� DQG� EOXH�VKLIWHG� �OPD[ �����QP��WKDW�SRLQWV�WR�WKH�VROYDWRFKURPLF
HIIHFW� >������@�� 7KH� UDWLR� $VKRXOGHU�$PD[� LQVXFK� D� VROXWLRQ� LV� ����� 7KH� OXPLQHVFHQFH
LQWHQVLW\� RI� 6T±�0H� LQ� D� '0)�:� ���� ��
VROXWLRQ� GHFUHDVHV� VLJQLILFDQWO\� �QRW� SUH�
VHQWHG��� 7KH� LQFUHDVH� RI� ZDWHU� FRQWHQW� LQ
WKH� ELQDU\� VROXWLRQ� XS� WR� ��� �� FDXVHV� D
UHPDUNDEOH� WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ� RI� WKH� DEVRUS�
WLRQ� VSHFWUXP� �)LJ������ 7KH� VSHFWUXP� EH�
FRPHV� YHU\� EURDG�� WKH� LQWHQVLWLHV� RI� WKH
PDLQ� SHDN� DQG� VKRXOGHU� EHFRPH� HTXDO� DQG
LQVHSDUDEOH��7KH�DSSHDUDQFH�RI�D�ZHDN�SHDN
DW� OPD[� ����� QP� LV� DOVR� REVHUYHG�� 7KHOXPLQHVFHQFH� RI�6T±�0H� LQ� VXFK� D� VROXWLRQ
ZLWK� ��� �� ZDWHU� FRQWHQW� LV� QRW� REVHUYHG�
$OO�WKHVH�IDFWV�SRLQW�WR�WKH�G\H�DJJUHJDWLRQ
LQ�WKH�ELQDU\�VROXWLRQ�ZLWK�KLJK�ZDWHU�FRQ�
WHQW�� :H� DVFULEH� WKH� PDLQ� SHDN� WR� WKH
PRQRPHU� EDQG� DQG� VKRUW�� DQG� ORQJ�ZDYH�
OHQJWK�SHDNV�WR�DJJUHJDWHV��WKH�VWUXFWXUH�RI
WKRVH�LV�GLVFXVVHG�EHORZ�>������@��
7KH�DGGLWLRQ�RI�VXUIDFWDQWV��6'6�RU�&3%�
DW�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�DERYH�WKH�&0&�WR�D�'0)�:
�������ELQDU\� VROXWLRQ� FDXVHV� D� VLJQLILFDQW
WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ�RI�WKH�DEVRUSWLRQ�VSHFWUD�RI
6T±�0H� DQG� D� OXPLQHVFHQFH� DSSHDUDQFH
�)LJ����� WKDW� SRLQWV� WR� D� VWURQJ� LQWHUDFWLRQ
EHWZHHQ�]ZLWWHULRQLF�G\H�PROHFXOHV�DQG�VXU�
IDFWDQW�PLFHOOHV��+RZHYHU�� VROXELOL]DWLRQ�RI
G\H�PROHFXOHV�ZLWK�VXUIDFWDQW�PLFHOOHV�GRHV
QRW�SUHYHQW�WRWDOO\�WKH�G\H�DJJUHJDWLRQ��$V
LV�VHHQ�LQ�)LJ�����WKH�DEVRUSWLRQ�VSHFWUXP�RI
6T±�0H� LQ� D�'0)�:� ������� VROXWLRQ�ZLWK
6'6� �GDVKHG� OLQH�� FRQVLVWV� RI� WKUHH� EDQGV
FHQWHUHG� DW� ����� ���� DQG� ���� QP�� UHVSHF�
WLYHO\�� 7KH� OXPLQHVFHQFH� VSHFWUXP� FRQVLVW
RI�D�EDQG�DW�OPD[� �����QP�DQG�D�VKRXOGHUDW� ����QP� �)LJ����� VROLG� OLQH��� 7KH� EDQG� DW
���� QP� LQ� WKH� DEVRUSWLRQ� VSHFWUXP� LV� WKH
6T±�0H� PRQRPHU� EDQG� UHG�VKLIWHG� VOLJKWO\
LQ� QRQSRODU� HQYLURQPHQW� DV� FRPSDUHG� WR
WKDW� LQ� D� '0)�:� ������� VROXWLRQ� ZLWKRXW
VXUIDFWDQW� �)LJ������ 7KH� FRQVLGHUDWLRQ� RI
6T±�0H� DEVRUSWLRQ� DQG� OXPLQHVFHQFH� VSHF�
WUD� DOORZV� XV� WR� DVFULEH� WKH� VKRUW�ZDYH�
OHQJWK� DQG� ORQJ�ZDYHOHQJWK� DEVRUSWLRQ
EDQGV��ZLWK�UHVSHFW�WR�WKH�PRQRPHU�RQH��WR
WKH� G\H� DJJUHJDWHV� >������@�� ,W� LV� NQRZQ
WKDW�WKH�G\H�DJJUHJDWLRQ�UHVXOWV�LQ�D�VWURQJ
FRXSOLQJ�RI�WKH�PROHFXODU�WUDQVLWLRQ�GLSROHV�
L�H�� WKH� HOHFWURVWDWLF� LQWHUDFWLRQ� EHWZHHQ
PROHFXODU� WUDQVLWLRQ�GLSROHV�RI� WKH�FKURPR�
SKRUHV�FDXVHV� WKH� VSOLWWLQJ�RI�HQHUJ\� OHYHOV
RI�WKH�PROHFXOH�H[FLWHG�VWDWHV�>��@��
� � $FFRUGLQJ� WR� .DVKD� H[FLWRQ� WKHRU\� >��@�
GHSHQGLQJ� RQ� WKH� UHODWLYH� VSDWLDO� DUUDQJH�
PHQW�RI�LQWHUDFWLQJ�PROHFXOHV��SDUDOOHO�WUDQ�
VLWLRQ� GLSROHV� RU� LQ�OLQH� WUDQVLWLRQ� GLSROHV��
EOXH�VKLIWHG� +�EDQG� RU� UHG�VKLIWHG� -�EDQG
)LJ�����$EVRUSWLRQ�VSHFWUD�RI�6T±�0H�LQ�'0)
�VROLG�OLQH���'0)�:���������GRWWHG�OLQH��DQG
'0)�:� ������� �GDVK�GRWWHG� OLQH�� ELQDU\� VR�
OXWLRQV��'DVKHG�OLQH�LV�WKH�OXPLQHVFHQFH�VSHF�
WUXP�RI�6T±�0H�LQ�'0)�
)LJ�����$EVRUSWLRQ��GDVKHG�OLQH��DQG�OXPLQHV�
FHQFH� �VROLG� OLQH�� VSHFWUD� RI� 6T±�0H� LQ� D
'0)�:��������ELQDU\�VROXWLRQ�ZLWK�6'6�
6�/�<HILPRYD�HW�DO����(IIHFWV�RI�VXUIDFWDQWV�RQ�WKH����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
FDQ�EH�REVHUYHG� LQ�WKH�G\H�DEVRUSWLRQ�VSHF�
WUXP�� ,I� WKH� LQWHUDFWLQJ� PROHFXOHV� DUH� LQ�
FOLQHG� ZLWK� UHVSHFW� WR� HDFK� RWKHU�� WZR� DE�
VRUSWLRQ� EDQGV� �+�� DQG� -�EDQG�� DSSHDU� LQ
WKH� VSHFWUXP� WKDW� SRLQWV� WR� WKH� 'DY\GRY
VSOLWWLQJ� >����������@��7KH�UDWLR�RI�WKHLU� LQ�
WHQVLWLHV� GHSHQGV� RQ� WKH� DQJOH� EHWZHHQ� WKH
PROHFXOHV�� 7KH� ODUJHU� WKH� DQJOH�� WKH� PRUH
LQWHQVH� WKH� -�EDQG� LV� ZLWK� UHVSHFW� WR� WKH
+�EDQG� >����������@�� 6R�� WKH� DQDO\VLV� RI
UHODWLYH� LQWHQVLW\� RI� WKH� DJJUHJDWH� DEVRUS�
WLRQ� EDQGV� FDQ� SURYLGH� LQIRUPDWLRQ� DERXW
WKH� DJJUHJDWH� VWUXFWXUH�� 7KXV�� ZH� FDQ� DV�
FULEH� WKH� DGGLWLRQ� EDQGV� REVHUYHG� LQ� WKH
DEVRUSWLRQ�VSHFWUXP��)LJ�����WR�+��DQG
-�VSOLWWLQJ� FRPSRQHQWV� RI� WKH� G\H� GLPHU
IRUPHG� E\� WZR� 6T±�0H� PROHFXOHV� LQ� 6'6
PLFHOOH�� $V� WKH� -�EDQG� LQWHQVLW\� LV� PXFK
KLJKHU� WKDQ� WKDW� RI� +�EDQG�� ZH� FDQ� FRQ�
FOXGH� WKDW� WKH� DQJOH� EHWZHHQ� WKH�G\H�PROH�
FXOHV� IRUPLQJ� WKH� GLPHU� LV�PRUH� WKDQ� ����
2XU�FRQFOXVLRQ�FRQFHUQLQJ�WKH�GLPHU�RULJLQ
RI� VKRUW�ZDYHOHQJWK� DQG� ORQJ�ZDYHOHQJWK
DEVRUSWLRQ�EDQGV�LV�EDVHG�DOVR�RQ�WKH�IROORZ�
LQJ� FRQVLGHUDWLRQ�� 7KH� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� RI
PLFHOOHV� >0@� LQ� WKH� VROXWLRQ� FDQ� EH� HVWL�
PDWHG�DV�>��@�
>0@� �>VXUIDFWDQW@���&0&
1DJJ
� ���
ZKHUH�>VXUIDFWDQW@�LV�WKH�WRWDO�VXUIDFWDQW�FRQ�
FHQWUDWLRQ�� 1DJJ�� WKH� VXUIDFWDQW� DJJUHJDWLRQQXPEHU� �1DJJ� ���� IRU� 6'6� PLFHOOHV� >��@DQG�����IRU�&3%�PLFHOOHV�>��@���
7KH� DSSUR[LPDWH� QXPEHU� RI� G\H� PROH�
FXOHV� �Q�� LQFRUSRUDWHG� LQWR� D� VLQJOH�PLFHOOH
FDQ�EH�HVWLPDWHG�>��@�DV
Q� �>G\H@>0@ �
���
ZKHUH� >G\H@� LV� WKH�G\H� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� LQ� WKH
VROXWLRQ�
)RU�WKH�VROXWLRQ�ZLWK�6'6�PLFHOOHV��>0@�
������0��>G\H@� �������0��6R��ZH�REWDLQ
Q� ����� ������� ,Q� RWKHU� ZRUGV�� RQH�PLFHOOH
FRQWDLQV� PRUH� WKDQ� RQH� G\H� PROHFXOH� DQG
WKH� IRUPDWLRQ� RI�G\H�GLPHU� LQ� VXFK�D� VROX�
WLRQ� LV� SRVVLEOH��0RUHRYHU�� WKH� VWUXFWXUH�RI
6T±�0H� PROHFXOH� LV� IDYRUDEOH� WR� WKH� G\H
DJJUHJDWLRQ� >��������@�� +RZHYHU�� WKH� IUDF�
WLRQ�RI�PLFHOOHV�FRQWDLQLQJ�RQH�G\H�PROHFXOH
LV� UDWKHU� ODUJH�� ,Q� WKH� DEVRUSWLRQ� VSHFWUXP
�)LJ������ WKH� EDQG� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� WR� WKH
PRQRPHU� DEVRUSWLRQ� LV� UDWKHU� LQWHQVH�� ,Q
WKH� OXPLQHVFHQFH� VSHFWUXP� RI�6T±�0H� LQ� D
'0)�:� ���� ��� VROXWLRQ� ZLWK� 6'6�� WKH
PRQRPHU� OXPLQHVFHQFH� EDQG� �OPD[� ����QP�� LV� DOVR� LQWHQVH� �)LJ����� VROLG� OLQH��
7KH� VKRXOGHU�DW�����QP� �LQ�UHVRQDQFH�ZLWK
DEVRUSWLRQ�-�VSOLWWLQJ�FRPSRQHQW��LV�DOVR�RE�
VHUYHG�LQ�WKH�OXPLQHVFHQFH�VSHFWUXP��WKDW�LV
HYLGHQFH� RI� WKH� IDFW� WKDW� WKH�GLPHU� IRUPHG
LQ�6'6�PLFHOOH�SRVVHVVHV�DQ�LQFOLQHG�JHRPH�
WU\� �RU� D� �KHUULQJERQH�� RQH�� ZLWK� D� ODUJH
DQJOH�
,W�LV�NQRZQ�WKDW�WKH�-�EDQG�SRVVHVVHV�WKH
H[FLWRQ� QDWXUH� >��@�� :H� FDQ� HVWLPDWH� WKH
H[FLWRQ� GHORFDOL]DWLRQ� OHQJWK� XVLQJ� WKH
HTXDWLRQ�>������@�
1w� ������
'QP�
'Q-� �����
���
ZKHUH�'QP� � DQG�'Q-�� DUH� IXOO�ZLGWKV� DW�KDOI�
PD[LPXP� RI�PRQRPHU� DQG�-�DJJUHJDWH� DE�
VRUSWLRQ�EDQGV��7DNLQJ�'QP� � �����FP��DQG
'Q-�� �����FP��� ZH� REWDLQ� 1GHO�a��� PROH�
FXOHV�WKDW�HYLGHQFHV�DOVR�WKH�GLPHULF�QDWXUH
RI�-�EDQG�
,Q� D�'0)�:� ������� VROXWLRQ� FRQWDLQLQJ
&3%� PLFHOOHV�� WKH� DEVRUSWLRQ� DQG� OXPLQHV�
FHQFH� VSHFWUD� RI�6T±�0H� GLIIHU� IURP� WKRVH
LQ�D�VROXWLRQ�ZLWK�6'6�PLFHOOHV��)LJ������7KH
DEVRUSWLRQ� VSHFWUXP� FRQVLVWV� RI� WZR� EDQGV�
D� ORZ�LQWHQVH� PRQRPHU� EDQG� �OPD[� ����QP��DQG�D�YHU\�LQWHQVH�-�EDQG�FHQWHUHG
DW� ����QP�� 7KDW� SRLQWV� WR� WKH� IDFW� WKDW� LQ
WKLV� VROXWLRQ�� WKH� G\H� LV� PDLQO\� LQ� DVVRFL�
DWHG� IRUP�� ,QGHHG�� IRU� WKLV� VROXWLRQ�� >0@�
������0�DQG�Q�YDOXH�REWDLQHG� LV�DERXW����
7KXV��LQ�D�'0)�:�VROXWLRQ�FRQWDLQLQJ�&3%
PLFHOOHV��D� VLQJOH�PLFHOOH� FRQWDLQV�DERXW���
)LJ�����$EVRUSWLRQ��GDVKHG�OLQH��DQG�OXPLQHV�
FHQFH� �VROLG� OLQH�� VSHFWUD� RI� 6T±�0H� LQ� D
'0)�:��������ELQDU\�VROXWLRQ�ZLWK�&3%�
6�/�<HILPRYD�HW�DO����(IIHFWV�RI�VXUIDFWDQWV�RQ�WKH����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
6T±�0H� G\H�PROHFXOHV�� 7KDW� UHVXOWV� LQ� WKH
IRUPDWLRQ� RI� D� PRUH� H[WHQGHG� DJJUHJDWH
ZLWK�-�W\SH�PROHFXODU� SDFNLQJ� �WKH�+�EDQG
LV� QRW� REVHUYHG�� )LJ����� GDVKHG� OLQH��� 7KH
-�EDQG� LV� EURDGHU� DV� FRPSDUHG� WR� WKDW� LQ
WKH� VROXWLRQ� ZLWK� 6'6� PLFHOOHV� �'Q-� ����FP�� DQG� ���� FP��� UHVSHFWLYHO\��� 7KH
-�EDQG�EURDGHQLQJ�LQ�WKH�VROXWLRQ�ZLWK�&3%
PLFHOOHV� FDQ� EH� H[SODLQHG� E\� WKH� IRUPDWLRQ
RI�-�W\SH�DJJUHJDWHV�ZLWK�GLIIHUHQW�DVVRFLD�
WLRQ� GHJUHH�� ,Q� WKH� OXPLQHVFHQFH� VSHFWUXP�
WKH�UHODWLYH� LQWHQVLW\�RI� WKH�PRQRPHU�EDQG
LV� GHFUHDVHG� FRQVLGHUDEO\�� WKDW� LV� DOVR� DQ
HYLGHQFH� RI� WKH� SUHGRPLQDQW� G\H� DJJUHJD�
WLRQ�LQ�VXFK�D�VROXWLRQ��)LJ�����VROLG�OLQH��
7R� FRQFOXGH�� RXU� LQYHVWLJDWLRQV� VKRZ
WKDW� WKH� DGGLWLRQ�RI� D� VXUIDFWDQW� RI�GLIIHU�
HQW� QDWXUH� �DQLRQLF� RU� FDWLRQLF�� DW� FRQFHQ�
WUDWLRQV� DERYH� WKH� &0&� LQWR� D� '0)�:
�������ELQDU\�VROXWLRQ�GRHV�QRW�SUHYHQW�WKH
G\H�DJJUHJDWLRQ��,Q�VXFK�VROXWLRQV��6T±�0H
G\H�DJJUHJDWHV�IRUPDWLRQ�KDV�EHHQ�UHYHDOHG�
7KH�VWUXFWXUH�RI�6T±�0H�DJJUHJDWHV�IRUPHG
LQ� 6'6� DQG� &3%� PLFHOOHV� LV� GLIIHUHQW� DQG
KDV�EHHQ�GLVFXVVHG�XVLQJ�WKH�H[FLWRQ�WKHRU\�
,Q� D� VROXWLRQ� FRQWDLQLQJ� 6'6� PLFHOOHV�� WKH
6T±�0H�G\H�IRUPV�GLPHUV�RI��KHUULQJERQH�
JHRPHWU\�ZLWK�D�ODUJH�DQJOH��ZKLOH� LQ�D�VR�
OXWLRQ�ZLWK�&3%�PLFHOOHV�� WKH� IRUPDWLRQ� RI
PRUH�H[WHQGHG�DJJUHJDWHV�RI�-�W\SH�PROHFX�
ODU� SDFNLQJ� ZLWK� GLIIHUHQW� DVVRFLDWLRQ� GH�
JUHH�LV�DVVXPHG��
5HIHUHQFHV
� ���6�6UHHMLWK��3�&DURO��3�&KLWKUD��$�$MD\DJKRVK�
-��0DWHU��&KHP�������������������
� ���$�$MD\DJKRVK�� $FF��&KHP��5HV��� ���� ���
�������
� ���&�:�'LUN�� :�&�+HUQGRQ�� )�&HUYDQWHV�/HH� HW
DO���-��$P��&KHP��6RF��������������������
� ���*�-�$VKZHOO��*�-HIIHULHV��'�*�+DPLOWRQ�HW�DO��
1DWXUH������������������
� ���0�)XUXNL��/�6�3X��)�6DVDNL�HW�DO���$SSO��3K\V�
/HWW�������������������
� ���0�,ZDPRWR�� 6�6KLGRK�� -DS��-��$SSO��3K\V��� ���
������������
� ���$�&�7DP��$SSO��3K\V��/HWW�������������������
� ���.��<�/DZ��&KHP��5HY�������������������
� ���9�0�,RIIH�� *�3�*RUEHQNR�� 7�'HOLJHRUJLHY� HW
DO���%LRSK\V��&KHP������������������
����9�0�,RIIH��*�3�*RUEHQNR��$�/�7DWDUHWV�HW�DO��
-��)OXRUHVFHQFH�����������������
����'�5DPDLDK��,�(FNHUW��.�7��$UXQ��HW�DO���3KRWR�
FKHP��3KRWRELRO������������������
����5�6�*U\Q\RY�� $�9�6RURNLQ�� *�<D�*XUDOFKXN
HW�DO���-��3K\V��&KHP��&��������������������
����5�:�%LJHORZ��+�-�)UHXQG��&KHP��3K\V��� ����
�����������
����+�&KHQ�� .�<�/DZ�� '�*�:KLWWHQ�� -��3K\V�
&KHP��������������������
����+�&KHQ��0�6�)DUDKDW��.�<�/DZ��'�*�:KLWWHQ�
-��$P��&KHP��6RF��������������������
����$�0LVKUD�� 5�.�%HKHUD�� 3�.�%HKHUD� HW� DO��
&KHP��5HY��������������������
����0�.DVKD�� 0�$�(O�%D\RXPL�� :�5KRGHV�� -�
&KHP��3K\V������������������
����9�&]LNNHO\�� +�'�)RUVWHUOLQJ�� +�.XKQ�� &KHP�
3K\V��/HWW�����������������
����$�$�,VKFKHQNR��6�$�6KDSRYDORY��-���$SSO��6SHFW��
���������������
����5�9�3HUHLUD�� 0�+�*HKOHQ�� 6SHFWURFKLP��$FWD
$������������������
����<X�9�0DO\XNLQ�� 6�/�(ILPRYD�� .�.HPQLW]�� -�
/XPLQHVFHQFH��������������������
����*�<D�*XUDOFKXN�� ,�.�.DWUXQRY�� 5�6�*U\Q\RY
HW�DO���)XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV������������������
����*�<D�*XUDOFKXN�� ,�.�.DWUXQRY�� 5�6�*U\Q\RY
HW�DO���-��3K\V��&KHP��&��������������������
����.�6KLQRGD�� 7�1DNDJDZD�� +�7DPDPXVKL�
7�,�6HPXUD�� &ROORLGDO� 6XUIDFWDQWV�� 6RPH
3K\VLFRFKHPLFDO� 3URSHUWLHV�� $FDGHPLF� 3UHVV�
1HZ�<RUN�DQG�/RQGRQ��������
����0�-�5RVHQ�� 6XUIDFWDQW� DQG� ,QWHUIDFLDO� 3KH�
QRPHQRQ��:LOH\��1HZ�<RUN��������
����$�6�'DY\GRY�� 7KHRU\� RI� 0ROHFXODU� ([FLWRQV�
0F*UDZ�+LOO��1HZ�<RUN��������
����0�%LHOVND��$�6REF]\QVND��.�3URFKDVND��'\HV
DQG�3LJPHQWV�����������������
����-�+DOGDU�� 9�.�$VZDO�� 3�6�*R\DO�� 6�%KDW�
WDFKDU\D��-��3K\V��&KHP��%��������������������
����-�$JJUHJDWHV��HG��E\�7�.RED\DVKL��:RUOG�6FL�
HQWLILF� 3XEOLVKLQJ� &R��3WH��/WG�� 6LQJDSRUH�
1HZ�-HUVH\��/RQGRQ��+RQJ�.RQJ��������
����9�$�0DO\VKHY��-��/XPLQHVFHQFH�����������������
����-�.QRHVWHU��-�&KHP��3K\V��������������������
6�/�<HILPRYD�HW�DO����(IIHFWV�RI�VXUIDFWDQWV�RQ�WKH����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
{¹ãÒm�¹ºm˯²ÓËmº�È}�ÒmÓÒ²�¯Ë�ºmÒÓ�ÓÈ�äºãË}�㫯Ó��È�¯Ë�È�L
�°}mȯÈ�Óºmº�º�ȯmÓÒ}È6T±�0H���mº�ÓÒ²�¯ºÏ�ÒÓȲ
v����ÁLäºmÈ����Ð���¯Èã ��}��k�v��¼¼� ��|�{�vº¯º}LÓ���{�lÈã
}LÓ��,���z�¯Òã �ËÓ}º
��mº�ÓÒ²�¯ºÏ�ÒÓȲ�äË�º�ÈäÒ�º¹�Ò�Óº��°¹Ë}�¯º°}º¹L��mÒm�ËÓº�m¹ãÒm�ÈÓLºÓÓº����º�Ë�
�Òã°�ã ÁÈ��ÓÈ�¯L
��6'6���È�}È�LºÓÓº����Ë�Òã¹L¯Ò�ÒÓL®�¯ºäL���vc{��¹ºm˯²ÓËmº�È}�Òm�
ÓÒ²� ¯Ë�ºmÒÓ� ��kc�� ÓÈ� È�¯Ë�È�L
� °}mȯÈ�Óºmº�º� ȯmÓÒ}È� 6T±�0H�� {°�ÈÓºmãËÓº�� �º
�º�ÈmÈÓÓ«���LÓȯÓÒ®�¯ºÏ�ÒÓ�iln�{���������kc���}ºÓ�ËÓ�¯È�L���mÒ�L®�ÏÈ�}¯Ò�Ò�Ó�
}ºÓ�ËÓ�¯È�L
� äL�Ëãº��mº¯ËÓÓ«�� ÓË� ¹Ë¯Ë�}º�Îȼ� È�¯Ë�È�L�� ȯmÓÒ}È�� v�¯�}��¯�� È�¯Ë�
�È�Lm�ȯmÓÒ}È�6T±�0H���º���mº¯
� °«���äL�ËãȲ��kc��¯ºÏ�ã«Ó��º���¯Èä}Ȳ�Ë}°Ò�ºÓ�
Óº���˺¯L���|�¯ÒäÈÓL�¯ËÏ�ã �È�Ò��ºÏmºã«
� �ϯºÒ�Ò�mÒ°Óºmº}���º�°�¯�}��¯º
�È�¯Ë�È�Lm
6T±�0H�äºÎÓÈ�}˯�mÈ�Ò�ÏÈ��º¹ºäº�º
��kc�¯LÏÓº��²LäL�Óº����ºmÒ�
6�/�<HILPRYD�HW�DO����(IIHFWV�RI�VXUIDFWDQWV�RQ�WKH����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
|