Intrinsic defect in B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1. I. Cell surface phenotype and functional studies

Intrinsic defect in B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1. I. Cell surface phenotype and functional studies

Background: Mutations in SH2D1A/DSHP/SAP gene are responsible for the onset of X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1 (XLP1) that have increased risk for B-cell lymphoma development. In XLP1 patients SAP deficient NK, NKT and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells are inefficient in eliminating EBV-infected pr...

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Дата:2014
Автори: Shlapatska, L.M., Kovalevska, L.M., Gordiienko, I.M., Sidorenko, S.P.
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Опубліковано: Інститут експериментальної патології, онкології і радіобіології ім. Р.Є. Кавецького НАН України 2014
Назва видання:Experimental Oncology
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Original contributions
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Цитувати:Intrinsic defect in B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1. I. Cell surface phenotype and functional studies / L.M. Shlapatska, L.M. Kovalevska, I.M. Gordiienko, S.P. Sidorenko // Experimental Oncology. — 2014. — Т. 36, № 1. — С. 2-8. — Бібліогр.: 52 назв. — англ.

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spelling irk-123456789-1453112019-01-21T01:23:54Z Intrinsic defect in B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1. I. Cell surface phenotype and functional studies Shlapatska, L.M. Kovalevska, L.M. Gordiienko, I.M. Sidorenko, S.P. Original contributions Background: Mutations in SH2D1A/DSHP/SAP gene are responsible for the onset of X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1 (XLP1) that have increased risk for B-cell lymphoma development. In XLP1 patients SAP deficient NK, NKT and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells are inefficient in eliminating EBV-infected proliferating B cells that may partially contribute to the lymphoma development. However, little is known about impairment of B cell characteristics in XLP1. Aim: To analyze the cell surface phenotype and functional characteristics of EBV-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from XLP1 patients (XLP B-LCLs) in comparison with conventional B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCLs). Methods: Studies were performed on SAP-negative B-LCLs T5-1, 6.16, RPMI 1788; SAP-positive B-LCL MP-1 and XLP B-LCLs IARC 739, XLP-D, XLP-8005. Cell surface immunophenotyping was performed using flow cytometry analysis. The level of apoptotic cells (Annexin V-binding), cell viability (MTT assay), and cell proliferation (trypan blue exclusion test) were evaluated in response to ligation of CD40, CD95, CD150 and IgM cell surface receptors. Results: A cell surface phenotype and functional features that distinguish XLP B-LCLs from conventional B-LCLs were revealed. XLP B-LCLs showed the upregulated level of CD20, CD38 and CD86 cell surface expression and downregulation of CD40, CD80 and CD150 expression. The major functional differences of XLP B-LCLs from conventional B-LCLs concern the modulation of CD95 apoptosis via CD40 and CD150 receptors and unresponsiveness to proliferative signals triggered by CD40 or colligation of BCR with CD150. Conclusion: The data suggest that the B-LCL from XLP1 patients have an intrinsic defect that affects cell activation, apoptosis, and proliferation. Key Words: B-lymphoblastoid cell lines, X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1, CD150, CD40, CD95, apoptosis. 2014 Article Intrinsic defect in B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1. I. Cell surface phenotype and functional studies / L.M. Shlapatska, L.M. Kovalevska, I.M. Gordiienko, S.P. Sidorenko // Experimental Oncology. — 2014. — Т. 36, № 1. — С. 2-8. — Бібліогр.: 52 назв. — англ. 1812-9269 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/145311 en Experimental Oncology Інститут експериментальної патології, онкології і радіобіології ім. Р.Є. Кавецького НАН України
institution Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
collection DSpace DC
language English
topic Original contributions
Original contributions
spellingShingle Original contributions
Original contributions
Shlapatska, L.M.
Kovalevska, L.M.
Gordiienko, I.M.
Sidorenko, S.P.
Intrinsic defect in B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1. I. Cell surface phenotype and functional studies
Experimental Oncology
description Background: Mutations in SH2D1A/DSHP/SAP gene are responsible for the onset of X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1 (XLP1) that have increased risk for B-cell lymphoma development. In XLP1 patients SAP deficient NK, NKT and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells are inefficient in eliminating EBV-infected proliferating B cells that may partially contribute to the lymphoma development. However, little is known about impairment of B cell characteristics in XLP1. Aim: To analyze the cell surface phenotype and functional characteristics of EBV-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from XLP1 patients (XLP B-LCLs) in comparison with conventional B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCLs). Methods: Studies were performed on SAP-negative B-LCLs T5-1, 6.16, RPMI 1788; SAP-positive B-LCL MP-1 and XLP B-LCLs IARC 739, XLP-D, XLP-8005. Cell surface immunophenotyping was performed using flow cytometry analysis. The level of apoptotic cells (Annexin V-binding), cell viability (MTT assay), and cell proliferation (trypan blue exclusion test) were evaluated in response to ligation of CD40, CD95, CD150 and IgM cell surface receptors. Results: A cell surface phenotype and functional features that distinguish XLP B-LCLs from conventional B-LCLs were revealed. XLP B-LCLs showed the upregulated level of CD20, CD38 and CD86 cell surface expression and downregulation of CD40, CD80 and CD150 expression. The major functional differences of XLP B-LCLs from conventional B-LCLs concern the modulation of CD95 apoptosis via CD40 and CD150 receptors and unresponsiveness to proliferative signals triggered by CD40 or colligation of BCR with CD150. Conclusion: The data suggest that the B-LCL from XLP1 patients have an intrinsic defect that affects cell activation, apoptosis, and proliferation. Key Words: B-lymphoblastoid cell lines, X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1, CD150, CD40, CD95, apoptosis.
format Article
author Shlapatska, L.M.
Kovalevska, L.M.
Gordiienko, I.M.
Sidorenko, S.P.
author_facet Shlapatska, L.M.
Kovalevska, L.M.
Gordiienko, I.M.
Sidorenko, S.P.
author_sort Shlapatska, L.M.
title Intrinsic defect in B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1. I. Cell surface phenotype and functional studies
title_short Intrinsic defect in B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1. I. Cell surface phenotype and functional studies
title_full Intrinsic defect in B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1. I. Cell surface phenotype and functional studies
title_fullStr Intrinsic defect in B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1. I. Cell surface phenotype and functional studies
title_full_unstemmed Intrinsic defect in B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1. I. Cell surface phenotype and functional studies
title_sort intrinsic defect in b-lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with x-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1. i. cell surface phenotype and functional studies
publisher Інститут експериментальної патології, онкології і радіобіології ім. Р.Є. Кавецького НАН України
publishDate 2014
topic_facet Original contributions
url http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/145311
citation_txt Intrinsic defect in B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1. I. Cell surface phenotype and functional studies / L.M. Shlapatska, L.M. Kovalevska, I.M. Gordiienko, S.P. Sidorenko // Experimental Oncology. — 2014. — Т. 36, № 1. — С. 2-8. — Бібліогр.: 52 назв. — англ.
series Experimental Oncology
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AT gordiienkoim intrinsicdefectinblymphoblastoidcelllinesfrompatientswithxlinkedlymphoproliferativediseasetype1icellsurfacephenotypeandfunctionalstudies
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fulltext 2 Experimental Oncology 36, 2–8, 2014 (March) INTRINSIC DEFECT IN B-LYMPHOBLASTOID CELL LINES FROM PATIENTS WITH X-LINKED LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE TYPE 1. I. CELL SURFACE PHENOTYPE AND FUNCTIONAL STUDIES L.M. Shlapatska, L.M. Kovalevska, I.M. Gordiienko, S.P. Sidorenko* Department of Cell Regulation, R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv 03022, Ukraine Background: Mutations in SH2D1A/DSHP/SAP gene are responsible for the onset of X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1 (XLP1) that have increased risk for B-cell lymphoma development. In XLP1 patients SAP deficient NK, NKT and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells are inefficient in eliminating EBV-infected proliferating B cells that may partially contribute to the lymphoma development. However, little is known about impairment of B cell characteristics in XLP1. Aim: To analyze the cell surface phe- notype and functional characteristics of EBV-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from XLP1 patients (XLP B-LCLs) in com- parison with conventional B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCLs). Methods: Studies were performed on SAP-negative B-LCLs T5-1, 6.16, RPMI 1788; SAP-positive B-LCL MP-1 and XLP B-LCLs IARC 739, XLP-D, XLP-8005. Cell surface immuno- phenotyping was performed using flow cytometry analysis. The level of apoptotic cells (Annexin V-binding), cell viability (MTT assay), and cell proliferation (trypan blue exclusion test) were evaluated in response to ligation of CD40, CD95, CD150 and IgM cell surface receptors. Results: A cell surface phenotype and functional features that distinguish XLP B-LCLs from conventional B-LCLs were revealed. XLP B-LCLs showed the upregulated level of CD20, CD38 and CD86 cell surface expression and down- regulation of CD40, CD80 and CD150 expression. The major functional differences of XLP B-LCLs from conventional B-LCLs concern the modulation of CD95 apoptosis via CD40 and CD150 receptors and unresponsiveness to proliferative signals triggered by CD40 or colligation of BCR with CD150. Conclusion: The data suggest that the B-LCL from XLP1 patients have an intrinsic defect that affects cell activation, apoptosis, and proliferation. Key Words: B-lymphoblastoid cell lines, X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1, CD150, CD40, CD95, apoptosis. X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) be- longs to X-linked genetically determined primary immunodeficiency syndromes that affect both in- nate and adaptive immunity. XLP is characterized by severe immune dysregulation, often triggered by Epstein — Barr virus (EBV) infection, with clini- cal manifestations that include fatal mononucleosis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder, B-cell lymphoma, and dysgammaglobulinemia [1–3]. XLP as rare inherited X-linked immune deficiency (Duncan’s disease) was first described by Purtilo et al. in 1975 [4], however the first report should be credited to Bar et al. present- ing circumstantial evidence for the association of EBV infection with fulminating lymphoproliferative disease [5]. XLP affects from 1 to 3 million boys in the world, and usually develops in childhood or early adoles- cence [6]. In response to EBV infection XLP patients develop a fulminant form of infectious mononucleosis with high rate of mortality. Uncontrolled proliferation of EBV infected B cells frequently results in severe lym- phoproliferative illness with clinical features of fever, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and pancy- topenia. Clinical manifestations could be acute, like HLH or lymphoma, or less aggressive with recurrent infections and dysgammaglobulinemia. XLP patients often demonstrate more than one phenotype with tendency of progression to more aggressive disease manifestations [6]. The substantial progress in understanding the XLP pathophysiology was made with revealing the mo- lecular basis of this immunodeficiency. First, the XLP gene was mapped to the Xq24–27 of the long arm of the X chromosome, and interstitial dele- tion of Xq25 was described in a male with XLP [1, 7]. And only in 1998 three groups reported muta- tions in SH2D1A/DSHP gene that are responsible for XLP [8–10]. More than 70 mutations in SH2D1A resulting in XLP have been reported to the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD), however they were found in 60–70% of XLP cases [1–3]. This stimulated the search for other genetic abnormalities in XLP. In 2006 it was found that mutations of BIRC4/ XIAP, encoding X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), were associated with XLP phenotypes [11]. Clinical entities linked to SH2D1A and XIAP deficiencies now are referred as XLP type 1 (XLP1) and type 2 (XLP2) respectively [1–3]. In addition, recessive mutations of autosomal genes encoding IL-2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) [12, 13], CD27 [14], and Coronin 1A [15] are responsible for XLP-like syndromes with EBV- associated lymphoproliferation. Received: February 11, 2014. *Correspondence: Fax: +380442581656; E-mail: svetasid@onconet.kiev.ua, svitasyd@yahoo.com Abbreviations used: BCR — B-cell receptor; B-LCLs — B-lympho- blastoid cell lines; EBV — Epstein — Barr virus; ITAM — immuno- receptor tyrosine-based activation motif; ITIM — immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif; ITSM — immunoreceptor tyrosine- based switch motif; SAP — SLAM-associated protein; SH2D1A — SH2 domain protein 1A; XIAP — X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis; XLP1 — X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1; XLP B-LCLs — B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from XLP1 patients. Exp Oncol 2014 36, 1, 2–8 ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS Experimental Oncology 36, 2–8, 2014 (March) 3 SH2D1A gene encodes the adaptor protein SH2 do- main protein 1A (SH2D1A), also called Duncan’s di- sease SH2-protein (DSHP) or SLAM-associated protein (SAP) [8–10]. This small 128 aa protein was first iden- tified as an adaptor protein interacting with signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)/CD150 [10]. It was demonstrated that SAP forms complexes with other members of SLAM family receptors by binding to conserved immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif (ITSM) and recruiting Src-family kinases Fyn or Lyn [2, 16–18]. By interacting with SLAM family re- ceptors, SAP is involved in regulation of T-cell help for germinal centers formation, development of NKT cells, cytotoxicity of CD8+ T lymphocytes and NK cells, and T-cell homeostasis mediated by reactivation-induced cell death (RICD) [19–23]. It becomes clear now that function of SH2D1A comprises different biological pro- cesses and is much wider than regulation of signaling via SLAM family receptors. Besides ITSM, SAP was shown to bind also other tyrosine-based motifs. By direct in- teraction with the first immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) of CD3zeta chain, SAP plays a central role in the T cell activation [24]. In B cells SAP is able to bind immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibi- tory motif (ITIM) in FcgRIIb [17] and directly interacts with CD22, possibly also via ITIM [25]. Defects in T, NK and NKT functions and/or deve- lopment upon SAP deficiency and limited information on expression and function of SAP in B cells contributed to the perception that XLP1 is a disease mainly medi- ated by defective interactions between lymphocytes. However this cannot account for all clinical manifesta- tions in XLP, especially dysgammaglobulinemia and development of B cell lymphoma [6, 26, 27]. SAP was shown to be expressed in B cells in mouse spleen and germinal centers, subpopulation of human tonsillar B cells, few B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCLs), EBV-positive type I Burkitt lymphoma cell lines, Hodg- kin’s lymphoma cell lines, and its expression could be induced by DNA damage in various cell lines of B-cell origin [17, 25, 28–33]. Moreover, it was shown that acti- vation of endogenous wild type p53 in Burkitt lymphoma and B-lymphoblastoid cell lines induce SAP expres- sion [33], and the fate of Burkitt lymphoma precursor cells is decided by the expression in B cells of the pro- apoptotic SAP and EBV infection [34]. All these indicate that SAP is expressed at the narrow window of B cell differentiation, and SAP deficiency could also affect B-cell maturation. To address the question whether B cells in patients with XLP1 have intrinsic defect, we studied EBV-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from XLP1 patients (XLP B-LCLs) in comparison with conventional B-LCLs. In the first report we focused on the cell surface phenotype and functional charac- teristics, and the second report will cover cell signaling pathways and transcription factors expression profile. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell lines and stimulation. Studies were per- formed on EBV-transformed SAP-negative B-LCLs T5–1, 6.16, RPMI 1788; SAP-positive B-LCL MP-1 (pro- vided by Prof. E.A. Clark, USA); and EBV-transformed B-LCLs from XLP1 patients IARC 739 (interstitial deletion of SH2D1A), XLP-D (C→T mutation at posi- tion 462), XLP-8005 (C→T mutation at position 471), kindly provided by Prof. K.E. Nichols (USA). Cell lines were maintained as previously described [30]. For cross-linking of surface receptors, we used the fol- lowing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs): IPO-3 anti- CD150 (IgG1) (IEPOR NANU); IPO-4 anti-CD95 (IgM) (IEPOR NANU); and G28–5 anti-CD40 (IgG1) (kind gift of Prof. E.A. Clark, USA). F(ab)’2 of goat anti-human IgM (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc., USA) were used for IgM cross-linking on human B cell lines. Following final concentrations of antibodies were used: 0.5 mg/ml anti-CD40, 1.0 mg/ml anti-CD95, 10.0 mg/ml anti-CD150, and 10.0 mg/ml anti-IgM. Flow cytometry. Cell lines were immunophe- notyped using standard immunofluorescent tech- nique [30] and analyzed with EpicsXL fluorescent flow cyto meter (Beckman Coulter, USA). Following directly labeled monoclonal antibodies were used in this study: anti-IgD-PE and anti-CD23-FITC (Becton Dickinson, USA), anti-CD20-PE (Pharmingen, USA); anti-CD38-PE, anti-CD80-FITC and anti-CD86-PE (all from Immunotech, USA). The panel of monoclonal antibodies against CD27 (Becton Dickinson, USA), CD19 (clone CB19) (IEPOR NANU), anti-CD150 (clone IPO-3) (IEPOR NANU), anti-CD95 (clone IPO-4) (IEPOR NANU), anti-CD40 (clone G28–5) (kind gift of Prof. E.A. Clark, USA), and anti-IgM (DAKO, Denmark) were used in indirect immunofluorescent analysis with se- condary FITC conjugated goat anti-mouse polyvalent Ig (Sigma, USA). Apoptotic cells were detected using an Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit (Sigma, USA) according to manufacturer’s protocol. The data were analyzed using FCS Express 3 software (De Novo Software, USA). Cell viability assay. The MTT assay was used to assess the cell viability. Cell lines were seeded at 1•104 cells per well in 96-well plates and treated with various combinations of monoclonal antibodies for 24 h and 48 h. Subsequently, 20 ml of stock solution (5 mg/ml) of MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide) was added to each well. After incubation for 4 h at 37 °C, the multiwell plate was centrifuged to pellet formazan crystals, the medium was discarded, and 100 ml of DMSO was added to each well to dissolve the formazan crystals. The absorbance of formazan at 540 nm was measured by Labsystems Multiskan PLUS (USA). The mean of absorbance for 3 replicates from three independent experiments were used for statistical analysis. The cell viability is presented as a percentage ratio of absor- bance of exposed cells to control cells. Evaluation of cell proliferation. To assay for cell proliferation at 24 h and 48 h time points, each cell line was seeded at a density of 1•104 cells per 100 ml in 96-well plate and incubated at 37 °C in tripli- cates with 100 ml of media or with antibodies against 4 Experimental Oncology 36, 2–8, 2014 (March) CD40, CD95, CD150, and IgM alone or in combina- tions. Proliferation profiles were obtained by direct cell counting using trypan blue exclusion test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Characterization of cell surface phenotype of EBV- transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from XLP1 pa- tients in comparison with B-LCLs was an initial step of our studies. B-LCLs T5-1, 6.16, RPMI 1788; MP-1 and EBV-transformed B-LCLs from XLP1 patients IARC 739, XLP-D, and XLP-8005 expressed B-lineage specific cell surface markers. While the level of CD19 cell surface expression was similar in all cell lines, XLP-LCLs had higher level of CD20 expression than B-LCLs (Fig. 1). For example, the mean of fluorescent intensity (MFI) for CD20 expression in XLP B-LCL IARC 739 reached 356, in comparison with 89 and 70 in B-LCLs T5.1 and MP-1 respectively. All tested cell lines were IgM positive, however they were heterogeneous by IgD expression (see Fig. 1). XLP B-LCLs and B-LCLs had comparable levels of CD40, CD48, CD95, and CD150 expression; however CD40 and CD150 expression levels in XLP- LCLs were slightly lower than in B-LCLs (see Fig. 1). In IARC 739 the MFI of CD40 and CD150 expression were 115 and 62, whereas in T5-1 they were 150 and 138, and in MP-1 reached 220 and 156, respectively. In general, XLP B-LCLs and B-LCLs had similar levels of CD23 cell surface expression, with exception of B-LCL MP-1, which expresses SAP on protein level (see Fig. 1). XLP B-LCLs, as well as B-LCLs, did not express CD27 (data not shown). XLP B-LCLs were characterized by ele vated levels of CD38 and CD86 cell surface expression in com- parison with B-LCLs (see Fig. 1). As an illustration, the MFI of CD86 expression in IARC 739, T5-1 and MP-1 were 1007, 403 and 411 respectively, so in XLP B-LCL it was more than twice higher (see Fig. 1). At the same time, in XLP-LCLs the expression level of CD80 was only slightly lower than in B-LCLs (see Fig. 1). Thus, XLP-LCLs have similar to B-LCLs expression levels of CD19, CD40, CD48, CD80, CD95, CD150 and IgM. However, we found elevated levels of CD20, CD38 and CD86 in EBV-trans- formed B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from XLP1 patients. Since all tested cell lines had comparable level of CD40, CD95, CD150 and IgM cell surface expression, we tested how ligation of these receptor would affect apoptosis, proliferation and viability of XLP B-LCLs in comparison with conventional B-LCLs. A number of cell surface receptors, especially B-cell receptor (BCR) and members of TNFR family Fig. 1. Cell surface phenotype of XLP B-LCL IARC 739 in compa rison with B-LCLs T5–1 (SAP-), and MP-1 (SAP+). Flow cyto metry analysis Experimental Oncology 36, 2–8, 2014 (March) 5 are involved in regulation of cell survival during germi- nal center reactions [35, 36]. Here we tested the level of sensitivity to CD95-mediated apoptosis and its modu- lation via cell surface receptors in EBV-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from XLP1 patients. All tested cell lines had comparable levels of sensiti vity to CD95- mediated apoptosis induced with anti-CD95 antibody IPO-4 (IC50 ranging from 0.75 to 1.5 mg/ml). So, in all ex- periments the concentration 1 μg/ml of anti-CD95 mAb was used for induction of apoptosis. After 8 hours of incubation with anti-CD95 mAb the levels of Annexin V-binding cells in all tested cell lines were in the range of 20–40% (Fig. 2, a, b). 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Control CD95 CD95+ CD150 CD95+ CD40 CD95+ CD150+ CD40 Ap op to tic c el ls , % IARC 739 XLP-D XLP-8005 * * 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 A po pt ot ic c el ls , % MP-1 RPMI-1788 6.16 T5-1 * * * ** * * * * * Control CD95 CD95+ CD150 CD95+ CD40 CD95+ CD150+ CD40 a b Fig. 2. Modulation of CD95-mediated apoptosis via CD40 and CD150 cell surface receptors. a — XLP B-LCLs IARC 739, XLP-D and XLP-8005. b — B-LCLs MP-1 (SAP+) and SAP- B-LCLs RPMI 1788, 6.16 and T5–1. Percent of Annexin V-FITC binding cells after 8 hours of incubation with antibodies. Flow cytometry analysis. Data of four independent experiments are presented as the mean±SD. *p < 0.05, vs the effect of CD95 alone It was previously shown that in B-LCLs derived from healthy individuals, as well as in EBV-positive Burkitt’s lymphoma cell lines Raji and BJAB, signals via CD40 and CD150 did not induce cell death, but modu- lated CD95-mediated apoptosis [28]. Indeed, in either SAP+ (MP-1) or SAP- B-LCLs, CD40 ligation before of to- gether with CD95 partially rescued cells from apoptosis (see Fig. 2, b). However, in XLP B-LCLs IARC-739 and XLP-D signals via CD40 were synergistic with CD95- mediated apoptosis (p < 0.05) (see Fig. 2, a). CD150 and CD95 co-ligation augmented the number of apoptotic cells (compared to the effect of CD95 alone) in all tested B-LCLs derived from healthy individuals (p < 0.05) (see Fig. 2, b), but did not alter the level of CD95-induced apoptosis in XLP B-LCLs (see Fig. 2, a). Moreover, while combination of signals via CD40 and CD150 did not affect the level of CD95-mediated apoptosis in B-LCLs (see Fig. 2, b), in XLP B-LCLs CD150 ligation did not reduce synergistic effect of CD40 and CD95 (see Fig. 2, a). It should be noted that in cell line XLP-8005 neither CD40, nor CD150 cross-linking changed the amplitude of CD95-induced cell death (see Fig. 2, b). These ten- dencies persisted for 24 and 48 h after cell stimulation, as accessed by cell viability (MTT test) and cell number in the cultures (Fig. 3, a, b). BCR (IgM) ligation practi- cally did not change the number of cells in the culture of three tested cell lines, but reduced their viability (see Fig. 3, a, b). Signals via BCR, which in primary B cells protect from CD95-mediated apoptosis [37, 38], in EBV- transformed B-LCLs were synergistic with CD95 that resulted in significant reduction of cell number and their viability (p < 0.05) (see Fig. 3, a, b). It should be noted that such synergistic effect was observed in XLP B-LCL IARC 739, as well as in SAP+ and SAP− B-LCL MP-1 and T5-1 (see Fig. 3, a, b). 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Control CD95 CD95+ CD150 CD95+ CD40 CD95+ CD40+ CD150 IgM CD95+ IgM CD95+ CD40+ IgM Ce ll via bi lit y, % IARC 739 T5-1 MP-1 * * * 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Ce ll nu m be r, % IARC 739 T5-1 MP-1 ** * Control CD95 CD95+ CD150 CD95+ CD40 CD95+ CD40+ CD150 IgM CD95+ IgM CD95+ CD40+ IgM a b Fig. 3. Modulation of CD95-mediated apoptosis via CD40 and CD150 cell surface receptors in XLP B-LCL IARC 739 in comparison with B-LCLs T5-1 (SAP−), and MP-1 (SAP+) after 48 h of incuba- tion with antibodies. a — cell viability (MTT assay, absorbance at 540 nm); b — cell number (trypan blue exclusion test). The data of three independent experiments are presented as a percent of control value (mean ± SD). *p < 0.05, vs the effect of CD95 alone Since EBV-infected B-lymphocytes acquire proli- ferative potential, we addressed the question whether signals via BCR, CD40 and CD150 may contribute to the proliferation of B-LCLs, including XLP1 derived cell line IARC 739. CD40 ligation resulted in prolifera- tive effect in B-LCLs, however it significantly reduced the number of cells in XLP1 IARC 739 cell culture, and colligation with BCR did not change these tendencies (p < 0.05) (Fig. 4). CD150 ligation alone did not af- fect cell proliferation, but diminished CD40-mediated signals in B-LCLs, but not in IARC 739 (see Fig. 4). At the same time, colligation of CD150 with BCR resulted 6 Experimental Oncology 36, 2–8, 2014 (March) in strong proliferative effect in T5-1 cells, but slightly re- duced cell numbers in MP-1 and IARC 739 cell cultures (p < 0.05) (see Fig. 4). Thus, the major distinct features of XLP B-LCLs are the modulation of CD95 apoptosis via CD40 receptor and unresponsiveness to prolifera- tive signals triggered by CD40 or colligation of BCR with CD150. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Control CD150 CD40 CD150+ CD40 CD40+ IgM CD150+ IgM Ce ll nu m be r, % IARC 739 T5-1 MP-1 ** ** *** * * * Fig. 4. Effect of CD40, CD150 and IgM cell surface ligation on the number of viable cells. XLP B-LCL IARC 739 is unrespon- sive to proliferative signals triggered by CD40 or colligation BCR with CD150. The cell number (trypan blue exclusion test) in XLP B-LCL IARC 739 in comparison with B-LCLs T5-1 (SAP−), and MP-1 (SAP+). The data of three independent experiments are presented as a percent of control value (mean ± SD). *p < 0.05, compared to control; **p < 0.05, vs the effect of CD40 alone; ***p < 0.01, as compared to control EBV is a ubiquitous gamma-herpesvirus that latently infects > 90% of the world’s human popula- tion. The primary targets of EBV are B lymphocytes, but EBV can also infect other cell types, including epithelial cells, monocytes and DCs [39, 40]. During primary infection, EBV infects resting B lymphocytes and expresses viral gene products driving prolifera- tion of infected B cells. The ability of EBV to restrict expression of its genes allows the virus to persist in vivo within resting memory B cells and maintain a lifelong infection. Symptoms of EBV infection are typically mild and often indistinguishable from other mild common illnesses [39, 40]. However, EVB only seems to be an inoffensive virus. It was initially dis- covered in a Burkitt’s lymphoma that had B-cell origin [34]. EBV, classified now by the WHO as a human DNA tumor virus, is associated with various malig- nancies, such as Hodgkin’s and Burkitt’s lymphoma, life-threatening post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders and nasopharyngeal carcinoma [34, 41]. Moreover, deletions or mutations in a small adaptor protein (SH2D1A/DSHP/SAP) diverts EBV infection from benign persistence to the acutely aggressive X-linked l ymphoproliferative disease (XLP1) that may rapidly kill the infected individuals. Moreover, the risk for lymphoma development in XLP1 patients is increased 200-fold [34]. What are the cha llenging factors that so dramatically increased the rate of lymphoma development in XLP1 patients? From one side, in XLP1 patients SAP deficient NK, NKT and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells are inefficient in elimina- tion of EBV-infected proliferating B cells that may contribute to the lymphoma development [2, 3, 42]. However, it is clear that several XLP1 clinical features are EBV independent, and lymphoma develop ment is documented both in EBV-positive and EBV-neg- ative XLP1 patients [43–45]. This suggests that the absence of functional SAP has to affect the B cells as well. Our study pre sents the evidence of intrinsic defect in B-LCLs derived from XLP1 patients. We used the B-LCLs because EBV-transformed B cells are an important model for studying cellular transforma- tion, especially B-LCLs from XLP1 patients, which have increased rate of B-cell lymphoma development. Immunopheno typing of B-LCLs revealed variations in surface expression of B-cell activation markers, especially upregulation of CD38 and CD86 expression in XLP B-LCLs. At the same time, the level of surface expression of IgM, CD40 and CD95 — the main recep- tor regulators of B cell fate — was comparable in XLP B-LCLs and SAP− as well as SAP+ B-LCLs (see Fig. 1). In vitro immortalization of B cells by EBV, which leads to the establishment of B-LCLs, is accom- panied by the expression of a restricted set of viral genes, the so-called latency III program, coding for latent membrane proteins (LMP1, LMP2a, LMP2b), Epstein — Barr nuclear antigens (EBNA1, 2, 3A, 3B, 3C, LP), and small non-coding RNAs (EBERs) [34, 40]. EBV infection, in particular LMP1, was shown to upregulate CD95 expression and to sensitize B cells to CD95-mediated apoptosis [46]. Indeed, all tested B-LCLs, including XLP B-LCLs, were sensitive to CD95- initiated apoptosis (Fig. 2). However, we found the dif- ferences in modulation of CD95-mediated apoptosis via cell surface receptors in XLP B-LCLs. In normal B cell physiology, the CD40 receptor is one of the key regulators of B-cell activation and proliferation [47–49]. CD40 ligation in vitro triggers B-cell adhesion, sustained proliferation, and differentiation. The engage- ment of CD40 on B cells by CD40L/CD154 is essential for initiation and progression of T-cell dependent hu- moral immune response. CD40 is required for germinal center formation and progression, antibody isotype switching and affinity maturation that are crucial for the generation of memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells. CD40 signaling has been shown to protect im- mature or mature B cells from BCR-mediated apopto- sis [47]. In primary normal B cells CD40 ligation induces rapid and marked upregulation of CD95 expression and enhances sensitivity to CD95-mediated apoptosis, while BCR engagement rescues from apoptosis [48]. However, CD40 may play anti-apoptotic role by rescue from CD95-mediated apoptosis in EBV-transformed or malignant lymphocytes [50–52]. Indeed, in B-LCLs CD40 signals partially inhibited CD95-mediated apoptosis (see Fig. 2, b), but in XLP B-LCLs colligation of CD40 and CD95 enhanced apoptosis (Fig. 2, a). CD150 alone did not affect cell viability; however, CD150 and CD95 colligation elevated CD95-mediated apoptosis in B-LCLs. We did not reveal the peculiarities of XLP B-LCL in modulation of CD95 mediated signal- ing via IgM: in all tested B-LCLs IgM colligation with CD95 significantly reduced cell number and viability Experimental Oncology 36, 2–8, 2014 (March) 7 (Fig. 3, a, b). Signals via CD40 alone exert a low proliferative effect and often are co-stimulatory with other stimuli [49]. We found that, in contrast to B-LCLs, CD40 ligation on IARC 739 XLP cells inhibited cell pro- liferation; these cells were also unresponsive to proli- ferative signals triggered by CD150 colligation with IgM (Fig. 4). Taking together, our studies revealed cell surface phenotype and functional features that distinguish XLP B-LCLs from conventional B-LCLs. These include upregulation of CD20, CD38 and CD86 cell surface expression and slight downregulation of CD40, CD80 and CD150 expression. 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