Managing the load schedule of the administrative building taking into account emerging risks when connecting the kinetic energy storage to the power supply system
Purpose. The purpose of the paper is to analyze load schedules of the administrative building and develop a structural scheme for connecting the kinetic energy storage in the power supply system of this building, which will allow using it as a consumer regulator, as well as a theoretical study of...
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irk-123456789-1476102019-02-16T01:25:14Z Managing the load schedule of the administrative building taking into account emerging risks when connecting the kinetic energy storage to the power supply system Shevchenko, S.Yu. Savchenko, N.A. Tretjak, A.V. Електричні станції, мережі і системи Purpose. The purpose of the paper is to analyze load schedules of the administrative building and develop a structural scheme for connecting the kinetic energy storage in the power supply system of this building, which will allow using it as a consumer regulator, as well as a theoretical study of the risks that arise. Methodology. To conduct the research, the theory of designing internal electrical networks of buildings, the theory of plotting electric load graphs, methods of the theory of electromechanical systems and for analyzing the risk system, the T. Saati method of hierarchies were used. Results. The structure of kinetic energy storage (KES) connection to the power supply system of the administrative building is developed and the structural diagram of the KES proposed for installation is given, the average daily winter and summer load schedules are presented, a set of groups and subgroups of risks and their influence on the work of the power supply system of the building are connected with the connection of the KES. Originality. For the first time, the application of the kinetic energy storage in the power supply system of the building with the analysis of emerging risks is considered, which makes it possible to improve the reliability of the developed system and the efficiency of load regulation. Practical value. The application of the proposed scheme will make it possible to use administrative buildings as load regulators of the external power supply system, and also effectively manage the load in the internal power supply system of the building. Цель. Целью статьи является разработка структурной схемы подключения кинетического энергонакопителя в систему электроснабжения административного здания, что позволит использовать это здание в качестве потребителя - регулятора, а также теоретическое исследование возникающих при этом рисков. Методика. Для проведения исследований использовались теория проектирования внутренних электрических сетей зданий, теория построения графиков электрической нагрузки, методы теории электромеханических систем и для анализа системы рисков метод иерархий Т. Саати. Результаты. Разработана структура подключения кинетического энергонакопителя (КЭН) в систему электроснабжения административного здания и приведены суточные графики нагрузок, исследован набор групп и подгрупп рисков и их влияние на работу системы электроснабжения здания при подключении КЭН. Научная новизна. Впервые рассмотрено применение кинетического энергонакопителя в системе электроснабжения здания с анализом возникающих рисков, что позволяет повысить надежность работы разработанной системы и эффективность регулирования нагрузки. Практическое значение. Применение предложенной схемы позволит использовать административные здания в качестве регуляторов нагрузки внешней системы электроснабжения, а также эффективно управлять нагрузкой во внутренней системе электроснабжения здания. 2017 Article Managing the load schedule of the administrative building taking into account emerging risks when connecting the kinetic energy storage to the power supply system / Managing the load schedule of the administrative building taking into account emerging risks when connecting the kinetic energy storage to the power supply system // Електротехніка і електромеханіка. — 2017. — № 6. — С. 69-73. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. 2074-272X DOI: https://doi.org/10.20998/2074-272X.2017.6.11 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/147610 621.311 en Електротехніка і електромеханіка Інститут технічних проблем магнетизму НАН України |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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| language |
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| topic |
Електричні станції, мережі і системи Електричні станції, мережі і системи |
| spellingShingle |
Електричні станції, мережі і системи Електричні станції, мережі і системи Shevchenko, S.Yu. Savchenko, N.A. Tretjak, A.V. Managing the load schedule of the administrative building taking into account emerging risks when connecting the kinetic energy storage to the power supply system Електротехніка і електромеханіка |
| description |
Purpose. The purpose of the paper is to analyze load schedules of the administrative building and develop a structural
scheme for connecting the kinetic energy storage in the power supply system of this building, which will allow using it as a
consumer regulator, as well as a theoretical study of the risks that arise. Methodology. To conduct the research, the theory
of designing internal electrical networks of buildings, the theory of plotting electric load graphs, methods of the theory of
electromechanical systems and for analyzing the risk system, the T. Saati method of hierarchies were used. Results. The
structure of kinetic energy storage (KES) connection to the power supply system of the administrative building is developed
and the structural diagram of the KES proposed for installation is given, the average daily winter and summer load
schedules are presented, a set of groups and subgroups of risks and their influence on the work of the power supply system
of the building are connected with the connection of the KES. Originality. For the first time, the application of the kinetic
energy storage in the power supply system of the building with the analysis of emerging risks is considered, which makes it
possible to improve the reliability of the developed system and the efficiency of load regulation. Practical value. The
application of the proposed scheme will make it possible to use administrative buildings as load regulators of the external
power supply system, and also effectively manage the load in the internal power supply system of the building. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Shevchenko, S.Yu. Savchenko, N.A. Tretjak, A.V. |
| author_facet |
Shevchenko, S.Yu. Savchenko, N.A. Tretjak, A.V. |
| author_sort |
Shevchenko, S.Yu. |
| title |
Managing the load schedule of the administrative building taking into account emerging risks when connecting the kinetic energy storage to the power supply system |
| title_short |
Managing the load schedule of the administrative building taking into account emerging risks when connecting the kinetic energy storage to the power supply system |
| title_full |
Managing the load schedule of the administrative building taking into account emerging risks when connecting the kinetic energy storage to the power supply system |
| title_fullStr |
Managing the load schedule of the administrative building taking into account emerging risks when connecting the kinetic energy storage to the power supply system |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Managing the load schedule of the administrative building taking into account emerging risks when connecting the kinetic energy storage to the power supply system |
| title_sort |
managing the load schedule of the administrative building taking into account emerging risks when connecting the kinetic energy storage to the power supply system |
| publisher |
Інститут технічних проблем магнетизму НАН України |
| publishDate |
2017 |
| topic_facet |
Електричні станції, мережі і системи |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/147610 |
| citation_txt |
Managing the load schedule of the administrative building taking into account emerging risks when connecting the kinetic energy storage to the power supply system / Managing the load schedule of the administrative building taking into account emerging risks when connecting the kinetic energy storage to the power supply system // Електротехніка і електромеханіка. — 2017. — № 6. — С. 69-73. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Електротехніка і електромеханіка |
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2025-07-11T02:29:43Z |
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| fulltext |
Електричні станції, мережі і системи
ISSN 2074-272X. Електротехніка і Електромеханіка. 2017. №6 69
© S.Yu. Shevchenko, N.A. Savchenko, A.V. Tretjak
UDC 621.311 doi: 10.20998/2074-272X.2017.6.11
S.Yu. Shevchenko, N.A. Savchenko, A.V. Tretjak
MANAGING THE LOAD SCHEDULE OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDING TAKING
INTO ACCOUNT EMERGING RISKS WHEN CONNECTING THE KINETIC ENERGY
STORAGE TO THE POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Purpose. The purpose of the paper is to analyze load schedules of the administrative building and develop a structural
scheme for connecting the kinetic energy storage in the power supply system of this building, which will allow using it as a
consumer regulator, as well as a theoretical study of the risks that arise. Methodology. To conduct the research, the theory
of designing internal electrical networks of buildings, the theory of plotting electric load graphs, methods of the theory of
electromechanical systems and for analyzing the risk system, the T. Saati method of hierarchies were used. Results. The
structure of kinetic energy storage (KES) connection to the power supply system of the administrative building is developed
and the structural diagram of the KES proposed for installation is given, the average daily winter and summer load
schedules are presented, a set of groups and subgroups of risks and their influence on the work of the power supply system
of the building are connected with the connection of the KES. Originality. For the first time, the application of the kinetic
energy storage in the power supply system of the building with the analysis of emerging risks is considered, which makes it
possible to improve the reliability of the developed system and the efficiency of load regulation. Practical value. The
application of the proposed scheme will make it possible to use administrative buildings as load regulators of the external
power supply system, and also effectively manage the load in the internal power supply system of the building.
References 9, tables 2, figures 4.
Key words: power supply system, kinetic energy storage (KES), electric load schedule, risk system, consumer regulator.
Цель. Целью статьи является разработка структурной схемы подключения кинетического энергонакопителя в
систему электроснабжения административного здания, что позволит использовать это здание в качестве
потребителя - регулятора, а также теоретическое исследование возникающих при этом рисков. Методика. Для
проведения исследований использовались теория проектирования внутренних электрических сетей зданий, теория
построения графиков электрической нагрузки, методы теории электромеханических систем и для анализа системы
рисков метод иерархий Т. Саати. Результаты. Разработана структура подключения кинетического
энергонакопителя (КЭН) в систему электроснабжения административного здания и приведены суточные графики
нагрузок, исследован набор групп и подгрупп рисков и их влияние на работу системы электроснабжения здания при
подключении КЭН. Научная новизна. Впервые рассмотрено применение кинетического энергонакопителя в системе
электроснабжения здания с анализом возникающих рисков, что позволяет повысить надежность работы
разработанной системы и эффективность регулирования нагрузки. Практическое значение. Применение
предложенной схемы позволит использовать административные здания в качестве регуляторов нагрузки внешней
системы электроснабжения, а также эффективно управлять нагрузкой во внутренней системе электроснабжения
здания. Библ. 9, табл. 2, рис. 4.
Ключевые слова: система электроснабжения, кинетический энергонакопитель (КЭН), график электрической
нагрузки, система рисков, потребитель-регулятор.
Introduction. The problem of covering non-uniform
electric load schedules is currently being solved by three
main methods [1]:
creation of an optimal structure of generating
capacities in the power system;
use of overflows with neighboring power systems;
attracting consumers to align the load schedule.
The Ukrainian power system is not an exception
among other energy systems of the world and there is an
imbalance in the generation and consumption of
electricity. Thus, consumption during peak hours
sometimes significantly exceeds generation capacity to
cope with loads. To solve the existing problem, the
implementation of various storage devices and
accumulators in the power supply systems of consumers
and the use of these consumers as load regulators in the
power system can help.
To date, electrochemical batteries for energy
storage which have a significant shortcoming –
fragility are widely used. Therefore, at present, as an
alternative, many researchers propose the use of kinetic
energy storage (KES) [2-6]. This device is intended for
the storage of mechanical energy and its further
transformation into electrical energy which can be used
to regulate the load of the power system as a whole or
its individual links.
At the moment, there are developments on the
application of KES in autonomous power supply systems
of buildings together with alternative energy sources
[5, 6] and for energy storage in power systems [2, 4, 5].
Modern KES can store energy up to 20 MJ and
produce power of 250-350 kW, while the size of the
storage is small, and the efficiency is 85-90 % [9]. Also
KES performs additional functions when operating in the
customer's network, such as: implementation of a full
galvanic isolation from the network, ensuring the quality
of power supply, filtering distortion of harmonics and
70 ISSN 2074-272X. Електротехніка і Електромеханіка. 2017. №6
voltage peaks, eliminating current micro breakdowns of
duration less than 50 ms.
The use of KES for energy storage and load
regulation is an important step in improving the energy
efficiency of power supply systems. The stored energy
can be used during peak hours for regulation purposes in
power supply systems for administrative buildings which
is attractive from an economic point of view, but this is
due to a number of risks. The analysis of the risk system
and their minimization is an important factor in improving
the reliability of power supply systems.
The goal of the work is development of a structural
scheme for connecting the kinetic energy storage to the
power supply system of the administrative building to
regulate the load of both the building itself and its use as a
consumer – the load regulator of the power system as a
whole.
Analysis of daily schedules of the administrative
building (the 1st educational building of the Donbass
National Academy of Construction and Architecture
(DonNACA)). Daily schedules are necessary to record
changes and obtain visual information about periods of
peak load. They contain the information obtained on a
certain day of the month and the season of the year. As
the investigated object, the DonNACA educational
building with a total area of 2,250 m2 is considered, which
includes classrooms and laboratories, a rector's office, a
public catering enterprise equipped with electric cookers.
Daily fluctuations in consumption schedules and
seasonal fluctuations are largely determined by
meteorological factors: ambient air temperature,
illumination, humidity, wind speed [7].
Analysis of the dynamics of electricity consumption
shows (Fig. 1) that with increasing temperature and
increasing illumination in summer, energy consumption is
reduced [7]. As can be seen from the schedules, in the
winter and summer for the object under study, we have
the morning maximum load. The peak load falls on the
period from 7.00 am to 2.00 pm. The minimum load is
observed in the evening and at night between 6 pm and
7 am.
P, kW
t, hours
Pwinter, kW
Psummer, kW
Fig. 1. Average daily load schedules of summer (Psummer)
and winter (Pwinter) days for the educational building
The connection of a KES to the power supply
system of the building will give an opportunity to regulate
(equalize) the load schedule of the building, namely,
during the hours of load decay the KES will operate as an
electric power consumer, and at peak hours as a generator
that will allow the building to be used as a consumer –
load regulator.
The scheme of connecting the KES to the
power supply system of the administrative building.
The developed structural scheme of connecting the
KES to the power supply system of the administrative
building, presented in Fig. 2, consists of a control unit
(CU), kinetic energy storage (KES), load sensor (S),
and inverter (I).
The operation is carried out as follows. At low
load of the building, the value of which is controlled by
the load sensor installed on the building supply line,
automatic charging of the KES takes place. With
increasing load in the building, the control unit (CU)
switches the inverter to the generation mode
synchronously with the network, feeding the building,
after the load is reduced, the inverter turns off and the
KES charging is performed.
Standard current transformers (CT) installed in the
input node of electricity metering can serve as a current
sensor. As a control unit (CU), you can use a
programmable logic controller (PLC) with several analog
inputs and outputs. If you need to connect to energy
storage systems in other buildings or regional power
system, you can use a controller with an Ethernet control
channel.
Input
switchgear CU KES
CT
IConsumer
Power
line 0.4 kV
Fig. 2. The structural scheme of connecting the KES
to the power supply system of the building
The KES consists of a storage flywheel (Fig. 3), a
charging system motor M and a generator G, it is also
possible to use a charging motor as a generator, but with a
complicated switching system.
The power of the generator and the storage capacity
of the flywheel are selected based on the value of the
building's load. The charging system of the KES consists
of an electric motor and a frequency converter (FC)
operating in a closed system (with feedback). If it is
necessary to charge the KES, the CU supplies the
corresponding FC signal for start-up and the flywheel is
accelerated with the set acceleration time parameters.
ISSN 2074-272X. Електротехніка і Електромеханіка. 2017. №6 71
After the flywheel is completely accelerated, the FC
maintains its stable rotation through feedback.
Fig. 3. The KES structural scheme
The charging motor of the KES and its FC is
advisable to use of significantly less power than the
generator, because charging takes a much longer time
than discharge. This will reduce the price of the structure
as a whole. The flywheel should be installed in a specially
equipped pit near the building.
With increasing load in the building, the CU issues a
command to the inverter (I) for the start, which, in turn,
instructs the FC to stop feeding the KES. When the speed
of the KES flywheel is reduced to a critical one, or the
power consumption in the building is reduced, the
inverter turns off automatically and, if possible, recharges
the KES.
In order to increase the reliability and efficiency of
the developed scheme of connecting the KES to the
power supply system of the building, an analysis was
made of the groups and subgroups of risks arising from
the functioning of this system.
Analysis of risks in the operation of the power
supply system of the building with KES. To determine
and investigate common risks in the operation of power
supply systems with the KES of administrative buildings,
the hierarchy analysis method (HAM) developed by
T. Saati was applied.
The hierarchy analysis method (HAM) is used to
derive relationship scales from both discrete and
continuous paired comparisons in multi-level hierarchical
structures.
HAM has specific aspects related to the deviation of
judgments from consistency and the measurement of this
deviation, as well as the dependence within groups and
between groups of elements of a hierarchical structure [8].
When using HAM for modeling, it is necessary to
construct a hierarchical or network structure for the
representation of the problem, then, pairwise comparing
the elements of this structure, to obtain dominance
matrices from which the scales of relations are derived.
In general, the hierarchical structure is composed
from three levels: the first level – the goal from the point
of view of management, the second level – the criteria on
which the following levels depend, the third or the lowest
level – the list of alternatives (Fig. 4).
Compensation of risks when using KES
(a)
Operational
Technological and
technical
Regulatory Financial
Transferring risk Reducing risk Taking risk
(С)(А) (B)
(b) (c) (d) (e)
Fig. 4. A model of the hierarchical structure of risk analysis
72 ISSN 2074-272X. Електротехніка і Електромеханіка. 2017. №6
The following notation is used in the model:
1. Purpose, or the main criterion (compensation of
risks when using KES) – a.
2. Criteria for the first level (risk groups – operational,
technological and technical, regulatory, financial) – b, c,
d, e.
3. Criteria of the second level (subgroups of risks of
the first level) – b1, b2, b3, c1, c2, c3, c4, d1, d2, d3,
e1, e2.
4. Alternatives to achieving the goal (transferring risk,
reducing risk, taking risk) – A, B, C.
The second stage of the HAM is the compilation of
an algorithm for achieving the goal, namely: it is
necessary to determine the impact of risk groups on the
system as a whole. We use the technique described in [8]
which consists in the following: firstly, matrices of
pairwise comparisons of intermediate criteria with respect
to higher-level criteria are written, for comparison, a scale
of relative importance developed by T. Saati [8] is used;
secondly, the transition from matched matrices to priority
vectors is performed; thirdly, the quality of matrices of
pairwise comparisons is checked, or the consistency index
is calculated.
Expert data were used to compile the matrix of
pairwise comparisons. The results of calculations of the
matrix of pairwise comparisons of criteria for the first
level of the hierarchy are presented in Table 1. In the
same way, comparisons are made for the second level of
the hierarchy.
Table 1
Determination of the most important risk group
with a view to their compensation
Risk group
O
pe
ra
ti
on
al
T
ec
hn
ol
og
ic
al
an
d
te
ch
ni
ca
l
R
eg
ul
at
or
y
F
in
an
ci
al
N
or
m
al
iz
ed
es
ti
m
at
es
o
f
th
e
pr
io
ri
ty
v
ec
to
r
R
an
g
Operational 1 1/3 4 1 0.2164 2
Technological and
technical
3 1 5 3 0.5216 1
Regulatory 1/4 1/5 1 1/2 0.0801 4
Financial 1 1/3 2 1 0.1820 3
Total 5.25 1.86 12.00 5.50
Consistency index CI = 0,024
Consistency relation CR = 0.027 = 2.7 %
According to the calculations, we have CR = 0.027 ≤ 0.1
which allows us to conclude that the assessments of
experts in the matrix are consistent and do not need
revision.
The main result of pairwise comparisons is the
determination of the importance of alternatives which are
given in Table 2.
Based on the results of the calculations, we have the
highest estimation of 0.4427 for the alternative «reducing
risk» – this is an opportunity to reduce the consequences
of the occurrence of risks. Risks that can not be reduced
or transferred are in second place and have the estimation
of 0.3458. Risks that can partially be compensated by
transfer to the second responsible persons have the lowest
estimation – 0.2115.
Table 2
Determination of the importance of alternatives
Alternative Assessment of the importance of
the alternative
Rang
Transferring
risk
0.2115 3
Reducing risk 0.4427 1
Taking risk 0.3458 2
The performed analysis of the risk system shows
that in order to increase the reliability and efficiency of
the power supply system of a building with a connected
KES, it is necessary to perform a number of
administrative and technical measures to reduce
technological, technical and operational risks, financial
risks may be partially transferred to third parties
(investors and insurance companies), and regulatory risks
should be taken into account, as the impact on them is
completely absent.
Conclusions.
1. The schedules of the load of a real building are
given and analyzed. On the basis of the analysis, a method
for regulating the load of a building and its simultaneous
use as a consumer regulator is defined.
2. The structural scheme of connection of the kinetic
energy storage to the power supply system of the building
is developed which increases the efficiency of its
operation and allows to regulate the load.
3. The analysis of the risk system at the use of
kinetic energy storage in the building energy supply
systems is carried out which will allow to minimize
them and provide increased reliability of the power
supply system.
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Received 20.10.2017
S.Yu. Shevchenko1, Doctor of Technical Science, Professor,
N.A. Savchenko2, Postgraduate Student,
A.V. Tretjak2, Postgraduate Student,
1 National Technical University «Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute»,
2, Kyrpychova Str., Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine,
phone +380 57 7076312,
e-mail: syurik42@gmail.com
2 Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering
and Architecture,
14, Geroev Nebesnoi Sotni Str., Kramatorsk, Donetsk region,
84333, Ukraine,
phone +380 62 6461999,
e-mail: natali_a_savchenko@ukr.net,
tretjak_a.v@ukr.net
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