Superlattice nanostructures based on chalcogenide semiconductors
The multilayer chalcogenide semiconductor films with large layer lattice misfit (0.5-13 %) are shown to open the new opportunities for development of one-, two- and three-dimensional superlattice nanostructures. The superconductivity has been revealed for the first time in two-dimensional (dislocati...
Gespeichert in:
Datum: | 2009 |
---|---|
1. Verfasser: | |
Format: | Artikel |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
2009
|
Schriftenreihe: | Functional Materials |
Schlagworte: | |
Online Zugang: | http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/138929 |
Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
Zitieren: | Superlattice nanostructures based on chalcogenide semiconductors // A.Yu. Sipatov // Functional Materials. — 2009. — Т. 16, № 4. — С. 374-383. — Бібліогр.: 25 назв. — англ. |
Institution
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraineid |
irk-123456789-138929 |
---|---|
record_format |
dspace |
spelling |
irk-123456789-1389292018-06-20T03:03:34Z Superlattice nanostructures based on chalcogenide semiconductors Sipatov Characterization and properties The multilayer chalcogenide semiconductor films with large layer lattice misfit (0.5-13 %) are shown to open the new opportunities for development of one-, two- and three-dimensional superlattice nanostructures. The superconductivity has been revealed for the first time in two-dimensional (dislocational) superlattices, the presence of periodic networks of misfit dislocations at interfaces being directly responsible for the superconductivity. The spectra of 1 uminescence from quantum dots have been discovered for the first time in three-dimensional PbSe-PbS superlattices, the dots being formed by structure modulations from periodic misfit dislocations along the layer interfaces and composition modulations in the orthogonal direction. The resonance tunneling of electrons via ferromagnetic EuS barriers was found for one-dimensional (compositional) superlattices. The antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling of magnetic EuS layers via non-magnetic PbS and YbSe spacers has been found for the first time in semiconductor superlattices. Such coupling is observed for unusual wide range of spacer thicknesses for narrow-gap PbS semiconductor (from 0.4 nm to 40 nm) and wide-gap YbSe (from 1 nm to 3 nm). Показано, що використання багатошарових плівок халькогенідних напівпровідників з невідповідністю граток суміжних шарів у широких межах (0,5-13 %) відкриває нові можливості для створення одно-, дво- та тривимірних надграткових наноструктур. Для двовимірних (дислокаційних) надграток вперше виявлено надпровідність, пов'язану з присутністю періодичних сіток дислокацій невідповідності на міжфазних межах. Для тривимірних надграток PbSe-PbS вперше знай:дено спектри люмінесценції з квантових точок, утворених модуляцією структури періодичними дислокаціями у площині композиції та модуляцією складу в ортогональному напрямку. Для одновимірних (композиційних) надграток виявлено резонансне тунелювання електронів через феромагнітні бар'єри EuS, а також антиферомагнітне упорядкування магнітних шарів, зумовлене їх взаємодією через діамагнітні прошарки PbS та YbSe. Таке упорядкування спостерігається для незвично великого діапазону товщини прошарків вузькозонного напівпровідника PbS (від 0,4 до 40 нм) та широкозонного YbSe (від 1 до 3 нм). Показано, что использование многослойных пленок халькогенидных полупроводников с несоответствием решеток соседних слоев в широких пределах (0,5-13 %) открывает новые возможности по созданию одно-, двух- и трехмерных сверхрешеточных наноструктур. Для двумерных (дислокационных) сверхрешеток впервые обнаружена сверхпроводимость, которая связана с присутствием периодических сеток дислокаций несоответствия на межфазных границах (отсутствие дислокаций приводит к отсутствию сверхпроводимости). Для трехмерных сверхрешеток PbSe-PbS впервые обнаружены спектры люминесценции из квантовых точек, созданных модуляцией структуры периодическими дислокациями вдоль межфазных границ и модуляцией состава в ортогональном направлении. Для одномерных (композиционных) сверхрешеток обнаружено резонансное туннелирование электронов через ферромагнитные барьеры EuS, а также антиферромагнитное упорядочение магнитных слоев, обусловленное их взаимодействием через диамагнитные прослойки PbS и YbSe. Такое упорядочение наблюдается для необычно большого диапазона толщины прослоек узкозонного полупроводника PbS (0,4-40 нм) и широкозонного YbSe (1-3 нм). 2009 Article Superlattice nanostructures based on chalcogenide semiconductors // A.Yu. Sipatov // Functional Materials. — 2009. — Т. 16, № 4. — С. 374-383. — Бібліогр.: 25 назв. — англ. 1027-5495 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/138929 en Functional Materials НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
collection |
DSpace DC |
language |
English |
topic |
Characterization and properties Characterization and properties |
spellingShingle |
Characterization and properties Characterization and properties Sipatov Superlattice nanostructures based on chalcogenide semiconductors Functional Materials |
description |
The multilayer chalcogenide semiconductor films with large layer lattice misfit (0.5-13 %) are shown to open the new opportunities for development of one-, two- and three-dimensional superlattice nanostructures. The superconductivity has been revealed for the first time in two-dimensional (dislocational) superlattices, the presence of periodic networks of misfit dislocations at interfaces being directly responsible for the superconductivity. The spectra of 1 uminescence from quantum dots have been discovered for the first time in three-dimensional PbSe-PbS superlattices, the dots being formed by structure modulations from periodic misfit dislocations along the layer interfaces and composition modulations in the orthogonal direction. The resonance tunneling of electrons via ferromagnetic EuS barriers was found for one-dimensional (compositional) superlattices. The antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling of magnetic EuS layers via non-magnetic PbS and YbSe spacers has been found for the first time in semiconductor superlattices. Such coupling is observed for unusual wide range of spacer thicknesses for narrow-gap PbS semiconductor (from 0.4 nm to 40 nm) and wide-gap YbSe (from 1 nm to 3 nm). |
format |
Article |
author |
Sipatov |
author_facet |
Sipatov |
author_sort |
Sipatov |
title |
Superlattice nanostructures based on chalcogenide semiconductors |
title_short |
Superlattice nanostructures based on chalcogenide semiconductors |
title_full |
Superlattice nanostructures based on chalcogenide semiconductors |
title_fullStr |
Superlattice nanostructures based on chalcogenide semiconductors |
title_full_unstemmed |
Superlattice nanostructures based on chalcogenide semiconductors |
title_sort |
superlattice nanostructures based on chalcogenide semiconductors |
publisher |
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
publishDate |
2009 |
topic_facet |
Characterization and properties |
url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/138929 |
citation_txt |
Superlattice nanostructures based on chalcogenide semiconductors // A.Yu. Sipatov // Functional Materials. — 2009. — Т. 16, № 4. — С. 374-383. — Бібліогр.: 25 назв. — англ. |
series |
Functional Materials |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT sipatov superlatticenanostructuresbasedonchalcogenidesemiconductors |
first_indexed |
2025-07-10T06:52:14Z |
last_indexed |
2025-07-10T06:52:14Z |
_version_ |
1837241831224508416 |
fulltext |
6XSHUODWWLFH�QDQRVWUXFWXUHV�EDVHGRQ�FKDOFRJHQLGH�VHPLFRQGXFWRUV
$�<X�6LSDWRY
1DWLRQDO�7HFKQLFDO�8QLYHUVLW\��.KDUNLY�3RO\WHFKQLFDO�,QVWLWXWH��
���)UXQ]H�6W���������.KDUNLY��8NUDLQH
5HFHLYHG�6HSWHPEHU���������
7KH�PXOWLOD\HU�FKDOFRJHQLGH�VHPLFRQGXFWRU�ILOPV�ZLWK�ODUJH�OD\HU�ODWWLFH�PLVILW����������
DUH�VKRZQ�WR�RSHQ�WKH�QHZ�RSSRUWXQLWLHV�IRU�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�RQH��� WZR��DQG�WKUHH�GLPHQ�
VLRQDO� VXSHUODWWLFH� QDQRVWUXFWXUHV��7KH� VXSHUFRQGXFWLYLW\�KDV� EHHQ� UHYHDOHG� IRU� WKH� ILUVW
WLPH�LQ�WZR�GLPHQVLRQDO��GLVORFDWLRQDO��VXSHUODWWLFHV��WKH�SUHVHQFH�RI�SHULRGLF�QHWZRUNV�RI
PLVILW�GLVORFDWLRQV�DW� LQWHUIDFHV�EHLQJ�GLUHFWO\�UHVSRQVLEOH�IRU�WKH�VXSHUFRQGXFWLYLW\��7KH
VSHFWUD� RI� OXPLQHVFHQFH� IURP� TXDQWXP� GRWV� KDYH� EHHQ� GLVFRYHUHG� IRU� WKH� ILUVW� WLPH� LQ
WKUHH�GLPHQVLRQDO�3E6H±3E6�VXSHUODWWLFHV��WKH�GRWV�EHLQJ�IRUPHG�E\�VWUXFWXUH�PRGXODWLRQV
IURP�SHULRGLF�PLVILW�GLVORFDWLRQV�DORQJ�WKH�OD\HU�LQWHUIDFHV�DQG�FRPSRVLWLRQ�PRGXODWLRQV�LQ
WKH� RUWKRJRQDO� GLUHFWLRQ�� 7KH� UHVRQDQFH� WXQQHOLQJ� RI� HOHFWURQV� YLD� IHUURPDJQHWLF� (X6
EDUULHUV� ZDV� IRXQG� IRU� RQH�GLPHQVLRQDO� �FRPSRVLWLRQDO�� VXSHUODWWLFHV�� 7KH� DQWLIHUURPDJ�
QHWLF�LQWHUOD\HU�FRXSOLQJ�RI�PDJQHWLF�(X6� OD\HUV�YLD�QRQ�PDJQHWLF�3E6�DQG�<E6H�VSDFHUV
KDV�EHHQ�IRXQG�IRU�WKH�ILUVW�WLPH�LQ�VHPLFRQGXFWRU�VXSHUODWWLFHV��6XFK�FRXSOLQJ�LV�REVHUYHG
IRU�XQXVXDO�ZLGH�UDQJH�RI�VSDFHU�WKLFNQHVVHV�IRU�QDUURZ�JDS�3E6�VHPLFRQGXFWRU��IURP����
QP�WR����QP��DQG�ZLGH�JDS�<E6H��IURP���QP�WR���QP��
�º}ÈÏÈÓº����º�Ò°¹ºã ϺmÈÓÒË�äÓº�º°ãº®Ó©²�¹ãËÓº}�²Èã }º�ËÓÒ�Ó©²�¹ºã�¹¯ºmº�ÓÒ�
}ºm�°�Ó˰ºº�mË�°�mÒËä�¯Ë�Ë�º}�°º°Ë�ÓÒ²�°ãºËm�m��Ò¯º}Ò²�¹¯Ë�ËãȲ������Ü������º�}¯©�
mÈË�� Óºm©Ë� mºÏäºÎÓº°�Ò� ¹º� °ºÏ�ÈÓÒ
� º�Óº��� �m�²�� Ò� �¯Ë²ä˯ө²� °m˯²¯Ë�Ë�º�Ó©²
ÓÈÓº°�¯�}��¯�� iã«� �m�ä˯ө²� ��Ò°ãº}È�ÒºÓÓ©²�� °m˯²¯Ë�Ë�º}� m¹Ë¯m©Ë� ºÓȯ�ÎËÓÈ
°m˯²¹¯ºmº�Ò亰� �� }º�º¯È«� °m«ÏÈÓÈ� °�¹¯Ò°��°�mÒËä�¹Ë¯Òº�Ò�˰}Ò²� °Ë�º}��Ò°ãº}È�Ò®
Ó˰ºº�mË�°�mÒ«�ÓÈ�äËÎÁÈÏÓ©²��¯ÈÓÒ�Ȳ��º�°��°�mÒË��Ò°ãº}È�Ò®�¹¯Òmº�Ò��}�º�°��°�mÒ
°m˯²¹¯ºmº�Ò亰�Ò��� iã«� �¯Ë²ä˯ө²� °m˯²¯Ë�Ë�º}� 3E6H±3E6� m¹Ë¯m©Ë� ºÓȯ�ÎËÓ©
°¹Ë}�¯©�ã
äÒÓ˰�ËÓ�ÒÒ�ÒÏ�}mÈÓ�ºm©²��º�Ë}��°ºÏ�ÈÓÓ©²�äº��ã«�ÒË®�°�¯�}��¯©�¹Ë¯Ò�
º�Ò�˰}ÒäÒ� �Ò°ãº}È�Ò«äÒ� m�ºã � äËÎÁÈÏÓ©²� �¯ÈÓÒ�� Ò� äº��ã«�ÒË®� °º°�ÈmÈ� m� º¯�º�º�
ÓÈã Óºä� Óȹ¯ÈmãËÓÒÒ�� iã«� º�Óºä˯ө²� �}ºä¹ºÏÒ�ÒºÓÓ©²�� °m˯²¯Ë�Ë�º}� ºÓȯ�ÎËÓº
¯ËϺÓÈÓ°ÓºË� ��ÓÓËãÒ¯ºmÈÓÒË� ªãË}�¯ºÓºm��˯ËÏ�Á˯¯ºäÈ�ÓÒ�Ó©Ë� ȯ ˯©�(X6�� È� �È}ÎË
ÈÓ�ÒÁ˯¯ºäÈ�ÓÒ�ÓºË��¹º¯«�º�ËÓÒË�äÈ�ÓÒ�Ó©²�°ãºËm��º�°ãºmãËÓÓºË�Ò²�mÏÈÒäº�Ë®°�mÒ�
Ëä��˯ËÏ��ÒÈäÈ�ÓÒ�Ó©Ë�¹¯º°ãº®}Ò�3E6� Ò�<E6H���È}ºË� �¹º¯«�º�ËÓÒË�ÓÈã
�ÈË�°«��ã«
Ó˺©�Óº� ºã �º�º� �ÒȹÈϺÓÈ� �ºã�ÒÓ©� ¹¯º°ãºË}� �Ï}ºÏºÓÓº�º� ¹ºã�¹¯ºmº�ÓÒ}È� 3E6
����Ü���Óä��Ò��Ò¯º}ºÏºÓÓº�º�<E6H���Ü��Óä��
7KH�PDLQ�JRDO� RI�PDWHULDOV� VFLHQFH� LV� WR
V\QWKHVL]H� QHZ� PDWHULDOV� DQG� WR� VWXG\� WKH
VWUXFWXUH� DQG� SURSHUWLHV� WKHUHRI�� ,W� LV� MXVW
WKH� VXSHUODWWLFHV� �6/V�� WKDW� DUH� DPRQJ� WKH
PRVW�SURPLVLQJ�REMHFWV��7KH�6/V�DUH�PXOWL�
OD\HUHG� VWUXFWXUHV� ZLWK� SHULRGLFDOO\� DOWHU�
QDWLQJ�VXSHUWKLQ�OD\HUV�RI�GLIIHUHQW�PDWHUL�
DOV�SURYLGLQJ�DQ�DGGLWLYH�PRGXODWLQJ�SRWHQ�
WLDO�IRU�FKDUJH�FDUULHUV�>�@��7KH�6/V�DUH�RI�D
JUHDW� LQWHUHVW� ERWK� LQ� IXQGDPHQWDO� VWXGLHV
DQG� LQ� SUDFWLFDO� DSSOLFDWLRQV�� 7KH�PDLQ� UH�
TXLUHPHQWV� LQ�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�HSLWD[LDO�6/V
DUH� DV� IROORZV�� �L�� WKH� OD\HU�E\�OD\HU� DOWHU�
QDWLQJ�JURZWK�RI�WKH�PDWHULDOV�LQ�XVH���LL��D
GLIIHUHQFH� LQ� WKH� EDQG� JDSV� WKHUHRI�� �LLL�� D
VPDOO� PLVILW� EHWZHHQ� WKHLU� ODWWLFH� SHULRGV�
7KH� ODUJHVW� SURJUHVV� LV� DFKLHYHG� IRU� WKH
$�%�� DQG�$�%�� 6/V� ZKHUH� WKH� VPDOO� ODWWLFH
)XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� ��������67&��,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV�
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
PLVILW� LV� SURYLGHG� E\� PXOWLFRPSRQHQW� EDU�
ULHU� OD\HUV�� $Q� LQVXIILFLHQW� DWWHQWLRQ� ZDV
JLYHQ� WR�PXOWLOD\HU� VWUXFWXUHV�ZLWK� D� ODUJH
ODWWLFH�PLVILW��DV�WKH�PLVILW�ZDV�DVVXPHG�WR
FDXVH�VWUHVVHV��VWUDLQV��DQG�GHIHFWV�UHVXOWLQJ
LQ� DGGLWLRQDO� VFDWWHULQJ� FHQWHUV� RI� FKDUJH
FDUULHUV�� 7KH� GHYHORSPHQW� RI� VXFK� 6/V� DQG
VWXGLHV� RI� WKH� SK\VLFDO� SURSHUWLHV� WKHUHRI
ZLOO�PDNH�LW�SRVVLEOH�WR�H[WHQG�FRQVLGHUDEO\
WKH� YDULHW\� RI� VXSHUODWWLFH� PDWHULDOV� RI
SUDFWLFDO� LQWHUHVW�� ZKLOH� WKH� ODWWLFH� PLVILW
RIIHUV�QHZ�ZD\V�WR�6/V�ZLWK�KRPRJHQHRXVO\
DQG� LQKRPRJHQLRXVO\� HODVWLFDOO\� VWUDLQHG
OD\HUV��RUGHUHG�GLVORFDWLRQ�V\VWHPV��DQG�FR�
LQFLGHQFH�VLWH�ODWWLFH�DW�WKH�LQWHUIDFHV��7KLV
ZLOO�H[WHQG�FRQVLGHUDEO\�ERWK�WKH�QXPEHU�RI
VWUXFWXUH� VWDWHV� DQG� WKXV� WKH� YDULDWLRQ
UDQJHV�RI�WKH�6/�SK\VLFDO�SURSHUWLHV�
7KH� ELQDU\� FKDOFRJHQLGH� VHPLFRQGXFWRUV
ZHUH� VHOHFWHG� DV� WKH� VWXG\� REMHFWV�� VHH
7DEOH����7KRVH�KDYH�D�VLPSOH�FU\VWDO� ODWWLFH
RI�1D&O�W\SH��DUH�UDWKHU�VLPSOH�WR�REWDLQ�DV
VLQJOH� FU\VWDO� ILOPV� RQ� YDULRXV� VXEVWUDWHV
�.&O�� %D)��� PLFD�� 6L��� VKRZ� D� ZLGH� ODWWLFHPLVILW�UDQJH��I� �����WR��������DQG�SURYLGH
WKH� IRUPDWLRQ� RI�PXOWLOD\HUHG� FRPSRVLWLRQV
ZLWK� GLIIHUHQW� OD\HU� FRPELQDWLRQV� �QDUURZ�
JDS��ZLGH�JDS�� IHUURPDJQHWLF�DQG�QRQIHUUR�
PDJQHWLF��HWF���
7R�UHVROYH�WKH�SUREOHP��DQ�RULJLQDO�KLJK�
YDFXXP�XQLW�ZDV�GHVLJQHG�SURYLGLQJ�WKH�RLO�
IUHH�SXPSLQJ�V\VWHP��GRZQ�WR�����3D���WKH
UHVLVWLYH�HYDSRUDWLRQ�RI�OHDG�DQG�WLQ�FKDOFR�
JHQLGHV� IURP� WXQJVWHQ� ERDWV� DQG� HOHFWURQ�
EHDP�HYDSRUDWLRQ�RI�UDUH�HDUWK�PHWDO��5(0�
FKDOFRJHQLGHV�� 7KH�PXOWLOD\HUHG� ILOPV� ZHUH
V\QWKHVL]HG� E\� VXFFHVVLYH� FRQGHQVDWLRQ� RI
WKH� FKDOFRJHQLGHV� RQWR� IUHVKO\� FOHDYHG� .&O
DQG� %D)�� VXEVWUDWHV� DW� �������&�� 7KH
OD\HU� WKLFNQHVV� DQG� WKH� FRQGHQVDWLRQ� UDWH
ZHUH�PRQLWRUHG�E\�D�FDOLEUDWHG�TXDUW]�UHVR�
QDWRU� SODFHG� QHDU� WKH� VXEVWUDWHV�� 0RGHUQ
PHWKRGV� RI�KLJK�UHVROXWLRQ�HOHFWURQ�PLFURV�
FRS\�� ;�UD\� DQG� QHXWURQ� GLIIUDFWLRQ� ZHUH
XVHG� LQ� VWUXFWXUH� VWXGLHV�� D� VHW� RI� PRGHUQ
ORZ�WHPSHUDWXUH�PHWKRGV�ZDV�XVHG�WR�H[DP�
LQH� WKH� RSWLFDO�� HOHFWULFDO�� DQG� PDJQHWLF
FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�RI�WKH�ILOPV�
)LJ����� (OHFWURQ� PLFURVFRSLF� LPDJHV� �OHIW�� DQG
HOHFWURQ� GLIIUDFWLRQ� SDWWHUQV� �ULJKW�� RI� <E6±
3E6H� �D��� <E6±3E6� �E�� DQG� <E6H±3E6H� �F�
ILOPV��'LVORFDWLRQ�UHIOHFWLRQV�DUH�GHQRWG�DV�'5�
7DEOH����/DWWLFH�SHULRGV��D���KHDW�H[SDQVLRQ�FRHIILFLHQWV��D���EDQG�JDS�ZLGWKV��(J���PHOWLQJ�SRLQWV�7P���&XULH�SRLQWV��7&���DQG�1HHO�WHPSHUDWXUHV��71��IRU�PDWHULDOV�VWXGLHG
0DWHULDOV D��QP D����.������GHJ�
(J������.���H9 7P���& 7&��.��71���.
3E6 ������ ���� ���� ���� Û
3E6H ������ ���� ���� ���� Û
3E7H ����� ���� ���� ��� Û
6Q7H ����� ���� ���� ��� Û
<E6 ������ �� ��� ���� Û
<E6H ������ �� ��� ���� Û
<E7H ������ �� ��� ���� Û
(X6 ������ ���� ���� ���� ����
(X6H ������ ���� ��� ���� ���������
(X7H ������ �� ��� ���� ���
$�<X�6LSDWRY���6XSHUODWWLFH�QDQRVWUXFWXUHV�EDVHG�RQ����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
$� 6/� VKRXOG� FRQVLVW� RI� VXIILFLHQW� JRRG
TXDOLW\� VLQJOH�FU\VWDO� OD\HUV� WR� SURYLGH� WKH
PRVW� IXOO� UHDOL]DWLRQ� RI� LWV� XQLTXH� SURSHU�
WLHV�� $V� WR� OHDG� DQG� WLQ� FKDOFRJHQLGHV�� WKH
.&O� DQG� %D)�� VXEVWUDWHV� DUH� NQRZQ� WR� EHWKH� RSWLPDO��ZKHUH� WKH� VLQJOH� FU\VWDO� ILOPV
JURZ�LQ�������DQG�������RULHQWDWLRQ��UHVSHF�
WLYHO\�� $� VWXG\� RI� WKH� 5(0� FKDOFRJHQLGH
HSLWD[\�KDV�VKRZQ�WKDW�WKRVH�JURZ�DV�SRO\�
FU\VWDOOLQH� ILOPV�� DW� EHVW� DV� WH[WXUHG� RQHV�
7KH� VLQJOH�FU\VWDO� OD\HUV� RI� 5(0� FKDOFR�
JHQLGHV� KDYH� EHHQ� REWDLQHG� XVLQJ� WKH� OHDG
DQG� WLQ� FKDOFRJHQLGH� ILOPV� ZKHUH� WKH� UH�
TXLUHG� ILOPV� JURZ� LQ� D� OD\HU�E\�OD\HU�PDQ�
QHU� DFFRUGLQJ� WR� WKH�)UDQFN�YDQ�GHU�0HUYH
PHFKDQLVP� UHVXOWLQJ� LQ� IRUPDWLRQ� RI� WKH
VLQJOH�FU\VWDO� ILOPV� ZLWK� DW� OHDVW� WKH� VDPH
FU\VWDO�VWUXFWXUH�SHUIHFWLRQ�DV�WKH�VXEVWUDWH
RQH�� $W� D� ODWWLFH� PLVILW� I�!������ D� VTXDUH
QHWZRUN� RI� SXUH� HGJH� PLVILW� GLVORFDWLRQV
�0'V��LV�IRUPHG�DW�WKH�������LQWHUIDFHV��7KH
0'V� SURYLGHG� WKH� FRPSHQVDWLRQ� RI� WKH� ODW�
WLFH� PLVILW� EHWZHHQ� WKH� FRQMXJDWHG� OD\HUV
DQG� ORFDOL]DWLRQ� RI� VWUHVVHV� DQG� VWUDLQV
FDXVHG� E\� WKDW�PLVILW� QHDU� WKH� LQWHUIDFH� LQ
WKH�IRUP�RI�SHULRGLF�PRGXODWLRQV��7KH�GLVOR�
FDWLRQ�LQGXFHG� VWUHVVHV� DUH� TXLWH� VXIILFLHQW
WR� PRGXODWH� WKH� VHPLFRQGXFWRU� EDQG� JDS�
7DNLQJ�LQWR�DFFRXQW�WKH�KLJK�UHJXODULW\�DQG
SHULRGLFLW\� RI� WKH�0'V� �ZKHUH� WKH� HOHFWURQ
GLIIUDFWLRQ� LV� REVHUYHG� DV� GLVORFDWLRQ� UH�
IOHFWV� LQ� WKH� HOHFWURQ� GLIIUDFWLRQ� SDWWHUQV��
WKRVH� FDQ� EH� FRQVLGHUHG� DV� D� QHZ� W\SH� RI
WZR�GLPHQVLRQDO��GLVORFDWLRQDO��VXSHUODWWLFHV
ZLWK�D�SHULRGLF�VWUXFWXUDO�PRGXODWLRQ�LQ�WKH
LQWHUIDFH� SODQH� >�@��:KHQ�YDU\LQJ� WKH�PLV�
ILW� YDOXH� �IURP���� WR������� WKH�GLVORFDWLRQ
VWUXFWXUHV� ZLWK� D� SHULRG� IURP� �� QP� WR
���QP�FDQ�EH�REWDLQHG��7DEOH���
,Q� GLIIUDFWLRQ� SDWWHUQV� RI� WKH� PXOWLOD\�
HUHG� VWUXFWXUHV�� DQ� LQWHUIHUHQFH� SDWWHUQ
FRQVLVWLQJ� RI� VDWHOOLWH� UHIOHFWLRQV� DULVHV� LQ�
VWHDG� RI� WKH� %UDJJ� UHIOHFWLRQV� IURP� HDFK
PDWHULDO�� WKH� UHIOHFWLRQ� VSDFLQJ� LV� GHILQHG
E\�WKH�PXOWLOD\HU�SHULRG��)LJ���D��$�VLPLODU
V\VWHP�RI�VDWHOOLWH�SHDNV�LV�REVHUYHG�IRU�ORZ
DQJOH�;�UD\� VFDWWHULQJ�� WRR�� )LJ���E�� 8VLQJ
WKH� WUDQVPLVVLRQ� ;�5D\� VFDWWHULQJ�� WKH
OD\HU�WKLFNQHVV�FDXVLQJ�WKH�SVHXGRPRUSKLVP
EUHDN� �RU� D�0'� LQWURGXFWLRQ�� FDQ� EH�GHWHU�
7DEOH����&DOFXODWHG��I��'��DQG�H[SHULPHQWDO��KF��KP��SDUDPHWHUV�RI�VXSHUODWWLFHV��I� LV�WKH�ODWWLFHPLVILW�RI�WKH� OD\HUV��'0'�� WKH�0'�SHULRG��KF�� WKH�FULWLFDO� OD\HU�WKLFNQHVV�IRU�0'�LQWURGXFWLRQ�KP��WKH�PLQLPXP�OD\HU�WKLFNQHVV�IRU�6/�IRUPDWLRQ
6/ I��� '0'��QP KF��QP KP��QP�
(X6±3E6 ��� Ü Ü ���
<E7H±6Q7H ��� Ü Ü ���
(X6H±3E6H ��� Ü Ü ���
<E6H±3E6 ��� Ü Ü ���
(X7H±3E7H ��� �� � ���
3E7H±6Q7H ��� �� ��� ���
(X6±3E6H ��� �� � ���
3E6H±3E6 ��� �� � ���
6Q7H±3E6 ��� �� � ���
(X6H±3E6 ��� �� � ���
<E6H±3E6H ��� �� ��� ���
(X6H±3E7H ��� �� � ���
<E6±3E6 ��� ��� � ���
3E7H±3E6H ��� ��� � ���
(X7H±3E6H ��� ��� � ���
(X6±3E7H ��� ��� � ���
<E6±3E6H ��� ��� � ���
3E7H±3E6 ��� ��� � ���
<E6H±3E7H ��� ��� � ���
(X7H±3E6 ���� ��� � ���
<E6±3E7H ���� ��� � ���
$�<X�6LSDWRY���6XSHUODWWLFH�QDQRVWUXFWXUHV�EDVHG�RQ����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
PLQHG� IURP� WKH� SVHXGRPRUKLF� UHIOHFWLRQ
VSOLW� LQWR� WZR� VHSDUDWH� RQHV� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ
WR� HDFK� OD\HU�� ,Q� WKLV� PDQQHU�� WKH� FULWLFDO
OD\HU� WKLFNQHVV� IRU� WKH� 0'� IRUPDWLRQ� ZDV
GHWHUPLQHG�IRU�HDFK�FRXSOH�RI�WKH�PDWHULDOV
VWXGLHG��WKH�UHVXOWV�DUH�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�7DEOH���
7KH� 7DEOH� SUHVHQWV� DOVR� WKH� PLQLPDO� OD\HU
WKLFNQHVV�YDOXHV�SURYLGLQJ�WKH�SRVVLELOLW\�RI
VXSHUODWWLFH�IRUPDWLRQ��WKDW�WKLFNQHVV�LV�GH�
WHUPLQHG�IURP�WKH�SUHVHQFH�RI�DW�OHDVW�ILUVW
RUGHU�VDWHOOLWH�UHIOHFWLRQV�
7KH� VWUXFWXUH� VWXG\� UHVXOWV� FDQ� EH� VXP�
PDUL]HG� DV� IROORZV��%DVLQJ� RQ� FKDOFRJHQLGH
VHPLFRQGXFWRUV�� WKUHH� W\SHV� RI� VXSHUODWWLFH
QDQRVWUXFWXUHV� FDQ� EH� IRUPHG�� QDPHO\� �L�
WKH� RQH�GLPHQVLRQDO� �FRPSRVLWLRQ�� 6/V� V\Q�
WKHVL]HG�DW�VPDOO�OD\HU�PLVILW�DQG�WKLFNQHVV
EHLQJ� VPDOOHU� WKDQ� WKH� FULWLFDO� RQHV� IRU
0'V�� �LL�� WZR�GLPHQVLRQDO� �GLVORFDWLRQ�� 6/V
DW� ODUJHU� PLVILWV� DQG� WKH� OD\HU� WKLFNQHVV
H[FHHGLQJ� WKH� FULWLFDO� RQHV� IRU� 0'V�� �LLL�
WKUHH�GLPHQVLRQDO� �FRPSRVLWLRQ�GLVORFDWLRQ�
6/V� EHLQJ� D� FRPELQDWLRQ� RI� WZR� SUHFHGLQJ
RQHV�
$�ODUJH�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�JUDGLHQW�RYHU�VXFK
VPDOO�GLVWDQFHV�PD\�FDXVH�D�IDVW�OD\HU�LQWHU�
PL[LQJ� DQG� WKH� VXSHUODWWLFH� GHJUDGDWLRQ
HYHQ� DW� WKH� SUHSDUDWLRQ� VWDJH�� 7KHUHIRUH�
WKH� WHPSHUDWXUH� DQG� WLPH� VWDELOLW\� VWXGLHV
RI� VXFK� QDQRVWUXFWXUHV� LV� DPRQJ� WKH� PDW�
WHUV� RI� PRVW� LPSRUWDQFH�� 7KH� HIIHFWLYH
PHWKRGV� RI� VXFK� VWXGLHV� LQFOXGH� WKH� ;�UD\
GLIIUDFWLRQ� PDNLQJ� LW� SRVVLEOH� WR� PRQLWRU
WKH�OD\HU�LQWHUPL[LQJ�SURFHVVHV�IURP�WKH�LQ�
WHQVLW\� FKDQJHV� RI� WKH� VDWHOOLWH� UHIOHFWLRQV
DV� ZHOO� DV� WR� GHWHUPLQH� WKH� LQWHUGLIIXVLRQ
FRHIILFLHQWV�WKHUHRI�>��@�
OQ,P�W��,P�W��
� ���SP�
+ '�W����W��� ���
ZKHUH�,P�LV�WKH�P�WK�VDWHOOLWH�LQWHQVLW\�QRU�PDOL]HG� WR� WKH� ]HUR� RQH�� W�� DQG� W��� WKH� DQ�QHDOLQJ� WLPH� PRPHQWV�� P�� WKH� VDWHOOLWH
RUGHU��+��WKH�6/�SHULRG��'��GLIIXVLRQ�FRHIIL�
FLQW�
7KH�6/V�ZHUH�VXEMHFWHG�WR�GLIIXVLRQDO�DQ�
QHDOLQJV� LQ� YDFXXP� DW� GLIIHUHQW� WHPSHUD�
WXUHV�� $IWHU� HDFK� DQQHDOLQJ��;5'� SDWWHUQV
ZHUH�REWDLQHG��7KH�UHVXOWV�DUH�SUHVHQWHG� LQ
7DEOH���ZKHUH�WKH�6/V�VWXGLHG�DUH�VHHQ�WR�EH
UDWKHU� VWDEOH� VWUXFWXUHV� KDYLQJ� LQ� DV�SUH�
SDUHG� VWDWH� YHU\� VPDOO� LQWHUPL[HG� ]RQH
WKLFNQHVV� ';� �';��a��'W�� RI� WKH� RUGHU� RI
RQH� PRQROD\HU� RU� OHVV�� WKXV� EHLQJ� D� YHU\
)LJ�����;�UD\�GLIIUDFWLRQ�SDWWHUQV�RI�DQ�(X6±
3E6H������.&O�6/�ZLWK������QP�SHULRG�LQ�WKH
������UHIOHFWLRQ��D��DQG�QHDU�WKH�SULPDU\�EHDP
�E���6DWHOOLWH�UHIOHFWLRQV�DUH�GHQRWHG�DV�6Q�
)LJ�����;�UD\� GLIIUDFWLRQ� LQ� WKH� ������ UHIOHF�
WLRQ�RI�D�3E6H±3E6�6/�ZLWK����QP�SHULRG�LQ
WKH�LQLWLDO�VWDWH��D��DQG�DQQHDOHG�DW�����.�IRU
���K��E��DQG����K��F���6DWHOOLWH�UHIOHFWLRQV�DUH
GHQRWHG�DV�6Q�
$�<X�6LSDWRY���6XSHUODWWLFH�QDQRVWUXFWXUHV�EDVHG�RQ����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
SURPLVLQJ� REMHFWV� IRU� IXUWKHU� VWXGLHV� DQG
VHDUFK�IRU�QHZ�HIIHFWV�
7KH� GLPHQVLRQDO� TXDQWL]DWLRQ� DQG� UHVR�
QDQFH� WXQQHOLQJ� DUH� HIIHFWV� W\SLFDO� RI� WKH
6/V�� 7KH� GLPHQVLRQDO� TXDQWL]DWLRQ� FDQ� EH
UHYHDOHG� DV� VHSDUDWH� HPLVVLRQ� OLQHV� FRUUH�
VSRQGLQJ� WR� WUDQVLWLRQV� EHWZHHQ� TXDQWXP
OHYHOV� �PLQL�EDQGV�� LQ� WKH� SKRWROXPLQHV�
FHQFH� VSHFWUXP� DV� ZHOO� DV� FKDQJHV� LQ� SRVL�
WLRQV�RI�WKRVH�OLQHV�ZKHQ�YDU\LQJ�WKH�TXDQ�
WXP� ZHOO� ZLGWK� DQG� WKH� SXPSLQJ� �H[FLWD�
WLRQ��OHYHOV��7KDW�KDV�EHHQ�GHPRQVWUDWHG�IRU
WKH� QDQRVWUXFWXUHV� REWDLQHG� >����@�� ,Q� WKH
GHSHQGHQFHV�RI�WKH�ORQJ�ZDYH�SKRWROXPLQHV�
FHQFH� HGJH� RQ� WKH� VLQJOH�OD\HU� ILOP� WKLFN�
QHVV�� LWV� LQFUHDVH� IURP� ���� PH9� XS� WR
����PH9�LV�REVHUYHG�DV�WKH�WKLFNQHVV�LV�UH�
GXFHG�IURP����QP�WR���QP��7KH�H[SHULPHQ�
WDO�SRLQWV�DJUHH�ZHOO�ZLWK�WKH�FDOFXODWHG�SR�
VLWLRQ� RI� WKH� �VW� GLPHQVLRQDO� TXDQWL]DWLRQ
OHYHO� IRU� D� VLQJOH� TXDQWXP�ZHOO�� $� VLPLODU
GHSHQGHQFH� LV� REVHUYHG� DOVR� IRU� WKH� (X6±
3E6� 6/� �)LJ����� ZKHUH� WKH� SRVLWLRQV� RI� H[�
SHULPHQWDO� SRLQWV� DJUHH�ZHOO�ZLWK� WKH�SRVL�
WLRQV�RI�WKH��VW�DQG��QG�GLPHQVLRQDO�TXDQWL�
]DWLRQ� OHYHOV� FDOFXODWHG� LQ� WKH� IUDPH� RI
.URQLJ�3HQQH\� PRGHO�� 7KH� SKRWROXPLQHV�
FHQFH�LV�RI�PRVW�LQWHUHVW�LQ�WKUHH�GLPHQVLRQ�
DOO\�PRGLILHG�VWUXFWXUHV��RU�GLVORFDWLRQ�FRP�
SRVLWLRQ� 6/V�� H�J��� 3E6H±3E6� RQH� >�@�� 7KH
SKRWROXPLQHVFHQFH� VSHFWUD� �)LJ����� FRQWDLQ
IRXU�PDLQ� HTXLGLVWDQW� OLQHV�� WKHLU� SRVLWLRQV
DUH� WHPSHUDWXUH�LQGHSHQGHQW� �ZLWKLQ� WKH
WHPSHUDWXUH� UDQJH� RI� WKHLU� H[LVWHQFH��� 7KH
WHPSHUDWXUH� YDULDWLRQ� UHVXOWV� LQ� WKH� LQWHQ�
VLW\� UHGLVWULEXWLRQ� EHWZHHQ� WKRVH� OLQHV�� $W
KLJKHU� WHPSHUDWXUHV�� WKH� OLQHV� FRUUHVSRQG�
LQJ�WR�KLJKHU�HQHUJLHV�EHFRPH�PRUH�LQWHQVH�
7KH� SRVLWLRQV� RI� WKRVH� IRXU� OLQHV� LQ� WKH
VSHFWUXP� RI� WKH� 6/� PHQWLRQHG� DQG� HVSH�
FLDOO\�WKH�WHPSHUDWXUH�LQGHSHQGHQFH�WKHUHRI
DJUHH� ZHOO� ZLWK� WKH� GLPHQVLRQDO� TXDQWL]D�
WLRQ�SUHGLFWLRQV�LQ�WKH�TXDQWXP�GRW�PRGHO�
(OHFWULFDO� 3URSHUWLHV� RI� 6XSHUODWWLFHV�
+LVWRULFDOO\�� WKH� ILUVW� UHDVRQ� IRU� 6/� GHYHO�
RSPHQW� ZDV� WKH� SUHGLFWLRQ� RI� XQLTXH� HOHF�
7DEOH����'LIIXVLRQ�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�RI�6/V��I�LV�WKH�ODWWLFH�PLVILW�RI�WKH�OD\HUV��+��WKH�6/�SHULRG�
KL�� OD\HU� WKLFNQHVV��7�� WKH� DQQHDOLQJ� WHPSHUDWXUH��'�� GLIIXVLRQ� FRHIILFLHQW��'���SUH�H[SRQHQWLDOIDFWRU��(D�� DFWLYDWLRQ� HQHUJ\��'����.�� GLIIXVLRQ� FRHIILFLHQW� DW� ����.��';�� WKH� LQWHUPL[HG� ]RQHWKLFNQHVV�DW�����.�IRU���K
6/ I��� +�K��K����QP 7��. '��FP��V '���FP��V (D��H9 '����.�FP��V
';��QP
3E6H±3E6 ��� �����������
������
��� �������� ������� ���� �������� ����
��� �������
��� ��������
3E7H±3E6H ��� ������������� ��� ������Ü�� ������Ü� ��� ������Ü�� ����
��� ��������
��� ��������
(X6±3E6 ��� ��������� ��� ������Ü�� ������Ü� ���� ����Ü�� ����
��� ���������
��� ��������
(X6±3E6H ��� ������������� ��� ������Ü�� ������Ü�� ���� ������Ü�� ����
�������������� ��� ��������
����������� ��� ��������
(X6H±3E6 ��� �������� ��� ������Ü�� ������Ü�� ��� ������Ü�� ����
��� ���������
��� ��������
(X6H±3E6H ��� ���������� ��� ������Ü�� ������Ü� ���� ������Ü�� ����
�������� ��� ��������
�������� ��� ��������
3E7H±3E6 ��� $UH�QRW�LQWHUPL[HG�XS�WR�����.
(X6±3E7H ��� $UH�QRW�LQWHUPL[HG�XS�WR�����.
$�<X�6LSDWRY���6XSHUODWWLFH�QDQRVWUXFWXUHV�EDVHG�RQ����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
WURSK\VLFDO� SHRSHUWLHV� WKHUHRI� >�@�� LQ� SDU�
WLFXODU�� RI� QHJDWLYH� GLIIHUHQWLDO� FRQGXF�
WDQFH��DQG�RI�SRVVLEOH�DSSOLFDWLRQ�WKHUHRI�LQ
*+]� DQG� 7+]� UDQJH� HOHFWURQLFV�� 7KH� QRQ�
OLQHDULW\� RI� WUDQVSRUW� SURSHUWLHV� LV� HVSH�
FLDOO\� SURQRXQFHG� DW� WUDQVYHUVDO� WUDQVSRUW
�DORQJ�WKH�6/�D[LV��ZKHUH�WKH�FKDUJH�FDUULHU
WXQQHOLQJ�WKURXJK�WKH�EDUULHU�OD\HUV�RFFXUV�
7KDW� LV�ZK\� D� VSHFLDO� DWWHQWLRQ� LV� JLYHQ� WR
WKH� WUDQVYHUVDO� WUDQVSRUW� DQG� WXQQHOLQJ
ZKHQ� VWXG\LQJ� WKH� HOHFWURSK\VLFDO� SURSHU�
WLHV�RI�6/V�
7KH� WUDQVYHUVDO� WUDQVSRUW� VWXGLHV� LQ
(X6±3E6� PXOWLOD\HUHG� VWUXFWXUHV� KDYH
VKRZQ� WKH� SUHVHQFH� RI� WKH� HOHFWURQ� UHVR�
QDQFH� WXQQHOLQJ� WKURXJK� WKLQ� ��� WR� �� QP�
(X6� EDUULHUV�� WKHUHIRUH�� VXFK� VWUXFWXUHV
KDYH� VWURQJO\� QRQOLQHDU� ,9&V� �)LJ�� ��� LQ�
FOXGLQJ� VHFWLRQV� ZLWK� QHJDWLYH� GLIIHUHQWLDO
FRQGXFWLRQ� �IRU� WZR�EDUULHU� VWUXFWXUHV�� >�Ü
��@��7KH�FRQGXFWDQFH�RI�VXFK�VWUXFWXUHV�KDV
EHHQ� IRXQG� WR� FKDQJH� DV� ZKHQ� WKH� EDUULHU
OD\HUV� WUDQVLW� LQWR� WKH� IHUURPDJQHWLF� VWDWH
DQG� WKH� FKDQJH� VLJQ� LV� GHILQHG� E\� WKH�PX�
WXDO� RULHQWDWLRQ� RI� PDJQHWL]DWLRQ� LQ� WKH
QHLJKERULQJ� (X6� OD\HUV�� 6XFK� FRQGXFWLRQ
FKDQJHV� DUH� FRQQHFWHG� ZLWK� WKH� H[FKDQJH
VSOLW� RI� WKH� EDUULHU� OD\HU� FRQGXFWLRQ� EDQG
DQG� WKH� VSLQ� SRODUL]DWLRQ� RI� HOHFWURQV� WXQ�
QHOLQJ� WKHUHWKURXJK�� 7KDW� LV� ZK\� VXFK
VWUXFWXUH� DUH� YHU\� SURPLVLQJ� IRU� WKH� VSLQ�
WURQLFV� �WKH� VSLQ�SRODUL]HG� HOHFWURQLFV�
ZKHUH� QRW� RQO\� WKH� FKDUJH� FDUULHU� FXUUHQW
YDOXH�EXW�DOVR�WKH�VSLQ�VWDWH�WKHUHRI�FDQ�EH
FRQWUROOHG�
:KHQ� VWXG\LQJ� WKH� ORQJLWXGLQDO� WUDQV�
SRUW� SURSHUWLHV� RI� 6/V�� WKH� VXSHUFRQGXFWLY�
LW\� �6&�� RI� WZR�GLPHQVLRQDO� GLVORFDWLRQ� 6/V
ZDV� UHYHDOHG� LQ� WKH� PXOWLOD\HU� 3E7H±3E6
VWUXFWXUHV�>����@�ZKHUH�WKHUH�DUH�QR�VXSHU�
FRQGXFWLQJ� WUDQVLWLRQV� LQ� VLQJOH�OD\HU� ILOPV�
7KH� 6/� VXSHUFRQGXFWLYLW\� LV� FRQQHFWHG� ZLWK
WKH�SUHVHQFH�RI�UHJXODU�PLVILW�GLVORFDWLRQ�QHW�
ZRUNV�DW�WKH�LQWHUIDFHV��WKHUH�LV�QR�VXSHUFRQ�
GXFWLYLW\� LI� WKH� GLVORFDWLRQ� QHWZRUNV� DUH� DE�
VHQW�� DQG� KDV� WKH� IROORZLQJ� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�
WKH� WUDQVLWLRQ�SRLQW�7F� ������.��WKH�PD[L�PXP� FULWLFDO� PDJWQHWLF� ILHOG� +F�� ������N2H��WKH�HQHUJ\�JDS��'����'�N7F�a����7KH�VXSHUFRQGXFWLYLW\�RI�GLVORFDWLRQ�6/V
LV�RI�WZR�GLPHQVLRQDO�FKDUDFWHU�DQG�LV�ORFDO�
L]HG�QHDU�WKH�LQWHUIDFHV��7KH�SDLULQJ�RI�FDU�
ULHUV� RFFXUV� LQLWLDOO\� LQ� WKH� YLFLQLW\� RI� WKH
GLVORFDWLRQ� QHWZRUN� VLWHV� �WKDW� LV� HYLGHQFHV
E\� WKH� RFFXUUHQFH� RI� ]HUR�GLPHQVLRQDO� IOXF�
WXDWLRQ�6&���7KH�VXSHUFRQGXFWLYLW\�LV�VWDEL�
OL]HG� E\� WKH� LQWHUDFWLRQ�RI�QHLJKERULQJ�GLV�
ORFDWLRQ�VLWHV��WKH�RFFXUUHQFH�RI�WZR�GLPHQ�
VLRQDO� IOXFWXDWLRQ� 6&�� DQG� WKHQ� RI
QHLJKERULQJ�0'�QHWZRUNV� WKURXJK� WKH� OHDG
FKDOFRJHQLGH� OD\HU�� 7KH� VXSHUFRQGXFWLYLW\
REVHUYHG�LQ�WKH�GLVORFDWLRQ�6/V�LV�QRQWULYLDO
DQG� LV� QRW� H[SODLQHG� E\� QRQH� RI� H[LVWLQJ
WKHRULHV�� IRU� H[DPSOH�� WKH� WHPSHUDWXUH� GH�
SHQGHQFH� RI� VXSHUFRQGXFWLQJ� JDS� GRHV� QRW
FRUUHVSRQG�WR�WKH�%DUGHHQ�&RRSHU�6FKULHIIHU
WKHRU\�� $� FHUWDLQ� VLPLODULW\� LQ� WKH� FU\VWDO
VWUXFWXUH� HOHPHQWV� DQG� WKH� DQDORJ\� LQ� 6&
)LJ�����'HSHQGHQFHV�RI�WKH�ORQJ�ZDYH�HGJH�RI
SKRWROXPLQHVFHQFH� SHDNV� IRU� D� (X6±3E6� 6/
RQ�WKH�3E6�OD\HU�WKLFNQHVV��(L�DUH�FDOFXODWHGFXUYHV� RI� WKH� GLPHQVLRQDO� TXDQWL]DWLRQ� OHYHO
SRVLWLRQ��,QVHW��D�VFKHPDWLF�6/�EDQG�PRGHO�
)LJ����� 3KRWROXPLQHVFHQFH� VSHFWUXP� RI� D
3E6H±3E6�6/� �HDFK� OD\HU�RI���QP�WKLFNQHVV�
DW�WHPSHUDWXUHV�IURP���.�WR����.�
$�<X�6LSDWRY���6XSHUODWWLFH�QDQRVWUXFWXUHV�EDVHG�RQ����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
SURSHUWLHV�RI�GLVORFDWLRQ�6/V�DQG�+76&�VXJ�
JHVWV� D� VLPLODULW\� RI� WKH� VXSHUFRQGXFWLYLW\
QDWXUH� DQG�PHFKDQLVPV� LQ� VXFK� VWUXFWXUHV�
7KH� FROOHFWLRQ�RI� WKH� VWXGLHV� DOORZV� WR� FRQ�
FOXGH�WKDW�WKH�GLVORFDWLRQ�6/V�DUH�D�FRQYHQ�
LHQW� +76&� PRGHO� >��@� ZKHUH� WKH� FKDUDF�
WHULVWLF� VWUXFWXUH� GLPHQVLRQV� DUH� RQH� GHFL�
PDO�RUGHU�ODUJHU�DQG�WKH�FULWLFDO�SDUDPHWHUV
DUH� UHVSHFWLYHO\� GHFUHDVHG�� WKXV�� WKH� VWXG\
WKHUHRI�LV�PXFK�VLPSOLILHG�
7KH� VXSHUFRQGXFWLYLW\� LQ� WZR�GLPHQ�
VLRQDO�GLVORFDWLRQ�6/V�ZDV�UHYHDOHG�DOVR�IRU
RWKHU� PXOWLOD\HU� VWUXFWXUHV� LQFOXGLQJ� OHDG�
WLQ��HXURSLXP��DQG�\WWHUELXP�FKDOFRJHQLGHV�
VHH�7DEOH���>������@�
:KHQ� FRQVLGHULQJ� WKH� HIIHFW� RI� 0'� SH�
ULRG�RQ�WKH�6&�WUDQVLWLRQ�WHPSHUDWXUH��LW�LV
WR� QRWH� WKDW� WKHUH� DUH� IRXU� GLIIHUHQW� 6/
W\SHV�QRWHG� LQ�WKH�7DEOH�DV�$��%��&�DQG�'�
7KH� W\SH� $� 6/V� FRQVLVW� RI� QDUURZ�EDQG
VHPLFRQGXFWRUV� RQO\� DQG� VKRZ� KLJKHU� 7FYDOXHV� WKDQ� RWKHU� 6/� W\SHV�� ,Q� WKH� %� W\SH
6/V�� RQH� RI� WKH� OD\HU� PDWHULDOV� LV� D� ZLGH�
EDQG� VHPLFRQGXFWRU� DQG� WKXV� WKH� FDUULHU
FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� DYHUDJHG� RYHU� WKH� 6/� LV� VXE�
VWDQWLDOO\� ORZHUHG�� 7KHUHIRUH�� WKH� 7F� LQVXFK� 6/V� LV� ORZHU� WKDQ� WKDW� LQ� WKH� $� W\SH
RQHV��,Q�WKH�&�W\SH�6/V��RQH�RI�WKH�PDWHULDO
�(X6��LV�D�ZLGH�EDQG�VHPLFRQGXFWRU�DQG�IHU�
URPDJQHWLF�� ,Q� VXFK�6/V�� WKH�7F� LV� ORZHUHGDV� FRPSDUHG� WR� WKDW� RI� WKH� SUHFHGLQJ� RQHV
GXH�WR�WKH�SUR[LPLW\�HIIHFW�DQG�WKH�6&�VXS�
SUHVVLQJ� E\� WKH� IHUURPDJQHWLF�� +RZHYHU�
WKH� VXSHFRQGXFWLYLW\� LV� QRW� YDQLVKHG� FRP�
SOHWHO\�HYHQ�LQ�VXFK�6/V�ZLWK�IHUURPDJQHWLF
OD\HUV�
7KH� GHSHQGHQFH� RI� WKH� 6&� WUDQVLWLRQ
SRLQW� RQ� WKH�0'�SHULRG� LV� WR�EH�FRQVLGHUHG
LQGLYLGXDOO\� IRU�HDFK�6/�W\SH� �)LJ������ ,W� LV
REYLRXVO\�DW�VXFK�FRQVLGHUDWLRQ�WKDW�WKH�LQ�
FUHDVLQJ�0'�GHQVLW\��VKRUWHQLQJ�WKH�0'�SH�
ULRG�� UHVXOWV� LQ� HOHYDWLRQ� RI� WKH� 6&� WUDQVL�
WLRQ� WHPSHUDWXUH� IRU� WKH� GLVORFDWLRQ� 6/V
�ZLWKLQ�WKH�IUDPH�RI�HDFK�6/�W\SH��
0DJQHWLF�VXSHUODWWLFHV��7KH�PDJQHWLF�VX�
SHUODWWLFHV� FRQVLVW� RI� DOWHUQDWLQJ� OD\HUV� RI
PDWHULDOV� GLIIHULQJ� LQ� PDJQHWLF� SURSHUWLHV�
2I� D� SDUWLFXODU� LQWHUHVW� DUH� WKH� 6/V� ZLWK
IHUURPDJQHWLF� OD\HUV�� 6XFK� VWUXFWXUHV� SUR�
YLGH�DQ�DGGLWLRQDO�PDJQHWLF�PRGXODWLQJ�SR�
WHQWLDO�IRU�WKH�FKDUJH�FDUULHUV�EXW�DOVR�RIIHU
D�XQLTXH�RSSRUWXQLW\�IRU�IXQGDPHQWDO�VWXG�
LHV�RI�LQWHUDFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�PDJQHWLF�OD\�
HUV� WKURXJK� WKH� QRQPDJQHWLF� VSDFHUV�� 7KH
GLVFRYHU\� RI� H[FKDQJH� OD\HU� LQWHUDFWLRQ
�(/,��LQ�)H�&U�)H�VDQGZLFKHV�>��@�KDV�LPSXO�
VHG� VWURQJO\� WKH� LQYHVWLJDWLRQV� LQ� VDQGZLFK
VWUXFWXUHV�FRQVLVWLQJ�RI�GLIIHUHQW�IHUURPDJ�
QHWLF�PHWDOV�VHSDUDWHG�E\�QRQPDJQHWLF�VSDF�
HUV��7KH�RUGHULQJ�RI�WKHLU�PDJQHWL]DWLRQ� LQ
SDUDOOHO� RU� DQWLSDUDOOHO� PDQQHU� ZDV� H[�
SODLQHG�ZHOO�E\�WKH�TXDQWXP�LQWHUIHUHQFH�RI
FRQGXFWLYLW\� HOHFWURQV� >��@�� $V� WR� VHPLFRQ�
GXFWRU� V\VWHPV�� WKH� SRVVLELOLW\� RI� VXFK� DQ
LQWHUDFWLRQ�ZDV� QRW� VWXGLHG� XS� WR� QRZ�� EH�
FDXVH� LW�ZDV� WKRXJKW� WR� EH�KDUGO\�SUREDEOH
GXH� WR� ORZ� FRQFHQWUDWLRQV� RI� FKDUJH� FDUUL�
HUV��7KH�6/V�RI�FKDOFRJHQLGH�VHPLFRQGXFWRUV
RIIHU�D�XQLTXH�RSSRUWXQLW\�IRU�VXFK�LQYHVWL�
)LJ�����,9&�RI�WKH�WUDQVYHUVDO�WUDQVSRUW�IRU�D
WZR�EDUULHU� WXQQHOLQJ� VWUXFWXUH� (X6���QP�Ü
3E6���QP�Ü(X6��� QP��� �����3E7H� �WKH� PH�
VDVWUXFWXUH�VHFWLRQ����u����PP��DW����.�RE�
WDLQHG� DW� WKH� YROWDJH� LQFUHDVH� ���� DQG� GH�
FUHDVH�����
7DEOH���� /DWWLFH� PLVILW� �I��� PLVILW� GLVORFD�
WLRQ� SHULRG� �'0'��� DQG� PD[LPXP� FULWLFDOWHPSHUDWXUH�RI�6&�WUDQVLWLRQ��7F��IRU�6/V
6/ I � '0'�QP
$ 3E7H±6Q7H ��� �� ���
3E6H±3E6 ��� ���� ���
3E7H±3E6H ��� ��� ����
3E7H±3E6 ��� ��� �����
% <E6±3E6 ��� ��� ����
<E6±3E7H �� ��� ����
& (X6±3E6H ��� �� ����
(X6±3E7H ��� ��� ����
(X6±3E6 ��� 1R�0' 1R�6&
' <E6±<E6H ��� ���� 1R�6&
<E6±(X6 ��� ��� 1R�6&
$�<X�6LSDWRY���6XSHUODWWLFH�QDQRVWUXFWXUHV�EDVHG�RQ����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
JDWLRQV�EHFDXVH�WKRVH�LQFOXGH�IHUURPDJQHWLF
PDWHULDOV��(X6��(X6H��
)LUVW� RI� DOO�� VWXGLHG� ZHUH� WKH� SUHVHQFH
DQG�IHDWXUHV�RI�WKH�WUDQVLWLRQ�RI�(X6�OD\HUV
LQ� WKH� 6/� FRPSRVLWLRQ� LQWR� WKH� IHUURPDJ�
QHWLF� VWDWH� WKDW� ZDV� GHWHUPLQHG� IURP� WHP�
SHUDWXUH� GHSHQGHQFHV� RI�PDJQHWL]DWLRQ� DQG
PDJQHWLF� VXVFHSWLELOLW\�� ,W� KDV� EHHQ� IRXQG
>��@� WKDW� DV� WKH� (X6� WKLFNQHVV� LV� UHGXFHG
IURP� ��� PRQROD\HUV� WR� �� RQHV�� WKH� &XULH
SRLQW�GURSV� IURP����.�WR���.��)LJ�����WKDW
LV�H[SODLQHG�E\�UHGXFLQJ�QXPEHU�RI�QHDUHVW
PDJQHWLF�QHLJKERUV��(X�LRQV���0RUHRYHU��WKH
&XULH�SRLQW�GHFUHDVH�E\����.�ZDV�UHYHDOHG
GXH� WR� WKHUPDOO\� LQGXFHG� VWUHVVHV� LQ� WKH
ILOP�VXEVWUDWH� V\VWHP� FDXVHG� E\� GLIIHUHQFH
LQ�WKH�KHDW�H[SDQVLRQ�FRHIILFLHQWV�WKHUHRI�
7KH� PDJQHWLF� DQLVRWURS\� LV� DQRWKHU� LP�
SRUWDQW� FKDUDFWHULVWLF� RI� WKH� PDJQHWLF� OD\�
HUV��3URFHHGLQJ� IURP� DQJXODU� DQG� WHPSHUD�
WXUH�GHSHQGHQFHV�RI�WKH�IHUURPDJQHWLF�UHVR�
QDQFH� OLQHV�� WKH� PDJQHWLF� DQLVRWURS\
FRQVWDQWV� �.(X6�� KDYH� EHHQ� GHWHUPLQHG� IRU6/V�RQ�%D)�� VXEVWUDWHV� �.Y� ������0-�P�
DQG� .V� ������P-�P��� DQG� RQ� .&O� RQHV
�.Y� ������0-�P�� DQG� .V� ������P-�P��
>��@��7KH�GHSHQGHQFH�RI�.(X6� RQ� WKH� WKLFN�QHVV�RI�OD\HUV��G(X6��KDV�EHHQ�HVWDEOLVKHG�WRFRUUHVSRQG� WR� WKH� NQRZQ� UHODWLRQVKLS
.�G(X6�� � �.9����.6�G(X6� ZLWK� GRPLQDWLQJSDUW�RI�WKH�YROXPH�FRPSRQHQW�.9��IRUP�DQ�LVRWURS\���UHVXOWLQJ� LQ�WKH�PDJQHWL]DWLRQ� LQ
WKH� (X6� OD\HU� SODQH�� 8VLQJ� WKH� SRODUL]HG
QHXWURQ� GLIIUDFWLRQ�� WKH� PDJQHWLF� DQLVRW�
URS\� LQ� WKH� SODQH� RI� 6/� OD\HUV� KDV� EHHQ
IRXQG�DQG�WKH�IHDWXUHV�RI�WKH�GRPDLQ�VWUXF�
WXUH�WKHUHRI�KDYH�EHHQ�GHWHUPLQHG��7KH�GR�
PDLQ� PDJQHWL]DWLRQV� LQ� WKH� (X6±<E6H� DQG
(X6±3E6� 6/V� KDYH� EHHQ� VKRZQ� WR� EH� RUL�
HQWHG�DORQJ�GLIIHUHQW�GLUHFWLRQV�LQ�WKH�OD\HU
SODQH�� QDPHO\�� DORQJ� WKH� HDV\� D[HV� ����!
DQG�����!��UHVSHFWLYHO\�>��@�
7KH� QHXWURQ� GLIIUDFWLRQ� LV� WKH� PRVW� HI�
IHFWLYH� PHWKRG� WR� LQYHVWLJDWH� WKH�PDJQHWLF
6/V� WKDW�PDNHV� LW�SRVVLEOH� WR� VWXG\�WKH�H[�
FKDQJH� LQWHUDFWLRQ� RI� WKH� PDJQHWLF� OD\HUV
DQG� WR� GLVWLQJXLVK� WKH� DQWLIHUURPDJQHWLF
�$)0�� DQG� IHUURPDJQHWLF� �)0�� FRXSOLQJ� RI
QHLJKERULQJ�OD\HUV��7KH�GLIIUDFWLRQ�SDWWHUQV
KDYH� EHHQ� REWDLQHG� IRU�(X6±3E6� DQG�(X6±
<E6H� 6/V� �)LJ����� ZKHUH� WKH� $)0� SHDNV
ZHUH�REVHUYHG�>����@��7KLV�DOORZHG�WR�VWDWH
GHILQLWHO\�WKH�$)0�FRXSOLQJ��ZKHQ�WKH�PDJ�
QHWL]DWLRQ� LQ� WKH�QHLJKERULQJ�(X6� OD\HUV� LV
GLUHFWHG� RSSRVLWHO\��� 6XFK� FRXSOLQJ� LV� RE�
VHUYHG� IRU� DQ� XQXVXDOO\� ODUJH� WKLFNQHVV
UDQJH� RI� WKH� QDUURZ�EDQG� VHPLFRQGXFWRU
�3E6�� VSDFHUV� ����� WR����QP��DQG� WKH�ZLGH�
EDQG��<E6H��RQH����WR���QP���ZKDW�LV�D�VXE�
VWDQWLDO�GLVWLQFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�VHPLFRQGXF�
WRU�6/V�DQG�WKH�PHWDOOLF�RQHV�
$� PDJQHWLF� ILHOG� DSSOLHG� DORQJ� WKH� 6/
OD\HUV� URWDWHV� WKH� PDJQHWL]DWLRQ� RI� DOO� WKH
OD\HUV� WR� RQH� DQG� WKH� VDPH� GLUHFWLRQ�� WKXV
FDXVLQJ� WKH� $)0� SHDN� GLVDSSHDUDQFH� DQG
DSSHDUDQFH�RI�D�IHUURPDJQHWLF�FRPSRQHQW�LQ
WKH�VLWHV�RI�VWUXFWXUH�SHDNV��7KH�VZLWFKLQJ�
RII� RI� WKH� H[WHUQDO� PDJQHWLF� ILHOG� UHVWRUHV
WKH�$)0�RUGHULQJ�RI�WKH�PDJQHWLF�OD\HUV��VR
WKH�$)0�SHDNV�DSSHDU�DJDLQ�LQ�WKH�QHXWURQ
GLIIUDFWLRQ� SDWWHUQV�� 7KXV�� WKH� FRQWURO� RI
PDJQHWL]DWLRQ� RUGHULQJ� LQ� QHLJKERULQJ�(X6
OD\HUV�LQ�WKH�6/V�DQG�WULJJHULQJ�WKHUHRI�RXW
RI� $)0� WR� )0� DQG� YLFH� YHUVD� XVLQJ� UHOD�
WLYHO\� ZHDN� PDJQHWLF� ILHOGV� SURYLGHV� YHU\
)LJ�����'HSHQGHQFHV�RI�WKH�FULWLFDO�6&�WUDQVL�
WLRQ� WHPSHUDWXUH� RQ� WKH�0'� QHWZRUN� SHULRG
IRU� 6/V� RI� QDUURZ�EDQG� VHPLFRQGXFWRUV� ����
RI� FRPELQHG� QDUURZ�� DQG� ZLGHEDQG� VHPLFRQ�
GXFWRUV� ���� DQG� IRU� 6/� ZLWK� IHUURPDJQHWLF
(X6�OD\HUV�����
)LJ����� 'HSHQGHQFHV� RI� &XULH� SRLQW� RQ� WKH
(X6� OD\HU� WKLFNQHVV� IRU� (X6±3E6������%D)�
���� DQG� (X6±3E6������.&O� ���� 6/V�� 6ROLG
OLQHV� SUHVHQW� WKH� FDOFXODWHG� GHSHQGHQFHV� IRU
VKDUS� LQWHUSKDVH� ERXQGDULHV�� GDVKHG� OLQHV�
IRU� DERXW� �� PRQROD\HUV� WKLFN� LQWHUPL[HG
]RQHV�DW�WKH�LQWHUSKDVH�ERXQGDULHV�
$�<X�6LSDWRY���6XSHUODWWLFH�QDQRVWUXFWXUHV�EDVHG�RQ����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
JRRG� SURPLVHV� IRU� VXFK� VWUXFWXUHV� LQ� WKH
VSLQWURQLFV��VSLQ�SRODUL]HG�HOHFWURQLFV��PDN�
LQJ� LW� SRVVLEOH� WR� FRQWURO� QRW� RQO\� WKH
FKDUJH� FDUULHU� FXUUHQW� EXW� WKH� VSLQ� VWDWH
WKHUHRI�
,W� LV� WR� QRWH� WKDW� QRQH� RI� PRGHUQ� WKHR�
UHWLFDO�PRGHOV� LV� DEOH�RI�H[SODQDWLRQ�RI� WKH
REVHUYHG�H[SHULPHQWDO�UHVXOWV�
7KXV�� WKH� XVH� RI� PXOWLOD\HU� ILOPV� ZLWK
ODUJH�PLVILW� UDQJHV� LQ� WKH� OD\HU� ODWWLFH� SD�
UDPHWHUV� PDNHV� LW� SRVVLEOH� QRW� RQO\� WR� H[�
WHQG�VXEVWDQWLDOO\�WKH�UDQJH�RI�SRWHQWLDO�VX�
SHUODWWLFH�PDWHULDOV�EXW�DOVR�WR�SURYLGH�RQH�
�� WZR��� DQG� WKUHH�GLPHQVLRQDO� VXSHUODWWLFH
QDQRVWUXFWXUHV� ZLWK� QHZ� XQLTXH� RSWLFDO�
HOHFWULFDO��DQG�PDJQHWLF�SURSHUWLHV�
7KH� ZRUN� ZDV� VXSSRUWHG� ILQDQFLDOO\� E\
&5')�*UDQW���8.3�������.9����
5HIHUHQFHV
� ���/�(VDNL�� 5�7VX�� ,%0� -��5HV��'HY��� ���� ��
�������
� ���/�6�3DODWQLN��$�,�)HGRUHQNR��-��&U\VW��*URZWK�
���������������
� ���$�)HGRURY��$�6LSDWRY��9�9ROREXHY��7KLQ�6ROLG
)LOPV�������������������
� ���$�*�)HGRURY��,�$�6KQHLGHUPDQ��$�<X�6LSDWRY
HW�DO���-��&U\VW��*URZWK�����������������������
� ���$�*�)HGRURY�� $�<X�6LSDWRY�� (�9�.DLGDORYD�
)XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����������������
� ���,�9�.ROHVQLNRY�� $�<X�6LSDWRY�� 6RY��3K\V�
6HPLFRQG������������������
� ���.�+�+HUUPDQQ��-�$XWK��.�3�0ROOPDQQ�HW�DO��
6HPLFRQG��6FL��DQG�7HFKQRO�����������������
� ���$�<X�6LSDWRY�� /RZ� 7HPS��3K\V��� ���� ���
��������
� ���9�1�/XWVNLL�� 9�$�3HWURY�� $�6�5\OLN� HW� DO��
3K\V��/RZ�'LP��6WUXFW�����������������
����0�)LJLHOVNL��$�0RUDZVNL��7�:RVLQVNL�HW�DO���-�
6XSHUFRQGXFWLYLW\��,QFRUSRU��1RY��0DJQ��� ���
������������
����6�:URWHN��.�'\ENR��$�0RUDZVNL� HW�DO���$FWD
3K\V��3RO���$�������������������
����2�$�0LURQRY�� %�$�6DYLWVN\�� $�<X�6LSDWRY� HW
DO���=K�(NVS�7HRU�)L]��/HWW������������������
����1�/�%REURY�� /�)�5\EDOFKHQNR�� 9�9�)LVXQ� HW
DO���)L]��1L]N��7HPS�������������������
����1�<�)RJHO�� $�,�(UHQEXUJ�� $�3RNKLOD� HW� DO��
3K\VLFD�%����������������������
����1�<D�)RJHO��$�6�3RNKLOD��<X�9�%RP]H� HW�DO��
3K\V��5HY��/HWWHUV������������������
����1�<D�)RJHO��(�,�%XFKVWDE��<X�9�%RP]H�HW�DO��
3K\V��5HY��%���������������������
����3�*UXQEHUJ�� 5�6FKHUHLEHU�� <�3DQJ� HW� DO��
3K\V��5HY��/HWW��������������������
����3�%UXQR��3K\V��5HY��%������������������
����$�6WDFKRZ�:RMFLN��7�6WRU\��:�'REURZROVNL�HW
DO���3K\V��5HY��%��������������������
����7�6WRU\�� &�+�:�6ZXVWH�� +�-�0�6ZDJWHQ� HW
DO���$FWD�3K\V��3RORQLFD��$���������������
����+�.HSD��&�)�0DMNU]DN��$�<X�6LSDWRY��3K\VLFD
%�������������������
����+�.HSD�� -�.XWQHU�3LHODV]HN�� -�%OLQRZVNL�
(XURSK\V��/HWW������������������
����+�.HSD�� 3�6DQNRZVNL�� 3�.DFPDQ� HW� DO��� -�
0DJQ��0DJQ��0DWHU����������������������
����+�.HSD��&�)�0DMNU]DN��$�<X�6LSDWRY�HW�DO���-�
0DJQ��0DJQ��0DWHU���������������������
����+�.HSD�� &�)�0DMNU]DN�� $�6LSDWRY� HW� DO��
-�3K\V��&RQGHQV��0DWWHU����������������������
)LJ����� 1HXWURQ� GLIIUDFWLRQ� SDWWHUQV� IRU� (X6�����QP�Ü<E6H���QP�������.&O� �D�� DQG� (X6���QP�Ü
3E6�����QP�������.&O��E��6/V�DW�7� ����.��%� ���*V����u���7� �����.��%� ���*V��z��DQG�7� �����.�
%� �����*V��'��
$�<X�6LSDWRY���6XSHUODWWLFH�QDQRVWUXFWXUHV�EDVHG�RQ����
��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV�������������
sÈ��¯È�}ºmL�ÓÈÓº°�¯�}��¯ÒÓÈ�º°ÓºmL�²Èã }º�ËÓL�ÓÒ²�ÓȹLm¹¯ºmL�ÓÒ}Lm
|���vL¹È�ºm�
�º}ÈÏÈÓº���º�mÒ}º¯Ò°�ÈÓÓ«�È�È�º�ȯºmÒ²�¹ãLmº}�²Èã }º�ËÓL�ÓÒ²�ÓȹLm¹¯ºmL�ÓÒ}Lm
Ï�ÓËmL�¹ºmL�ÓL°�
��¯È�º}�°�äLÎÓÒ²��ȯLm����Ò¯º}Ò²�äËÎȲ�����Ü������mL�}¯Òmȼ�ÓºmL
äºÎãÒmº°�L��ã«�°�mº¯ËÓÓ«�º�Óº����mº���È��¯ÒmÒäL¯ÓÒ²�ÓÈ��¯È�}ºmÒ²�ÓÈÓº°�¯�}��¯��iã«
�mºmÒäL¯ÓÒ²� ��Ò°ãº}È�L®ÓÒ²�� ÓÈ��¯È�º}� m¹Ë¯�Ë� mÒ«mãËÓº� ÓÈ�¹¯ºmL�ÓL°� �� ¹ºm�«ÏÈÓ�� Ï
¹¯Ò°��ÓL°�
� ¹Ë¯Lº�Ò�ÓÒ²� °L�º}��Ò°ãº}È�L®�ÓËmL�¹ºmL�Óº°�L�ÓÈ�äLÎÁÈÏÓÒ²�äËÎȲ��iã«
�¯ÒmÒäL¯ÓÒ²�ÓÈ��¯È�º}�3E6H±3E6�m¹Ë¯�Ë�ÏÓÈ®�ËÓº�°¹Ë}�¯Ò�ã
äLÓ˰�ËÓ�L��Ï�}mÈÓ�ºmÒ²
�º�º}����mº¯ËÓÒ²�äº��ã«�L¼
�°�¯�}��¯Ò�¹Ë¯Lº�Ò�ÓÒäÒ��Ò°ãº}È�L«äÒ���¹ãº�ÒÓL�}ºä¹º�
ÏÒ�L�� �È� äº��ã«�L¼
� °}ãÈ��� m� º¯�º�ºÓÈã Óºä�� Óȹ¯«ä}��� iã«� º�ÓºmÒäL¯ÓÒ²� �}ºä¹º�
ÏÒ�L®ÓÒ²��ÓÈ��¯È�º}�mÒ«mãËÓº�¯ËϺÓÈÓ°ÓË���ÓËã
mÈÓÓ«�ËãË}�¯ºÓLm��˯ËÏ�Á˯ºäÈ�ÓL�ÓL
ȯ�¼¯Ò�(X6��È��È}ºÎ�ÈÓ�ÒÁ˯ºäÈ�ÓL�ÓË��¹º¯«�}�mÈÓÓ«�äÈ�ÓL�ÓÒ²��ȯLm��Ï�äºmãËÓË��²
mÏȼäº�L¼
� �˯ËÏ� �LÈäÈ�ÓL�ÓL� ¹¯º�ȯ}Ò� 3E6� �È� <E6H�� �È}Ë� �¹º¯«�}�mÈÓÓ«� °¹º°�˯L�
�ȼ� °«��ã«�ÓËÏmÒ�Óº�mËãÒ}º�º��LȹÈϺÓ���ºm�ÒÓÒ�¹¯º�ȯ}Lm�m�Ï }ºÏºÓÓº�º�ÓȹLm¹¯ºmL�
�ÓÒ}È�3E6��mL�������º����Óä���È��Ò¯º}ºÏºÓÓº�º�<E6H��mL�����º���Óä��
$�<X�6LSDWRY���6XSHUODWWLFH�QDQRVWUXFWXUHV�EDVHG�RQ����
)XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
|